Affinage

SAR1A

Small COPII coat GTPase SAR1A · UniProt Q9NR31

Length
198 aa
Mass
22.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 17 papers cited in narrative 17 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SAR1A encodes a small GTPase that initiates COPII-coated vesicle formation at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites, serving as a master switch for ER-to-Golgi protein transport across eukaryotes. GTP binding triggers exposure of an amphipathic N-terminal helix that inserts into the ER membrane and recruits the Sec23/24 inner coat complex, with Sec23 acting as a GTPase-activating protein via an arginine finger mechanism; both GTP binding and hydrolysis are required for distinct steps of vesicle budding and cargo delivery (PMID:12239560, PMID:9756629, PMID:1907974). Membrane-bound Sar1 lowers bilayer bending rigidity in a concentration-dependent manner and forms ordered dimeric lattices that drive constrictive curvature and vesicle scission, while the TANGO1/Sedlin complex modulates Sar1's GTPase cycle to enable export of large cargoes such as procollagen (PMID:20816066, PMID:25193674, PMID:23019651). In mammals, SAR1A and its paralog SAR1B differ in GTP exchange kinetics and SEC23A binding affinity—with SAR1A more prone to membrane oligomerization—and SAR1A additionally participates in fetal hemoglobin induction through a Giα/JNK/Jun signaling pathway (PMID:32358066, PMID:24914133).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1991 High

    Establishing that Sar1 is an ER-localized GTPase essential for ER-to-Golgi transport resolved the identity of the initiating factor for COPII vesicle formation.

    Evidence Cell-free reconstitution of ER-to-Golgi transport with purified Sar1; subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence in yeast sec12/sec18 mutants

    PMID:1907491 PMID:1907974

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of membrane association not resolved
    • How GTP binding drives coat recruitment unknown
    • Mammalian homolog function not yet tested
  2. 1992 High

    Demonstrating functional conservation of Sar1 across eukaryotes (fission yeast, plants) established that the COPII vesicle formation mechanism is universal.

    Evidence Genetic complementation of yeast sar1/sec12 mutations with fission yeast and Arabidopsis ortholog cDNAs

    PMID:1396601

    Open questions at the time
    • Mammalian paralogs not yet identified
    • Structural basis for function unknown
  3. 1998 High

    Structure–function analysis of Sar1 GTP-binding and hydrolysis mutants revealed that GTP binding and GTP hydrolysis govern distinct, sequential steps in vesicle budding versus cargo delivery.

    Evidence In vitro vesicle formation assays with purified GDP-preferring and GTP-locked Sar1 mutants; nucleotide binding assays

    PMID:9756629

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for coat recruitment not resolved
    • Mechanism of GAP stimulation by coat unknown
  4. 2002 High

    The crystal structure of the Sec23/24–Sar1 pre-budding complex revealed how GTP-bound Sar1 exposes its N-terminal membrane-insertion helix and how Sec23 catalyzes GTP hydrolysis via an arginine finger, providing the structural framework for COPII coat assembly.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of the ternary complex with non-hydrolysable GTP analogue

    PMID:12239560

    Open questions at the time
    • Outer coat (Sec13/31) interaction with Sar1 not structurally resolved
    • How membrane curvature is generated mechanically unclear
  5. 2008 High

    Showing that dominant-negative GTP-locked Sar1 blocks ER export of multiple GPCRs with cargo-specific subcellular retention patterns demonstrated that Sar1-dependent COPII trafficking is broadly required for plasma membrane receptor biogenesis.

    Evidence Dominant-negative Sar1H79G expression; cell-surface biotinylation; immunofluorescence for alpha2B-AR, beta2-AR, AT1R

    PMID:18378118

    Open questions at the time
    • Cargo-specific sorting signals into COPII not identified
    • Whether SAR1A and SAR1B differ in GPCR export not tested
  6. 2009 High

    Identification of a di-acidic ER exit signal in Kir6.2 that concentrates KATP channels into Sar1-dependent COPII exit sites linked a congenital hyperinsulinism mutation to defective Sar1-mediated ER export.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis of Kir6.2 DLE motif; dominant-negative Sar1; confocal imaging; surface expression assays

    PMID:19357197

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct physical interaction between Sar1/Sec24 and the DLE signal not shown
    • Other disease-causing cargo exit signal mutations not systematically examined
  7. 2010 High

    Biophysical measurements showing that Sar1 lowers membrane bending rigidity provided the first mechanical explanation for how this GTPase facilitates membrane curvature during vesicle biogenesis.

