Affinage

SLC18A3

Vesicular acetylcholine transporter · UniProt Q16572

Length
532 aa
Mass
56.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
49 papers in source corpus 17 papers cited in narrative 18 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SLC18A3 (VAChT) is the vesicular acetylcholine transporter that defines the cholinergic phenotype of CNS and PNS neurons and loads acetylcholine into synaptic vesicles for release (PMID:7857778, PMID:9034903). It localizes to synaptic vesicles in cholinergic nerve terminals, cell bodies, and dendrites, where it co-localizes with the ACh-synthesizing enzyme ChAT (PMID:9034903), and it directly mediates ATP-dependent, vesamicol-inhibitable vesicular ACh uptake (PMID:12008018). The VAChT gene resides within the first intron of ChAT in a shared 'cholinergic gene locus' that permits coordinate transcriptional control through a common RE1/NRSE silencer engaged by REST/NRSF in non-neuronal cells (PMID:9782459, PMID:10973977), while PKA and PI3K signaling and upstream factors such as Lhx8 tune cholinergic gene output (PMID:12675145, PMID:24316404). At the vesicle membrane VAChT functions in proximity to the SNARE protein synaptobrevin and the transmembrane protein SUP-1, whose transmembrane-domain interactions modulate VAChT conformation and activity (PMID:16604067, PMID:23051648). VAChT expression levels set the quantity of releasable ACh and thereby govern neuromuscular and central cholinergic tone: biallelic loss-of-function variants cause presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome, and a null variant causes lethal fetal akinesia deformation sequence (PMID:27590285, PMID:31059209), whereas reduced or motoneuron-specific deletion produces neuromuscular junction failure, muscle atrophy, and weakness that is partially reversed by cholinesterase inhibition (PMID:30003945, PMID:33730374). Conversely, VAChT overexpression raises cholinergic tone, remodels striatal cholinergic terminal morphology, and exacerbates drug-induced stereotypies (PMID:24904300, PMID:28628197).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1994 Medium

    Establishing that a single transporter transcript marks cholinergic neurons answered whether ACh vesicular storage has a dedicated, cell-type-defining carrier.

    Evidence In situ hybridization mapping of VAChT mRNA across rat CNS and PNS

    PMID:7857778

    Open questions at the time
    • mRNA distribution does not demonstrate transport activity
    • subcellular localization not resolved by ISH
  2. 1997 High

    Localizing VAChT protein to synaptic vesicles and confirming co-expression with ChAT established its position in the ACh release pathway.

    Evidence Immunohistochemistry with validated antisera, confocal microscopy, double-labeling with ChAT

    PMID:9034903

    Open questions at the time
    • does not quantify transport function
    • does not address regulation of expression
  3. 1998 Medium

    Mapping VAChT inside the first intron of ChAT revealed a shared cholinergic gene locus, framing how the two cholinergic genes might be co-regulated.

    Evidence Genomic cloning and structural analysis of the cholinergic locus

    PMID:9782459

    Open questions at the time
    • functional consequence of shared locus not tested in this report
    • regulatory elements not yet identified
  4. 2000 High

    Identifying an RE1/NRSE silencer bound by REST/NRSF explained how VAChT (and ChAT) are repressed in non-cholinergic cells, providing a molecular basis for coordinate cell-type-specific expression.

    Evidence Luciferase reporter transfection and EMSA for protein-DNA binding

    PMID:10973977

    Open questions at the time
    • additional bound proteins beyond REST not fully defined
    • in vivo requirement of the element not tested
  5. 2002 High

    Demonstrating that VAChT overexpression increases ATP-dependent, vesamicol-inhibitable ACh uptake confirmed VAChT as the direct mediator of vesicular ACh loading, while showing VAChT is not always the rate-limiting step for release.

    Evidence Stable VAChT transfection in PC12 cells with vesicular [3H]ACh/[14C]ACh uptake and vesamicol binding assays

    PMID:12008018

    Open questions at the time
    • mechanism of transport coupling not resolved
    • rate-limiting determinants of release not identified
  6. 2003 Medium

    Showing PKA and PI3K differentially regulate ChAT versus VAChT mRNA, and that differentiating agents act post-transcriptionally including via glycosylation, established that co-locus genes are nonetheless independently tunable and that VAChT protein levels are controlled beyond transcription.

