Affinage

PROKR1

Prokineticin receptor 1 · UniProt Q8TCW9

Length
393 aa
Mass
44.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
67 papers in source corpus 23 papers cited in narrative 23 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PROKR1 (ZAQ/GPR73) is a G protein-coupled receptor for the prokineticin ligands EG-VEGF/prokineticin 1 and prokineticin 2, deorphanized through high-affinity binding and nanomolar-potency intracellular calcium mobilization in heterologous cells (PMID:12054613). Ligand engagement drives a Gq-PLC-Ca2+ branch that proceeds through c-Src, EGFR, and ERK1/2, as well as a calcineurin-NFAT arm, to control a panel of endometrial target genes including COX-2, LIF, IL-11, CTGF and DKK1, thereby coordinating prostaglandin synthesis, decidualization, and epithelial proliferation (PMID:18339712, PMID:19801577, PMID:21546446); in parallel PROKR1 couples to PI3K/AKT and Gs-cAMP-CREB cascades (PMID:33184929, PMID:38232288). Through these outputs PROKR1 promotes angiogenesis and cell survival: it mediates EG-VEGF-driven endothelial proliferation, migration, survival and sprouting (distinct from PROKR2-mediated permeability) (PMID:20587779), protects cardiomyocytes and cardiac cells from oxidative and chemotherapeutic stress via Akt/MAPK (PMID:17442730, PMID:34396166), and supports trophoblast proliferation and invasion (PMID:22941044, PMID:27736039). In trophoblasts the receptor localizes to primary cilia, where it relays EG-VEGF to ERK-MMP2/9-dependent invasion (PMID:27736039). A Gs-cAMP-CREB-NR4A2 axis specifies oxidative skeletal-muscle fibers and governs mitochondrial biogenesis and systemic glucose handling, with Prokr1-deficient mice showing impaired glucose tolerance and energy expenditure rescued by re-expression (PMID:38232288), consistent with a role in GLUT4 translocation and insulin sensitivity in myotubes (PMID:33184929). PROKR1 sits downstream of TBX20-PROK2 control of angiogenesis (PMID:29545372), and a coding variant (I379V) that reduces calcium signaling while increasing invasiveness illustrates how receptor sequence tunes its outputs (PMID:23687280).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 2002 High

    Established the identity of PROKR1 as a functional receptor by showing both prokineticin ligands bind and trigger calcium signaling, converting an orphan GPCR into a defined signaling entity.

    Evidence Radioligand binding and intracellular calcium mobilization in CHO cells expressing PROKR1

    PMID:12054613

    Open questions at the time
    • G protein coupling specificity not resolved at deorphanization
    • no endogenous physiological context defined
  2. 2007 High

    Defined a cytoprotective and pro-angiogenic role by showing PROKR1 activation drives Akt-dependent cardiomyocyte survival and vessel formation, extending the receptor beyond reproductive tissue into cardiac biology.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, overexpression, Akt phosphorylation, and in vivo intramyocardial gene transfer in a coronary ligation mouse model

    PMID:17442730

    Open questions at the time
    • did not dissect Gq vs other couplings in cardiomyocytes
    • VEGF-independence of neovascularization mechanism not fully mapped
  3. 2008 High

    Mapped the proximal endometrial signaling cascade, showing PROKR1 links Gq-PLC to a c-Src-EGFR-ERK relay that drives inflammatory and implantation-related gene expression.

    Evidence Stable PROKR1 Ishikawa cell line with IP assays, phosphorylation cascade analysis, inhibitor pharmacology, microarray and qPCR

    PMID:18339712

    Open questions at the time
    • EGFR transactivation mechanism not structurally defined
    • in vivo relevance of full gene panel not established
  4. 2009 High

    Resolved branch-specific outputs by showing distinct target genes route through either MEK (LIF) or calcineurin-NFAT (IL-11), revealing PROKR1 engages parallel intracellular arms.