    Evidence Optical trap-based membrane deformation assay measuring bending modulus of Sar1-bound bilayers

    PMID:20816066

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether human SAR1A and SAR1B behave identically not yet tested
    • Contribution of coat proteins to curvature not separated
  8. 2012 High

    Extending biophysical analysis to human SAR1A/SAR1B revealed non-monotonic rigidity changes at high concentrations and protein clustering, while TANGO1/Sedlin was shown to regulate Sar1 cycling for procollagen export, together defining how Sar1 density and GTPase cycle tuning control vesicle size and large-cargo secretion.

    Evidence Optical trap membrane assays comparing human paralogs; siRNA knockdown of Sedlin; co-IP; live imaging; EM

    PMID:22974979 PMID:23019651

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for Sar1 clustering/dimerization on membranes unknown
    • How TANGO1/Sedlin complex specifically modulates GAP activity not mechanistically resolved
  9. 2013 High

    Dual knockdown of SAR1A and SAR1B demonstrated that COPII-dependent transport is required for procollagen-I export but revealed that some biosynthetic cargoes utilize COPII-independent pathways.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown of both SAR1A and SAR1B; immunofluorescence; EM; VSV-G and albumin transport assays

    PMID:23433038

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of COPII-independent transport machinery not determined
    • Whether SAR1A and SAR1B have non-redundant roles in specific cargoes not fully resolved
  10. 2014 High

    Reconstitution showing Sar1 alone can tubulate liposomes and drive vesicle scission through formation of dimeric lattices established that Sar1 is not merely a coat recruiter but an active membrane-remodeling machine, while an independent study revealed a non-canonical role for SAR1A in fetal hemoglobin induction via Giα/JNK/Jun signaling.

    Evidence In vitro liposome remodeling with EM and 3D reconstruction; siRNA knockdown, reciprocal co-IP with Giα2/Giα3, JNK inhibition, promoter ChIP in erythroid cells

    PMID:24914133 PMID:25193674

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the Giα/JNK pathway role involves SAR1A's GTPase activity or a distinct mechanism unclear
    • Sar1 dimerization interface not atomically resolved
    • In vivo relevance of Sar1-only scission versus coat-assisted scission unknown
  11. 2019 Medium

    Discovery that CYP17A1 associates with SAR1A/B at the ER and that pharmacological disruption of this interaction triggers SAR1 ubiquitination, ER stress, and apoptosis suggested a role for Sar1 in ER homeostasis maintenance beyond vesicle trafficking.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation; ubiquitination assay; overexpression rescue; abiraterone treatment in prostate cancer cells

    PMID:31527549

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab finding not independently replicated
    • Direct binding versus indirect complex association not distinguished
    • Physiological relevance outside drug-treated cancer cells not established
  12. 2020 High

    Characterization of paralog-specific residue clusters showed that SAR1A and SAR1B diverge in GTP exchange kinetics, SEC23A binding preference, and membrane oligomerization propensity, explaining why SAR1B is uniquely required for lipoprotein secretion and the paralogs are not fully redundant.

    Evidence Biochemical GTP exchange and binding assays; mutagenesis of divergent clusters; siRNA knockdown with lipoprotein secretion rescue

    PMID:32358066

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for paralog-specific SEC23A preference not resolved
    • Whether SAR1A has unique cargo specificities beyond HbF induction unclear

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The structural basis for Sar1 dimerization on membranes, the atomic mechanism by which TANGO1/Sedlin modulates Sar1's GTPase cycle, and the non-canonical signaling functions of SAR1A (Giα/JNK, CYP17A1 interaction) remain mechanistically unresolved.
  • No high-resolution structure of membrane-bound Sar1 dimer
  • TANGO1/Sedlin–Sar1 interaction not reconstituted with purified components
  • Giα signaling role of SAR1A not independently replicated or mechanistically dissected

