Affinage

PMF1

Polyamine-modulated factor 1 · UniProt Q6P1K2

Length
205 aa
Mass
23.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
13 papers in source corpus 2 papers cited in narrative 2 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 3/3 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PMF1 (polyamine modulated factor-1) functions as a transcriptional co-regulator of polyamine-responsive genes by partnering with the transcription factor Nrf-2 (PMID:11256947). The two proteins associate through binding of the leucine-zipper region of Nrf-2 to a C-terminal coiled-coil region of PMF-1 that itself lacks a leucine zipper, and mutations disrupting either domain abolish the interaction and abrogate transcriptional regulation of the SSAT gene (PMID:11256947). PMF-1 does not bind polyamine-responsive element (PRE) DNA on its own; rather, it modulates Nrf-2 binding to a PRE in the 4E-BP1 promoter, altering the Nrf-2/DNA complex when added together with Nrf-2 (PMID:16647090). Beyond this co-regulatory mechanism at PREs, no further molecular detail has been characterized in the available corpus.

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 2 steps
  1. 2001 High

    Established how PMF-1 physically engages a transcription factor and links that interaction to gene regulation, defining the structural basis of the PMF-1/Nrf-2 partnership.

    Evidence Domain mutagenesis of the Nrf-2 leucine zipper and PMF-1 coiled-coil with protein interaction and SSAT transcriptional reporter assays

    PMID:11256947

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not resolve whether the interaction is direct or requires additional factors in vivo
    • No structural model of the coiled-coil/leucine-zipper interface
    • Mechanism by which polyamines control this complex was not defined
  2. 2006 Medium

    Clarified PMF-1's role at DNA, showing it is not a direct PRE-binding factor but a modulator of Nrf-2's DNA-binding behavior.

    Evidence EMSA and supershift with purified PMF-1 and Nrf-2 on the mouse 4E-BP1 PRE at -2060

    PMID:16647090

    Open questions at the time
    • Single in vitro method without cellular confirmation of the modulated complex
    • Functional consequence of altered gel shift for 4E-BP1 transcription not established
    • Whether PMF-1 enters the DNA-bound complex or acts only off-DNA is unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The polyamine-sensing step that couples cellular polyamine levels to PMF-1/Nrf-2 activity at PREs remains undefined.
  • No identified polyamine-binding component or signal-transduction link in the captured corpus
  • Genome-wide set of PMF-1-regulated PRE target genes not defined
  • No structural data on the PMF-1/Nrf-2/DNA assembly

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 2
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 2
Partners
NFE2L2

Evidence

Reading pass · 2 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2001 The interaction between transcription factors Nrf-2 and PMF-1 is mediated through binding of the leucine-zipper region of Nrf-2 and a C-terminal coiled-coil region of PMF-1 (which does not contain a leucine zipper). Mutations interrupting either the leucine zipper of Nrf-2 or the coiled-coil region of PMF-1 abolished their interaction and abrogated transcriptional regulation of the SSAT gene. Mutagenesis of leucine-zipper and coiled-coil domains combined with transcriptional reporter assays and protein interaction studies The Biochemical journal High 11256947
2006 Purified PMF-1 does not bind PRE sequences in the 5'-flanking region of the mouse 4E-BP1 gene on its own, but when added together with Nrf-2, decreases the magnitude of the gel shift for the PRE at -2060, indicating that PMF-1 modulates Nrf-2 binding to this regulatory element. CSN-7 did not interact with these sequences and did not inhibit protein/DNA interaction. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and supershift assay with purified PMF-1 and Nrf-2 proteins Life sciences Medium 16647090

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 13 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 Characterization of the interaction between the transcription factors human polyamine modulated factor (PMF-1) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) in the transcriptional regulation of the spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) gene. The Biochemical journal 54 11256947
2008 Discovery of the autonomously replicating plasmid pMF1 from Myxococcus fulvus and development of a gene cloning system in Myxococcus xanthus. Applied and environmental microbiology 39 18245244
2000 A new single-copy mycobacterial plasmid, pMF1, from Mycobacterium fortuitum which is compatible with the pAL5000 replicon. Microbiology (Reading, England) 39 10708368
2008 Identification of PMF1 methylation in association with bladder cancer progression. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 31 19088041
2011 Characterization of the partitioning system of Myxococcus plasmid pMF1. PloS one 10 22174771
2018 A Post-segregational Killing Mechanism for Maintaining Plasmid PMF1 in Its Myxococcus fulvus Host. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 9 30131946
2012 Characterization of the replication origin of the myxobacterial self-replicative plasmid pMF1. Plasmid 9 22537554
2019 The Associations of PMF1, ICAM1, AGT, TRIM65, FBF1, and ACOX1 Variants With Leukoaraiosis in Chinese Population. Frontiers in genetics 7 31396257
2006 Analysis of the interactions of Nrf-2, PMF-1, and CSN-7 with the 5'-flanking sequence of the mouse 4E-BP1 gene. Life sciences 6 16647090
2021 ParC, a New Partitioning Protein, Is Necessary for the Active Form of ParA From Myxococcus pMF1 Plasmid. Frontiers in microbiology 5 33519784
2022 Allyl Aryl Ether Cleavage by Blautia sp. MRG-PMF1 Cocorrinoid O-Demethylase. Microbiology spectrum 2 36197289
2015 Screening for recombinants of Crambe abyssynica after transformation by the pMF1 marker-free vector based on chemical selection and meristematic regeneration. Scientific reports 2 26358007
2024 Putative evolution of Myxococcus fulvus 124B02 plasmid pMF1 from a chromosomal segment in another Myxococcus species. Microbiology spectrum 0 39545733

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