Affinage

PLG

Plasminogen · UniProt P00747

Round 2 corrected
Length
810 aa
Mass
90.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 33 papers cited in narrative 33 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

Plasminogen (PLG) is the circulating zymogen of plasmin, a broad-spectrum serine protease central to fibrinolysis, extracellular matrix remodeling, macrophage recruitment and polarization, proneurotrophin processing, prohormone cleavage, and angiogenesis regulation. Plasminogen is activated by tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators via limited proteolysis at the kringle–serine protease domain junction, a process markedly enhanced when plasminogen is bound to cell-surface receptors—principally Plg-RKT, annexin II, and alpha-enolase—through lysine-dependent interactions (PMID:5475635, PMID:19897580, PMID:9603964); cell-surface plasmin in turn activates MMP-2/MMP-9 to drive matrix degradation, cleaves proneurotrophins to switch p75NTR/TrkA signaling balance, and promotes M2-like macrophage polarization via STAT3 phosphorylation (PMID:9171346, PMID:11729324, PMID:31316511). Internal kringle 1–4 fragments (angiostatin), generated by MMP-mediated cleavage, inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and neovascularization by binding cell-surface ATP synthase and angiomotin (PMID:7525077, PMID:10077593, PMID:11257124). Homozygous or compound-heterozygous loss-of-function PLG mutations cause hypoplasminogenemia with ligneous conjunctivitis and mucosal fibrin deposition, while a heterozygous gain-of-function kringle 3 mutation (K330E) causes hereditary angioedema (PMID:21174000, PMID:28795768).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 21 steps
  1. 1967 High

    Resolving how an inactive zymogen becomes an active protease, biochemical analysis showed plasminogen is converted to the two-chain serine protease plasmin by limited proteolysis at a specific peptide bond, establishing the fundamental activation mechanism.

    Evidence Peptide chain analysis, N-terminal sequencing, and enzyme kinetics on purified plasminogen/plasmin

    PMID:4226004

    Open questions at the time
    • Activator identity and specificity not yet defined
    • Structural basis of kringle domain–active site chain association unknown
  2. 1970 High

    Demonstrating the molecular basis of plasminogen's surface-binding capacity, affinity chromatography on lysine-Sepharose showed that plasminogen binds specifically to lysine residues, enabling its efficient purification and predicting lysine-dependent receptor interactions.

    Evidence Lysine-Sepharose affinity chromatography with caseinolytic activity assay

    PMID:5475635

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of physiological cell-surface lysine-bearing receptors unknown
    • Contribution of individual kringle domains to lysine binding not resolved
  3. 1976 High

    Identifying the principal physiological brake on plasmin, alpha2-antiplasmin was shown to form an instantaneous 1:1 stoichiometric complex with the plasmin active site, establishing the primary mechanism of plasmin inactivation in plasma.

    Evidence Protein purification, SDS-PAGE, and enzyme inhibition kinetics demonstrating covalent complex with plasmin light chain

    PMID:134998

    Open questions at the time
    • Rate constants for inhibition of cell-surface-bound versus free plasmin not compared
    • Mechanism of fibrin-mediated protection from inhibition not defined
  4. 1978 High

    Linking PLG to human disease, identification of hereditary dysfunctional plasminogen (normal antigen, reduced activity) in a family with recurrent thrombosis demonstrated that PLG loss-of-function mutations cause thrombophilia.

    Evidence Plasminogen activity assay, antigen quantitation, active site titration, and family segregation

    PMID:659588

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular identity of the mutation not determined
    • Prevalence and spectrum of PLG mutations in thrombophilia unclear
  5. 1985 High

    Establishing that cell surfaces are privileged sites for plasmin generation, platelets were shown to bind plasminogen at high capacity via lysine-dependent sites and to preferentially support its activation by tPA, urokinase, and streptokinase.

    Evidence Radioiodinated ligand binding, Scatchard analysis, and cell-surface plasmin generation assay on thrombin-stimulated platelets

    PMID:3920216

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular identity of platelet plasminogen receptors not determined
    • Relative contribution of platelet- versus fibrin-surface plasmin to clot lysis unknown
  6. 1994 High

    Revealing a cryptic anti-angiogenic function within the plasminogen molecule, angiostatin (kringles 1–4) was identified as a circulating inhibitor of endothelial proliferation and metastatic neovascularization, distinct from any activity of intact plasminogen.