    Evidence PROKR1 Ishikawa cells, pathway inhibitors, miRNA PROK1 knockdown, RCAN1-4 overexpression, baboon in vivo model

    PMID:19255255 PMID:19801577

    Open questions at the time
    • how a single receptor partitions signal between MEK and calcineurin arms unknown
    • regulatory role of RCAN1-4 in intact tissue not quantified
  5. 2010 High

    Separated receptor subtype functions, showing PROKR1 (not PROKR2) carries EG-VEGF angiogenic actions while extending the CTGF target set and identifying upstream control of PROKR1 expression by nAChRα-7.

    Evidence Receptor-specific siRNA and neutralizing antibodies in primary endothelial cells; pathway inhibitors; cotinine/nAChRα-7 antagonist experiments

    PMID:20587779 PMID:20864676 PMID:21098624

    Open questions at the time
    • molecular basis of PROKR1 vs PROKR2 functional divergence unresolved
    • transcriptional control of PROKR1 beyond nAChRα-7 not characterized
  6. 2011 High

    Connected calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling to anti-proliferative control, showing PROK1-PROKR1 induces DKK1 to restrain epithelial proliferation and enable decidualization.

    Evidence PROKR1 Ishikawa cells, calcineurin-NFAT inhibitors, DKK1 siRNA rescue, decidualization assays in primary stromal cells

    PMID:21546446

    Open questions at the time
    • link between DKK1 induction and Wnt pathway output not measured
    • context determining proliferative vs anti-proliferative outcome unclear
  7. 2012 Medium

    Extended subtype specificity to placental development, attributing EG-VEGF-induced trophoblast proliferation to PROKR1 acting via the homeobox factor HLX.

    Evidence Trophoblast proliferation assays, receptor-subtype siRNA/antibody discrimination, placental explants

    PMID:22941044

    Open questions at the time
    • mechanism linking PROKR1 to HLX not defined
    • single-lab finding
  8. 2013 Medium

    Demonstrated that receptor sequence variation tunes signaling output, with the I379V variant uncoupling reduced calcium influx from enhanced invasiveness.

    Evidence Ectopic PROKR1-I379V expression in HEK293 and JAR cells with calcium, invasion, proliferation and adhesion assays

    PMID:23687280

    Open questions at the time
    • structural basis of altered signaling not determined
    • physiological/clinical association of variant not established
  9. 2016 High

    Localized PROKR1 to the primary cilium and made ciliary signaling a requirement for EG-VEGF-driven invasion, defining a subcellular platform for receptor function.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence localization, IFT88 siRNA ciliogenesis disruption, ERK/MMP2/9 and invasion readouts in HTR-8/SVneo cells

    PMID:27736039

    Open questions at the time
    • ciliary targeting mechanism of PROKR1 unknown
    • ciliary localization in non-trophoblast cell types not examined
  10. 2018 High

    Positioned PROKR1 within an upstream transcriptional program by showing TBX20 drives angiogenesis through PROK2-PROKR1, with prokr1 overexpression rescuing tbx20 loss.

    Evidence Zebrafish morpholino and CRISPR knockdown, prokr1a overexpression rescue, in vivo Matrigel plug angiogenesis

    PMID:29545372

    Open questions at the time
    • direct vs indirect TBX20 regulation of PROK2 not delineated
    • mammalian conservation of the axis only partially addressed
  11. 2018 Medium

    Implicated PROKR1 on tumor cells as the receptor relaying neutrophil-derived PROK2 to promote metastatic proliferation.

    Evidence CRISPR/Cas9 Prokr1 deletion in 4T1 cells, mouse lung metastasis model

    PMID:29643149

    Open questions at the time
    • downstream tumor signaling pathway not mapped
    • single tumor model
  12. 2020 Medium

    Broadened the angiogenic and reproductive signaling repertoire by linking PROKR1 to PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, cAMP and NF-κB pathways driving endothelial, trophoblast and luteal functions.

