Affinage

SNPH

Syntaphilin · UniProt O15079

Length
494 aa
Mass
53.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
51 papers in source corpus 15 papers cited in narrative 15 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SNPH (syntaphilin) is a mitochondrial docking receptor that anchors mitochondria to microtubules, controlling organelle distribution, motility, and bioenergetics in neurons, immune cells, and tumor cells. In axons, SNPH immobilizes mitochondria through a microtubule-binding domain stabilized by dynein light chain LC8 and by non-degradative CHIP-mediated ubiquitination at Lys111/Lys153; genetic deletion of SNPH increases mitochondrial mobility, enhances axon regeneration after injury, and modulates synaptic facilitation (PMID:18191227, PMID:19641106, PMID:29898993, PMID:27268498). Under mitochondrial stress, SNPH is selectively released from damaged mitochondria via late-endosome-associated retrograde transport independent of Parkin and autophagy, providing a quality-control mechanism activated in ALS- and AD-linked neurons (PMID:28472658). Pathological mislocalization of SNPH into dendrites—driven by IL-1β/NMDAR signaling—immobilizes dendritic mitochondria, impairs calcium buffering, blocks mitophagy, and causes excitotoxic neurodegeneration, as demonstrated in Shiverer dysmyelination and NMDA-mediated injury models (PMID:31618636, PMID:35970564).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 2008 High

    Establishing SNPH as the principal axonal mitochondrial docking receptor answered how neurons selectively immobilize mitochondria along axons and linked this anchoring to synaptic function.

    Evidence snph knockout mice with live-imaging of axonal mitochondria and electrophysiology showing enhanced synaptic facilitation

    PMID:18191227

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of SNPH–microtubule interaction unknown
    • How SNPH is targeted specifically to axonal mitochondria not explained
    • Whether SNPH anchoring is regulated by signaling pathways undetermined
  2. 2009 High

    Identification of dynein light chain LC8 as a direct SNPH-binding partner that stabilizes the MT-binding domain explained how SNPH anchoring competence is modulated at a biophysical level.

    Evidence Co-IP, mutagenesis of LC8-binding motif, circular dichroism, and epistasis in snph−/− neurons

    PMID:19641106

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-resolution structure of SNPH–LC8–microtubule complex not solved
    • Whether LC8 interaction is dynamically regulated in vivo unclear
  3. 2011 High

    Genetic epistasis between SNPH deletion and SOD1(G93A) ALS mice showed that restoring mitochondrial transport alone is insufficient to rescue rapid-onset ALS, bounding the contribution of transport deficits to disease.

    Evidence snph−/−; SOD1(G93A) double-mutant mice with behavioral, histopathological, and transport assays

    PMID:21518771

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether SNPH deletion benefits slower-progressing ALS models unknown
    • Possible compensatory mechanisms not addressed
  4. 2015 High

    Demonstrating that SNPH deletion prolongs survival in the dysmyelinating Shiverer mouse established that excessive mitochondrial anchoring is pathogenic during chronic demyelination.

    Evidence snph knockout crossed into Shiverer mice with survival, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial health assays; negative result in EAE

    PMID:25834054

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which dysmyelination induces SNPH-dependent mitochondrial over-anchoring not identified
    • Why SNPH deletion does not benefit EAE remains unexplained
  5. 2016 High

    Two findings extended SNPH function beyond steady-state anchoring: SNPH constrains axon regeneration after injury by limiting mitochondrial replenishment, and in tumor cells SNPH restricts mitochondrial cortical redistribution to suppress chemotaxis and metastasis.

    Evidence In vivo sciatic nerve crush in snph−/− mice; genome-wide shRNA screen with in vivo metastasis models

    PMID:27268498 PMID:27991488

    Open questions at the time
    • How SNPH levels are developmentally upregulated in mature neurons undefined
    • Full SNPH–KIF5B–Miro1/2 complex not biochemically reconstituted
  6. 2017 High

    Discovery that stressed mitochondria selectively release SNPH via late-endosome-associated retrograde transport—independent of Parkin, Drp1, and autophagy—revealed a novel mitochondrial quality-control pathway distinct from canonical mitophagy.