    Evidence Purification from tumor-bearing mouse serum, N-terminal sequencing, endothelial proliferation assay, and in vivo metastasis suppression

    PMID:7525077

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological protease(s) generating angiostatin in vivo not identified
    • Receptor mediating anti-proliferative activity unknown
  7. 1997 High

    Connecting plasminogen to matrix metalloproteinase cascades and angiostatin generation, cell-surface uPA/plasminogen activation was shown to activate MMP-2 and MMP-9, while MMP-7 and MMP-9 were identified as angiostatin-converting enzymes that cleave plasminogen between kringles 4 and 5.

    Evidence Cell-surface binding inhibition, MMP zymography, in vitro proteolysis with N-terminal sequencing of cleavage products

    PMID:9171346 PMID:9360944

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of MMP-generated angiostatin versus other proteolytic pathways not established
    • Regulation of the MMP–plasminogen crosstalk in specific tissues unclear
  8. 1999 High

    Identifying the functional angiostatin receptor, cell-surface ATP synthase alpha/beta subunits on endothelial cells were shown to bind angiostatin, and antibody blockade of the alpha subunit abolished up to 90% of angiostatin's anti-proliferative effect.

    Evidence Ligand blot, N-terminal sequencing, peptide mass fingerprinting, flow cytometry, and antibody inhibition of proliferation

    PMID:10077593

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream signaling from surface ATP synthase engagement not characterized
    • Relative contribution of ATP synthase versus angiomotin to angiostatin effects in vivo unknown
  9. 2001 High

    Expanding plasminogen's biological reach beyond fibrinolysis, plasmin was shown to cleave proNGF and proBDNF extracellularly, converting them from p75NTR-selective pro-apoptotic ligands into TrkA-activating mature neurotrophins, and angiomotin was identified as a second angiostatin-binding mediator of endothelial migration inhibition.

    Evidence In vitro plasmin cleavage of proneurotrophins with receptor binding and apoptosis assays; yeast two-hybrid identification of angiomotin with migration and tube-formation assays

    PMID:11257124 PMID:11729324

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo requirement of plasmin for proneurotrophin processing not established by genetic models at this time
    • Relative contributions of angiomotin and ATP synthase to angiostatin signaling unresolved
  10. 2004 High

    Demonstrating plasminogen as a host susceptibility factor in infection, streptokinase-specific activation of human (but not mouse) plasminogen was shown to be the key determinant of group A streptococcal virulence, as transgenic expression of human PLG in mice dramatically increased mortality in a streptokinase-dependent manner.

    Evidence Transgenic human-PLG mouse infection model with streptokinase-deletion bacteria and survival analysis

    PMID:15333838

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether pathogen-hijacked plasmin acts through fibrinolysis, matrix degradation, or immune evasion not dissected
    • Relevance to other plasminogen-activating pathogens not tested
  11. 2009 High

    Identifying the dedicated cell-surface receptor that orchestrates plasminogen activation, Plg-RKT was discovered as an integral membrane protein exposing a C-terminal lysine, co-localizing with uPAR, and markedly enhancing tPA-dependent cell-surface plasminogen activation.

    Evidence MudPIT proteomics with carboxypeptidase B treatment, flow cytometry, co-localization, and plasminogen activation assay

    PMID:19897580

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo requirement not yet demonstrated by genetic deletion
    • Structural basis of Plg-RKT–plasminogen interaction unknown
  12. 2010 Medium

    Defining the genetic basis of hypoplasminogenemia, novel PLG mutations (C166Y, Y264S, IVS10-7T/G) in homozygous or compound-heterozygous states were confirmed to cause ligneous conjunctivitis, periodontitis, hydrocephalus, and other mucosal fibrin-deposition phenotypes.

    Evidence Sanger sequencing and molecular genetic analysis of 23 patients with clinical phenotyping

    PMID:21174000

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional characterization of individual mutations (e.g., folding, secretion, activation kinetics) not performed
    • Genotype–phenotype correlations for severity not established
  13. 2011 High

    Genetic and antibody-blockade experiments established that Plg-RKT is required for macrophage chemotactic migration, Matrigel invasion, and peritoneal recruitment in a strictly plasminogen-dependent manner, and additionally regulates catecholamine secretion by chromaffin cells through plasmin-mediated prohormone processing.

