Affinage

PRRX2

Paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2 · UniProt Q99811

Length
253 aa
Mass
27.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
63 papers in source corpus 28 papers cited in narrative 28 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PRRX2 is a paired-related homeobox transcription factor that binds TAATT-containing motifs in target gene promoters and activates or represses transcription in a cell-type- and context-dependent manner, controlled by intrinsic activation domains and an inhibitory OAR (aristaless) domain (PMID:11244566, PMID:19550106). In cooperation with PRRX1, PRRX2 is essential for craniofacial and skeletal morphogenesis—including mandibular cell fate maintenance, Shh-dependent mesenchymal proliferation, and region-specific chondrogenesis—while PRRX2 alone is dispensable for gross skeletal development (PMID:9729491, PMID:9876178, PMID:11532916, PMID:19777594). PRRX2 directly transcriptionally activates diverse target genes (GCH1, ATOX1, PN-1, Panx3, CNTN3, GLI2, MIR22HG, tenascin-C, IL-6) to regulate processes including EMT, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, ferroptosis susceptibility, osteogenic differentiation, and pituitary progenitor proliferation (PMID:12713735, PMID:28750408, PMID:36266731, PMID:37081396, PMID:22577874). Its protein stability is regulated post-translationally through circLRFN5-promoted ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation, and its transcription is activated by KLF6 in pituitary stem/progenitor cells (PMID:36266731, PMID:24881871).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1998 High

    Genetic studies established that PRRX2 functions cooperatively with PRRX1 in skeletal morphogenesis: Prx2 single knockouts lack skeletal defects, but Prx1/Prx2 double knockouts show severe craniofacial, inner ear, and limb abnormalities, demonstrating functional redundancy with PRRX1 as the dominant paralog.

    Evidence Gene-targeted knockout mice (single and double null) with histological and molecular marker analysis

    PMID:10664157 PMID:9729491

    Open questions at the time
    • No PRRX2-specific skeletal phenotype identified in single knockouts
    • Molecular targets mediating redundancy with PRRX1 were not identified
  2. 1999 High

    The cooperative requirement of PRRX1/PRRX2 was extended to cell fate maintenance: double mutants revealed that these factors prevent homeotic-like fate transformations in branchial arch mesenchyme, with hyoid arch cells acquiring first arch identity.

    Evidence Prx1/Prx2 compound mutant mice with lacZ fate mapping and molecular marker in situ hybridization

    PMID:9876178

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets mediating cell fate specification were unknown
    • Whether PRRX2 alone contributes to fate maintenance outside double-mutant context was untested
  3. 2001 High

    PRRX2's intrinsic transcriptional mechanism was defined: the protein harbors distinct activation and repression domains, with the conserved PRX domain activating transcription and the OAR domain inhibiting it in a cell-type-dependent fashion, and PRRX2 acts upstream of Shh in mandibular mesenchyme proliferation.

    Evidence Truncation mutant transfection assays with reporters in multiple cell lines; double-knockout mice with Shh in situ hybridization and pharmacological hedgehog inhibition

    PMID:11244566 PMID:11373278 PMID:11463719 PMID:11532916

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for OAR-mediated repression was not resolved
    • Whether PRRX2 directly binds Shh regulatory elements was not tested
  4. 2003 Medium

    PRRX2's first direct transcriptional targets were identified: it binds the PN-1 promoter in vitro and activates transcription fivefold, and Prx2-null fetal fibroblasts show altered proliferation and ECM remodeling, linking PRRX2 to wound healing biology.

    Evidence EMSA, microarray, reporter assays, and cellular phenotyping of Prx2-knockout fetal fibroblasts

    PMID:12535210 PMID:12713735

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo ChIP confirmation of PN-1 promoter occupancy was not performed
    • Whether PN-1 mediates PRRX2's wound healing functions was not tested
  5. 2009 High

    PRRX2's DNA-binding specificity was characterized (TAATT motif via SELEX), and its context-dependent transcriptional duality was confirmed: PRRX2 activates the Fshb promoter in CHO cells but represses it in pituitary LβT2 cells, while double-mutant analysis revealed PRRX2's role in mandibular chondrogenesis and ossification timing.