    Evidence Primary porcine endothelial, trophoblast and luteal cells with PROKR1 blocking antibody/antagonist, pathway inhibitors, tube formation, proliferation, steroidogenesis and ELISA readouts

    PMID:32355954 PMID:34215801 PMID:36991037

    Open questions at the time
    • cross-species conservation to human tissue not confirmed
    • single-lab pharmacological dissection
  13. 2024 High

    Established a Gs-cAMP-CREB-NR4A2 axis as the mechanism by which PROKR1 specifies oxidative muscle fibers and controls systemic metabolism, with knockout and AAV rescue defining causality.

    Evidence ChIP-PCR, luciferase assays, Prokr1 knockout mice, AAV rescue, metabolic phenotyping and human myotubes; complemented by GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake studies

    PMID:33184929 PMID:38232288

    Open questions at the time
    • coordination between Gs-cAMP and Gq arms in muscle unresolved
    • tissue selectivity of metabolic effects not fully mapped
  14. 2025 Medium

    Identified small-molecule pharmacology of PROKR1, showing celecoxib selectively activates Gs signaling and competes with PK2 to drive the NR4A2/oxidative-fiber program.

    Evidence Molecular docking, competitive binding, cAMP/Gs assays, PROKR1-overexpressing cells, murine and human myotubes, in vivo offspring phenotyping

    PMID:39887895

    Open questions at the time
    • selectivity over other prokineticin receptors not exhaustively profiled
    • single-lab finding

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How PROKR1 selects among its multiple G protein arms (Gq, Gs, PI3K/AKT) in a given cell type, and the structural basis for ligand and small-molecule selectivity, remain unresolved.
  • no structural model of ligand-bound PROKR1 in the corpus
  • rules governing biased coupling across tissues undefined
  • in vivo human disease links not established in the timeline

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 1 GO:0005929 cilium 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-1474165 Reproduction 3 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 2
Partners
PROK1PROK2