    Evidence Anti-Plg-RKT mAb blockade in migration/invasion/peritonitis assays; plasminogen-null mice epistasis; overexpression and antibody studies in chromaffin/PC12 cells with norepinephrine secretion measurement

    PMID:21795689 PMID:21940822

    Open questions at the time
    • Plg-RKT genetic knockout phenotype not yet available at this time
    • Prohormone substrates of plasmin on chromaffin cells not fully identified
  14. 2016 High

    Genetic deletion of Plg-RKT confirmed its non-redundant role in macrophage plasminogen binding and migration in vivo, and revealed an unexpected requirement for lactation, as all pups from Plg-RKT−/− dams died within 48 hours of birth.

    Evidence Plg-RKT knockout mice with macrophage binding assay, peritonitis model, and lactation phenotyping

    PMID:27714956

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of lactation failure (fibrinolytic vs. non-fibrinolytic) not resolved
    • Plg-RKT contribution to other tissue-specific plasminogen functions unexplored
  15. 2017 High

    Identification of the K330E kringle 3 missense mutation in families with hereditary angioedema and normal C1-inhibitor established a gain-of-function PLG mechanism as a novel cause of this disease.

    Evidence Whole-exome sequencing, Sanger validation, and autosomal dominant segregation in multiple families

    PMID:28795768

    Open questions at the time
    • Biochemical mechanism of K330E gain-of-function (e.g., enhanced activation, altered binding) not characterized
    • Therapeutic implications not tested
  16. 2018 High

    Dissecting the lactation failure mechanism, Plg-RKT−/− mammary glands showed blocked lobuloalveolar development with fibrotic stroma, massive fibrin deposition, macrophage infiltration, EGF downregulation, and increased apoptosis; however, fibrinogen heterozygosity did not rescue the phenotype, indicating contributions beyond fibrinolysis.

    Evidence Plg-RKT−/− and compound Plg-RKT−/−;Fib+/− knockout mammary gland analysis with IHC, proliferation, apoptosis, and transcriptional profiling

    PMID:29495105

    Open questions at the time
    • Plasminogen-independent Plg-RKT functions in mammary development not molecularly defined
    • Whether EGF downregulation is cause or consequence not resolved
  17. 2019 High

    Mechanistic studies revealed that plasminogen and plasmin promote M2-like macrophage polarization and efferocytosis through STAT3 phosphorylation, and that Plg-RKT is selectively enriched on proinflammatory monocyte subsets whose directional migration is plasmin-dependent.

    Evidence Plg−/− and Plg-RKT−/− mouse pleurisy/peritonitis models, BMDM polarization with STAT3 western blot, flow cytometry for M1/M2 markers and Plg-RKT on monocyte subsets, multiple inhibitor strategies

    PMID:31221672 PMID:31316511

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct STAT3 target genes mediating M2 polarization not identified
    • Whether Plg-RKT signals independently of plasmin generation in polarization is unknown
  18. 2020 High

    Cell-type-specific knockouts showed that Plg-RKT in myeloid cells promotes wound healing through fibrin clearance and cytokine regulation, while keratinocyte-specific Plg-RKT deletion paradoxically accelerated healing with filaggrin upregulation, revealing opposing tissue-specific roles.

    Evidence Conditional Plg-RKT knockout mice (myeloid and keratinocyte-specific), burn wound model, fibrinogen compound knockouts, cytokine and transcriptional profiling

    PMID:33311441

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of keratinocyte Plg-RKT function (filaggrin regulation) not molecularly defined
    • Whether findings generalize to other wound types unknown
  19. 2021 High

    Extending the Plg-RKT axis to platelets and new tissue contexts, activated platelets were shown to retain alpha-granule-secreted plasminogen on their surface via Plg-RKT to drive local fibrinolysis, while Plg-RKT−/− mice on high-fat diet developed adipose and hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and insulin resistance with dysregulated PPARγ.

