Affinage

SP6

Transcription factor Sp6 · UniProt Q3SY56

Length
376 aa
Mass
39.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 17 papers cited in narrative 17 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/7 claims corpus-supported (86%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SP6 (Epiprofin/Sp6) is a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor of the SP/KLF family that governs the development of ectodermal-derived organs—teeth, skin, limbs, and lungs—through direct control of differentiation gene programs (PMID:11087666, PMID:18297738). Genome-wide ChIP-seq in tooth mesenchyme defined its CTg/aTAATTA binding motif and identified direct targets spanning enamel/dentin matrix genes (Amelx, Ambn, Enam, Dspp), developmental transcription factors (Dlx2-5, Pitx2, Msx2, Sp7), extracellular matrix proteins, and SP6 itself, establishing it as a hub regulator of dental matrix and odontogenic programs (PMID:34662808). In amelogenesis, SP6 binds and activates the Rock1 promoter and maintains tight/adherens junction proteins and β-catenin, enhancing canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling required for ameloblast differentiation while controlling the timing of ameloblast morphological maturation (PMID:22868911, PMID:22449994, PMID:25264049). SP6 expression is itself embedded in a regulatory network: it is directly activated by Msx2 and by Wnt/β-catenin in a positive feedback loop, repressed by Ctip2 at its second promoter, and downregulated by BMP4 (PMID:24705758, PMID:27066482, PMID:33192593); the protein is short-lived and degraded by the proteasome, linking its stability to enamel gene output (PMID:22046099). SP6 acts redundantly with Sp8 as a dose-dependent mediator of Wnt and BMP signaling upstream of Fgf8 and En1 in limb ectoderm (PMID:25166858). In human trophoblasts, SP6 interacts with the histone acetyltransferase P300 to deposit H3K27ac at target regulatory elements, including MSX2 loci, driving cytotrophoblast fate and trophoblast stem cell establishment (PMID:38582082). Missense mutations affecting SP6 zinc-finger DNA-binding residues cause autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta, with biochemical and genetic-rescue evidence directly establishing causality (PMID:22676574, PMID:32167558, PMID:33652941).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 2000 Medium

    Establishing SP6 as a distinct SP/KLF transcription factor defined the molecular class of the protein and predicted DNA-binding function before any biological role was known.

    Evidence EST database screening with SP1 zinc-finger probe, RT-PCR, and chromosomal mapping

    PMID:11087666

    Open questions at the time
    • No target genes identified
    • No functional reconstitution of DNA binding
    • Tissue role unknown
  2. 2007 Medium

    Characterizing dual promoters generating Sp6 and epiprofin transcripts that encode the same protein resolved the apparent identity of two reported genes and revealed promoter-level regulatory complexity.

    Evidence 5' RACE, RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, and FISH mapping in mouse

    PMID:17624655

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional difference between promoter usage unclear
    • Role of antisense Sp6os transcript unknown
  3. 2008 High

    Whole-gene knockout demonstrated SP6 is essential for development of multiple ectodermal organs, moving it from a predicted factor to an in vivo developmental regulator.

    Evidence Full coding region knockout mouse with histology and apoptosis assays

    PMID:18297738

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct target genes not identified
    • Molecular pathway connecting SP6 to apoptosis undefined
  4. 2012 High

    Reciprocal loss- and gain-of-function placed SP6 as an enhancer of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and cell-junction integrity required for ameloblast differentiation, providing a pathway context for the dental phenotype.

    Evidence Epfn−/− mouse analysis, immunostaining, and overexpression in MDPC-23 cells with Western blot

    PMID:22868911

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs. indirect control of junction/β-catenin proteins not separated
    • BMP-4 regulation mechanism unresolved
  5. 2012 High

    Genetic linkage with transgenic rescue established that a zinc-finger-disrupting Sp6 mutation causes amelogenesis imperfecta, proving SP6 causality for the enamel phenotype.