    Evidence SELEX, EMSA, DNase I footprinting, reporter assays in multiple cell types; Prx1/Prx2 double-knockout temporal phenotyping

    PMID:19550106 PMID:19777594

    Open questions at the time
    • Cofactors determining activator-versus-repressor switch were not identified
    • Whether PRRX2 directly regulates chondrogenic genes was unknown
  6. 2012 Medium

    A PRRX1-independent function for PRRX2 was established in pituitary progenitor proliferation: PRRX2 knockdown specifically induces p21 and reduces proliferation, distinguishing it from PRRX1 in this lineage.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown in TtT/GF pituitary cells with RT-PCR and Ki67 immunostaining

    PMID:22577874

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PRRX2 directly represses p21 transcription was not tested
    • Upstream signals controlling PRRX2 in pituitary progenitors were unknown
  7. 2014 Medium

    KLF6 was identified as a direct upstream transcriptional activator of PRRX2 in pituitary stem/progenitor cells, establishing the first characterized transcriptional input to the PRRX2 locus.

    Evidence Promoter reporter assays, EMSA, siRNA, and co-localization with SOX2-positive cells

    PMID:24881871

    Open questions at the time
    • Other transcriptional regulators of PRRX2 were not surveyed
    • Whether KLF6-PRRX2 axis operates outside pituitary was untested
  8. 2017 Medium

    PRRX2 was linked to EMT and cancer invasion: it promotes breast cancer EMT and metastasis through Wnt/β-catenin signaling, with knockdown preventing β-catenin nuclear translocation, establishing PRRX2 as an upstream activator of Wnt in epithelial cancers.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown with Wnt pathway readouts, xenograft models, and miR-212-5p/PRRX2 epistasis via luciferase and functional rescue

    PMID:28750408 PMID:29216628

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PRRX2 directly transactivates a Wnt ligand or pathway component was not shown
    • Mechanism of β-catenin nuclear translocation control by PRRX2 was not elucidated
  9. 2019 Medium

    PRRX2's role as an EMT/Wnt driver was extended to colon cancer metastasis, and separately PRRX2 was identified as a master regulator of fibroblast identity whose knockdown facilitates neuronal transdifferentiation.

    Evidence siRNA/shRNA with Wnt activator (LiCl) epistasis and liver metastasis model; RNAseq-guided siRNA knockdown with neuronal conversion assay

    PMID:31255287 PMID:31471104

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct PRRX2 transcriptional targets in fibroblast identity maintenance were not identified
    • Whether PRRX2's Wnt-activating mechanism is shared across cancer types was unclear
  10. 2022 High

    A post-translational regulatory mechanism was discovered: circLRFN5 binds PRRX2 protein and promotes its ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation, reducing PRRX2's transcriptional activation of GCH1 and thereby sensitizing glioblastoma stem cells to ferroptosis.

    Evidence RIP, RNA pull-down, ubiquitination assay, ChIP, dual-luciferase reporter, lipid peroxidation assay, xenograft

    PMID:36266731

    Open questions at the time
    • The E3 ubiquitin ligase mediating PRRX2 degradation was not identified
    • Whether ubiquitin-dependent regulation of PRRX2 operates in non-cancer contexts was untested
  11. 2023 High

    PRRX2 was shown to function in intercellular signaling: exosomal PRRX2 delivered from myoblasts directly binds the MIR22HG promoter to activate transcription, ultimately promoting osteogenic differentiation via Hippo/YAP1 signaling.

    Evidence ChIP, dual-luciferase, RIP, YAP1 nuclear translocation IF, osteogenic assays, ovariectomy osteoporosis mouse model

    PMID:37081396

    Open questions at the time
    • How PRRX2 protein is loaded into exosomes was not addressed
    • Whether exosomal PRRX2 delivery is physiologically significant beyond the osteoporosis model is unknown
  12. 2025 Medium

    The catalog of direct PRRX2 transcriptional targets expanded to include ATOX1, CNTN3, GLI2, and Panx3, linking PRRX2 to cuproptosis resistance, colorectal metastasis, hedgehog-driven senescence suppression, and odontoblast differentiation, respectively.