    Evidence Confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and clot lysis assays on Plg-RKT−/− platelets; high-fat diet metabolic phenotyping with Plg-RKT−/− mice and adipocyte differentiation assays

    PMID:32842150 PMID:34897983

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking Plg-RKT to PPARγ regulation requires validation
    • Whether platelet Plg-RKT is specifically required vs. other plasminogen receptors not tested
  20. 2023 High

    In liver fibrosis, Plg-RKT was identified as highly expressed on scar-associated macrophages, where plasminogen treatment drives SAM differentiation; selective Plg-RKT knockdown in intrahepatic macrophages reduced SAM numbers and alleviated fibrosis in two independent models.

    Evidence scRNA-seq, CyTOF, siRNA-GeRP-mediated macrophage-selective knockdown, BDL and CCl4 liver fibrosis models

    PMID:37207518

    Open questions at the time
    • Plasmin-dependent versus plasmin-independent SAM differentiation mechanisms not dissected
    • Translational potential in human liver fibrosis not tested
  21. 2024 High

    Revealing a systemic endocrine role, liver-secreted plasminogen was shown to signal via Plg-RKT and ERK kinase on muscle satellite cells to promote their proliferation during caloric restriction, replicated in human CALERIE trial participants.

    Evidence MetRSL274G transgenic mouse liver secretome proteomics, plasminogen knockdown, Plg-RKT knockout, satellite cell quantification, ERK phosphorylation, human CALERIE cohort validation

    PMID:38442019

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether plasmin generation is required or Plg-RKT signals upon plasminogen binding not resolved
    • Downstream ERK targets in satellite cells not identified

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Major unresolved questions include the structural basis of Plg-RKT–plasminogen interaction, the biochemical mechanism of the K330E gain-of-function mutation in hereditary angioedema, whether Plg-RKT possesses plasmin-independent signaling capacity, and the relative contributions of plasminogen's fibrinolytic versus non-fibrinolytic functions in tissue-specific contexts such as mammary development, neurotrophin processing, and metabolic homeostasis.
  • No structural model of Plg-RKT–plasminogen complex
  • K330E biochemical mechanism uncharacterized
  • Plasmin-independent Plg-RKT signaling not confirmed or excluded

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 4 GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 2
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 5 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3
Pathway
R-HSA-109582 Hemostasis 4 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-1474244 Extracellular matrix organization 2 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2
Partners
AMOTANXA2ATP5F1AENO1PLATPLAUPLGRKTSERPINF2