    Evidence Kinase inhibitor pharmacology, RT-PCR, Western blot, and glycosylation analysis in NG108-15 cells

    PMID:11755784 PMID:12675145

    Open questions at the time
    • signaling-to-promoter mechanism not mapped
    • glycosylation effect on trafficking not directly demonstrated
  7. 2006 High

    Allele-specific suppression of an unc-17/VAChT transmembrane mutation by a synaptobrevin mutation provided genetic evidence for a functional association between VAChT and SNARE machinery at the vesicle.

    Evidence Genetic epistasis/suppressor screen and behavioral analysis in C. elegans

    PMID:16604067

    Open questions at the time
    • physical interaction not shown biochemically
    • interaction not confirmed in mammalian neurons
  8. 2012 High

    Demonstrating physical proximity of SUP-1 to UNC-17/VAChT and charge-complementary transmembrane suppression revealed that transmembrane-domain electrostatic interactions modulate VAChT conformation and function.

    Evidence BiFC proximity assay and allele-specific genetic suppression in C. elegans

    PMID:23051648

    Open questions at the time
    • mammalian SUP-1 ortholog and conservation not established
    • structural basis of conformational modulation unresolved
  9. 2013 Medium

    Placing Lhx8 upstream of VAChT in transcriptional control identified a transcription factor driving the cholinergic phenotype and ACh release.

    Evidence Lentiviral Lhx8 overexpression in SHSY5Y cells with RT-PCR, Western blot, and ACh release measurement

    PMID:24316404

    Open questions at the time
    • direct promoter binding by Lhx8 not demonstrated
    • single cell-line, single condition
  10. 2017 Medium

    Gain-of-function studies linked VAChT levels to cholinergic tone and behavior, showing overexpression increases ACh release, drives amphetamine-induced stereotypies, and remodels striatal terminal morphology and trafficking.

    Evidence VAChT BAC transgenic and ChAT-ChR2 mice with behavioral scoring, Western blot, and varicosity morphometry

    PMID:24904300 PMID:28628197

    Open questions at the time
    • mechanism linking VAChT level to varicosity remodeling unresolved
    • circuit-level cause of behavioral change not dissected
  11. 2016 High

    Identifying biallelic loss-of-function variants in human SLC18A3 established VAChT deficiency as a cause of presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome, confirming its physiological requirement for ACh loading at the neuromuscular junction.

    Evidence Whole-exome sequencing, repetitive nerve stimulation electrophysiology, and clinical phenotyping across families

    PMID:27590285

    Open questions at the time
    • genotype-phenotype severity correlation not fully mapped
    • molecular consequence of specific variants not assayed
  12. 2019 Medium

    A homozygous nonsense variant causing fetal akinesia extended the phenotypic spectrum and indicated that complete VAChT loss is prenatally lethal, consistent with knockout mouse lethality.

    Evidence Exome sequencing and clinical/pathological phenotyping of affected fetuses

    PMID:31059209

    Open questions at the time
    • single family
    • residual transporter function of hypomorphic alleles not quantified
  13. 2021 High

    Quantitative loss-of-function and motoneuron-specific deletion established a cell-autonomous requirement for VAChT in neuromuscular junction integrity, with distinct fast- versus slow-twitch muscle adaptations and partial pharmacological rescue.

    Evidence VAChT knockdown and Cre-loxP conditional motoneuron knockout mice with histology, qRT-PCR, behavior, and pyridostigmine rescue

    PMID:30003945 PMID:33730374

    Open questions at the time
    • fiber-type-specific adaptation mechanism not fully defined
    • long-term reversibility of deficits unresolved
  14. 2022 Medium

    Showing VAChT-driven ACh uptake activates PKA/CREB to promote proliferation and metastasis implicated SLC18A3 in non-neuronal cholinergic signaling in renal cancer.

    Evidence SLC18A3 overexpression in renal cancer cells with ACh uptake assays, pathway analysis, and xenograft tumor model

    PMID:36225635

    Open questions at the time
    • endogenous SLC18A3 dependence in tumors not tested by loss-of-function
    • source of ACh in tumor context unclear
  15. 2025 Medium

    Convergent human PET and mouse genetic data tied VAChT-dependent presynaptic plasticity to cognitive resilience against tau pathology, framing cholinergic capacity as a protective mechanism.

