Affinage

SLC6A20

Sodium- and chloride-dependent transporter XTRP3 · UniProt Q9NP91

Length
592 aa
Mass
65.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 7 papers cited in narrative 7 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 4/4 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SLC6A20 (SIT1) is the molecular correlate of the classical System IMINO transporter, an Na+- and Cl--dependent, voltage-dependent electrogenic symporter that mediates uptake of imino acids (proline, hydroxyproline, pipecolate) and N-methylated amino acids (MeAIB, sarcosine, betaine) (PMID:15632147, PMID:15689184). Transport is pH-independent and insensitive to alanine or lysine, distinguishing it from the proton-coupled imino acid carrier SLC36A1/PAT1 (PMID:15632147, PMID:17123464). At the apical membrane of kidney proximal tubule, delayed post-natal expression and membrane targeting of Slc6a20a, together with related transporters, accounts for the transient iminoglycinuria seen in neonatal mice (PMID:20377526). In the brain, SLC6A20A transports both proline and glycine and thereby sets extracellular glycine and proline levels that tune NMDA receptor activity: gain-of-function lowers extracellular glycine/proline and NMDAR currents while knockout raises them, and pharmacological or antisense manipulation normalizes NMDAR currents and associated behavior (PMID:33428810). Beyond these reconstituted transport and homeostatic roles, the structural basis of substrate recognition has not been characterized in the available corpus.

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 6 steps
  1. 2005 High

    Established the molecular identity of the long-described System IMINO activity by showing that SLC6A20/SIT1 is itself an electrogenic Na+/Cl--dependent imino acid transporter.

    Evidence Functional expression of rat and human SIT1 in Xenopus oocytes with electrophysiology and radiolabeled uptake; independently corroborated by mouse XT3s1 (with non-functional XT3 as negative control)

    PMID:15632147 PMID:15689184

    Open questions at the time
    • Substrate specificity defined in oocytes only, not native epithelia
    • No structural model of the transport mechanism
  2. 2005 Medium

    Extended the functional repertoire by indicating SLC6A20 also contributes to Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transport in a renal epithelial context.

    Evidence Antisense RNA and siRNA/shRNA knockdown of oSIT1 in opossum kidney cells with uptake assays

    PMID:16234310

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab loss-of-function; broader substrate claim not reconstituted in defined heterologous system
    • Relationship to canonical imino specificity unresolved
  3. 2006 Medium

    Clarified pathway placement by separating SLC6A20 (IMINO/betaine carrier) from the proton-coupled SLC36A1/PAT1 system that only appears Na+-dependent in intact epithelia.

    Evidence Comparative integration of prior heterologous expression and pharmacological/kinetic data

    PMID:17123464

    Open questions at the time
    • Review-level synthesis, no new primary experiment
    • In vivo division of labor between the two systems not measured directly
  4. 2010 Medium

    Linked SLC6A20 regulation to a physiological phenotype by showing that delayed neonatal apical expression underlies transient iminoglycinuria.

    Evidence qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy in developing mouse kidney correlated with urinary amino acid profiles

    PMID:20377526

    Open questions at the time
    • Co-regulated with Slc6a18/Slc6a19/Slc36a2, so individual contribution not isolated
    • Mechanism controlling developmental timing of expression unknown
  5. 2021 High

    Defined a brain function by demonstrating that SLC6A20A controls extracellular glycine/proline and thereby NMDAR activity, with bidirectional genetic and pharmacological control.

    Evidence Mouse overexpression and knockout models, ASO knockdown, in vivo microdialysis, NMDAR electrophysiology, and heterologous transport assays with rescue

    PMID:33428810

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell types and circuits mediating the NMDAR effect not fully resolved
    • Relative weighting of glycine vs proline contribution to NMDAR modulation not separated
  6. 2023 Medium

    Consolidated the model that SLC6A20 requires ACE2 for membrane trafficking and that its mutations associate with iminoglycinuria/hyperglycinuria.