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003924 GTPase activity 5 GO:0008289 lipid binding 4
Localization
GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 8 R-HSA-9609507 Protein localization 4 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 3
Partners
CYP17A1GNAI2GNAI3SEC12SEC23ASEC24SEDLINTANGO1
Complex memberships
COPII coat (Sec23/24–Sar1 pre-budding complex)

Evidence

Reading pass · 17 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2002 Crystal structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sec23/24-Sar1 pre-budding complex revealed that Sar1-GTP forms a continuous surface with Sec23, exposes N-terminal residues that embed in the bilayer upon GTP binding, and that the GAP activity of Sec23 involves an arginine side chain inserted into the Sar1 active site to stimulate GTP hydrolysis. X-ray crystallography with non-hydrolysable GTP analogue Nature High 12239560
1991 Yeast Sar1p (ortholog of SAR1A) is localized to the ER membrane and is required for protein transport from the ER to the Golgi; cell-free reconstitution showed that addition of purified Sar1 protein suppresses the temperature-sensitive ER-to-Golgi transport defect of sec12 mutant membranes, and GTP hydrolysis is essential for Sar1p function. Cell-free reconstitution of ER-to-Golgi transport; subcellular fractionation; immunofluorescence The Journal of cell biology High 1907974
1991 Yeast Sar1p localizes predominantly to a rapidly sedimenting ER membrane fraction and is required for ER-to-Golgi traffic; immunofluorescence showed perinuclear (ER) staining that was exaggerated in the sec18 mutant, and membrane association requires detergent for full solubilization. Subcellular fractionation; immunofluorescence microscopy; Western blot Biochimica et biophysica acta High 1907491
1992 Fission yeast and Arabidopsis Sar1p orthologs functionally complement yeast sar1/sec12 mutations, demonstrating conservation of Sar1's role in ER-to-Golgi vesicle formation across eukaryotes. Genetic complementation of yeast sec12ts and sar1 null mutations with heterologous cDNAs The EMBO journal High 1396601
1998 Mutant Sar1 proteins with GDP-preferring mutations are defective in COPII vesicle formation in vitro, while a GTP-locked mutant (insensitive to GAP) drives vesicle budding but not overall ER-to-Golgi transport, demonstrating that both GTP binding and GTP hydrolysis are required for distinct steps. In vitro vesicle formation assay with purified mutant Sar1 proteins; guanine nucleotide binding assays Journal of biochemistry High 9756629
2012 Sedlin (a TRAPP component) is recruited by TANGO1 to ER exit sites and promotes efficient cycling of Sar1 GTPase, allowing nascent COPII carriers to grow large enough to incorporate procollagen prefibrils; depletion of Sedlin inhibits ER export of procollagen. siRNA knockdown; co-immunoprecipitation; live imaging; EM Science High 23019651
2013 siRNA-mediated depletion of both mammalian Sar1A and Sar1B disrupts COPII assembly and classical ER-to-Golgi protein transfer; under these conditions transport of procollagen-I is specifically inhibited, while some alternative biosynthetic transport persists, revealing COPII-independent sorting. siRNA knockdown of Sar1A and Sar1B; immunofluorescence; electron microscopy; VSV-G and albumin transport assays Traffic High 23433038
2008 Dominant-negative GTP-bound Sar1H79G inhibits ER export of alpha2B-adrenergic, beta2-adrenergic, and AT1 receptors (G protein-coupled receptors), and subcellular distribution shows that alpha2B-AR and AT1R accumulate at discrete perinuclear locations while beta2-AR shows ER distribution, indicating Sar1-dependent COPII-mediated ER export with cargo-specific nuances. Dominant-negative Sar1H79G expression; cell-surface biotinylation; subcellular distribution by immunofluorescence; ERK1/2 signaling assay Cellular signalling High 18378118