    Evidence Multi-tracer PET in older adults, forebrain-specific conditional VAChT knockout mice, snRNA-seq, and structural MRI (preprint)

    Open questions at the time
    • preprint not yet peer-reviewed
    • causal direction between VAChT upregulation and resilience not established in humans
    • molecular trigger for tau-associated VAChT increase unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The atomic structure of VAChT and the transport/coupling mechanism by which it loads ACh into vesicles remain undefined in the available corpus.
  • no high-resolution structure
  • ion/proton coupling stoichiometry not characterized
  • vesamicol binding site not mapped structurally

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005215 transporter activity 3 GO:0140104 molecular carrier activity 1
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 1 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 3 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 2
Partners
SNB-1SUP-1

Evidence

Reading pass · 18 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1994 VAChT mRNA expression uniquely co-defines the cholinergic phenotype in mammalian CNS and PNS neurons, consistent with its role in acetylcholine vesicular storage, and its distribution pattern matches known functional cholinergic neuron populations. In situ hybridization mapping of VAChT mRNA distribution in rat CNS and PNS Journal of molecular neuroscience Medium 7857778
1997 VAChT protein localizes to synaptic vesicles within cholinergic nerve terminals (granular staining in cell bodies, axon terminals, and dendrites), and is distinct from vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT); VAChT and ChAT co-localize in the same cholinergic neurons. Immunohistochemistry with specific polyclonal antisera (validated by absorption controls and transfection in CV-1 cells), confocal laser microscopy, and double-labeling with ChAT The Journal of comparative neurology High 9034903
1998 The VAChT gene is located within the first intron of the ChAT gene and is in the same transcriptional orientation, forming a single 'cholinergic gene locus' (CGL); both genes share promoter regulatory elements, suggesting coordinate regulation. Genomic cloning and structural analysis of the cholinergic locus Journal of physiology, Paris Medium 9782459
2000 A repressor element 1/neuron-restrictive silencer element (RE1/NRSE) located in the 2336-bp region upstream of the ChAT and VAChT coding sequences silences VAChT promoter activity in non-neuronal cells but not in neuronal cells; RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST/NRSF) and several other proteins are recruited to this regulatory sequence, suggesting coordinate repression of ChAT and VAChT in non-cholinergic cells. Transfection assays with luciferase reporter constructs, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) for protein-DNA interactions The Journal of biological chemistry High 10973977
2002 VAChT overexpression in PC12 cells increases ATP-dependent, vesamicol-inhibitable [3H]ACh accumulation in membrane fractions by ~2.5-fold, demonstrating VAChT directly mediates vesicular ACh uptake; however, overexpression does not augment uptake of newly synthesized [14C]ACh into vesicles, indicating vesicular ACh release from PC12 cells is not rate-limited by VAChT levels. Stable transfection of rat VAChT cDNA into PC12 cells; [3H]vesamicol binding; [3H]ACh and [14C]ACh vesicular uptake assays; Western blot Brain research. Molecular brain research High 12008018
2003 PKA signaling plays a major role in regulating both ChAT and VAChT mRNA levels in NG108-15 cells (H89, a PKA inhibitor, decreased both); PI3K inhibition (LY294002) had opposite effects on the two genes — decreasing ChAT mRNA while increasing VAChT mRNA — demonstrating that ChAT and VAChT can be differentially regulated despite their shared locus. Pharmacological inhibition of signaling kinases (H89, LY294002, PD98059) in NG108-15 cells; RT-PCR for mRNA levels; ChAT activity assays Neurochemical research Medium 12675145
2003 VAChT mRNA and protein upregulation with differentiating agents (retinoic acid, dexamethasone, dbcAMP) in NG108-15 cells does not always translate to increased VAChT protein, indicating post-transcriptional or post-translational regulation including deficient complex glycosylation that may affect targeting and/or stability of the VAChT membrane protein. RT-PCR, Western blot, ligand binding assays, transfection with luciferase reporter, glycosylation analysis in NG108-15 cells Journal of physiology, Paris Medium 11755784
2006 In C. elegans, an unc-17/VAChT missense mutation (G347R in transmembrane domain 9) causing uncoordinated behavior is suppressed by a synaptobrevin/SNB-1 transmembrane domain mutation (I→D), suggesting a physical or functional association between VAChT and SNARE components at synaptic vesicles. Genetic epistasis/suppressor screen in C. elegans; behavioral analysis of double mutants Nature neuroscience High 16604067