    Evidence Linkage analysis, cDNA sequencing, and CMV-Sp6 transgenic rescue in AMI rats with histology

    PMID:22676574

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific target genes mediating enamel defect not defined in this study
    • Mutant protein still nuclear—loss-of-DNA-binding mechanism inferred not directly shown here
  6. 2012 Medium

    Transgenic overexpression showed SP6 controls the timing of ameloblast morphological differentiation independently of iron metabolism, refining its role to differentiation kinetics.

    Evidence Sp6 transgenic rat incisor histology and serum iron measurement

    PMID:22449994

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular effectors of differentiation timing unidentified
    • Single in vivo gain-of-function readout
  7. 2014 High

    ChIP and promoter mapping identified Rock1 as a direct SP6 target and distinguished SP6 activation from Sp1 repression at the same gene, providing a concrete direct-binding mechanism in dental epithelium.

    Evidence Serial deletion reporters, ChIP, site-directed mutagenesis, and mithramycin A treatment

    PMID:25264049

    Open questions at the time
    • Cytoskeletal consequences of Rock1 regulation not measured
    • Generality of SP6/Sp1 antagonism at other promoters untested
  8. 2014 High

    Double-knockout epistasis revealed SP6 acts redundantly with Sp8 as a dose-dependent mediator of Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling upstream of Fgf8 and En1 in limb ectoderm, explaining the limb phenotype.

    Evidence Conditional Sp6−/−;Sp8 ectodermal double-knockout mice with in situ hybridization and immunostaining

    PMID:25166858

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct SP6 binding at Fgf8/En1 loci not shown
    • Mechanism of Sp6/Sp8 redundancy unresolved
  9. 2014 Medium

    Identifying Ctip2 as a direct repressor acting selectively at the Sp6 second promoter showed how SP6 levels are negatively controlled at the transcriptional level in a promoter-specific manner.

    Evidence Co-transfection luciferase reporters with promoter deletions, ChIP, and immunohistochemistry

    PMID:24705758

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological consequence of promoter-selective repression unquantified
    • Ctip2 cofactors at the Sp6 promoter unknown
  10. 2016 Medium

    Pharmacological Wnt activation and BMP4 manipulation positioned Sp6 within a β-catenin positive feedback loop and BMP4-mediated downregulation during tooth morphogenesis.

    Evidence In vitro tooth model with GSK-3 inhibitor (BIO), RT-PCR, immunostaining, and in situ hybridization

    PMID:27066482

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular link of feedback loop not demonstrated
    • Reliance on pharmacological manipulation
  11. 2018 Medium

    An SP6 missense variant associated with equine curly coat extended SP6's developmental role to hair/coat phenotypes and demonstrated epistatic masking by KRT25.

    Evidence GWAS, whole-genome sequencing, and genotype-phenotype correlation across horses

    PMID:29686323

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of the variant on SP6 activity not tested
    • Mechanism linking SP6 to hair structure undefined
  12. 2020 High

    ChIP and loss/gain-of-function established Msx2 as a direct upstream activator of Sp6, embedding SP6 in a coordinated transcription-factor network that represses follistatin during amelogenesis.

    Evidence ChIP, co-transfection in LS8/G5 cells, qRT-PCR, and in situ hybridization in Msx2 mutant mice

    PMID:33192593

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Msx2 and SP6 co-occupy Fst regulatory elements not shown
    • Hierarchy within the TF network not fully ordered
  13. 2020 High

    Family genetics plus SPR quantification showed a first-zinc-finger missense variant causes dominant amelogenesis imperfecta by reducing SP6 binding to the AMBN promoter, directly tying a mutation to a DNA-binding defect.

    Evidence Family-based genetic analysis and surface plasmon resonance protein-DNA binding assay

    PMID:32167558

    Open questions at the time
    • Cellular consequence of reduced AMBN binding not measured in patient cells
    • Dominant-negative vs. haploinsufficiency mechanism unresolved
  14. 2021 High

    Genome-wide ChIP-seq derived the SP6 consensus motif and the direct target repertoire, defining SP6 as a hub regulator of enamel/dentin matrix, transcription factor, and ECM gene programs—including autoregulation.