    Evidence Immuno-EM, super-resolution imaging, genetic ablation of Parkin/Drp1/autophagy in neurons, ALS/AD disease models

    PMID:28472658

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular signal triggering SNPH release from damaged mitochondria not identified
    • Fate of SNPH-positive late endosomes after reaching the soma unknown
  7. 2017 Medium

    A mitochondria-targeted SNPH isoform in tumor cells was shown to buffer oxidative stress and sustain complex II bioenergetics, with hypoxia acutely downregulating SNPH to shift tumor behavior toward invasion.

    Evidence Bioenergetics assays, ROS measurements, xenograft and syngeneic tumor models

    PMID:28891816

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of hypoxia-mediated SNPH degradation or transcriptional repression not defined
    • Isoform-specific targeting sequences partially characterized
  8. 2018 High

    Identification of CHIP-mediated non-degradative ubiquitination at Lys111/Lys153 as a post-translational mechanism that stabilizes SNPH on tubulin answered how SNPH anchoring is positively regulated and linked ubiquitination to metastatic potential.

    Evidence Global proteomics, site-directed mutagenesis (K111R, K153R), mitochondrial tracking, in vivo metastasis

    PMID:29898993

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether deubiquitinases reverse SNPH ubiquitination not known
    • How CHIP is recruited to SNPH specifically is undefined
  9. 2019 High

    Demonstrating that dendritic SNPH intrusion immobilizes mitochondria, impairs calcium buffering, blocks mitophagy, and sensitizes neurons to excitotoxicity established SNPH mislocalization as a pathogenic mechanism in dysmyelination.

    Evidence In vivo viral reconstitution of dendritic SNPH in snph−/− mice, electrophysiology, calcium and mitophagy assays

    PMID:31618636

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which SNPH is normally excluded from dendrites not identified
    • Whether dendritic SNPH intrusion occurs in human neurodegenerative disease not tested
  10. 2022 Medium

    Placing IL-1β/NMDAR signaling upstream of dendritic SNPH intrusion identified a neuroinflammatory trigger for SNPH mislocalization and showed that SNPH is required for IL-1β/NMDA-mediated neuronal toxicity.

    Evidence Primary hippocampal cultures, NMDAR blockade (MK-801), tyrosine kinase inhibitors, snph−/− neurons

    PMID:35970564

    Open questions at the time
    • Biochemical mechanism linking NMDAR activation to SNPH redistribution not reconstituted
    • Relevance to chronic neuroinflammatory disease in vivo not established
  11. 2023 Medium

    Extension of SNPH function to oligodendrocytes (netrin-1-directed mitochondrial docking in myelin sheaths) and to neutrophil/PMN-MDSC migration broadened the cell-type repertoire beyond neurons and tumor cells.

    Evidence Oligodendrocyte cultures with netrin-1 beads and live imaging; snph−/− mice with PMN metabolic flux and migration assays

    PMID:36548516 PMID:37272718

    Open questions at the time
    • Netrin-1 receptor linking to SNPH redistribution in oligodendrocytes not identified
    • Whether SNPH regulates mitochondrial docking in other immune cell types untested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Major unresolved questions include the structural basis of SNPH–microtubule interaction, the molecular determinant that normally excludes SNPH from dendrites, and the precise signal that triggers SNPH release from stressed mitochondria.
  • No high-resolution structure of SNPH or SNPH–tubulin complex available
  • Molecular basis of dendritic exclusion of SNPH unknown
  • Signal initiating SNPH release from damaged mitochondria undefined
  • Whether SNPH functions equivalently in human versus mouse neurons not validated

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 3
Localization
GO:0005739 mitochondrion 4 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 3 GO:0005768 endosome 1 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 4 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2
Partners
DYNLL1KIF5BRHOT1RHOT2STUB1