    Evidence Review integrating functional expression, genetic association, and biochemical data across labs

    PMID:37940347

    Open questions at the time
    • ACE2 dependence summarized, not newly tested here
    • Genotype-phenotype relationship for specific human mutations not detailed

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How SLC6A20 selects imino acids versus glycine at the atomic level, and how its expression and ACE2-dependent trafficking are regulated across tissues, remains open.
  • No structure of the transporter
  • Molecular basis of ACE2-assisted membrane targeting uncharacterized
  • Transcriptional control of developmental and tissue-specific expression unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005215 transporter activity 3 GO:0140104 molecular carrier activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2
Pathway
R-HSA-382551 Transport of small molecules 3 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 1
Partners
ACE2

Evidence

Reading pass · 7 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2005 SLC6A20 (SIT1) was identified as the molecular correlate of the classical System IMINO transporter. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, rat SIT1 mediated Na+- and Cl--dependent, voltage-dependent electrogenic uptake of imino acids (proline, K0.5 ~0.2 mM; pipecolate) and N-methylated amino acids (MeAIB, sarcosine). Transport was pH-independent, insensitive to alanine or lysine inhibition, and Li+ (but not H+) could substitute for Na+. Human SIT1 also functioned as a Na+-dependent proline transporter. Functional expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes with electrophysiology and radiolabeled substrate uptake assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 15632147
2005 Mouse SLC6A20 has two homologs (XT3 and XT3s1). Expression of XT3s1 (but not XT3) in Xenopus oocytes induced electrogenic Na+- and Cl--dependent transport of proline, hydroxyproline, betaine, N-methylaminoisobutyric acid, and pipecolic acid, confirming XT3s1 as the IMINO system. XT3s1 was expressed in brain, kidney, small intestine, thymus, spleen and lung; XT3 was expressed mainly in kidney and lung. Functional expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes; electrophysiology; RT-PCR for tissue distribution The Biochemical journal High 15689184
2005 In opossum kidney (OK) cells, SLC6A20 ortholog (oSIT1) mediates not only imino acid (L-Pro) but also Na+-dependent neutral L-amino acid transport. Antisense RNA to oSIT1 (but not oXT2/SLC6A18) inhibited Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transport from OK cell mRNA injected into Xenopus oocytes; siRNA/shRNA knockdown of oSIT1 in OK cells selectively reduced Na+-dependent neutral L-amino acid uptake. Antisense RNA injection and siRNA/shRNA knockdown in opossum kidney cells and Xenopus oocytes; radiolabeled amino acid uptake assays American journal of physiology. Renal physiology Medium 16234310
2006 SLC6A20 (IMINO transporter) is distinguished from SLC36A1 (PAT1/imino acid carrier) as two distinct intestinal transport systems: SLC6A20 corresponds to the betaine carrier and IMINO transporter (Na+-dependent, proline-specific, alanine-insensitive) identified in hamster/rabbit/guinea pig, while SLC36A1 is a proton-coupled imino acid symporter that cooperates with NHE3 to appear Na+-dependent in intact epithelia. Functional comparison and review of heterologous expression data from prior studies; integration of pharmacological and kinetic properties Biochimica et biophysica acta Medium 17123464
2010 Developmental iminoglycinuria in neonatal mice is caused by delayed post-natal expression and apical membrane targeting of Slc6a20a (along with Slc6a18, Slc6a19, and Slc36a2) in kidney proximal tubule. qPCR and Western blot showed Slc6a20a expression was ~2.4-fold lower at birth than in adult kidney; immunofluorescence confocal microscopy confirmed absence of apical Slc6a20a protein in neonatal kidney, correlating with iminoglycinuria during the first week of life. qPCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy in developing mouse kidney; correlation with urinary amino acid measurements The Biochemical journal Medium 20377526
2021 SLC6A20A regulates brain glycine and proline homeostasis and NMDAR function in vivo. Mice overexpressing SLC6A20A (via enhanced β-catenin binding to the Slc6a20a gene promoter through mutant PTEN lacking C-terminus) showed reduced extracellular brain proline and glycine and decreased NMDAR currents. Antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of SLC6A20 or competitive GlyT1 antagonist sarcosine normalized NMDAR currents and repetitive behavior. SLC6A20A knockout mice showed increased extracellular glycine and NMDAR currents. Both mouse and human SLC6A20 proteins mediated proline and glycine transport in heterologous expression. Genetic mouse models (overexpression via PTEN mutation, knockout); antisense oligonucleotide knockdown; in vivo microdialysis for extracellular amino acids; electrophysiology for NMDAR currents; heterologous expression for transport characterization EMBO molecular medicine High 33428810
2023 SLC6A20 is a sodium-dependent symporter in the SLC6 family that requires the ancillary protein ACE2 to reach the cell membrane, mediates intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of imino acids (proline, hydroxyproline) and glycine, and mutations in SLC6A20 are associated with iminoglycinuria and/or hyperglycinuria. Review integrating functional expression, genetic association, and biochemical studies from multiple prior publications Pharmacological reviews Medium 37940347