Evidence

Reading pass · 23 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2002 PROKR1 (ZAQ/GPR73) is a cognate receptor for EG-VEGF/prokineticin 1 and prokineticin 2; both ligands induce a transient increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) with nanomolar potency in CHO cells expressing PROKR1, bind with high affinity, and display different receptor selectivity between PROKR1 and PROKR2. Radioligand binding assay and intracellular calcium mobilization assay in heterologous CHO cell expression system Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 12054613
2008 PROK1-PROKR1 interaction in endometrial epithelial cells induces inositol phosphate mobilization and sequential phosphorylation of c-Src, EGFR, and ERK1/2; downstream target genes include COX-2, LIF, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-11; COX-2 expression and prostaglandin synthesis are elevated via a Gq-PLC-β-cSrc-EGFR-MEK pathway. Stably transfected Ishikawa PROKR1 cell line; inositol phosphate assay; phosphorylation assays; signaling inhibitors; gene microarray; qPCR; Western blot Endocrinology High 18339712
2009 PROK1 induces LIF expression in endometrial epithelial cells via PROKR1 through a Gq-Ca2+-cSrc-MEK-mediated pathway; hCG-mediated LIF induction is dependent on prior PROK1 induction (demonstrated by miRNA knockdown of PROK1). Endometrial epithelial cell treatment; signaling pathway inhibitors; miRNA knockdown of PROK1; in vivo baboon model; immunohistochemistry co-localization FASEB journal High 19255255
2009 PROK1-PROKR1 signaling induces IL-11 expression via a Gq/11-ERK-Ca2+-calcineurin-NFAT-dependent pathway; RCAN1-4 acts as a negative regulator of this calcineurin-mediated signaling to IL-11. PROKR1 Ishikawa stable cell line; calcineurin/NFAT pathway inhibitors; adenoviral RCAN1-4 overexpression; lentiviral miRNA PROK1 knockdown in decidua; ELISA Molecular human reproduction High 19801577
2010 PROKR1 mediates EG-VEGF's angiogenic effects (proliferation, migration, survival, sprout formation, pseudovascular organization) in placental microvascular endothelial cells, whereas PROKR2 mediates EG-VEGF-induced cellular permeability. siRNA knockdown and neutralizing antibody strategies to differentiate PROKR1 vs PROKR2 in primary HPEC and HUVEC; proliferation, migration, survival, spheroid sprouting, permeability assays Molecular biology of the cell High 20587779
2010 PROK1 regulates CTGF expression via the Gq-PLC-cSrc-EGFR-MAPK/ERK kinase pathway in PROKR1-expressing endometrial epithelial cells; miRNA knockdown of PROK1 in decidua reduces CTGF expression. PROKR1-Ishikawa stable cell line; signaling inhibitor panel; qPCR; Western blot; miRNA knockdown in decidua; immunohistochemistry Human reproduction Medium 21098624
2010 Cotinine exposure increases fallopian tube PROKR1 expression via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α-7 (nAChRα-7); co-treatment with an nAChRα-7 antagonist abrogates cotinine-induced PROKR1 upregulation. FT explant culture and OE-E6/E7 cell line treatment with cotinine ± nAChRα-7 antagonist; qRT-PCR; Western blot; immunohistochemistry The American journal of pathology Medium 20864676
2007 PKR1 (PROKR1) signaling in cardiomyocytes and cardiac endothelial cells promotes survival and vessel-like formation; prokineticin-2 activates Akt to protect cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress via PKR1, as siRNA knockdown of PKR1 reverses these effects; intramyocardial PKR1 gene transfer after coronary ligation reduces mortality and preserves left ventricular function by promoting neovascularization independently of VEGF. siRNA knockdown of PKR1; PKR1 overexpression in cardiac cells; Akt phosphorylation assay; in vivo intramyocardial gene transfer; coronary ligation mouse model; echocardiography; histology FASEB journal High 17442730