Evidence

Reading pass · 33 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1970 Plasminogen was purified from human plasma by affinity chromatography on L-lysine-substituted Sepharose, demonstrating that plasminogen binds specifically and with high affinity to lysine residues, enabling its isolation with >200-fold purification and a specific activity of 100 caseinolytic units/mg nitrogen. Affinity chromatography (lysine-Sepharose), caseinolytic activity assay, disc-gel electrophoresis Science High 5475635
1967 Plasminogen is activated to plasmin by cleavage of a specific peptide bond, yielding a two-chain serine protease (heavy chain containing kringle domains, light chain containing the active site); the mechanism involves limited proteolysis by plasminogen activators. Biochemical peptide chain analysis, N-terminal sequencing, enzyme kinetics The Journal of biological chemistry High 4226004
1978 Hereditary abnormal plasminogen (reduced enzymatic activity with normal antigen levels) was identified in a patient with recurrent thrombosis and their kindred, demonstrating that PLG mutations cause thrombotic disease through a loss-of-function mechanism affecting catalytic activity. Plasminogen activity assay, antigen quantitation, isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis, active site titration, family segregation analysis The Journal of clinical investigation High 659588
1976 Alpha2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha2-antiplasmin) was isolated from human plasma and shown to instantaneously inhibit plasmin by forming a covalent 1:1 molar complex with the light chain (active site) of plasmin, thereby blocking activator-induced clot lysis; it does not inhibit urokinase at the same rate. Protein purification, SDS-PAGE, immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme inhibition kinetics, cross-linking/complex formation assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 134998
1985 Platelets bind plasminogen at physiological concentrations via high-affinity lysine-dependent sites (Kd ~2.6 µM on thrombin-stimulated platelets, ~190,000 molecules/cell), and cell surface-bound plasminogen is preferentially activated to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, or streptokinase, localizing fibrinolytic activity to the platelet surface. Radioiodinated ligand binding assay, Scatchard analysis, omega-aminocarboxylic acid competition, gel analysis of plasmin generation The Journal of biological chemistry High 3920216
1987 The complete coding sequence of human plasminogen was determined from a full-length liver cDNA clone (2.7 kb insert), revealing the primary structure and correcting several previously reported amino acid residues. cDNA library screening, nucleotide sequencing FEBS letters High 3030813
1991 A novel carboxypeptidase B (pCPB) was isolated from human plasma by plasminogen-Sepharose affinity chromatography, demonstrating that it is a plasminogen-binding protein; when activated by trypsin it cleaves carboxypeptidase B substrates (hippuryl-Arg, hippuryl-Lys), suggesting a role in removing C-terminal lysines from partially degraded fibrin to regulate plasminogen binding and fibrinolysis. Affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE, N-terminal sequencing, cDNA cloning, trypsin activation, carboxypeptidase B substrate cleavage assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 1939207
1994 Angiostatin, a 38 kDa internal fragment of plasminogen containing kringle domains 1–4, was identified as a circulating angiogenesis inhibitor that specifically inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and potently blocks neovascularization and metastatic growth in vivo; intact plasminogen does not share this activity. Protein purification and sequencing from tumor-bearing mouse serum/urine, endothelial cell proliferation assay, in vivo metastasis suppression model, systemic angiostatin administration Cell High 7525077
1996 Individual kringle domains of angiostatin were characterized: kringle 1 (ED50 ~320 nM) and kringle 3 (ED50 ~460 nM) exhibit the most potent anti-proliferative activity against endothelial cells, kringle 2 shows moderate activity, and kringle 4 is ineffective; lysine-binding capability does not correlate with anti-endothelial potency, but proper kringle folding is essential. Recombinant kringle domain expression, endothelial cell proliferation assay, bFGF-stimulated growth inhibition, structure–activity analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 8910613
1997 The urokinase-plasmin system controls type IV collagenase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) activity through a cell-surface mechanism: binding of uPA and plasminogen to the cell surface leads to gelatinase activation; inhibition of cell-surface uPA or plasminogen binding blocks gelatinase activation; in soluble phase plasmin degrades both gelatinases, providing a regulatory switch between activation and inactivation. Cell surface binding inhibition, MMP zymography, gelatinase activation assays, soluble phase proteolysis assays The EMBO journal High 9171346
1997 Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-7 (matrilysin) and MMP-9 (gelatinase B) cleave human plasminogen to generate angiostatin-like fragments (~58 kDa, ~42 kDa, ~38 kDa); both enzymes cut N-terminal to kringle domain 5, with MMP-7 and MMP-9 having closely spaced but distinct cleavage sites between kringle 4 and 5, identifying MMPs as angiostatin-converting enzymes. In vitro proteolysis, N-terminal sequencing, SDS-PAGE fragment analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 9360944
1998 Streptococcal surface enolase (SEN/alpha-enolase), a 45 kDa glycolytic enzyme displayed on the surface of group A streptococci, binds plasmin(ogen) with high affinity through its C-terminal lysine residue and an additional N-terminal region; SEN-bound plasmin retains proteolytic activity and is protected from inhibition, implicating this interaction in streptococcal tissue invasion. Protein purification and identification, immunoelectron microscopy, dose-dependent activity assay, competitive plasminogen binding inhibition, cross-linking studies with intact streptococci, monoclonal antibody blocking The Journal of biological chemistry High 9603964