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1987 Macrophage cytotoxicity: role for L-arginine deiminase and imino nitrogen oxidation to nitrite. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1456 2432665
1987 A single mode of DNA base-pair opening drives imino proton exchange. Nature 292 3037381
1989 NMR studies of DNA (R+)n.(Y-)n.(Y+)n triple helices in solution: imino and amino proton markers of T.A.T and C.G.C+ base-triple formation. Biochemistry 184 2819069
2005 Imino sugar inhibitors for treating the lysosomal glycosphingolipidoses. Glycobiology 169 15901676
1994 Secretion of human hepatitis B virus is inhibited by the imino sugar N-butyldeoxynojirimycin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 148 8134380
1996 Evidence for an imino intermediate in the DNA polymerase beta deoxyribose phosphate excision reaction. The Journal of biological chemistry 147 8663612
1995 Studies on the catalytic mechanism of five DNA glycosylases. Probing for enzyme-DNA imino intermediates. The Journal of biological chemistry 140 7642635
2013 The contrasting activity of iodido versus chlorido ruthenium and osmium arene azo- and imino-pyridine anticancer complexes: control of cell selectivity, cross-resistance, p53 dependence, and apoptosis pathway. Journal of medicinal chemistry 136 23368735
2010 2-imino-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives as potent, orally active S1P1 receptor agonists. Journal of medicinal chemistry 136 20446681
1993 Evidence for an imino intermediate in the T4 endonuclease V reaction. Biochemistry 133 8347626
2005 5-Arylidene-2-imino-4-thiazolidinones: design and synthesis of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 128 15905093
2005 Identification of mammalian proline transporter SIT1 (SLC6A20) with characteristics of classical system imino. The Journal of biological chemistry 124 15632147
2016 Discovery of the 3-Imino-1,2,4-thiadiazinane 1,1-Dioxide Derivative Verubecestat (MK-8931)-A β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of medicinal chemistry 122 27933948
2004 H+/amino acid transporter 1 (PAT1) is the imino acid carrier: An intestinal nutrient/drug transporter in human and rat. Gastroenterology 102 15521011
2001 Imino proton exchange and base-pair kinetics in RNA duplexes. Biochemistry 93 11467951
1975 Formaldehyde as a probe of DNA structure. II. Reaction with endocyclic imino groups of DNA bases. Biochemistry 92 235286
2005 Molecular cloning of the mouse IMINO system: an Na+- and Cl--dependent proline transporter. The Biochemical journal 91 15689184
1995 Terminal base pairs of oligodeoxynucleotides: imino proton exchange and fraying. Biochemistry 91 7654719
2003 Therapeutic applications of imino sugars in lysosomal storage disorders. Current topics in medicinal chemistry 90 12570866
1984 Synthesis of 5-amino-5-deoxy-D-mannopyranose and 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-mannitol, and inhibition of alpha- and beta-D-mannosidases. Carbohydrate research 89 6234061
2000 Long-range imino proton-13C J-couplings and the through-bond correlation of imino and non-exchangeable protons in unlabeled DNA. Journal of biomolecular NMR 85 10723997
2013 β-Glucosidase 2 (GBA2) activity and imino sugar pharmacology. The Journal of biological chemistry 72 23880767
2012 5-imino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles: first small molecules as substrate competitive inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3. Journal of medicinal chemistry 71 22257026
2002 Novel p53 inactivators with neuroprotective action: syntheses and pharmacological evaluation of 2-imino-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydrobenzothiazole and 2-imino-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydrobenzoxazole derivatives. Journal of medicinal chemistry 70 12408720
1996 DNA adducts of antitumor trans-[PtCl2 (E-imino ether)2]. Nucleic acids research 70 8628659
1994 Structural study of a DNA.RNA hybrid duplex with a chiral phosphorothioate moiety by NMR: extraction of distance and torsion angle constraints and imino proton exchange rates. Biochemistry 69 7537083
2005 Inhibition of platelet functions and thrombosis through selective or nonselective inhibition of the platelet P2 receptors with increasing doses of NF449 [4,4',4'',4'''-(carbonylbis(imino-5,1,3-benzenetriylbis-(carbonylimino)))tetrakis-benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid octasodium salt]. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 68 15792995