Evidence

Reading pass · 15 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2008 SNPH acts as a mitochondrial docking receptor in axons by interacting with microtubules. Axonal mitochondria containing exogenous or endogenous SNPH lose mobility; deletion of the snph gene substantially increases the proportion of mobile axonal mitochondria and reduces mitochondrial density in axons, with a physiological consequence of enhanced short-term synaptic facilitation. Genetic knockout mouse model, time-lapse live imaging, overexpression/rescue experiments in neurons Cell High 18191227
2009 Dynein light chain LC8 binds directly to SNPH at a seven-residue LC8-binding motif and enhances the SNPH–microtubule docking interaction, thereby reducing axonal mitochondrial mobility. LC8 stabilizes an alpha-helical coiled-coil within the MT-binding domain of SNPH against thermal unfolding. The effect of LC8 on mitochondrial mobility depends on SNPH, as LC8 overexpression does not reduce mobility in snph−/− neurons. Proteomic biochemical assays, co-immunoprecipitation, mutagenesis (LC8-binding motif deletion), time-lapse imaging in snph wild-type and mutant neurons, circular dichroism spectrum analysis The Journal of neuroscience High 19641106
2016 Mature neuron-associated increases in SNPH anchor mitochondria in axons, causing local energy deficits after axotomy. Genetic deletion of snph enhances mitochondrial transport, replenishes healthy mitochondria in injured axons, rescues ATP depletion, and accelerates axon regeneration in vivo in a sciatic nerve crush model. Genetic KO mice, in vivo sciatic nerve crush, time-lapse imaging, ATP measurements, axon regeneration assay The Journal of cell biology High 27268498
2016 In tumor cells, SNPH (interacting with kinesin KIF5B and Miro1/2) localizes mitochondria away from the cortical cytoskeleton, inhibiting mitochondrial speed and distance traveled, suppressing organelle dynamics, and blocking chemotaxis and metastasis in vivo. Genome-wide shRNA screen, mitochondrial tracking, in vivo metastasis models, co-expression analysis Nature communications Medium 27991488
2017 Under mitochondrial stress, SNPH is selectively released from stressed axonal mitochondria via budding into a new class of mitochondria-derived cargos that share late endosomes for retrograde transport to the soma, independent of Parkin, Drp1, and autophagy. This mechanism is activated in early pathological stages of ALS- and AD-linked neurons. Immuno-electron microscopy, super-resolution imaging, live-cell time-lapse imaging, genetic manipulation (Parkin KO, Drp1 KO, autophagy inhibition), disease model neurons Neuron High 28472658
2017 A mitochondria-targeted isoform of SNPH in tumor cells buffers oxidative stress and maintains complex II-dependent bioenergetics, sustaining local tumor growth while restricting mitochondrial redistribution to the cortical cytoskeleton and limiting cell motility. Hypoxia acutely lowers SNPH levels, shifting the balance toward invasion. Mitochondrial localization sequence analysis, bioenergetics assays (complex II activity), ROS measurements, xenograft and syngeneic tumor models, mitochondrial tracking The Journal of clinical investigation Medium 28891816
2018 SNPH is ubiquitinated by the E3 ligase CHIP (STUB1) on Lys111 and Lys153 within its microtubule-binding domain. This non-degradative ubiquitination anchors SNPH on tubulin to inhibit mitochondrial motility and dynamics. Ubiquitination-defective SNPH mutants (K111R or K153R) increase mitochondrial speed, reposition mitochondria to the cortical cytoskeleton, activate Drp1-dependent fission, and enhance tumor chemotaxis and metastasis in vivo. Global proteomics screen, site-directed mutagenesis (K111R, K153R), mitochondrial tracking, Drp1 co-localization, in vivo metastasis assay Cancer research High 29898993