2012 In C. elegans, the transmembrane protein SUP-1 physically associates with UNC-17/VAChT at synapses (demonstrated by bimolecular fluorescence complementation), and charge-complementary mutations in the transmembrane domains of SUP-1 (G84E) suppress the uncoordinated phenotype of UNC-17(G347R), suggesting electrostatic interactions between transmembrane domains modulate VAChT conformation and function. Genetic suppressor screen, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), behavioral analysis in C. elegans Genetics High 23051648
2013 Overexpression of the transcription factor Lhx8 in SHSY5Y neuronal cells upregulates both ChAT and VAChT mRNA/protein expression and increases ACh release into culture medium, placing Lhx8 upstream of VAChT in the transcriptional control of cholinergic phenotype. Lentiviral Lhx8 overexpression in SHSY5Y cells; RT-PCR, Western blot, ACh release measurement Neuroscience letters Medium 24316404
2014 BAC transgenic mice overexpressing VAChT (with ~50 extra copies) show striatal VAChT protein overexpression and increased ACh release, leading to markedly enhanced amphetamine-induced stereotypies (confined sniffing and licking), demonstrating that VAChT-mediated increases in cholinergic tone directly exacerbate drug-induced repetitive behaviors. VAChT BAC transgenic mouse model; behavioral testing (amphetamine-induced stereotypy scoring); Western blot for striatal VAChT protein Frontiers in neural circuits Medium 24904300
2016 Biallelic loss-of-function variants in SLC18A3 (VAChT) cause presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome in humans, characterized by ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, fatigable weakness, apneic crises, and electrodecrement on repetitive stimulation — consistent with impaired ACh loading into presynaptic vesicles at the neuromuscular junction. Whole-exome sequencing; electrophysiological studies (repetitive nerve stimulation); clinical phenotyping Neurology High 27590285
2017 VAChT overexpression in striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChAT-ChR2 BAC mice) dramatically reduces the number of cholinergic varicosities (−87%) while increasing their size (+177%) and alters VAChT trafficking along the somatodendritic and axonal arbor, demonstrating that VAChT expression levels regulate the morphology and intracellular trafficking of cholinergic terminals. Immunofluorescence quantification of VAChT-positive varicosities in transgenic mouse striatum; confocal microscopy; morphometric analysis Journal of neurochemistry Medium 28628197
2018 Mice with ~65% knockdown of VAChT (VAChT-KDHOM) show reduced ACh release at neuromuscular junctions, causing muscle weakness with differential effects: fast-twitch EDL fibers atrophy while slow-twitch soleus fibers hypertrophy; altered expression of myogenesis markers (Pax7, MyoD, Myogenin), metabolic markers (PGC1-α), and protein degradation markers (Atrogin1, MuRF1) indicates distinct muscle adaptation to cholinergic deficits. These deficits are partially reversed by pyridostigmine. VAChT knockdown mouse model; muscle histology and morphometry; qRT-PCR for muscle-related genes; pyridostigmine pharmacological rescue Neurochemistry international Medium 30003945
2019 A homozygous nonsense variant in SLC18A3 [p.(Cys372Ter)] causes fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS) with arthrogryposis and edema, extending the disease spectrum beyond congenital myasthenic syndrome and suggesting complete loss of VAChT function is lethal prenatally — consistent with VAChT knockout mouse lethality. Exome sequencing; clinical and pathological phenotyping of affected fetuses American journal of medical genetics. Part A Medium 31059209
2021 Motoneuron-specific deletion of VAChT (Cre-loxP, mnVAChT-KD) in mice causes reduced ACh release, motoneuron soma shrinkage, innervated muscle atrophy, decreased muscle strength, hypoactivity, and kyphosis that worsen progressively — deficits partially rescued by cholinesterase inhibitor — establishing cell-autonomous requirement for VAChT in motoneuron function and neuromuscular junction integrity. Cre-loxP conditional knockout in motoneurons; immunofluorescence; muscle histology; grip strength and behavioral testing; pyridostigmine pharmacological rescue The FEBS journal High 33730374
2022 SLC18A3/VAChT overexpression in renal cancer cells enhances uptake of acetylcholine, which activates the PKA/CREB signaling pathway to promote cell proliferation and invasive migration; SLC18A3 overexpression in mice bearing A498 renal cancer cells increases tumor growth and lung metastases. SLC18A3 overexpression in renal cancer cell lines; ACh uptake assays; PKA/CREB pathway analysis; xenograft mouse tumor model American journal of cancer research Medium 36225635
2025 In cognitively normal older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease, cholinergic neurons increase presynaptic VAChT protein levels when co-localized with tau (but not amyloid) pathology, and stronger VAChT responses are associated with cognitive resilience over a decade; forebrain-specific VAChT deletion in mice impairs cortical plasticity and hippocampal structural integrity, demonstrating VAChT-dependent cholinergic synaptic plasticity as a mechanism of resilience to tau pathology. Multi-tracer PET imaging in humans; forebrain-specific conditional VAChT knockout in mice; single-nucleus RNA sequencing; structural MRI bioRxiv (preprint)preprint Medium