    Evidence ChIP, EMSA, dual-luciferase reporters, siRNA/overexpression, xenograft models across multiple cancer types and tooth development

    PMID:39733924 PMID:40393577 PMID:40619170 PMID:41882765

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide binding profile (ChIP-seq) for PRRX2 has not been reported
    • Cofactors or chromatin context determining target gene selectivity remain uncharacterized
    • Many targets identified in single labs without independent replication

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key open questions include the identity of the E3 ligase controlling PRRX2 turnover, the cofactors that determine PRRX2's switch between transcriptional activation and repression, and the genome-wide binding landscape of PRRX2 across cell types.
  • No genome-wide ChIP-seq or CUT&RUN data exist for PRRX2
  • Structural basis for PRRX2–DNA and PRRX2–cofactor interactions is unresolved
  • E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for PRRX2 degradation is unidentified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 11 GO:0003677 DNA binding 4
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 11 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2
Partners
ATOX1CNTN3GCH1GLI2KLF6PRRX1

Evidence

Reading pass · 28 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2001 Prx2 (paired-related homeobox transcription factor) contains both activation and repression domains; the conserved PRX domain activates transcription, while the OAR (aristaless) domain inhibits transcription in a promoter- and cell-type-dependent manner. Deletion of the OAR domain results in a 20-fold increase in transcription from the tenascin reporter in NIH 3T3 cells but not in C2C12 cells. Transient transfection assays with truncation mutants, artificial promoters, and tenascin-c downstream target promoter DNA and cell biology Medium 11244566
2001 Prx2 functions as a transcription factor that regulates the tenascin-C (TN-C) gene promoter in vascular smooth muscle cells; Prx2 is induced when SMCs are cultured on denatured collagen (simulating disrupted ECM), placing Prx2 downstream of changes in SMC-ECM interactions. In situ hybridization, transfection of SMC with Prx2 expression plasmid, TN-C promoter reporter assay, truncation analysis Circulation research Medium 11463719
2003 Prx2 directly regulates Protease Nexin-1 (PN-1) gene expression: Prx2 binds to a cis element in the PN-1 promoter in vitro and activates the PN-1 promoter in transient transfection assays, increasing PN-1 expression at least fivefold upon Prx2 overexpression. Affymetrix GeneChip microarray, RT-PCR of stable transfectants, Northern blot, in vitro promoter binding (electrophoretic mobility shift), transient transfection reporter assay DNA and cell biology Medium 12713735
2009 Prx2 (paired-related homeobox) was cloned as a pituitary transcription factor that binds the TAATT motif (identified by SELEX) and regulates the Fshb promoter in a cell-type-dependent manner: it activates Fshb promoter in CHO cells and represses it in pituitary LbetaT2 cells via the Fd2 and -596/-239 regions. Yeast one-hybrid cloning, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, transient transfection assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), DNase I footprinting, SELEX The Journal of reproduction and development High 19550106
1998 Prx1 and Prx2 double knockout mice show severe skeletal defects in craniofacial region, inner ear, and limbs not seen in single Prx2 knockouts, demonstrating that Prx1 and Prx2 function cooperatively and Prx2 partially compensates for Prx1 loss in skeletal morphogenesis. Prx2 inactivation alone produces no skeletal defects. Gene targeting (lacZ insertion knockout), histology, β-galactosidase activity detection, in situ hybridization for Fgf8 and Pax9 Development (Cambridge, England) High 9729491