2011 PROK1 induces DKK1 expression via PROKR1 through a Gq-calcium-calcineurin-NFAT-mediated pathway; PROK1-PROKR1 signaling negatively regulates endometrial epithelial cell proliferation via DKK1 (demonstrated by siRNA against DKK1 reducing PROK1-induced decrease in proliferation); decidualization of primary stromal cells requires PROK1 and DKK1. PROKR1-Ishikawa stable cell line; calcineurin-NFAT pathway inhibitors; siRNA against DKK1; miRNA knockdown of PROK1 in decidua; decidualization assay with progesterone and cAMP Molecular human reproduction High 21546446
2012 EG-VEGF-induced trophoblast proliferation involves PROKR1 but not PROKR2, mediated through the homeobox gene HLX; EG-VEGF increases placental villi vascularization and survival. Trophoblast proliferation assay ([3H]-thymidine incorporation, Ki67); siRNA/antibody receptor subtype discrimination; HLX pathway analysis; placental explant cultures Cellular and molecular life sciences Medium 22941044
2013 PROKR1 variant I379V decreases intracellular calcium influx but increases cell invasiveness compared to wild-type PROKR1; cell proliferation, cell-cell adhesion, and tube organization are not significantly affected by this variant. Ectopic expression of PROKR1-I379V in HEK293 and JAR cells; intracellular calcium assay; cell invasion assay; cell proliferation and adhesion assays Reproduction Medium 23687280
2015 PROK1 treatment of germ cells stably expressing PROKR1 results in ERK phosphorylation and elevated COX2 expression; PROK1-PROKR1 signaling activates the ERK pathway in germ cells. TCam-2 germ cell line stably transfected with PROKR1; PROK1 treatment; ERK phosphorylation assay; COX2 expression qRT-PCR/Western blot The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism Medium 26192875
2016 PROKR1 localizes to primary cilia in trophoblast cells; depletion of IFT88 (required for ciliogenesis) inhibits primary cilia growth and attenuates EG-VEGF-induced ERK1/2 activation, MMP2/MMP9 upregulation, and trophoblast invasion, demonstrating that primary cilia-localized PROKR1 is required for EG-VEGF signaling. Immunofluorescence localization of PROKR1 to primary cilia; IFT88 siRNA knockdown; ERK1/2 phosphorylation; MMP2/MMP9 expression; invasion assay in HTR-8/SVneo cells Journal of cellular physiology High 27736039
2018 TBX20 regulates angiogenesis through the PROK2-PROKR1 pathway; in zebrafish, loss of prokr1a limits angiogenesis, and overexpression of prokr1a rescues impaired angiogenesis in tbx20-deficient animals. Zebrafish morpholino knockdown of tbx20 and prok2; CRISPR/Cas9 genetic disruption of tbx20; prokr1a overexpression rescue; in vivo Matrigel plug angiogenesis model; angiogenesis gene array Circulation High 29545372
2018 PROKR1 activation by prokineticin-2 in skeletal muscle myotubes activates Gq-mediated PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways; PROKR1 promotes GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane and enhances insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and glucose uptake in palmitate-induced insulin-resistant myotubes. PROKR1-overexpressed HEK293T cells; calcium mobilization assay; RNA-seq of 578 differentially expressed genes; PI3K/AKT/MAPK pathway inhibitors; AKT phosphorylation assay; GLUT4 translocation imaging; glucose uptake assay in C2C12 and satellite cell-derived myotubes FASEB journal High 33184929
2019 PKR1 (PROKR1) activation by the non-peptide agonist IS20 alleviates doxorubicin-induced toxicity in cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and epicardium-derived progenitor cells by activating Akt or MAPK pathways; genetic or pharmacological inactivation of PKR1 abolishes these protective effects of IS20. Cultured cardiomyocytes, ECs, EDPCs; Akt/MAPK phosphorylation assays; PKR1 genetic inactivation; pharmacological PKR1 antagonism; chronic DOX cardiotoxicity mouse model; cardiac function assessment JACC CardioOncology High 34396166