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 49 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1997 Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) protein: a novel and unique marker for cholinergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The Journal of comparative neurology 355 9034903
1994 Distribution of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in the central and peripheral nervous systems of the rat. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 96 7857778
1995 Human and monkey cholinergic neurons visualized in paraffin-embedded tissues by immunoreactivity for VAChT, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 77 8860234
2016 Variants in SLC18A3, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, cause congenital myasthenic syndrome. Neurology 51 27590285
2014 Severe drug-induced repetitive behaviors and striatal overexpression of VAChT in ChAT-ChR2-EYFP BAC transgenic mice. Frontiers in neural circuits 48 24904300
1999 Differential expression of nerve terminal protein isoforms in VAChT-containing varicosities of the spinal cord ventral horn. The Journal of comparative neurology 48 10421869
2011 Recurrent deletions and reciprocal duplications of 10q11.21q11.23 including CHAT and SLC18A3 are likely mediated by complex low-copy repeats. Human mutation 45 21948486
2006 Vesicular glutamate (VGlut), GABA (VGAT), and acetylcholine (VACht) transporters in basal forebrain axon terminals innervating the lateral hypothalamus. The Journal of comparative neurology 44 16572456
2010 PET radioligands for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Current topics in medicinal chemistry 39 20583990
2011 Co-expression studies of the orphan carrier protein Slc10a4 and the vesicular carriers VAChT and VMAT2 in the rat central and peripheral nervous system. Neuroscience 31 21742018
2003 VAChT-Cre. Fast and VAChT-Cre.Slow: postnatal expression of Cre recombinase in somatomotor neurons with different onset. Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) 31 14502577
1997 Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT): a cellular marker in rat retinal development. Neuroreport 31 9376516
1998 The cholinergic locus: ChAT and VAChT genes. Journal of physiology, Paris 29 9782459
2021 Expression of VAChT and 5-HT in Ulcerative colitis dendritic cells. Acta histochemica 26 33940317
2006 A genetic interaction between the vesicular acetylcholine transporter VAChT/UNC-17 and synaptobrevin/SNB-1 in C. elegans. Nature neuroscience 26 16604067
2002 More than one way to toy with ChAT and VAChT. Journal of physiology, Paris 24 11755784
2001 Stimuli that induce a cholinergic neuronal phenotype of NG108-15 cells upregulate ChAT and VAChT mRNAs but fail to increase VAChT protein. Brain research bulletin 24 11306187
1998 Innervation of intestinal arteries by axons with immunoreactivity for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Journal of anatomy 24 9568566
2003 Exploring the regulation of the expression of ChAT and VAChT genes in NG108-15 cells: implication of PKA and PI3K signaling pathways. Neurochemical research 23 12675145
2017 Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) over-expression induces major modifications of striatal cholinergic interneuron morphology and function. Journal of neurochemistry 21 28628197
2011 Effects of training in the Morris water maze on the spatial learning acquisition and VAChT expression in male rats. Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 20 22615654
2000 The early expression of VAChT and VIP in mouse sympathetic ganglia is not induced by cytokines acting through LIFRbeta or CNTFRalpha. Mechanisms of development 20 10704834
2020 Effects of VAChT reduction and α7nAChR stimulation by PNU-282987 in lung inflammation in a model of chronic allergic airway inflammation. European journal of pharmacology 19 32619677
2000 Is RE1/NRSE a common cis-regulatory sequence for ChAT and VAChT genes? The Journal of biological chemistry 18 10973977
2017 How chromosomal deletions can unmask recessive mutations? Deletions in 10q11.2 associated with CHAT or SLC18A3 mutations lead to congenital myasthenic syndrome. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 16 29130637