    Evidence ChIP-seq, motif analysis, single-cell RNA-seq, and reporter assays in tooth mesenchymal cells

    PMID:34662808

    Open questions at the time
    • Cofactors directing SP6 to subsets of targets not identified
    • Functional validation limited to a few promoters
  15. 2021 Medium

    A de novo variant at the same codon as a prior AI mutation, causing severely reduced mutant protein despite normal mRNA, implicated mutant protein instability as a disease mechanism and reinforced this codon as a mutational hotspot.

    Evidence Genetic sequencing and Western blot comparing protein and mRNA levels

    PMID:33652941

    Open questions at the time
    • Degradation pathway of the unstable mutant not identified
    • Single case, no rescue experiment
  16. 2024 High

    Identifying the SP6-P300 complex and H3K27ac deposition at target elements provided the first chromatin-level mechanism for SP6 activation and extended its role to human cytotrophoblast fate and trophoblast stem cell establishment.

    Evidence Pluripotent stem cell differentiation, Co-IP, H3K27ac ChIP-seq, and gain/loss-of-function transcriptomics

    PMID:38582082

    Open questions at the time
    • Reciprocal validation of SP6-P300 interaction beyond Co-IP not detailed
    • Whether P300 recruitment is conserved at dental targets untested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How SP6 selects among its many direct targets in different tissues—via tissue-specific cofactors, promoter usage, and chromatin context—remains the central open mechanistic question.
  • No structural model of SP6-DNA recognition
  • Cofactor landscape beyond P300 largely undefined
  • Link between proteasomal turnover and target selection unresolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 5 GO:0003677 DNA binding 3
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 3
Partners
CTIP2MSX2P300SP8