1991 NMR structural studies of intramolecular (Y+)n.(R+)n(Y-)nDNA triplexes in solution: imino and amino proton and nitrogen markers of G.TA base triple formation. Biochemistry 68 1654085
1985 NMR analysis of DNA junctions: imino proton NMR studies of individual arms and intact junction. Biochemistry 68 4084489
2004 Opening mechanism of G.T/U pairs in DNA and RNA duplexes: a combined study of imino proton exchange and molecular dynamics simulation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 62 15521786
2017 Novel half-sandwich iridium(iii) imino-pyridyl complexes showing remarkable in vitro anticancer activity. Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003) 58 29090698
1995 Purification and cloning of Micrococcus luteus ultraviolet endonuclease, an N-glycosylase/abasic lyase that proceeds via an imino enzyme-DNA intermediate. The Journal of biological chemistry 58 7559510
2006 Imino-tetrahydro-benzothiazole derivatives as p53 inhibitors: discovery of a highly potent in vivo inhibitor and its action mechanism. Journal of medicinal chemistry 57 16759106
1986 Synthesis of 5-amino-5-deoxy-D-galactopyranose and 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-galactitol, and their inhibition of alpha- and beta-D-galactosidases. Carbohydrate research 55 3024831
2011 Cytotoxic 3,6-bis((imidazolidinone)imino)acridines: synthesis, DNA binding and molecular modeling. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 54 21315610
1996 Through-bond correlation of imino and aromatic resonances in 13C-, 15N-labeled RNA via heteronuclear TOCSY. Journal of biomolecular NMR 53 8720835
2006 Imino sugars are potent agonists of the human glucose sensor SGLT3. Molecular pharmacology 51 17110502
2006 Deciphering the mechanisms of intestinal imino (and amino) acid transport: the redemption of SLC36A1. Biochimica et biophysica acta 51 17123464
2021 SLC6A20 transporter: a novel regulator of brain glycine homeostasis and NMDAR function. EMBO molecular medicine 49 33428810
1984 1H NMR relaxation studies of the hydrogen-bonded imino protons of poly(dA-dT). Biochemistry 49 6712932
1982 Kinetics for exchange of imino protons in deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and hybrid oligonucleotide helices. Biochemistry 49 6182905
2006 Role of the guanine N1 imino proton in the migration and reaction of radical cations in DNA oligomers. Journal of the American Chemical Society 45 16568960
2017 Mechanistic Investigation of Bis(imino)pyridine Manganese Catalyzed Carbonyl and Carboxylate Hydrosilylation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 44 28282136
2008 Imino proton exchange rates imply an induced-fit binding mechanism for the VEGF165-targeting aptamer, Macugen. FEBS letters 44 18485899
2008 Substituted 2-imino-5-arylidenethiazolidin-4-one inhibitors of bacterial type III secretion. Journal of medicinal chemistry 44 18947223
2003 Membrane disruption and cytotoxicity of hydrophobic N-alkylated imino sugars is independent of the inhibition of protein and lipid glycosylation. The Biochemical journal 44 12769816
2021 Integrative approach identifies SLC6A20 and CXCR6 as putative causal genes for the COVID-19 GWAS signal in the 3p21.31 locus. Genome biology 42 34425859
2010 Renal imino acid and glycine transport system ontogeny and involvement in developmental iminoglycinuria. The Biochemical journal 42 20377526
1984 Effect of environment, conformation, sequence and base substituents on the imino proton exchange rates in guanine and inosine-containing DNA, RNA, and DNA-RNA duplexes. Journal of molecular biology 41 6205159
1980 Increase in the size of soluble brain adenylate cyclase with activation by guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 7430102
2012 Novel 1,2,4-triazole and imidazole derivatives of L-ascorbic and imino-ascorbic acid: synthesis, anti-HCV and antitumor activity evaluations. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 37 22555152
2002 Evidence for multiple imino intermediates and identification of reactive nucleophiles in peptide-catalyzed beta-elimination at abasic sites. Biochemistry 36 12033939
2006 Thermodynamic and aggregation properties of aza- and imino-substituted gemini surfactants designed for gene delivery. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP 34 17287881
