Affinage

Showing APCS — SAP is a alias.

APCS

Serum amyloid P-component · UniProt P02743

Length
223 aa
Mass
25.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 2 papers cited in narrative 2 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 3/3 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

APCS encodes serum amyloid P component (SAP), a plasma protein that endogenously promotes resolution of inflammation and fibrosis (PMID:24695531). In a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model, Apcs-/- mice mounted a more persistent inflammatory response and developed increased fibrosis, while exogenous SAP reduced accumulation of inflammatory macrophages and prevented fibrosis; mechanistically, SAP inhibits fibrocyte differentiation and promotes formation of immunoregulatory (Mreg) macrophages in vivo (PMID:24695531). The gene maps to the proximal long arm of human chromosome 1 (q12-q23), in close proximity to CRP (PMID:3759147). Beyond these findings, no further molecular mechanism, receptor, or structural detail has been characterized in the available corpus.

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 2 steps
  1. 1986 High

    Before its functional study, the genomic position of APCS was unknown; mapping it established its chromosomal location and proximity to the related CRP gene.

    Evidence Somatic cell hybrid Southern blot analysis and in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes

    PMID:3759147

    Open questions at the time
    • Mapping establishes location but no functional or mechanistic role
    • No link to disease or expression regulation established
    • Does not address protein function or binding partners
  2. 2014 Medium

    Whether SAP plays an endogenous role in fibrosis resolution was unresolved; genetic loss-of-function combined with pharmacological rescue established SAP as a suppressor of fibrocyte differentiation and a driver of immunoregulatory macrophage formation.

    Evidence Apcs-/- knockout mice in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis with exogenous SAP rescue and flow cytometry of lung inflammatory cells

    PMID:24695531

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab study without independent replication
    • Receptor and molecular signaling mechanism for SAP action not identified
    • Generalizability beyond the bleomycin pulmonary model not established

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The molecular mechanism by which SAP inhibits fibrocyte differentiation and promotes Mreg formation, including its cell-surface receptors and downstream signaling, remains undefined in this corpus.
  • No receptor or binding partner identified
  • No structural or biochemical mechanism characterized
  • No human disease causation established in the timeline

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 1

Evidence

Reading pass · 2 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1986 The APCS gene (encoding serum amyloid P component, SAP) was mapped to the proximal long arm of human chromosome 1, between bands q12 and q23, in close proximity to the CRP gene, by Southern blot analysis of human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids and in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes. Somatic cell hybrid panel Southern blot analysis and in situ hybridization Immunogenetics High 3759147
2014 Endogenous SAP (encoded by APCS) promotes resolution of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis: Apcs-/- knockout mice showed more persistent inflammatory response and increased fibrosis after bleomycin aspiration compared to wild-type mice. Exogenous SAP reduced accumulation of inflammatory macrophages and prevented fibrosis in both genotypes. SAP inhibits fibrocyte differentiation and promotes formation of immunoregulatory Mreg macrophages in vivo. Apcs-/- knockout mouse model with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, exogenous SAP injection rescue experiment, flow cytometry of lung inflammatory cells PloS one Medium 24695531