Evidence

Reading pass · 17 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 SP6 (KLF14/Sp6) was identified as a novel member of the SP/KLF transcription factor family with a DNA-binding domain composed of three C2H2-type zinc fingers, and its chromosomal locus was mapped (human chromosome 17q21.3-q22). EST database screening with SP1 zinc-finger domain as probe, RT-PCR expression analysis, chromosomal localization Genomics Medium 11087666
2007 The Sp6 gene uses two distinct promoters generating two transcript variants (Sp6 and epiprofin) that differ in their first exon but encode the same SP6 protein; an antisense transcript (Sp6os) was also identified. The mouse locus was mapped by FISH to chromosome 11D. 5' RACE, RT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, FISH Biochimie Medium 17624655
2008 SP6 protein is required for development of skin, teeth, limbs, and lungs; Sp6 null mice are nude, lack functional teeth, and show limb and lung malformations associated with apoptotic misregulation. The gene knockout eliminated the full coding region. Gene knockout (full coding region deletion), histological analysis, apoptosis assays Developmental dynamics High 18297738
2011 SP6 protein is short-lived and specifically degraded through the proteasome pathway; SP6 protein stability regulation is linked to the control of amelotin and Rock1 gene expression during amelogenesis. In vitro inducible SP6 expression system, siRNA knockdown, microarray, proteasome inhibitor treatment, long-term culture of SP6 high-producer cells Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology Medium 22046099
2012 SP6/Epiprofin loss-of-function in mice causes dramatic reduction in tight junction and adherens junction proteins and in β-catenin, leading to decreased BMP-4 expression and failure of ameloblast differentiation; conversely, SP6 overexpression in MDPC-23 cells increases β-catenin accumulation, indicating SP6 enhances canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in dental pulp mesenchyme. Epfn−/− mouse analysis, immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry, overexpression in MDPC-23 cells, Western blot Cell and tissue research High 22868911
2012 A 2-bp insertional frameshift mutation in rat Sp6 (disrupting the third zinc finger domain) causes amelogenesis imperfecta (AI); transgenic rescue with wild-type Sp6 restores normal enamel formation, confirming Sp6 causality. The mutant protein is translated and localizes to the nucleus similarly to wild-type. Genetic linkage analysis, cDNA sequencing, transgenic rescue (CMV-Sp6 transgene in AMI rats), histological analysis, transfection/localization studies Orphanet journal of rare diseases High 22676574
2012 Ectopic overexpression of SP6 in Sp6 transgenic rats elongates the pigmented ameloblast layer and delays transition to the reduced stage, demonstrating that SP6 controls the timing of morphological differentiation of ameloblasts independently of iron-pigment metabolism. Sp6 transgenic rat generation, histological analysis of incisor sections, serum iron measurement The journal of medical investigation : JMI Medium 22449994
2014 SP6 directly binds to the Rock1 promoter region (from −206 to −150 bp upstream of TSS) and positively regulates Rock1 transcription in dental epithelial cells; Sp1 represses Rock1 via a distinct mechanism. GC-selective DNA binding inhibitor mithramycin A abolishes SP6-mediated enhancement but not Sp1-mediated repression. Serial deletion reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), transient transfection, site-directed mutagenesis, mithramycin A treatment The journal of medical investigation : JMI High 25264049
2014 Sp6 and Sp8 function together in a dose-dependent manner as essential mediators of Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling in limb ectoderm; combined loss of Sp6 and Sp8 in limb ectoderm results in tetra-amelia with failure to activate Fgf8 or En1, and loss of dorsal-ventral patterning. Conditional double knockout mice (Sp6−/−;Sp8 ectodermal KO), genetic epistasis analysis, in situ hybridization, immunostaining PLoS genetics High 25166858
2014 Ctip2 transcription factor directly binds to the proximal region of the Sp6 second promoter and suppresses Sp6 second promoter activity in dental epithelial cells, while the Sp6 first promoter activity is unaffected by Ctip2. Co-transfection luciferase reporter assays with serial Sp6 promoter deletions, ChIP, immunohistochemistry The journal of medical investigation : JMI Medium 24705758
2016 Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation upregulates Epiprofin/Sp6 expression in tooth epithelium; BMP4 downregulates Sp6/Epfn expression during dental morphogenesis; a positive feedback loop is supported wherein Epfn and β-catenin activate each other. In vitro tooth development model with GSK-3 inhibitor (BIO), RT-PCR, immunostaining, in situ hybridization Frontiers in cell and developmental biology Medium 27066482
2018 A missense variant in SP6 is responsible for curly coat without hypotrichosis in horses; KRT25 variant epistasis masks the SP6 allele effect (homozygous/heterozygous KRT25 variant produces curly coat plus hypotrichosis regardless of SP6 genotype). Genome-wide association analysis, whole-genome sequencing, genotype-phenotype correlation across multiple horses Scientific reports Medium 29686323
2020 Msx2 directly binds to the Sp6 promoter region (~3.5 kb upstream) and activates Sp6 transcription; Msx2 and Sp6 form part of a coordinated transcription factor network during amelogenesis that together inhibit follistatin expression. ChIP, MatInspector binding site prediction, co-transfection overexpression/silencing in LS8 and G5 cells, quantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization in Msx2 mutant mice Frontiers in physiology High 33192593
2020 A missense variant in SP6 (p.Ala273Lys) affecting a DNA-binding residue in the first zinc finger causes autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta; surface plasmon resonance showed wild-type SP6 binds more strongly to an AMBN proximal promoter motif than the mutant protein. Family-based genetic analysis, surface plasmon resonance protein-DNA binding assay Human molecular genetics High 32167558
2021 Whole-genome ChIP-seq of Sp6 in tooth mesenchymal cells identified the consensus Sp6 DNA-binding motif (CTg/aTAATTA); direct Sp6 target genes include enamel and dentin matrix genes (Amelx, Ambn, Enam, Dspp), transcription factors (Dlx2-5, Sp6, Sp7, Pitx2, Msx2), and extracellular matrix proteins (Col1a2, Col11a2, Hapln1). Sp6 co-expression enhanced transcriptional activity of Hapln1 and Sp6 promoters in reporter assays. ChIP-seq, bioinformatic motif analysis, single cell RNA-seq UMAP clustering, transcriptional reporter assays Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 34662808
2021 A de novo missense mutation in SP6 (p.Ala273Met) at the same codon as a previously reported AI variant causes severe hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta with extremely decreased mutant protein levels despite normal mRNA, suggesting protein instability of the mutant. Genetic sequencing, Western blot (protein vs. mRNA level comparison) Genes Medium 33652941
2024 SP6 controls human cytotrophoblast (CT) cell fate decisions and trophoblast stem cell (TSC) establishment by targeting MSX2 regulatory elements; mechanistically, SP6 interacts with histone acetyltransferase P300 to alter H3K27ac landscape at target regulatory elements, thereby activating transcription and facilitating CT lineage commitment. Pluripotent stem cell differentiation model, Co-IP (SP6-P300 interaction), ChIP-seq (H3K27ac), loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments, transcriptomics Developmental cell High 38582082