2009 Sar1-GTPase-dependent ER exit is required for surface expression of KATP channels; a di-acidic ER exit signal (DLE) in Kir6.2 promotes concentration of channels into COPII-enriched ER exit sites, and the CHI-causing E282K mutation abrogates this signal and prevents Sar1-dependent ER export. Site-directed mutagenesis; dominant-negative Sar1; confocal imaging of COPII-enriched exit sites; surface expression assays Human molecular genetics High 19357197
2010 Sar1 (yeast) lowers the bending rigidity of lipid bilayer membranes to which it binds, in a concentration-dependent manner, providing a mechanical mechanism for facilitating membrane curvature during vesicle biogenesis. Optical trap-based in vitro membrane deformation assay; bending modulus measurement Biophysical journal High 20816066
2012 Human Sar1A and Sar1B both lower membrane rigidity like yeast Sar1, but unlike yeast Sar1 the rigidity is not monotonically decreasing with concentration — at high concentrations rigidity increases and protein mobility decreases, implying protein clustering governs membrane mechanical properties. Optical trap-based in vitro membrane deformation assay; fluorescence recovery measurements Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 22974979
2014 Sar1 alone can transform synthetic liposomes into tubules and detached vesicles and is competent for vesicle scission depending on membrane occupancy; Sar1 molecules form an ordered lattice on membranes as dimers, and dimerization promotes constrictive membrane curvature leading to COPII-directed vesicle scission. In vitro liposome remodeling assay; electron microscopy; 3D structural reconstruction using galactoceramide lipid tubules Journal of molecular biology High 25193674
2017 The cTAGE5/TANGO1 complex interacts with both the GEF (Sec12) and the GAP of Sar1 and tightly regulates its GTPase cycle to enable large cargo (collagen, chylomicrons) secretion; Sar1 cycle regulation is necessary for large cargo ER export. Co-immunoprecipitation; siRNA knockdown; cargo secretion assays Frontiers in cell and developmental biology Medium 28879181
2020 Human SAR1A and SAR1B differ in two conserved paralog-specific amino acid clusters: one adjacent to the GTP-binding pocket alters GTP exchange kinetics, and the other adjacent to the SEC31/SEC23-binding site confers SAR1B a stronger binding preference for SEC23A than SAR1A; SAR1A but not SAR1B is prone to oligomerize on membranes; SAR1B specifically restores lipoprotein secretion in SAR1B-knockdown cells while SAR1A cannot. Biochemical GTP exchange assays; binding assays; siRNA knockdown; lipoprotein secretion assay; mutagenesis of divergent clusters The Journal of biological chemistry High 32358066
2014 SAR1A mediates HbF (gamma-globin) induction downstream of hydroxyurea via the Giα/JNK/Jun pathway; SAR1A associates with Giα2 and Giα3 proteins (shown by reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation), and silencing SAR1A reduces HU-mediated HbF production, S-phase arrest, and apoptosis; NF-κB binds the SAR1A promoter to regulate its transcription. siRNA knockdown; co-immunoprecipitation; JNK inhibition; promoter ChIP; reporter assays Blood High 24914133
2019 CYP17A1 associates with SAR1A/SAR1B at the ER to regulate protein processing and maintain ER health; abiraterone (CYP17A1 inhibitor) dissociates SAR1a/b from ER-localized CYP17A1 and induces SAR1a/b ubiquitination and degradation, leading to ER stress and ROS accumulation; SAR1 overexpression rescues abiraterone-induced apoptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation; ubiquitination assay; overexpression rescue; abiraterone treatment; ROS measurement Cancers Medium 31527549
2020 SAR1A is identified as a novel fusion partner with USP6 in primary aneurysmal bone cyst, confirmed by next-generation sequencing, RT-PCR, and Sanger sequencing. Next-generation sequencing; RT-PCR; Sanger sequencing Genes, chromosomes & cancer Medium 32011035