2020 PROK1-PROKR1 signaling in porcine endometrial endothelial cells promotes angiogenesis via PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, cAMP, and NF-κB pathways; PROK1 via PROKR1 stimulates capillary-like structure formation and induces VEGFA and PGF2α secretion. Primary porcine endometrial endothelial cells; PROKR1 blocking antibody; pathway inhibitors (PI3K, MAPK, cAMP, NF-κB); proliferation assay; tube formation assay; VEGFA/PGF2α ELISA Biology of reproduction Medium 32355954
2021 PROK1 acting via PROKR1 increases trophoblast cell proliferation (via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK and cAMP pathways) and adhesion (via MAPK and/or PI3K/AKT pathways); PROK1-PROKR1 signaling induces phosphorylation of MAPK and PTK2 in porcine trophoblasts. Porcine trophoblast cell treatment with PROK1 ± PROKR1 antagonist; PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, cAMP pathway inhibitors; proliferation and adhesion assays; phosphorylation assays; Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Scientific reports Medium 34215801
2021 PROK1 acting via PROKR1 stimulates progesterone synthesis genes and progesterone secretion, reduces apoptosis and increases viability of luteal cells, and stimulates angiogenesis (capillary-like structure formation, angiogenin gene expression, VEGFA secretion) in porcine corpus luteum. Luteal tissue explants and luteal endothelial cells; PROKR1-specific antagonist PC7; steroidogenesis gene expression; progesterone ELISA; apoptosis and viability assays; tube formation assay; VEGFA ELISA Scientific reports Medium 36991037
2022 The PROK2 splice variant PROK2C binds to the amino-terminal regions of PROKR1 (demonstrated by GST pull-down); PROK2C activates PROKR1 to induce ERK phosphorylation in CHO cells expressing PROKR1; tryptophan at position 212 of PROKR2 is required for PROK2C binding. GST pull-down; amber codon suppression photoactivatable crosslinking; CHO cell expression of PROKR1; STAT3 and ERK phosphorylation assays; in vivo nociceptive experiments Life (Basel) Medium 35207535
2024 PROKR1 signaling activates the PROKR1-CREB-NR4A2 axis via Gs-mediated cAMP-CREB phosphorylation to upregulate NR4A2, promoting oxidative muscle fiber specification, mitochondrial biogenesis, and metabolic function; Prokr1-deficient mice show reduced oxidative fiber composition, impaired glucose/insulin tolerance, and reduced energy expenditure, all rescued by AAV-mediated Prokr1 re-expression. ChIP-PCR; luciferase promoter assays; pharmacological inhibitors; Prokr1 knockout mice; AAV-mediated Prokr1 rescue; metabolic phenotyping; exercise performance testing; histological fiber-type analysis; human myotube experiments PNAS High 38232288
2025 Celecoxib selectively activates Gs signaling via PROKR1 (EC50 ~4 μM), competitively inhibits PK2 binding to PROKR1, and increases NR4A2 protein levels, pCREB, and oxidative muscle fiber markers (Myh7, mitochondrial content, FAO activity) in myotubes; these effects are PROKR1-dependent. Molecular docking; competitive binding assay; cAMP accumulation assay; Gs signaling assay; PROKR1-overexpressing cell studies; murine and human myotube experiments; in vivo offspring phenotyping with HFD Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle Medium 39887895
2018 PROKR1 activation by PROK2 (Prokr1-expressing 4T1 cells) promotes breast cancer cell proliferation in the lung metastasis context; deletion of Prokr1 in 4T1 cells abrogates 5-FU-enhanced lung metastasis, identifying PROKR1 as the receptor on tumor cells mediating PROK2 signals from infiltrating neutrophils. CRISPR/Cas9 Prokr1 deletion in 4T1 tumor cells; mouse lung metastasis model; tumor cell proliferation and metastasis quantification Molecular cancer therapeutics Medium 29643149