1999 Prx1 and Prx2 cooperatively maintain cell fates within craniofacial mesenchyme; double mutants show novel mandibular phenotypes including loss of distal mandibular arch structures, arrest of mandibular incisor, and absence of Meckel's cartilage. Cells within the hyoid arch take on first branchial arch properties, demonstrating a role for Prx1/Prx2 in cell fate maintenance. Compound mutant mouse generation (prx-1/prx-2 double knockout), lacZ fate mapping, in situ hybridization for pax9 and patched, transgenic cell marking Development (Cambridge, England) High 9876178
2001 Prx1 and Prx2 are upstream regulators of sonic hedgehog (Shh) in the mandibular arch; loss of both Prx genes reduces Shh expression in oral epithelium adjacent to mandibular mesenchyme and decreases mesenchymal cell proliferation. Hedgehog pathway inhibition (jervine) partially phenocopies the Prx1/Prx2 double mutant jaw defects. Double knockout mice, in situ hybridization, pharmacological hedgehog pathway inhibition (jervine), cell proliferation analysis Development (Cambridge, England) High 11532916
2000 Prx1 and Prx2 (homeobox transcription factors) are required for normal architecture of the great elastic arteries and ductus arteriosus; Prx1 single and Prx1/Prx2 double null mutants show abnormal aortic arch positioning and elongated ductus arteriosus, while Prx2 single mutants are viable without cardiovascular malformations, indicating Prx2 has a subordinate but additive role in vascular development. Gene-targeted knockout mice (Prx2-/-, Prx1-/-, Prx1/Prx2 double null), histology, vascular morphological analysis Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology High 10664157
2003 PRX-2 (homeobox) regulates fetal fibroblast behaviors important for scarless wound healing: fibroblasts from Prx-2-/- mice show altered cellular proliferation, extracellular matrix reorganization, and reduced matrix metalloproteinase 2 and hyaluronic acid production compared to wild-type, but only in fetal (not adult) fibroblasts. Fibroblasts from Prx-2-/- knockout mice, RNase protection analysis, proliferation assays, ECM reorganization assays, MMP2 and hyaluronic acid measurements The Journal of investigative dermatology Medium 12535210
2012 PRRX2 (paired-related homeobox) plays a role in proliferation of pituitary progenitor cells distinct from PRRX1: siRNA knockdown of Prx2 (but not Prx1) in TtT/GF pituitary cells induces p21 expression, indicating Prx2 regulates cell cycle via p21 in pituitary progenitors. siRNA knockdown in pituitary-derived cell line (TtT/GF), RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry with Ki67, co-localization studies with SOX2/PROP1 Journal of neuroendocrinology Medium 22577874
2014 KLF6 specifically stimulates PRRX2 promoter activity and regulates Prrx2 expression in pituitary stem/progenitor cells; KLF6 directly binds to the Prrx2 promoter as confirmed by EMSA, and KLF6 and PRRX2 co-localize in SOX2-positive pituitary stem/progenitor cells. Promoter assay (co-transfection), siRNA interference, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), immunohistochemistry The Journal of reproduction and development Medium 24881871
2001 The Prx1 and Prx2 proteins differ in their transcription regulatory activities due to distinct carboxyl-terminal domains; Prx2 (which lacks the OAR inhibitory region found in Prx1a's carboxyl tail in a comparable functional context) shows differences in DNA binding affinity and transcriptional activation capacity, providing a mechanism for unequal compensation between Prx1 and Prx2 loci. Transient transfection assays with truncation mutants, DNA binding affinity measurements, artificial promoters and tenascin-c reporter The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 11373278