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1984 Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage SP6 promoter. Nucleic acids research 6483 6091052
1984 Functional messenger RNAs are produced by SP6 in vitro transcription of cloned cDNAs. Nucleic acids research 1467 6207484
1986 Cloning of cDNA encoding the murine IgG1 induction factor by a novel strategy using SP6 promoter. Nature 561 3005865
1985 A novel transcription property of SP6 and T7 RNA polymerases: dependence on template structure. Nucleic acids research 205 2995921
1982 Bacteriophage SP6-specific RNA polymerase. I. Isolation and characterization of the enzyme. The Journal of biological chemistry 190 7040372
1991 Preparative in vitro mRNA synthesis using SP6 and T7 RNA polymerases. Analytical biochemistry 144 1750668
1985 Single stranded DNA SP6 promoter plasmids for engineering mutant RNAs and proteins: synthesis of a 'stretched' preproparathyroid hormone. Nucleic acids research 132 3858795
2011 dlx and sp6-9 Control optic cup regeneration in a prototypic eye. PLoS genetics 121 21852957
1986 [pGlu6,Pro9]SP6-11, a selective agonist for the substance P P-receptor subtype. Journal of medicinal chemistry 88 2433445
1991 Specific contacts between the bacteriophage T3, T7, and SP6 RNA polymerases and their promoters. The Journal of biological chemistry 83 1985921
2004 Genomic analysis of bacteriophages SP6 and K1-5, an estranged subgroup of the T7 supergroup. Journal of molecular biology 81 14729334
2004 Complete genomic sequence of the virulent Salmonella bacteriophage SP6. Journal of bacteriology 67 15028677
2000 Identification of KLF13 and KLF14 (SP6), novel members of the SP/XKLF transcription factor family. Genomics 66 11087666
1987 Nucleotide sequence and expression of the cloned gene of bacteriophage SP6 RNA polymerase. Nucleic acids research 66 3031606
1985 Infectivity studies on different potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) RNAs synthesized in vitro with the SP6 transcription system. The EMBO journal 64 15938052
1986 Synthesis of the small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase from genes cloned into plasmids containing the SP6 promoter. The Biochemical journal 63 3827863
1986 Sequences of three promoters for the bacteriophage SP6 RNA polymerase. Nucleic acids research 57 3010240
1985 Transcription from bacteriophage T7 and SP6 RNA polymerase promoters in the presence of 3'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate chain terminators. Biochemistry 57 3002422
2010 Comparative validation of the SP6 antibody to Ki67 in breast cancer. Journal of clinical pathology 56 20671052
1993 Ultrastructure and chemical composition of the sheath of Leptothrix discophora SP-6. Journal of bacteriology 52 7504663
1991 Characterization of elongating T7 and SP6 RNA polymerases and their response to a roadblock generated by a site-specific DNA binding protein. Nucleic acids research 51 1891355
1982 Bacteriophage SP6-specific RNA polymerase. II. Mapping of SP6 DNA and selective in vitro transcription. The Journal of biological chemistry 49 6279614
1993 SP6 RNA polymerase efficiently synthesizes RNA from short double-stranded DNA templates. Nucleic acids research 48 7505427
2016 Wnt/β-Catenin Regulates the Activity of Epiprofin/Sp6, SHH, FGF, and BMP to Coordinate the Stages of Odontogenesis. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 47 27066482
2011 Involvement of Interleukin-10 in the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Sanyinjiao (SP6) Acupuncture in a Mouse Model of Peritonitis. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM 43 21799673
2014 Sp6 and Sp8 transcription factors control AER formation and dorsal-ventral patterning in limb development. PLoS genetics 40 25166858
2005 Efficient RNA interference in zebrafish embryos using siRNA synthesized with SP6 RNA polymerase. Development, growth & differentiation 38 16026540
2022 Baihui (DU20), Shenmen (HT7) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) target the cAMP/CREB/BDNF and PI3K/Akt pathways to reduce central nervous system apoptosis in rats with insomnia. Heliyon 36 36636219