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 B cells and professional APCs recruit regulatory T cells via CCL4. Nature immunology 397 11702067
2002 Ex vivo expansion of polyclonal and antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by artificial APCs expressing ligands for the T-cell receptor, CD28 and 4-1BB. Nature biotechnology 372 11821859
2011 PD-L1 expression on tolerogenic APCs is controlled by STAT-3. European journal of immunology 283 21268011
2004 Donor APCs are required for maximal GVHD but not for GVL. Nature medicine 263 15286785
2021 Aptamer-PROTAC Conjugates (APCs) for Tumor-Specific Targeting in Breast Cancer. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 233 34240523
2006 Cutting edge: induction of B7-H4 on APCs through IL-10: novel suppressive mode for regulatory T cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 205 16785496
1999 APCs express DCIR, a novel C-type lectin surface receptor containing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 196 10438934
2014 Dynamic Treg interactions with intratumoral APCs promote local CTL dysfunction. The Journal of clinical investigation 194 24812664
2015 CD11c-Expressing B Cells Are Located at the T Cell/B Cell Border in Spleen and Are Potent APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 190 26034175
2001 Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 and SOCS-3 are induced by CpG-DNA and modulate cytokine responses in APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 190 11390452
2005 Anatomical location determines the distribution and function of dendritic cells and other APCs in the respiratory tract. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 185 16034100
2001 Genomic DNA released by dying cells induces the maturation of APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 174 11509601
2002 Murine plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cells generated from Flt3 ligand-supplemented bone marrow cultures are immature APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 172 12471102
2004 An inhibitory Ig superfamily protein expressed by lymphocytes and APCs is also an early marker of thymocyte positive selection. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 169 15128774
2016 Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources using APCS-MLR and PMF receptor modeling techniques in three major rivers of South Florida. The Science of the total environment 157 27317134
2012 Availability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) to APCs controls the balance between regulatory and inflammatory T cell responses. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 156 23087405
2008 Lactoferrin acts as an alarmin to promote the recruitment and activation of APCs and antigen-specific immune responses. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 150 18453607
2005 Antigen-specific B cells are required as APCs and autoantibody-producing cells for induction of severe autoimmune arthritis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 150 15749919
2011 Ocular surface APCs are necessary for autoreactive T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune lacrimal keratoconjunctivitis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 128 21880984
2009 From IL-10 to IL-12: how pathogens and their products stimulate APCs to induce T(H)1 development. Nature immunology 128 19692989
2003 Cutting edge: SR-PSOX/CXC chemokine ligand 16 mediates bacterial phagocytosis by APCs through its chemokine domain. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 125 12902461
2002 Role of ICAM-3 in the initial interaction of T lymphocytes and APCs. Nature immunology 123 11812993
2011 Killing of myeloid APCs via HLA class I, CD2 and CD226 defines a novel mechanism of suppression by human Tr1 cells. European journal of immunology 117 21469116
2013 Neutrophils amplify autoimmune central nervous system infiltrates by maturing local APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 113 24062488
2001 Resident and infiltrating central nervous system APCs regulate the emergence and resolution of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 113 11290800
2017 mTOR regulates metabolic adaptation of APCs in the lung and controls the outcome of allergic inflammation. Science (New York, N.Y.) 110 28798047
2007 Peripheral tolerance induction using ethylenecarbodiimide-fixed APCs uses both direct and indirect mechanisms of antigen presentation for prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 110 17277126
2002 Activation of APCs through CD40 or Toll-like receptor 9 overcomes tolerance and precipitates autoimmune disease. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 108 12193753
2014 B cells in teleost fish act as pivotal initiating APCs in priming adaptive immunity: an evolutionary perspective on the origin of the B-1 cell subset and B7 molecules. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 107 24532580
2001 Interaction of T cells with APCs: the serial encounter model. Trends in immunology 105 11274922
2006 Subepithelial myofibroblasts are novel nonprofessional APCs in the human colonic mucosa. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 100 17056521
2004 Cutting edge: a critical role for CD70 in CD8 T cell priming by CD40-licensed APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 99 15557144
2002 APCs in the liver and spleen recruit activated allogeneic CD8+ T cells to elicit hepatic graft-versus-host disease. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 99 12471148
2008 TIM-4 expressed on APCs induces T cell expansion and survival. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 98 18354194