2011 Genetic deletion of snph in SOD1(G93A) ALS mice produces a 2-fold increase in axonal mitochondrial mobility without affecting the onset, progression, motor neuron loss, or lifespan of ALS-like disease, demonstrating that impaired mitochondrial transport in SOD1(G93A) mice plays a minimal role in rapid-onset fALS pathology. Genetic cross of snph−/− and SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice, time-lapse imaging, behavioral and histopathological assessment The Journal of biological chemistry High 21518771
2015 Genetic deletion of SNPH in the dysmyelinating Shiverer mouse prolongs survival, reduces cerebellar damage, suppresses oxidative stress, and improves mitochondrial health, demonstrating that mitochondrial over-anchoring by SNPH is detrimental in dysmyelination. Conversely, SNPH deletion does not benefit clinical symptoms in EAE, a model for early-phase MS. Genetic KO of SNPH in Shiverer mice, survival analysis, oxidative stress assays, mitochondrial health assays, EAE model comparison The Journal of neuroscience High 25834054
2019 Inappropriate intrusion of SNPH into neuronal dendrites (normally excluded) causes excitotoxicity in Shiverer mice by immobilizing dendritic mitochondria, reducing mitochondrial calcium uptake, and blocking somal mitophagy. Viral reconstitution of dendritic SNPH in SNPH-KO mice sensitizes Purkinje cells to NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity when climbing fibers are stimulated. In vivo viral transduction, live imaging, electrophysiology (patch clamp for climbing fiber stimulation), mitochondrial calcium assay, mitophagy assay, SNPH-KO rescue experiments Cell reports High 31618636
2021 FUS co-localizes with the mitochondrial tethering protein SNPH in neurons, and ALS-linked FUS mutations alter this relationship, contributing to mitochondrial and synaptic defects. Co-localization imaging in primary neurons and zebrafish, overexpression of mutant FUS, synaptic and mitochondrial transport quantification Scientific reports Low 34193962
2022 The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and NMDA interact (via NMDAR signaling) to trigger mislocalization of SNPH into neuronal dendrites. Blocking NMDAR with MK-801 prevents IL-1β-induced dendritic SNPH intrusion; inhibiting the IL-1β/NMDAR coupling by tyrosine inhibitors also blocks intrusion. Neuronal toxicity from IL-1β or NMDA is strongly reduced in SNPH−/− neurons. Primary hippocampal neuronal cultures, pharmacological NMDAR blockade (MK-801), tyrosine kinase inhibitors, SNPH-KO neurons, confocal imaging of SNPH localization The Journal of neuroscience Medium 35970564
2023 SNPH is expressed in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and mature oligodendrocytes and is present in myelin sheaths in vivo. Netrin-1 promotes redistribution of SNPH to oligodendrocyte processes and SNPH clusters at the plasma membrane at sites of netrin-1-coated bead adhesion where mitochondria are retained, suggesting SNPH mediates netrin-1-induced mitochondrial docking in oligodendrocytes. Immunofluorescence, in vitro oligodendrocyte cultures with netrin-1 beads, live imaging, fractionation Glia Medium 37272718
2023 SNPH regulates spontaneous migration of neutrophils/PMN-MDSCs in cancer. In SNPH-KO mice, mitochondrial speed and distance in PMN are increased, rates of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis are elevated, adenosine generation is increased, and spontaneous PMN migration and metastasis are enhanced. SNPH-KO mouse model, mitochondrial tracking in PMN, metabolic flux assays (oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis), adenosine measurement, migration assays, in vivo metastasis Cancer immunology research Medium 36548516
2025 Tau hyperphosphorylation (p-Tau) drives dendritic SNPH intrusion (DSI) in neurons. Inhibitors of p-Tau kinases and Tau-KO both completely abolish DSI in primary neuronal cultures, placing p-Tau upstream of SNPH mislocalization in a proposed pathway: NMDAR GluN2B activation → p-Tau → DSI → mitochondrial damage → synapse/dendrite disintegration. Primary hippocampal neuronal cultures, pharmacological p-Tau kinase inhibitors, Tau-KO, confocal imaging of SNPH localization bioRxivpreprint Low bio_10.1101_2025.09.05.674541