2008 Expression of Prx1 and Prx2 in mandibular mesenchyme is regulated by signals from the mandibular epithelium: fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and hedgehog family members from epithelium positively regulate Prx gene expression, while endothelin-1 signaling from mesenchyme restricts Prx2 expression to the medial mandibular mesenchyme. Chick mandibular mesenchyme explant culture, epithelium removal/addition, pharmacological signaling pathway manipulation, in situ hybridization Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists Medium 18942149
2017 PRRX2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion in breast cancer; miR-212-5p suppresses TNBC invasion by targeting the 3'-UTR of PRRX2, and Prrx2 overexpression partially abrogates miR-212-5p-mediated suppression of migration/invasion and EMT markers (E-cadherin, vimentin). Luciferase reporter assay (3'-UTR targeting), Western blot, wound healing assay, Transwell invasion assay, miRNA overexpression Cellular physiology and biochemistry Medium 29216628
2017 Silencing PRRX2 in breast cancer cells suppresses invasion, migration, and EMT by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling: PRRX2 knockdown prevents nuclear translocation of β-catenin and downregulates downstream Wnt targets; these effects occur in vitro and in vivo (xenograft). shRNA knockdown, Western blot, Transwell invasion/migration assay, xenograft mouse model, immunohistochemistry Cellular physiology and biochemistry Medium 28750408
2019 PRRX2 inhibition suppresses colon cancer liver metastasis via inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling: PRRX2 knockdown downregulates p-GSK3β, nuclear/cytoplasmic β-catenin, TCF4, and vimentin while upregulating E-cadherin; Wnt activator LiCl reverses these effects, placing PRRX2 upstream of Wnt/β-catenin in EMT regulation. siRNA and shRNA knockdown, Western blot, Transwell invasion/migration, liver metastasis mouse model, Wnt pathway activator rescue (LiCl) Pathology, research and practice Medium 31471104
2021 PRRX2 acts as a transcription factor for IL-6 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells: CBS (cystathionine β-synthase)/H2S axis reduces PRRX2 expression, which in turn suppresses IL-6 transcription, inactivating the IL-6/STAT3 pathway and reducing Treg infiltration. CBS overexpression/knockout mice, HCC cell lines, Western blot, dual-luciferase/ChIP assays (implied by transcription factor designation), in vivo xenograft Journal for immunotherapy of cancer Medium 34413167
2022 PRRX2 transcriptionally upregulates GCH1 (GTP cyclohydrolase 1), a ferroptosis suppressor, in glioblastoma stem cells; circLRFN5 binds to PRRX2 protein and promotes its degradation via ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal pathway, thereby reducing GCH1 expression and inducing ferroptosis. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pull-down, ubiquitination assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), lentiviral overexpression/knockdown, BODIPY lipid peroxidation assay, xenograft Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research High 36266731
2022 PRRX2 drives enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer by activating CDK4/6/Rb/E2F and BCL2 pathways; identified via genome-wide CRISPR activation screen. CDK4/6 and BCL2 inhibitors sensitize PRRX2-expressing castration-resistant tumors to enzalutamide. Genome-wide CRISPR activation screen, gene expression analysis, pharmacological inhibition (CDK4/6i, BCL2i), in vivo tumor models Cancer research Medium 35405009
2019 PRRX2 promotes fibroblast-to-neuron transdifferentiation resistance in adult human skin fibroblasts; PRRX2 is identified as a master regulator in the fibroblast Gene Regulatory Network whose knockdown, combined with HEY2 knockdown, significantly enhances transdifferentiation to induced neurons (MAP2+) when combined with ASCL1 overexpression and p53 shRNA. RNAseq of human fibroblast pairs during neuronal conversion, siRNA/shRNA knockdown of candidate genes, neuronal conversion assay (MAP2 staining) Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 31255287