2012 Distinct APCs explain the cytokine bias of α-galactosylceramide variants in vivo. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 87 22393151
2018 Selective FcγR Co-engagement on APCs Modulates the Activity of Therapeutic Antibodies Targeting T Cell Antigens. Cancer cell 86 29894690
2014 A novel role for histone deacetylase 6 in the regulation of the tolerogenic STAT3/IL-10 pathway in APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 86 25108026
2002 NKT cell-derived RANTES recruits APCs and CD8+ T cells to the spleen during the generation of regulatory T cells in tolerance. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 85 12077225
2009 Human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 modulates the effects of IFN-gamma on APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 84 19812202
2015 Contribution of MINCLE-SYK Signaling to Activation of Primary Human APCs by Mycobacterial Cord Factor and the Novel Adjuvant TDB. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 82 26202982
2011 The tolerogenic interplay(s) among HLA-G, myeloid APCs, and regulatory cells. Blood 80 21960588
2005 The Nef protein of HIV-1 induces loss of cell surface costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 80 16177101
2000 Transcriptional properties of Ptx1 and Ptx2 isoforms. Neuroendocrinology 75 10859489
2002 Regulation of class II MHC expression in APCs: roles of types I, III, and IV class II transactivator. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 72 12133955
2008 TLR agonists regulate alloresponses and uncover a critical role for donor APCs in allogeneic bone marrow rejection. Blood 70 18614760
2000 Tumor rejection and immune memory elicited by locally released LEC chemokine are associated with an impressive recruitment of APCs, lymphocytes, and granulocytes. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 70 10706711
2014 Persistent lung inflammation and fibrosis in serum amyloid P component (APCs-/-) knockout mice. PloS one 66 24695531
2011 γδ T-APCs: a novel tool for immunotherapy? Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 66 21573785
2009 In vivo characterization of astrocyte precursor cells (APCs) and astrocytes in developing rat retinae: differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Glia 62 18661555
1995 Control of memory CD4 T cell activation: MHC class II molecules on APCs and CD4 ligation inhibit memory but not naive CD4 T cells. Immunity 62 7535181
2016 ACKR4 on Stromal Cells Scavenges CCL19 To Enable CCR7-Dependent Trafficking of APCs from Inflamed Skin to Lymph Nodes. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 61 26976955
2022 Health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in the farmland of megalopolis in China by using APCS-MLR and PMF receptor models: Taking Huairou District of Beijing as an example. The Science of the total environment 60 35476951
2001 Soluble CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV induces T cell proliferation through CD86 up-regulation on APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 60 11739489
2020 Monocyte-derived APCs are central to the response of PD1 checkpoint blockade and provide a therapeutic target for combination therapy. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 57 32690667
2017 Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 using PCA/APCS, UNMIX, and PMF at an urban site of Delhi, India. Environmental science and pollution research international 55 28455568
2004 B cell selection defects underlie the development of diabetogenic APCs in nonobese diabetic mice. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 55 15067092
1986 The human C-reactive protein gene (CRP) and serum amyloid P component gene (APCS) are located on the proximal long arm of chromosome 1. Immunogenetics 55 3759147
2018 CD4+ T-cell-Mediated Rejection of MHC Class II-Positive Tumor Cells Is Dependent on Antigen Secretion and Indirect Presentation on Host APCs. Cancer research 54 29752262
2009 The inability to disrupt the immunological synapse between infected human T cells and APCs distinguishes HIV-1 from most other primate lentiviruses. The Journal of clinical investigation 51 19759518
2005 Targeted expression of human CD1d in transgenic mice reveals independent roles for thymocytes and thymic APCs in positive and negative selection of Valpha14i NKT cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 51 16301636
2016 Efficient Culture of Human Naive and Memory B Cells for Use as APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 50 27815447
2012 Harnessing human plasmacytoid dendritic cells as professional APCs. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 50 22294456
2009 CpG-induced secretion of MHCIIbeta and exosomes from salmon (Salmo salar) APCs. Developmental and comparative immunology 49 19665478
2006 IFN-beta inhibits T cell activation capacity of central nervous system APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 48 16951313
2021 Groundwater Pollution Source Identification and Apportionment Using PMF and PCA-APCS-MLR Receptor Models in Tongchuan City, China. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 47 34342688
2002 Expression of thrombospondin in TGFbeta-treated APCs and its relevance to their immune deviation-promoting properties. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 47 11859114
2013 Tolerant anti-insulin B cells are effective APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 46 23396943
2010 Triptolide inhibits IL-12/IL-23 expression in APCs via CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 44 20194724