2009 Effects of Restrained Sampling Space and Nonplanar Amino Groups on Free-Energy Predictions for RNA with Imino and Sheared Tandem GA Base Pairs Flanked by GC, CG, iGiC or iCiG Base Pairs. Journal of chemical theory and computation 33 20090924
2020 A 300-fold enhancement of imino nucleic acid resonances by hyperpolarized water provides a new window for probing RNA refolding by 1D and 2D NMR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 31 31949004
2010 2,5-Dideoxy-2,5-imino-d-altritol as a new class of pharmacological chaperone for Fabry disease. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 31 20457528
2013 Atomistic nature of the DPT tautomerisation of the biologically important C·C* DNA base mispair containing amino and imino tautomers of cytosine: a QM and QTAIM approach. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP 30 24154739
2012 5-Imino-1,2-4-thiadiazoles and quinazolines derivatives as glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) inhibitors: determination of blood-brain barrier penetration and binding to human serum albumin. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 30 22306656
2008 Binding parameters and thermodynamics of the interaction of imino sugars with a recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase (alglucosidase alfa): insight into the complex formation mechanism. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 29 18328816
2009 Molecular interaction of imino sugars with human alpha-galactosidase: Insight into the mechanism of complex formation and pharmacological chaperone action in Fabry disease. Molecular genetics and metabolism 28 19181556
1997 Imino proton exchange and base-pair kinetics in the AMP-RNA aptamer complex. Journal of molecular biology 28 9159476
2021 Design, synthesis, molecular modeling, and antimicrobial potential of novel 3-[(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)imino]indolin-2-one derivatives as DNA gyrase inhibitors. Archiv der Pharmazie 27 34747519
2002 Imino proton NMR analysis of HDV ribozymes: nested double pseudoknot structure and Mg2+ ion-binding site close to the catalytic core in solution. Nucleic acids research 27 11809890
2018 Alkyl-imino sugars inhibit the pro-oncogenic ion channel function of human papillomavirus (HPV) E5. Antiviral research 26 30096339
2015 N-Alkyl-, 1-C-Alkyl-, and 5-C-Alkyl-1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-(L)-ribitols as Galactosidase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 26 26644389
1999 Decreased imino proton exchange and base-pair opening in the IHF-DNA complex measured by NMR. Journal of molecular biology 26 10329171
1996 Base-catalysis of imino proton exchange in DNA: effects of catalyst upon DNA structure and dynamics. Biochemistry 26 8679602
2018 Chiral betulin-imino-chitosan hydrogels by dynamic covalent sonochemistry. Ultrasonics sonochemistry 25 29705318
2013 Novel imino sugar α-glucosidase inhibitors as antiviral compounds. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 25 23582447
2007 Solvatochromism, DNA binding, antitumor activity and molecular modeling study of mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes containing the bulky ligand: bis[N-(p-tolyl)imino]acenaphthene. European journal of medicinal chemistry 25 17428583
2004 Platinum complexes with imino ethers or cyclic ligands mimicking imino ethers: synthesis, in vitro antitumour activity, and DNA interaction properties. Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry 25 15241660
1994 14 alpha,14' beta-[Dithiobis[(2-oxo-2,1-ethanediyl)imino]]bis (7,8-dihydromorphinone) and 14 alpha,14' beta-[dithiobis[(2-oxo-2,1- ethanediyl)imino]]bis[7,8-dihydro-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)normorphinone]: chemistry and opioid binding properties. Journal of medicinal chemistry 25 7515442
1992 Modulation of cell-surface transferrin receptor by the imino sugar N-butyldeoxynojirimycin. European journal of biochemistry 25 1387360
2021 Chemical shift prediction of RNA imino groups: application toward characterizing RNA excited states. Nature communications 24 33707433
2018 Hybrid Molecules Composed of 2,4-Diamino-1,3,5-triazines and 2-Imino-Coumarins and Coumarins. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Properties. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 23 29970833
2018 Neuroprotective effect of IDPU (1-(7-imino-3-propyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo [4,5-d]pyrimidin-6(7H)-yl)urea) in 6-OHDA induced rodent model of hemiparkinson's disease. Neuroscience letters 20 29567422