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 67 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Isolation and identification of EG-VEGF/prokineticins as cognate ligands for two orphan G-protein-coupled receptors. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 183 12054613
2009 Prokineticin 1 mediates fetal-maternal dialogue regulating endometrial leukemia inhibitory factor. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 89 19255255
2008 Prokineticin 1 signaling and gene regulation in early human pregnancy. Endocrinology 88 18339712
2010 Molecular characterization of EG-VEGF-mediated angiogenesis: differential effects on microvascular and macrovascular endothelial cells. Molecular biology of the cell 82 20587779
2007 The prokineticin receptor-1 (GPR73) promotes cardiomyocyte survival and angiogenesis. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 80 17442730
2016 Selection signature analysis reveals genes associated with tail type in Chinese indigenous sheep. Animal genetics 78 27807880
2005 Synthesis, assembly, and processing of the Env ERVWE1/syncytin human endogenous retroviral envelope. Journal of virology 74 15827173
2011 Revisiting the role of hCG: new regulation of the angiogenic factor EG-VEGF and its receptors. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 63 22138749
2010 Prokineticins in angiogenesis and cancer. Cancer letters 58 20633984
2010 Chlamydia trachomatis infection increases fallopian tube PROKR2 via TLR2 and NFκB activation resulting in a microenvironment predisposed to ectopic pregnancy. The American journal of pathology 53 21224062
2012 EG-VEGF controls placental growth and survival in normal and pathological pregnancies: case of fetal growth restriction (FGR). Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 52 22941044
2016 Primary Cilium-Regulated EG-VEGF Signaling Facilitates Trophoblast Invasion. Journal of cellular physiology 51 27736039
2018 TBX20 Regulates Angiogenesis Through the Prokineticin 2-Prokineticin Receptor 1 Pathway. Circulation 42 29545372
2011 Prokineticin 1 induces Dickkopf 1 expression and regulates cell proliferation and decidualization in the human endometrium. Molecular human reproduction 41 21546446
2010 Cotinine exposure increases Fallopian tube PROKR1 expression via nicotinic AChRalpha-7: a potential mechanism explaining the link between smoking and tubal ectopic pregnancy. The American journal of pathology 36 20864676
2018 Involvement of Prokineticin 2-expressing Neutrophil Infiltration in 5-Fluorouracil-induced Aggravation of Breast Cancer Metastasis to Lung. Molecular cancer therapeutics 35 29643149
2010 Evidence of prokineticin dysregulation in fallopian tube from women with ectopic pregnancy. Fertility and sterility 34 20047737
2000 Y-receptor-like genes GPR72 and GPR73: molecular cloning, genomic organisation and assignment to human chromosome 11q21.1 and 2p14 and mouse chromosome 9 and 6. Biochimica et biophysica acta 32 10760605
2017 Antagonism of EG-VEGF Receptors as Targeted Therapy for Choriocarcinoma Progression In Vitro and In Vivo. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 30 28899975
2021 Genome-wide analyses reveal population structure and identify candidate genes associated with tail fatness in local sheep from a semi-arid area. Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience 29 33715983
2018 Prokineticins and their G protein-coupled receptors in health and disease. Progress in molecular biology and translational science 28 30711026
2012 Hirschsprung's disease and variants in genes that regulate enteric neural crest cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Journal of human genetics 28 22648184
2010 CTGF expression is up-regulated by PROK1 in early pregnancy and influences HTR-8/Svneo cell adhesion and network formation. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 27 21098624
2009 Prokineticin-1 (PROK1) modulates interleukin (IL)-11 expression via prokineticin receptor 1 (PROKR1) and the calcineurin/NFAT signalling pathway. Molecular human reproduction 27 19801577
2015 PPARγ controls pregnancy outcome through activation of EG-VEGF: new insights into the mechanism of placental development. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 26 26081281
2014 Gene-gene interactions and gene polymorphisms of VEGFA and EG-VEGF gene systems in recurrent pregnancy loss. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics 26 24671265
2011 Expression of PROKR1 and PROKR2 in human enteric neural precursor cells and identification of sequence variants suggest a role in HSCR. PloS one 23 21858136
2007 Expression pattern of prokineticin 1 and its receptors in bovine ovaries during the estrous cycle: involvement in corpus luteum regression and follicular atresia. Biology of reproduction 21 17229935
2019 Prokineticin Receptor-1 Signaling Inhibits Dose- and Time-Dependent Anthracycline-Induced Cardiovascular Toxicity Via Myocardial and Vascular Protection. JACC. CardioOncology 20 34396166
2015 Prokineticins in central and peripheral control of human reproduction. Hormone molecular biology and clinical investigation 20 26574895
2020 Prokineticin 1-prokineticin receptor 1 signaling promotes angiogenesis in the porcine endometrium during pregnancy†. Biology of reproduction 19 32355954
2021 Prokineticin 1-prokineticin receptor 1 signaling in trophoblast promotes embryo implantation and placenta development. Scientific reports 17 34215801
2018 Diversity in human placental microvascular endothelial cells and macrovascular endothelial cells. Cytokine 16 30269024