2003 Selective targeting of melanoma and APCs using a recombinant antibody with TCR-like specificity directed toward a melanoma differentiation antigen. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 44 12928363
1999 The in vivo fate of APCs displaying minor H antigen and/or MHC differences is regulated by CTLs specific for immunodominant class I-associated epitopes. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 44 10586037
2016 HCV RNA Activates APCs via TLR7/TLR8 While Virus Selectively Stimulates Macrophages Without Inducing Antiviral Responses. Scientific reports 43 27385120
2010 Activation of the ancestral polarity regulator protein kinase C zeta at the immunological synapse drives polarization of Th cell secretory machinery toward APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 43 20679531
2020 Quantitative source identification and apportionment of heavy metals under two different land use types: comparison of two receptor models APCS-MLR and PMF. Environmental science and pollution research international 42 32725567
2011 IL-22-induced regulatory CD11b+ APCs suppress experimental autoimmune uveitis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 42 21795593
2009 Signal transduction inhibition of APCs diminishes th17 and Th1 responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 42 19299717
2011 Host APCs augment in vivo expansion of donor natural regulatory T cells via B7H1/B7.1 in allogeneic recipients. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 41 21263067
2010 A crucial role for host APCs in the induction of donor CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell-mediated suppression of experimental graft-versus-host disease. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 41 20810991
2010 Thrombospondin-1 derived from APCs regulates their capacity for allosensitization. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 40 20844200
2006 IFN-beta-mediated up-regulation of CD1d in bacteria-infected APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 39 17114455
2000 Analysis of three Ptx2 splice variants on transcriptional activity and differential expression pattern in the brain. Journal of neurochemistry 37 11032870
2004 Induction of tolerance by Porphyromonas gingivalis on APCS: a mechanism implicated in periodontal infection. Journal of dental research 36 15111638
2019 Tumor cell expression of B7-H4 correlates with higher frequencies of tumor-infiltrating APCs and higher CXCL17 expression in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncoimmunology 35 31741762
2011 Differential IL-21 signaling in APCs leads to disparate Th17 differentiation in diabetes-susceptible NOD and diabetes-resistant NOD.Idd3 mice. The Journal of clinical investigation 35 22019586
2011 Antigen-specific transfer of functional programmed death ligand 1 from human APCs onto CD8+ T cells via trogocytosis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 35 22174448
2005 Orally tolerized T cells can form conjugates with APCs but are defective in immunological synapse formation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 35 16002680
2012 Cell-specific TLR9 trafficking in primary APCs of transgenic TLR9-GFP mice. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 34 23241879
2011 The STATus of PD-L1 (B7-H1) on tolerogenic APCs. European journal of immunology 34 21267998
2010 TLR8 agonists stimulate newly recruited monocyte-derived cells into potent APCs that enhance HBsAg immunogenicity. Vaccine 34 20637759
2016 Intestinal APCs of the endogenous nanomineral pathway fail to express PD-L1 in Crohn's disease. Scientific reports 33 27226337
2005 Lack of ICAM-1 on APCs during T cell priming leads to poor generation of central memory cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 33 16081787
2018 Canonical Wnt Signaling in CD11c+ APCs Regulates Microbiota-Induced Inflammation and Immune Cell Homeostasis in the Colon. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 32 29602775
2011 HIV-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase activation in APCs leads to programmed death-1 ligand upregulation and suppression of HIV-specific CD8 T cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 31 21856939
2004 Visualizing the viral burden: phenotypic and functional alterations of T cells and APCs during persistent infection. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 31 15128812
2008 CD40 on APCs is needed for optimal programming, maintenance, and recall of CD8+ T cell memory even in the absence of CD4+ T cell help. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 30 18354158
2018 Blockade of Host β2-Adrenergic Receptor Enhances Graft-versus-Tumor Effect through Modulating APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 29 29445008
2007 Critical role of the Fc receptor gamma-chain on APCs in the development of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 28 17182587
2002 CD4 cell priming and tolerization are differentially programmed by APCs upon initial engagement. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 28 12023353
2020 Dendritic cells development into osteoclast-type APCs by 4T1 breast tumor T cells milieu boost bone consumption. Bone 27 33217627
1999 CD4+ T cell responses to CD40-deficient APCs: defects in proliferation and negative selection apply only with B cells as APCs. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 27 10553046
2002 Critical requirement for professional APCs in eliciting T cell responses to novel fragments of histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1) in Jo-1 antibody-positive polymyositis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 26 12471150

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