2017 Dual host specificity of phage SP6 is facilitated by tailspike rotation. Virology 35 28456019
1989 Actions of tachykinins on the rabbit mesenteric artery: substance P and [Glp6,L-Pro9]SP6-11 are potent agonists for endothelial neurokinin-1 receptors. British journal of pharmacology 34 2477103
2002 Bacteriophage SP6 is closely related to phages K1-5, K5, and K1E but encodes a tail protein very similar to that of the distantly related P22. Journal of bacteriology 33 11976314
1990 The gene for Klebsiella bacteriophage K11 RNA polymerase: sequence and comparison with the homologous genes of phages T7, T3, and SP6. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 33 2370850
1998 Purification and characterization of a protein binding to the SP6 kappa promoter. A potential role for CArG-box binding factor-A in kappa transcription. The Journal of biological chemistry 32 9668064
1988 In vitro transcription and translational efficiency of chimeric SP6 messenger RNAs devoid of 5' vector nucleotides. Nucleic acids research 31 3260027
1987 Studies on SP6 promoter using a new plasmid vector that allows gene insertion at the transcription initiation site. Nucleic acids research 31 3031593
2017 Bacteriophage SP6 encodes a second tailspike protein that recognizes Salmonella enterica serogroups C2 and C3. Virology 30 28285722
1993 Role of disulfide bonds in maintaining the structural integrity of the sheath of Leptothrix discophora SP-6. Journal of bacteriology 30 8253670
1986 Synthetic oligonucleotide tails inhibit in vitro and in vivo translation of SP6 transcripts of maize zein cDNA clones. Nucleic acids research 30 3456558
2008 The development of several organs and appendages is impaired in mice lacking Sp6. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 29 18297738
1986 Structure of viroid replicative intermediates: physico-chemical studies on SP6 transcripts of cloned oligomeric potato spindle tuber viroid. Nucleic acids research 28 3808953
2023 Efficacy of electroacupuncture stimulating Shenmen (HT7), Baihui (GV20), Sanyinjiao (SP6) on spatial learning and memory deficits in rats with insomnia induced by para-chlorophenylalanine: a single acupoint combined acupoints. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan 25 37454255
2005 Role of the extracellular matrix proteins in the resistance of SP6.5 uveal melanoma cells toward cisplatin. International journal of oncology 25 15645125
1991 Functional modularity in the SP6 kappa promoter. Nucleic acids research 25 1909431
1988 Efficient in vitro expression of interferon alpha analogs using SP6 polymerase and rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Gene analysis techniques 25 3056802
2018 An epistatic effect of KRT25 on SP6 is involved in curly coat in horses. Scientific reports 24 29686323
2012 Epiprofin/Sp6 regulates Wnt-BMP signaling and the establishment of cellular junctions during the bell stage of tooth development. Cell and tissue research 24 22868911
1988 Transcription initiation site selection and abortive initiation cycling of phage SP6 RNA polymerase. The Journal of biological chemistry 24 3192528
2002 NYD-SP6, a novel gene potentially involved in regulating testicular development/spermatogenesis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 23 11829468
1993 SP6 RNA polymerase containing vaccinia virus for rapid expression of cloned genes in tissue culture. BioTechniques 23 8431286
1991 SP6 RNA polymerase stutters when initiating from an AAA... sequence. Nucleic acids research 22 1891358
2020 A missense variant in specificity protein 6 (SP6) is associated with amelogenesis imperfecta. Human molecular genetics 20 32167558
1986 In vitro translation of cucumoviral satellites. II. CARNA 5 from cucumber mosaic virus strain S and SP6 transcripts of cloned (S)CARNA 5 cDNA produce electrophoretically comigrating protein products. Virology 20 3487880
1986 Synthesis of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in vitro using SP6 RNA polymerase-transcribed template mRNA. Biochimica et biophysica acta 18 3017432