2023 Myoblast-derived exosomal PRRX2 directly binds the MIR22HG promoter to activate its transcription; elevated MIR22HG then sponges miR-128 to increase YAP1 nuclear translocation (Hippo pathway activation), thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and attenuating osteoporosis in vivo. ChIP assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay, RIP assay, immunofluorescence (YAP1 nuclear translocation), Alizarin red/ALP osteogenic assay, ovariectomy osteoporosis mouse model Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) High 37081396
2016 Uterine PRRX2 (homeobox transcription factor) restrains decidual differentiation of stromal cells by inhibiting lipolysis; Prx2 overexpression in uterine stromal cells decreases expression of adipocyte triglyceride lipase, leading to lipid droplet accumulation and reduced decidualization marker (Dtprp) expression. Adenovirus-mediated Prx2 overexpression in uterine stromal cells, in vivo and in vitro decidualization models, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, lipid droplet imaging Cell and tissue research Medium 26987819
2024 PRRX2 directly regulates pannexin 3 (Panx3) expression in preodontoblasts: Prrx2 overexpression activates the Panx3 promoter in luciferase reporter assays, protein-DNA complex formation is confirmed by EMSA, and Prrx2 siRNA knockdown inhibits Panx3 expression. In situ hybridization (tooth sections), dual-luciferase reporter assay, EMSA, siRNA knockdown Journal of oral biosciences Medium 39733924
2025 PRRX2 directly binds to the ATOX1 promoter and transcriptionally activates ATOX1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells; PRRX2 knockdown reduces ATOX1 expression, inhibits cell proliferation, invasion, EMT, and promotes cuproptosis. JASPAR database prediction of binding sites, ChIP or direct promoter binding assays, siRNA knockdown, Western blot, xenograft model Cellular signalling Medium 40393577
2025 PRRX2 directly binds the CNTN3 promoter and transcriptionally activates CNTN3 expression in colorectal cancer cells, promoting EMT and metastasis; PRRX2 knockdown reduces CNTN3 expression and reverses EMT marker alterations. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), dual-luciferase assay, siRNA knockdown, Western blot, xenograft model Cell division Medium 41882765
2025 PRRX2 directly enhances GLI2 transcription, activating the hedgehog pathway to inhibit tumor cell senescence and promote pancreatic cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis; hedgehog pathway inhibitors or GLI2 silencing partially reverse PRRX2-driven effects. PRRX2 knockdown/overexpression, senescence assays, ChIP or promoter binding (implied by 'directly enhanced transcription'), hedgehog inhibitor treatment, GLI2 siRNA epistasis Cancer science Medium 40619170
2024 Upregulation of PRRX2 in irradiated skin cells (via Marveld3 silencing) reduces intracellular Fe2+ and ROS levels and suppresses lipid peroxidation, functioning as a stress-responsive mechanism to counteract radiation-induced ferroptosis. siRNA silencing of Marveld3, PRRX2 overexpression plasmid, MDA/Fe2+/ROS assays, BODIPY staining, RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry in rat skin Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) Medium 39434056
2009 Prx1 and Prx2 regulate cell survival, region-specific chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis during mandibular morphogenesis; Prx1/Prx2 double mutants show growth abnormalities in mandibular processes from E10.5, loss of eHand-expressing mesenchyme subpopulation, failure of Meckel's cartilage chondrogenesis, and accelerated ossification causing mandibular process fusion. Prx1/Prx2 double knockout mice, histological analysis, in situ hybridization (eHand and chondrogenic markers), cell survival assays Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists Medium 19777594