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1998 SARA, a FYVE domain protein that recruits Smad2 to the TGFbeta receptor. Cell 765 9865696
2001 Transcription profiling-based identification of Staphylococcus aureus genes regulated by the agr and/or sarA loci. Journal of bacteriology 492 11717293
2002 Structure of the Sec23/24-Sar1 pre-budding complex of the COPII vesicle coat. Nature 389 12239560
1990 [Sar1]angiotensin II receptor-mediated stimulation of protein synthesis in chick heart cells. The American journal of physiology 211 1690518
1998 Role of SarA in virulence determinant production and environmental signal transduction in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of bacteriology 191 9829932
2013 Impact of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) adaptation on rumen microbiota in dairy cattle using pyrosequencing. Anaerobe 180 23994204
2002 Strain-dependent differences in the regulatory roles of sarA and agr in Staphylococcus aureus. Infection and immunity 164 11796572
2000 A dominant negative mutant of sar1 GTPase inhibits protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus in tobacco and Arabidopsis cultured cells. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 164 10972878
2007 The SarA protein family of Staphylococcus aureus. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 162 18083623
2009 Directional Delta and Notch trafficking in Sara endosomes during asymmetric cell division. Nature 159 19295516
2001 Extracellular proteins of Staphylococcus aureus and the role of SarA and sigma B. Proteomics 142 11681202
2012 Sedlin controls the ER export of procollagen by regulating the Sar1 cycle. Science (New York, N.Y.) 141 23019651
2012 Protein cysteine phosphorylation of SarA/MgrA family transcriptional regulators mediates bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 139 22927394
2010 Epistatic relationships between sarA and agr in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. PloS one 130 20520723
2006 Transcriptional profiling of a Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate and its isogenic agr and sarA mutants reveals global differences in comparison to the laboratory strain RN6390. Microbiology (Reading, England) 121 17005987
1992 Fission yeast and a plant have functional homologues of the Sar1 and Sec12 proteins involved in ER to Golgi traffic in budding yeast. The EMBO journal 106 1396601
2004 Identification of sarV (SA2062), a new transcriptional regulator, is repressed by SarA and MgrA (SA0641) and involved in the regulation of autolysis in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of bacteriology 105 15292128
2011 Coordinated regulation by AgrA, SarA, and SarR to control agr expression in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of bacteriology 101 21908676
2008 Factors contributing to the biofilm-deficient phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus sarA mutants. PloS one 100 18846215
2004 The role of internalization in transforming growth factor beta1-induced Smad2 association with Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) and Smad2-dependent signaling in human mesangial cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 98 15613484
2002 Global regulation of virulence determinants in Staphylococcus aureus by the SarA protein family. Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library 98 12133812
2004 Inactivations of rsbU and sarA by IS256 represent novel mechanisms of biofilm phenotypic variation in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Journal of bacteriology 96 15342591
2001 Eplerenone: a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist (SARA). Cardiovascular drug reviews 89 11607037
2001 SarS, a SarA homolog repressible by agr, is an activator of protein A synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Infection and immunity 88 11254606
2002 Staphylococcus aureus agr and sarA functions are required for invasive infection but not inflammatory responses in the lung. Infection and immunity 86 11748173
2002 PP1 binds Sara and negatively regulates Dpp signaling in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature genetics 80 12134149
1991 Reconstitution of GTP-binding Sar1 protein function in ER to Golgi transport. The Journal of cell biology 80 1907974
1980 Responses of paraventricular and supraoptic units to angiotensin II, sar1-ile8-angiotensin II and hypertonic NaCl administered into the cerebral ventricle. Brain research 80 7370770
1999 Characterization of the SarA virulence gene regulator of Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular microbiology 79 10411747
2019 Myrtenol Attenuates MRSA Biofilm and Virulence by Suppressing sarA Expression Dynamism. Frontiers in microbiology 78 31551964
2003 sarU, a sarA homolog, is repressed by SarT and regulates virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus. Infection and immunity 77 12496184
2012 saeRS and sarA act synergistically to repress protease production and promote biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. PloS one 76 22685571
2006 Structural and function analyses of the global regulatory protein SarA from Staphylococcus aureus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76 16455801