2021 Sp6/Epiprofin is a master regulator in the developing tooth. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 17 34662808
2011 Possible linkage of SP6 transcriptional activity with amelogenesis by protein stabilization. Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology 15 22046099
2012 Inhibitory RNA aptamer against SP6 RNA polymerase. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 14 22426482
2012 Novel genetic linkage of rat Sp6 mutation to Amelogenesis imperfecta. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 14 22676574
2010 Epiprofin/Sp6: a new player in the regulation of tooth development. Histology and histopathology 14 20886441
1990 Nuclear transport of proteins translated in vitro from SP6 plasmid-generated mRNAs. Molecular and cellular biology 14 2137554
2009 Molecular identification of (bla)SHV, (bla)LEN and (bla)OKP beta-lactamase genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae by bi-directional sequencing of universal SP6- and T7-sequence-tagged (bla)SHV-PCR amplicons. Molecular and cellular probes 13 19496249
2000 Characterization of a novel DNA primase from the Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophage SP6. Biochemistry 13 10677213
1994 Positive transcriptional control elements within the SP6 kappa promoter decamer 3' flanking sequence. Molecular immunology 13 8084335
1993 Two base pairs at -9 and -8 distinguish between the bacteriophage T7 and SP6 promoters. The Journal of biological chemistry 13 8366080
2020 An Msx2-Sp6-Follistatin Pathway Operates During Late Stages of Tooth Development to Control Amelogenesis. Frontiers in physiology 12 33192593
1988 Measurement of mRNA by solution hybridization with 32P-labelled single stranded cRNA probe ("SP6 test"). Comparison with a 32P-labelled single stranded cDNA as hybridization probe ("S1 test") for measurement of AVP mRNA. Clinical and experimental hypertension. Part A, Theory and practice 12 2452041
2021 Efficacy of needling acupoints of Guanyuan (CV4), Sanyinjiao (SP6), Zusanli (ST36), Pishu (BL20), Shenshu (BL23), Zigong (EX-CA1) on expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in ovarian tissue in rats with premature ovarian failure induced by cyclophosphamide. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan 11 34939392
2017 Expression and function of the zinc finger transcription factor Sp6-9 in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Development genes and evolution 11 29116381
2012 Dissection of morphological and metabolic differentiation of ameloblasts via ectopic SP6 expression. The journal of medical investigation : JMI 11 22449994
2001 Tumorigenicity of the mixed spindle-epithelioid SP6.5 and epithelioid TP17 uveal melanoma cell lines is differentially related to alpha5beta1 integrin expression. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 11 11687555
2021 A Novel De Novo SP6 Mutation Causes Severe Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta. Genes 10 33652941
2007 The Sp6 locus uses several promoters and generates sense and antisense transcripts. Biochimie 10 17624655
1996 A tightly regulated expression system in Escherichia coli with SP6 RNA polymerase. Gene 10 8626062
2024 SP6 controls human cytotrophoblast fate decisions and trophoblast stem cell establishment by targeting MSX2 regulatory elements. Developmental cell 9 38582082
2021 Novel prostate cancer susceptibility gene SP6 predisposes patients to aggressive disease. Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases 9 34012061
1997 The histidine-805 in motif-C of the phage SP6 RNA polymerase is essential for its activity as revealed by random mutagenesis. Biochemistry and molecular biology international 9 19856287
1990 Membrane morphogenesis from cloned fragments of bacteriophage PM2 DNA that contain the sp6.6 gene. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 9 2407591
2019 Statistical media optimization for the production of clinical uricase from Bacillus subtilis strain SP6. Heliyon 8 31193400