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 63 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2007 Role of Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of Prx2 in MPTP toxicity and Parkinson's disease. Neuron 216 17610816
1998 Prx1 and Prx2 in skeletogenesis: roles in the craniofacial region, inner ear and limbs. Development (Cambridge, England) 204 9729491
2021 Astaxanthin ameliorates oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis via SIRT1/NRF2/Prx2/ASK1/p38 after traumatic brain injury in mice. British journal of pharmacology 134 33326114
2022 CircLRFN5 inhibits the progression of glioblastoma via PRRX2/GCH1 mediated ferroptosis. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 126 36266731
2007 Human peroxiredoxin 1 and 2 are not duplicate proteins: the unique presence of CYS83 in Prx1 underscores the structural and functional differences between Prx1 and Prx2. The Journal of biological chemistry 126 17519234
1995 Expression patterns of the paired-related homeobox genes MHox/Prx1 and S8/Prx2 suggest roles in development of the heart and the forebrain. Mechanisms of development 116 7577675
1999 prx-1 functions cooperatively with another paired-related homeobox gene, prx-2, to maintain cell fates within the craniofacial mesenchyme. Development (Cambridge, England) 107 9876178
1998 Modulation of the human homeobox genes PRX-2 and HOXB13 in scarless fetal wounds. The Journal of investigative dermatology 75 9665387
2000 Loss of function of the Prx1 and Prx2 homeobox genes alters architecture of the great elastic arteries and ductus arteriosus. Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 72 10664157
2001 Prx1 and Prx2 are upstream regulators of sonic hedgehog and control cell proliferation during mandibular arch morphogenesis. Development (Cambridge, England) 69 11532916
2009 Essential role of cytoplasmic cdk5 and Prx2 in multiple ischemic injury models, in vivo. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 63 19812325
2001 Prx1 controls vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and tenascin-C expression and is upregulated with Prx2 in pulmonary vascular disease. Circulation research 63 11463719
2019 Role of Cytosolic 2-Cys Prx1 and Prx2 in Redox Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 57 31185618
2001 The identification of Prx1 transcription regulatory domains provides a mechanism for unequal compensation by the Prx1 and Prx2 loci. The Journal of biological chemistry 55 11373278
2021 Cystathionine β-synthase mediated PRRX2/IL-6/STAT3 inactivation suppresses Tregs infiltration and induces apoptosis to inhibit HCC carcinogenesis. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 51 34413167
2017 MiR-212-5p Suppresses the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Targeting Prrx2. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 48 29216628
2014 PRRX1 and PRRX2 distinctively participate in pituitary organogenesis and a cell-supply system. Cell and tissue research 44 24770895
2000 Human PRRX1 and PRRX2 genes: cloning, expression, genomic localization, and exclusion as disease genes for Nager syndrome. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 42 11063257
1998 Patterns of paired-related homeobox genes PRX1 and PRX2 suggest involvement in matrix modulation in the developing chick vascular system. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 40 9733101
2020 Prx2 (Peroxiredoxin 2) as a Cause of Hydrocephalus After Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Stroke 36 32279622
2019 PRX2 and PRX25, peroxidases regulated by COG1, are involved in seed longevity in Arabidopsis. Plant, cell & environment 36 31600827
2001 Identification of domains mediating transcription activation, repression, and inhibition in the paired-related homeobox protein, Prx2 (S8). DNA and cell biology 36 11244566
2018 Protective and adaptogenic role of peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) in neutralization of oxidative stress induced by ionizing radiation. Free radical biology & medicine 35 30605715
2015 PRRX1- and PRRX2-positive mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells are involved in vasculogenesis during rat embryonic pituitary development. Cell and tissue research 35 25795141
2023 Myoblast-derived exosomal Prrx2 attenuates osteoporosis via transcriptional regulation of lncRNA-MIR22HG to activate Hippo pathway. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) 34 37081396
2012 Paired-related homeodomain proteins Prx1 and Prx2 are expressed in embryonic pituitary stem/progenitor cells and may be involved in the early stage of pituitary differentiation. Journal of neuroendocrinology 32 22577874
2009 Prx1 and Prx2 cooperatively regulate the morphogenesis of the medial region of the mandibular process. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 29 19777594
2022 A Genome-Wide CRISPR Activation Screen Identifies PRRX2 as a Regulator of Enzalutamide Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Cancer research 27 35405009
2003 Deletion of the homeobox gene PRX-2 affects fetal but not adult fibroblast wound healing responses. The Journal of investigative dermatology 22 12535210
2019 Prx2 links ROS homeostasis to stemness of cancer stem cells. Free radical biology & medicine 21 30611866
2023 Dihydromyricetin confers cerebroprotection against subarachnoid hemorrhage via the Nrf2-dependent Prx2 signaling cascade. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 17 37523836
2019 Inhibition of PRRX2 suppressed colon cancer liver metastasis via inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Pathology, research and practice 17 31471104