1991 sar1, a gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe encoding a protein that regulates ras1. Cell regulation 76 1883874
2011 Defining the strain-dependent impact of the Staphylococcal accessory regulator (sarA) on the alpha-toxin phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of bacteriology 75 21478342
2002 Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide expression by agr and sarA. Infection and immunity 74 11796569
2015 Directional Notch trafficking in Sara endosomes during asymmetric cell division in the spinal cord. Nature cell biology 68 25706234
2011 Beta-lactams interfering with PBP1 induce Panton-Valentine leukocidin expression by triggering sarA and rot global regulators of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 68 21502633
2004 The role of ADP-ribosylation factor and SAR1 in vesicular trafficking in plants. Biochimica et biophysica acta 67 15238254
1991 The GTP-binding Sar1 protein is localized to the early compartment of the yeast secretory pathway. Biochimica et biophysica acta 66 1907491
2018 Salmonella Activation of STAT3 Signaling by SarA Effector Promotes Intracellular Replication and Production of IL-10. Cell reports 64 29924996
2003 Role of sarA in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infection. Infection and immunity 64 12496203
2003 MsrR, a putative cell envelope-associated element involved in Staphylococcus aureus sarA attenuation. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 63 12878519
2015 Indicators of induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in Danish Holstein cows. Acta veterinaria Scandinavica 62 26183694
2009 Impact of sarA on daptomycin susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in vivo. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 62 19651914
2008 Plant Sar1 isoforms with near-identical protein sequences exhibit different localisations and effects on secretion. Plant molecular biology 61 18322804
2011 Effect of cinnamaldehyde on biofilm formation and sarA expression by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Letters in applied microbiology 59 21767279
2013 Silencing of mammalian Sar1 isoforms reveals COPII-independent protein sorting and transport. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 55 23433038
2002 SARA, a FYVE domain protein, affects Rab5-mediated endocytosis. Journal of cell science 55 12432064
2017 Staphylococcus aureus Quorum Regulator SarA Targeted Compound, 2-[(Methylamino)methyl]phenol Inhibits Biofilm and Down-Regulates Virulence Genes. Frontiers in microbiology 54 28744275
2003 Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus SarA binding sites. Journal of bacteriology 54 12867449
2019 β-Lactam Antibiotics Enhance the Pathogenicity of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus via SarA-Controlled Lipoprotein-Like Cluster Expression. mBio 53 31186320
2013 Small GTPase Sar1 is crucial for proglutelin and α-globulin export from the endoplasmic reticulum in rice endosperm. Journal of experimental botany 53 23682119
2007 SigmaB and SarA independently regulate polysaccharide intercellular adhesin production in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Canadian journal of microbiology 53 17496953
2009 Regulation of superoxide dismutase (sod) genes by SarA in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of bacteriology 51 19286803
2008 sarZ, a sarA family gene, is transcriptionally activated by MgrA and is involved in the regulation of genes encoding exoproteins in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of bacteriology 51 19103928
2001 Crystal structures of SarA, a pleiotropic regulator of virulence genes in S. aureus. Nature 51 11196648
1997 The SAR1 gene of Arabidopsis acts downstream of the AXR1 gene in auxin response. Development (Cambridge, England) 50 9108374
2009 Staphylococcus aureus SarA is a regulatory protein responsive to redox and pH that can support bacteriophage lambda integrase-mediated excision/recombination. Molecular microbiology 49 19919677
2017 Regulation of the Sar1 GTPase Cycle Is Necessary for Large Cargo Secretion from the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 48 28879181
2019 The Salmonella Secreted Effector SarA/SteE Mimics Cytokine Receptor Signaling to Activate STAT3. Cell host & microbe 46 31901521
2016 Impact of sarA and Phenol-Soluble Modulins on the Pathogenesis of Osteomyelitis in Diverse Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Infection and immunity 45 27354444
2016 The Global Regulon sarA Regulates β-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro and in Endovascular Infections. The Journal of infectious diseases 45 27543672
1986 Quantitative autoradiography of 125I-[Sar1, Ile8]-angiotensin II binding in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain research bulletin 44 3006878
2009 Impact of sarA on antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in a catheter-associated in vitro model of biofilm formation. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 42 19289527
2008 Fetal haemoglobin response to hydroxycarbamide treatment and sar1a promoter polymorphisms in sickle cell anaemia. British journal of haematology 42 18318767
2015 Hepatic TLR4 signaling is activated by LPS from digestive tract during SARA, and epigenetic mechanisms contribute to enforced TLR4 expression. Oncotarget 40 26498350