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 51 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2008 Docking of axonal mitochondria by syntaphilin controls their mobility and affects short-term facilitation. Cell 480 18191227
2016 Facilitation of axon regeneration by enhancing mitochondrial transport and rescuing energy deficits. The Journal of cell biology 267 27268498
2017 Releasing Syntaphilin Removes Stressed Mitochondria from Axons Independent of Mitophagy under Pathophysiological Conditions. Neuron 159 28472658
2016 A neuronal network of mitochondrial dynamics regulates metastasis. Nature communications 112 27991488
2021 Abnormal levels of mitochondrial proteins in plasma neuronal extracellular vesicles in major depressive disorder. Molecular psychiatry 84 34471251
2009 Dynein light chain LC8 regulates syntaphilin-mediated mitochondrial docking in axons. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 64 19641106
2011 Increased axonal mitochondrial mobility does not slow amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like disease in mutant SOD1 mice. The Journal of biological chemistry 50 21518771
2018 Syntaphilin Ubiquitination Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics and Tumor Cell Movements. Cancer research 48 29898993
2014 Differentiation state-specific mitochondrial dynamic regulatory networks are revealed by global transcriptional analysis of the developing chicken lens. G3 (Bethesda, Md.) 44 24928582
2008 Study of the cytotoxic activity of di and triphenyltin(IV) carboxylate complexes. Journal of inorganic biochemistry 42 18760840
2017 Syntaphilin controls a mitochondrial rheostat for proliferation-motility decisions in cancer. The Journal of clinical investigation 40 28891816
2008 Cerebrospinal fluid markers before and after shunting in patients with secondary and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Cerebrospinal fluid research 39 18439296
2015 Deletion of mitochondrial anchoring protects dysmyelinating shiverer: implications for progressive MS. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 32 25834054
2010 Synthesis and biological applications of ionic triphenyltin(IV) chloride carboxylate complexes with exceptionally high cytotoxicity. Metallomics : integrated biometal science 32 21072389
2017 Removing dysfunctional mitochondria from axons independent of mitophagy under pathophysiological conditions. Autophagy 28 28812939
2021 Identification of a novel interaction of FUS and syntaphilin may explain synaptic and mitochondrial abnormalities caused by ALS mutations. Scientific reports 24 34193962
2010 The triphenyltin(VI) complexes of NSAIDs and derivatives. Synthesis, crystal structure and antiproliferative activity. Potent anticancer agents. Journal of inorganic biochemistry 18 21194618
2024 The amyloid precursor protein and its derived fragments concomitantly contribute to the alterations of mitochondrial transport machinery in Alzheimer's disease. Cell death & disease 17 38806484
2021 Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Alleviates Demyelination and Improves Cognitive Function by Promoting Mitochondrial Dynamics in White Matter Lesions. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 17 33762923
2023 Syntaphilin Regulates Neutrophil Migration in Cancer. Cancer immunology research 16 36548516
2019 Come and eat: mitochondrial transport guides mitophagy in ischemic neuronal axons. Autophagy 16 31095452
2019 Inappropriate Intrusion of an Axonal Mitochondrial Anchor into Dendrites Causes Neurodegeneration. Cell reports 15 31618636
2011 Candidate pathway association study in cocaine dependence: the control of neurotransmitter release. The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry 13 21426264
2022 Tin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Antineoplastic properties and genotoxicity assessment. Biomaterials advances 12 35929256
2023 Expression and subcellular localization of mitochondrial docking protein, syntaphilin, in oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin sheath. Glia 11 37272718
2022 Perisciatic Nerve Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Spinal Oxidative Stress and Improves Peripheral Mitochondrial Dynamic Equilibrium in a Neuropathic Pain Mouse Model in an AMPK-Dependent Manner. Disease markers 11 35769812