2019 Attenuation of PRRX2 and HEY2 enables efficient conversion of adult human skin fibroblasts to neurons. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 16 31255287
2015 Structural changes upon peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of peroxiredoxin 2; nitrated Prx2 resembles its disulfide-oxidized form. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 15 26612102
2007 Oxidation of Prx2 and phosphorylation of GRP58 by angiotensin II in human coronary smooth muscle cells identified by 2D-DIGE analysis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 14 17964282
2002 Comparative analysis of Prx1 and Prx2 expression in mice provides evidence for incomplete compensation. The Anatomical record 14 11748565
2014 Expression of Krüppel-like factor 6, KLF6, in rat pituitary stem/progenitor cells and its regulation of the PRRX2 gene. The Journal of reproduction and development 13 24881871
2014 Down-regulation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling underlies anti-inflammatory response induced by transduced PEP-1-Prx2 proteins in LPS-induced Raw 264.7 and TPA-induced mouse ear edema model. International immunopharmacology 13 25241246
2009 Molecular cloning of paired related homeobox 2 (prx2) as a novel pituitary transcription factor. The Journal of reproduction and development 13 19550106
2022 Reduced Expression of PRX2/ATPRX1, PRX8, PRX35, and PRX73 Affects Cell Elongation, Vegetative Growth, and Vasculature Structures in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 12 36501391
2017 Silencing of Prrx2 Inhibits the Invasion and Metastasis of Breast Cancer both In Vitro and In Vivo by Reversing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 12 28750408
2016 OxyR2 Functions as a Three-state Redox Switch to Tightly Regulate Production of Prx2, a Peroxiredoxin of Vibrio vulnificus. The Journal of biological chemistry 12 27268058
2008 Signaling pathways regulating the expression of Prx1 and Prx2 in the chick mandibular mesenchyme. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 12 18942149
2021 Adaptative Up-Regulation of PRX2 and PRX5 Expression Characterizes Brain from a Mouse Model of Chorea-Acanthocytosis. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 11 35052580
2016 Uterine Prx2 restrains decidual differentiation through inhibiting lipolysis in mice. Cell and tissue research 11 26987819
2018 A mathematical analysis of Prx2-STAT3 disulfide exchange rate constants for a bimolecular reaction mechanism. Free radical biology & medicine 8 29574146
2003 GeneChip microarrays facilitate identification of Protease Nexin-1 as a target gene of the Prx2 (S8) homeoprotein. DNA and cell biology 5 12713735
2024 Upregulation of PRRX2 by silencing Marveld3 as a protective mechanism against radiation-induced ferroptosis in skin cells. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) 4 39434056
2025 Transcriptional regulation of ATOX1 by PRRX2 impacts the progression and cuproptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cellular signalling 2 40393577
2025 Single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing reveal PRRX2-driven cancer-associated fibroblast-mediated perineural invasion for predicting the immunotherapy outcome in colorectal cancer. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 2 41089673
2021 Oxidative Stress Induced Cell Cycle Arrest: Potential Role of PRX-2 and GSTP-1 as Therapeutic Targets in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Protein and peptide letters 2 34749598
2025 Octreotide attenuates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion mischief in rats through modulation of Nrf2/PRX2/ASK1/JNK signaling pathway. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 1 40310528
2025 PRRX2 Regulates GLI2 to Promote Proliferation, Invasion, and Metastasis by Inhibiting Senescence via Hedgehog Signaling. Cancer science 1 40619170
2024 Prrx2, the paired-related homeobox transcription factor, functions as a potential regulator of pannexin 3 expression in odontoblast differentiation. Journal of oral biosciences 1 39733924
2017 [Effects of PRX-2 gene on the phenotype changes of epidermal stem cells differentiating into sweat gland cells]. Zhonghua zheng xing wai ke za zhi = Zhonghua zhengxing waike zazhi = Chinese journal of plastic surgery 1 30070795
2026 The role of HDAC6-mediated Prx2 acetylation in neuronal apoptosis related to Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 0 41589458
2026 Clinicopathological Characteristics of PRRX1 and PRRX2 Genes Expressions in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) 0 41684173
2026 PRRX2-CNTN3 axis promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Cell division 0 41882765
2025 Sirt1 ameliorated cardiac autophagic flux blockage via Prx2 during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochemical pharmacology 0 41077158
2025 Lipid-binding ability of Prx2 regulates the structural and functional properties of exosomes from SW480 cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 0 41175646
2025 Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveal the interaction between PRRX2-driven epithelial cells and SPP1+ macrophages in mediating gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Chinese medical journal 0 41456929
2020 [Effects of Prrx2 gene silencing on the proliferation of breast cancer and its molecular mechanisms]. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 0 32234171
2011 [Effect of PRX-2 gene transferred by lipofectamine on the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts]. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 0 22321921