2014 Endocrine gland-derived endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) is a potential novel regulator of human parturition. Biology of reproduction 15 25122063
2013 Prokineticin receptor variants (PKR1-I379V and PKR2-V331M) are protective genotypes in human early pregnancy. Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 14 23687280
2020 Prokineticin receptor 1 ameliorates insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 13 33184929
2014 Gene-gene interactions and risk of recurrent miscarriages in carriers of endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor and prokineticin receptor polymorphisms. Fertility and sterility 13 25064403
2022 Identification and Characterization of a New Splicing Variant of Prokineticin 2. Life (Basel, Switzerland) 12 35207535
2021 Pleiotropic role of prokineticin 1 in the porcine endometrium during pregnancy establishment and embryo implantation †. Biology of reproduction 12 32997136
2016 Prokineticin1 and pregnancy. Annales d'endocrinologie 12 27172869
2014 Prokineticins and Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in Merkel cell carcinoma. British journal of cancer 11 24496457
2022 Prokineticin 2/PROK2 and Male Infertility. Biomedicines 9 36289651
2020 Tubal ectopic pregnancy occurrence is associated with high expressions of prokineticin receptors and aberrant secretion of inflammatory cytokines. American journal of translational research 9 33042453
2018 Endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) and its receptor PROKR2 are associated to human colorectal cancer progression and peritoneal carcinomatosis. Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers 9 29226856
2021 Evidence-Based View of Safety and Effectiveness of Prokineticin Receptors Antagonists during Pregnancy. Biomedicines 7 33802771
2021 PROKR1 delivery by cell-derived vesicles restores the myogenic potential of Prokr1-deficient C2C12 myoblasts. Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine 7 34314870
2020 The role of prokineticins in recurrent implantation failure. Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction 7 32585394
2015 Resistant starch alters colonic contractility and expression of related genes in rats fed a Western diet. Digestive diseases and sciences 7 25616610
2015 Prokineticin Ligands and Receptors Are Expressed in the Human Fetal Ovary and Regulate Germ Cell Expression of COX2. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 7 26192875
2023 Prokineticin 1 is a novel factor regulating porcine corpus luteum function. Scientific reports 6 36991037
2023 Acetate mitigates cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in experimental model of polycystic ovarian syndrome by modulating GPCR41/43 and PROKR1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 6 37757668
2021 Gonadal Cycle-Dependent Expression of Genes Encoding Peptide-, Growth Factor-, and Orphan G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone Neurons of Mice. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience 6 33551743
2021 Pleiotropic effects of prokineticin 2 in the control of energy metabolism. Biochimie 6 33932486
2025 The Effect of Endometrial Polyp and Myoma Uteri on Fertility-Related Genes in the Endometrium. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 5 39915377
2024 PROKR1-CREB-NR4A2 axis for oxidative muscle fiber specification and improvement of metabolic function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 5 38232288
2020 Knocking-down of the Prokineticin receptor 2 affects reveals its complex role in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis in the zebrafish model. Scientific reports 5 32376893
2021 Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Is Required for Subventricular Zone Astrocyte Progenitor Proliferation and for Prokineticin-2 Production after a Closed Head Injury in Mice. Neurotrauma reports 4 34223558
2019 [Expression of PROK 1 and its receptor PROKR 1 in endometriosis and its clinical significance]. Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences 4 31304922
2013 Prokineticin 1 induces a pro-inflammatory response in murine fetal membranes but does not induce preterm delivery. Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 4 24051059
2025 Celecoxib Enhances Oxidative Muscle Fibre Formation and Improves Muscle Functions Through Prokr1 Activation in Mice. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle 3 39887895
2024 Identification of disulfidptosis-associated genes and characterization of immune cell infiltration in thyroid carcinoma. Aging 3 38836761
2023 Effects of Prokineticins on Cerebral Cell Function and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability. International journal of molecular sciences 3 37895111
2021 EG-VEGF Induces Invasion of a Human Trophoblast Cell Line via PROKR2. Acta medica Okayama 3 34955534
2026 Mettl3 promotes reprogramming and axonogenesis of induced retinal ganglion cells. Stem cell reports 1 41791385
2024 The regulation of the expression of prokineticin 1 and its receptors and its mechanism of action in the porcine corpus luteum. Theriogenology 1 38838613
2020 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Endocrine gland-VEGF (EG-VEGF) are down regulated in head and neck cancer. Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery 1 32516473
2026 Progesterone receptor, prokineticin 1, LncRNA-H19, and miR-210 in molecular regulation of recurrent implantation failure. Scientific reports 0 42259810

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