2016 Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2-imino-4-thiazolidinone derivatives as potent anti-cancer agents. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 20 27546293
2013 Imino sugar glucosidase inhibitors as broadly active anti-filovirus agents. Emerging microbes & infections 20 26038444
2009 Synthesis, spectroscopic studies and structures of square-planar nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes derived from 2-{(Z)-[furan-2-ylmethyl]imino]methyl}-6-methoxyphenol. Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 20 20047854
1997 Specific labeling approaches to guanine and adenine imino and amino proton assignments in the AMP-RNA aptamer complex. Journal of biomolecular NMR 20 9081544
2023 The SLC6A15-SLC6A20 Neutral Amino Acid Transporter Subfamily: Functions, Diseases, and Their Therapeutic Relevance. Pharmacological reviews 19 37940347
2016 Imino Transfer Hydrogenation Reductions. Topics in current chemistry (Cham) 19 27573139
2011 Transition metal complexes of 2, 6-di ((phenazonyl-4-imino) methyl)-4-methylphenol: structure and biological evaluation. European journal of medicinal chemistry 19 21371788
2020 Imino- and Azasugar Protonation Inside Human Acid β-Glucosidase, the Enzyme that is Defective in Gaucher Disease. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 18 32191378
2009 Single-atom imino substitutions at A9 and A10 reveal distinct effects on the fold and function of the hairpin ribozyme catalytic core. Biochemistry 18 19634899
2005 Neutral amino acid transport mediated by ortholog of imino acid transporter SIT1/SLC6A20 in opossum kidney cells. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 18 16234310
2003 NMR and CD spectroscopy show that imino acid restriction of the unfolded state leads to efficient folding. Biochemistry 18 12873129
2020 Newly Synthesized Imino-Derivatives Analogues of Resveratrol Exert Inhibitory Effects in Breast Tumor Cells. International journal of molecular sciences 17 33096835
1990 Effects of spermidine and hexaamminecobalt(III) on thymine imino proton exchange. Biochemistry 17 2166566
1990 Inhibition of the alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase III of Monilinia fructigena by 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-L-threitol and 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-L-arabinitol. The Biochemical journal 17 2310375
2000 High-performance cation-exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection for the separation, detection, and quantitation of N-alkylated imino sugars in biological samples. Analytical biochemistry 16 10933866
2021 Rapid assessment of Watson-Crick to Hoogsteen exchange in unlabeled DNA duplexes using high-power SELOPE imino 1H CEST. Magnetic resonance (Gottingen, Germany) 15 37905209
2017 Comparison of the free and ligand-bound imino hydrogen exchange rates for the cocaine-binding aptamer. Journal of biomolecular NMR 15 28477231
2007 Synthesis, characterization and DNA interaction studies of complexes of lanthanide nitrates with tris(2-[(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)imino]ethyl)amine. Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 15 18061534
2003 The alkylated imino sugar, n-(n-Nonyl)-deoxygalactonojirimycin, reduces the amount of hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid in tissue culture. Journal of virology 15 14581530
2001 From imino sugars to cancer glycoproteins. Glycoconjugate journal 15 12820720
1989 Liquid chromatographic analysis of amino and imino acids in protein hydrolysates by post-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde and 3-mercaptopropionic acid. Journal of chromatography 15 2777998
2022 Design, Synthesis, Kinetic Analysis and Pharmacophore-Directed Discovery of 3-Ethylaniline Hybrid Imino-Thiazolidinone as Potential Inhibitor of Carbonic Anhydrase II: An Emerging Biological Target for Treatment of Cancer. Biomolecules 14 36421710
1995 Base-pair exchange kinetics of the imino and amino protons of the 3'-phenazinium tethered DNA-RNA duplex, r(5'GAUUGAA3'):d(5'TCAATC3'-Pzn), and their comparison with those of B-DNA duplex. Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods 14 7494093
1986 Imino proton exchange in the 5S RNA of Escherichia coli and its complex with protein L25 at 490 MHz. Biochemistry 14 3535886

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