2011 VAChT knock-down mice show normal prepulse inhibition but disrupted long-term habituation. Genes, brain, and behavior 16 21401875
2010 Immunoreactivity for high-affinity choline transporter colocalises with VAChT in human enteric nervous system. Cell and tissue research 13 20490865
1999 Multistratified expression of polysialic acid and its relationship to VAChT-containing neurons in the inner plexiform layer of adult rat retina. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 13 10375380
2018 Fast and slow-twitching muscles are differentially affected by reduced cholinergic transmission in mice deficient for VAChT: A mouse model for congenital myasthenia. Neurochemistry international 12 30003945
2015 Kinetics modeling and occupancy studies of a novel C-11 PET tracer for VAChT in nonhuman primates. Nuclear medicine and biology 12 26872437
2002 Analysis of uptake and release of newly synthesized acetylcholine in PC12 cells overexpressing the rat vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Brain research. Molecular brain research 12 12008018
2022 SLC18A3 promoted renal cancer development through acetylcholine/cAMP signaling. American journal of cancer research 11 36225635
2012 Syntheses and in vitro evaluation of decalinvesamicol analogues as potential imaging probes for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 11 22831799
2012 Genetic interactions between UNC-17/VAChT and a novel transmembrane protein in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 11 23051648
2021 Motoneuron-specific loss of VAChT mimics neuromuscular defects seen in congenital myasthenic syndrome. The FEBS journal 10 33730374
2019 SLC18A3 variants lead to fetal akinesia deformation sequence early in pregnancy. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 10 31059209
2020 Evidence for the cholinergic markers ChAT and vAChT in sensory cells of the developing antennal nervous system of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Invertebrate neuroscience : IN 9 33090291
2020 Demonstration of a Simple Epitope Tag Multimerization Strategy for Enhancing the Sensitivity of Protein Detection Using Drosophila vAChT. G3 (Bethesda, Md.) 8 31767639
2016 Reduced expression of VAChT increases renal fibrosis. Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology 8 27524473
2016 Reappraisal of VAChT-Cre: Preference in slow motor neurons innervating type I or IIa muscle fibers. Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) 8 27596971
2022 BDNF Spinal Overexpression after Spinal Cord Injury Partially Protects Soleus Neuromuscular Junction from Disintegration, Increasing VAChT and AChE Transcripts in Soleus but Not Tibialis Anterior Motoneurons. Biomedicines 7 36359371
2013 Upregulation of Lhx8 increase VAChT expression and ACh release in neuronal cell line SHSY5Y. Neuroscience letters 7 24316404
2015 Comparative analyses of the cholinergic locus of ChAT and VAChT and its expression in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology 6 25770047
2023 Computational modeling of PET imaging agents for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) protein binding affinity: application of 2D-QSAR modeling and molecular docking techniques. In silico pharmacology 5 37035236
2021 Lung Edema and Mortality Induced by Intestinal Ischemia and Reperfusion Is Regulated by VAChT Levels in Female Mice. Inflammation 3 33715111
2012 Pyrrolovesamicols--synthesis, structure and VAChT binding of two 4-fluorobenzoyl regioisomers. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 3 22365760
2026 Targeting IL-17/NF-κB/VAChT/Rho-kinase signaling and oxidative stress in exacerbated chronic allergic inflammation: functional and therapeutic implications of IL-17 blockade. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas 0 41919890
2025 Absolute Configuration and an Improved Automated cGMP Production of a Clinically Promising Radiotracer for Imaging VAChT. Journal of fluorine chemistry 0 42088569
2024 Effect of VAChT reduction on lung alterations induced by exposure to iron particles in an asthma model. Journal of inflammation (London, England) 0 38961398

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