2014 Insights into the mechanisms of membrane curvature and vesicle scission by the small GTPase Sar1 in the early secretory pathway. Journal of molecular biology 40 25193674
2009 Role of SARA (SMAD anchor for receptor activation) in maintenance of epithelial cell phenotype. The Journal of biological chemistry 40 19620243
2019 Hypericin enhances β-lactam antibiotics activity by inhibiting sarA expression in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B 39 31867163
2010 The vesicle trafficking protein Sar1 lowers lipid membrane rigidity. Biophysical journal 39 20816066
2009 Expression of the sarA family of genes in different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology (Reading, England) 39 19389785
2010 Control of thioredoxin reductase gene (trxB) transcription by SarA in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of bacteriology 36 19854896
2010 Control of the Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock tst promoter by the global regulator SarA. Journal of bacteriology 35 20870770
2008 Endoplasmic reticulum export of adrenergic and angiotensin II receptors is differentially regulated by Sar1 GTPase. Cellular signalling 35 18378118
2000 Analysis of genetic elements controlling Staphylococcus aureus lrgAB expression: potential role of DNA topology in SarA regulation. Journal of bacteriology 35 10940023
2002 Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 capsular polysaccharides by agr and sarA in vitro and in an experimental endocarditis model. Microbial pathogenesis 34 12202106
1998 Activities of mutant Sar1 proteins in guanine nucleotide binding, GTP hydrolysis, and cell-free transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Journal of biochemistry 34 9756629
2022 Full-Likelihood Genomic Analysis Clarifies a Complex History of Species Divergence and Introgression: The Example of the erato-sara Group of Heliconius Butterflies. Systematic biology 33 35169847
2015 Pathophysiological evaluation of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) by continuous ruminal pH monitoring. Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho 33 26279060
2020 Novel ASAP1-USP6, FAT1-USP6, SAR1A-USP6, and TNC-USP6 fusions in primary aneurysmal bone cyst. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 32 32011035
2004 Mutagenesis of the AT1 receptor reveals different binding modes of angiotensin II and [Sar1]-angiotensin II. Regulatory peptides 32 15120479
2014 Hydroxyurea-inducible SAR1 gene acts through the Giα/JNK/Jun pathway to regulate γ-globin expression. Blood 31 24914133
2010 Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) in TGF-beta signaling. Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition) 31 20515759
2009 SARA: a server for function annotation of RNA structures. Nucleic acids research 31 19483098
2003 SARA and Hgs attenuate susceptibility to TGF-beta1-mediated T cell suppression. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 31 12554698
2014 Impact of the functional status of saeRS on in vivo phenotypes of Staphylococcus aureus sarA mutants. Molecular microbiology 30 24779437
2014 Contribution of teg49 small RNA in the 5' upstream transcriptional region of sarA to virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. Infection and immunity 30 25092913
2012 Modulation of membrane rigidity by the human vesicle trafficking proteins Sar1A and Sar1B. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 30 22974979
2019 CYP17A1 Maintains the Survival of Glioblastomas by Regulating SAR1-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Health and Redox Homeostasis. Cancers 29 31527549
2014 High concentrate-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) increases plasma acute phase proteins (APPs) and cortisol in goats. Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience 28 24852750
2018 The Oral Bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum Binds Staphylococcus aureus and Alters Expression of the Staphylococcal Accessory Regulator sarA. Microbial ecology 27 30474730
2014 Uninflatable and Notch control the targeting of Sara endosomes during asymmetric division. Current biology : CB 27 25155514
2009 Sar1-GTPase-dependent ER exit of KATP channels revealed by a mutation causing congenital hyperinsulinism. Human molecular genetics 27 19357197
2014 Conditional inactivation of Aspergillus nidulans sarA(SAR1) uncovers the morphogenetic potential of regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit. Molecular microbiology 26 25425159
1993 Sar1-p-benzoylphenylalanine-angiotensin, a new photoaffinity probe for selective labeling of the type 2 angiotensin receptor. Regulatory peptides 26 8469775
2020 Small sequence variations between two mammalian paralogs of the small GTPase SAR1 underlie functional differences in coat protein complex II assembly. The Journal of biological chemistry 25 32358066
2020 SarA plays a predominant role in controlling the production of extracellular proteases in the diverse clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus LAC and UAMS-1. Virulence 25 33258416
2021 Expanding the Staphylococcus aureus SarA Regulon to Small RNAs. mSystems 24 34636666
2013 Staphylococcus aureus sarA regulates inflammation and colonization during central nervous system biofilm formation. PloS one 24 24386336