1996 Bonding Properties of a Novel Inorganometallic Complex, Ru(SnPh(3))(2)(CO)(2)(iPr-DAB) (iPr-DAB = N,N'-Diisopropyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene), and its Stable Radical-Anion, Studied by UV-Vis, IR, and EPR Spectroscopy, (Spectro-) Electrochemistry, and Density Functional Calculations. Inorganic chemistry 11 11666732
2023 Insight on the hub gene associated signatures and potential therapeutic agents in epilepsy and glioma. Brain research bulletin 9 37192718
2022 Tripartite Crosstalk between Cytokine IL-1β, NMDA-R and Misplaced Mitochondrial Anchor in Neuronal Dendrites Is a Novel Pathway for Neurodegeneration in Inflammatory Diseases. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 9 35970564
2021 Syntaphilin downregulation facilitates radioresistance via mediating mitochondria distribution in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Free radical biology & medicine 7 33577962
2016 Dramatic mechanistic switch in Sn/Au(I) group exchanges: transmetalation vs. oxidative addition. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) 7 26960420
2019 Syntaphilin Is a Novel Biphasic Biomarker of Aggressive Prostate Cancer and a Metastasis Predictor. The American journal of pathology 6 31079810
2023 Syntaphilin Inactivation Can Enhance Axonal Mitochondrial Transport to Improve Spinal Cord Injury. Molecular neurobiology 5 37458986
2025 S100A8/A9 innate immune signaling as a distinct mechanism driving progression of smoking-related breast cancers. Oncogene 4 39856330
2023 Roles of syntaphilin and armadillo repeat-containing X-linked protein 1 in brain injury after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Neuroscience letters 4 37187340
2011 [Management of secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus and assessment of cortical reorganization using fMRI]. No shinkei geka. Neurological surgery 3 21447851
2010 Diorganotin complexes of a thiosemicarbazone, synthesis: properties, x-ray crystal structure, and antiproliferative activity of diorganotin complexes. Bioinorganic chemistry and applications 3 20689713
2024 Short report: Twins with 20p13 duplication. Case report and comprehensive literature review. Molecular genetics & genomic medicine 2 38738460
2024 Reprogramming miR-146b-snphb Signaling Activates Axonal Mitochondrial Transport in the Zebrafish M-cell and Facilitates Axon Regeneration After Injury. Neuroscience bulletin 2 39645618
2023 Tin(II) and Tin(IV) Complexes Incorporating the Oxygen Tripodal Ligands [(η5-C5R5)Co{P(OEt)2O}3]-, (R = H, Me; Et = -C2H5) as Potent Inflammatory Mediator Inhibitors: Cytotoxic Properties and Biological Activities against the Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) and Thrombin. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2 36838847
2023 Application of LRG mechanism in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Heliyon 2 38223707
2018 Monoclinic polymorph of chlorido-(dimethyl sulfoxide-κO)tri-phenyl-tin(IV). Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications 2 29850045
2017 Triphenyltin derivatives of sulfanylcarboxylic esters. Journal of inorganic biochemistry 2 29291491
2026 Bisphenol-A impairs hippocampal neurogenesis by disrupting Kinesin-1-dependent mitochondrial trafficking. The Journal of biological chemistry 0 41839425
2026 HIF-1α suppresses SNPH expression to facilitate liver metastasis of colorectal cancer through regulating mitochondrial dynamics and filopodia formation. Cell death & disease 0 41888092
2025 Identification of Thyroid Genes Whose Expression Is Altered by Neonatal Irradiation in Rats. International journal of molecular sciences 0 40076501
2025 Multivariate genome-wide association study of suicidal behaviors in >1.7 million individuals of diverse population descents. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 0 41445618
2024 Secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus following pituitary apoplexy: A case report. Surgical neurology international 0 38628523
2019 Antitumor effects of the electromagnetic resonant frequencies derived from the 1H NMR spectrum of Ph3Sn(Mercaptonicotinic)SnPh3 complex. Medical hypotheses 0 31563097
2002 Differential effect of Bacillus firmus on immune response and enterocyte brush-border enzyme levels in BALB/c and B10.BR mice. Folia microbiologica 0 12630333
1980 The synthesis of poly-L-lysine-succinyl-NADP: an analogue for NADP/H. The International journal of artificial organs 0 7461863