1986 Rapid RNA sequencing using double-stranded template DNA, SP6 polymerase, and 3'-deoxynucleotide triphosphates. DNA (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.) 8 2423310
2014 Sp6 regulation of Rock1 promoter activity in dental epithelial cells. The journal of medical investigation : JMI 7 25264049
1993 Synthesis of a potent antagonist of substance P by replacing the CH2SCH3 and the alpha-carboxamide groups of the methionine at [Orn6]-SP6-11 by benzyl ester groups. International journal of peptide and protein research 7 7508424
1993 Transcription by SP6 RNA polymerase exhibits an ATP dependence that is influenced by promoter topology. Nucleic acids research 7 8493106
1992 A two-base-pair substitution in T7 promoter by SP6 promoter-specific base pairs alone abolishes T7 promoter activity but reveals SP6 promoter activity. Biochemistry international 7 1616486
2022 RNA sensor response in HeLa cells for transfected mRNAs prepared in vitro by SP6 and HiT7 RNA polymerases: A comparative study. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology 6 36406230
2019 [Effect of electroacupuncture at "Shenmen"(HT7) and "Sanyinjiao"(SP6) on energy metabolism in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus of insomnia rats]. Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research 6 30945498
2003 Immunohistochemical localization of cyclooxygenase-2 in pregnant rat uterus by Sp-6 acupuncture. The American journal of Chinese medicine 6 12943179
1987 DNA inserted two bases down from the initiation site of a SP6 polymerase transcription vector is transcribed efficiently in vitro. Nucleic acids research 6 3029707
1997 Transcription termination by bacteriophage T3 and SP6 RNA polymerases at Rho-independent terminators. Canadian journal of microbiology 5 9476351
1986 Plasmids allowing transcription of cloned DNA by Salmonella typhimurium phage SP6 RNA polymerase to produce RNAs with authentic 5'-terminal sequences. Gene 5 3026927
2014 Ctip2-mediated Sp6 transcriptional regulation in dental epithelium-derived cells. The journal of medical investigation : JMI 4 24705758
2011 Effects of some acupoints (Du-14, Li-11, St-36, and Sp-6) on serum TNF-α and hsCRP levels in healthy young subjects. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) 4 21438784
2005 CDNA library construction from a small amount of RNA: adaptor-ligation approach for two-round cRNA amplification using T7 and SP6 RNA polymerases. BioTechniques 4 15786810
1993 Effects of multiple mutations at the conserved TATA sequence of bacteriophage SP6 promoter on transcription efficiency. Biochemistry and molecular biology international 4 8260939
2023 Electroacupuncture stimulating Zusanli (ST36), Sanyinjiao (SP6) in mice with collagen-induced arthritis leads to adenosine A2A receptor-mediated alteration of p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan 3 37946472
2011 Lack of iron-related phenotype in Sp6 intestinal knockout mice. Blood cells, molecules & diseases 3 21514188
1995 pTRIPLEscript: a novel cloning vector for generating in vitro transcripts from tandem promoters for SP6, T7 and T3 RNA polymerase. BioTechniques 3 7702842
2024 High-throughput Kinetics using capillary Electrophoresis and Robotics (HiKER) platform used to study T7, T3, and Sp6 RNA polymerase misincorporation. PloS one 2 39621686
2020 Expression of the zinc finger transcription factor Sp6-9 in the velvet worm Euperipatoides kanangrensis suggests a conserved role in appendage development in Panarthropoda. Development genes and evolution 2 32430690
2017 BnaA.bZIP1 Negatively Regulates a Novel Small Peptide Gene, BnaC.SP6, Involved in Pollen Activity. Frontiers in plant science 2 29312383
2000 Bacteriophage SP6 RNA polymerase mutants with altered termination efficiency and elongation processivity. Biomolecular engineering 2 10894113
1991 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) responsiveness of anti-TNP (Sp6) transgenic mice. European journal of immunology 2 2060575

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