1999 Angiostatin binds to the alpha/beta subunits of ATP synthase on the surface of human endothelial cells (55 kDa binding partner), distinct from the plasminogen binding site (annexin II, 44 kDa); angiostatin's antiproliferative effect on endothelial cells is inhibited by up to 90% by anti-alpha-subunit ATP synthase antibody, identifying cell-surface ATP synthase as the functional angiostatin receptor. Ligand blot analysis, amino-terminal sequencing, peptide mass fingerprinting, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, binding studies with recombinant ATP synthase subunit, antibody inhibition of antiproliferative effect Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 10077593
2001 Angiomotin, a novel protein identified by yeast two-hybrid screening with angiostatin kringle domains 1–4, localizes to the leading edge of migrating endothelial cells and mediates angiostatin's inhibitory effects on endothelial cell migration and tube formation; expression of angiomotin increases basal migration but renders cells susceptible to angiostatin inhibition. Yeast two-hybrid screening, fluorescent angiostatin internalization assay, immunofluorescence localization, endothelial migration and tube formation assays The Journal of cell biology High 11257124
2001 Plasmin cleaves the proforms of NGF and BDNF extracellularly; proNGF acts as a high-affinity ligand for p75NTR preferentially inducing apoptosis rather than TrkA-mediated survival, revealing that PLG-dependent extracellular proteolysis switches neurotrophin signaling from survival to cell death. In vitro plasmin cleavage of proneurotrophins, receptor binding assays (p75NTR vs TrkA), neuronal apoptosis assays, TrkA phosphorylation assay Science High 11729324
2004 Human plasminogen is a critical host pathogenicity factor for group A streptococcal infection; streptokinase specifically activates human but not mouse plasminogen, and transgenic expression of human plasminogen in mice dramatically increased streptococcal mortality in a streptokinase-dependent manner, establishing the PLG-streptokinase axis as the primary determinant of host species specificity for streptococcal infection. Transgenic mouse model expressing human plasminogen, bacterial infection challenge, genetic deletion of streptokinase, survival analysis with mechanistic comparison Science High 15333838
2009 Plg-RKT (C9orf46 homolog) was identified as a novel integral membrane plasminogen receptor that exposes a C-terminal lysine on the cell surface; it is induced during monocyte differentiation, co-localizes with uPAR on the cell surface, interacts directly with tissue plasminogen activator, and markedly promotes cell surface plasminogen activation. MudPIT proteomics with carboxypeptidase B treatment, flow cytometry, co-localization studies, plasminogen activation assay, database mining for expression Blood High 19897580
2010 Extracellular hsp90alpha, secreted via exosomes by invasive cancer cells, interacts with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and, together with annexin II (also present in exosomes), activates plasmin; this extracellular hsp90alpha-tPA complex promotes plasmin-dependent cancer cell motility. Mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation, plasmin activation assay, migration assay with inhibitors, exosome isolation and characterization BMC cancer Medium 20553606
2011 Plg-RKT plays a key role in macrophage invasion, chemotactic migration, and in vivo recruitment: anti-Plg-RKT antibody inhibited uPA-mediated plasminogen activation (by 39%), Matrigel invasion in response to MCP-1 (by 54%), chemotactic migration (by 64%), and peritoneal macrophage recruitment in thioglycollate-induced peritonitis (by 58%); anti-Plg-RKT antibody had no additional effect in plasminogen-null mice, establishing plasminogen-dependence. Anti-Plg-RKT mAb blockade, Matrigel invasion assay, chemotaxis assay, mouse peritonitis model, plasminogen-null mice comparison, pro-MMP-9 activation measurement Blood High 21940822
2011 Plg-RKT is expressed on the surface of catecholaminergic cells (chromaffin cells, PC12 cells); it co-immunoprecipitates with uPAR, is an integral plasma membrane protein, and its overexpression markedly enhances plasminogen activation; cells overexpressing Plg-RKT show 51% reduction in nicotine-evoked norepinephrine release, while antibody blockade of endogenous Plg-RKT increases norepinephrine release, establishing Plg-RKT as a regulator of catecholamine secretion through plasmin-mediated proteolysis of prohormones. Stable overexpression, antibody blockade, co-immunoprecipitation with uPAR, FACS analysis, phase partitioning, plasminogen activation assay, [3H]norepinephrine secretion assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 21795689
2016 Genetic deletion of Plg-RKT in mice demonstrated that Plg-RKT is required for plasminogen binding to macrophages and for macrophage migration in vivo in experimental peritonitis; Plg-RKT deficiency also causes complete failure of lactation (all offspring of Plg-RKT−/− females die within 2 days of birth) and affects female but not male growth rates. Homologous recombination knockout mice, macrophage plasminogen binding assay, peritonitis recruitment model, lactation phenotype assessment Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH High 27714956
2017 A heterozygous missense mutation p.Lys330Glu (K330E) in the kringle 3 domain of PLG was identified in patients with hereditary angioedema with normal C1-INH, establishing a novel gain-of-function PLG mutation as a cause of hereditary angioedema through autosomal dominant inheritance. Whole-exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, family segregation analysis, clinical phenotyping Allergy High 28795768
2018 Plg-RKT is essential for mammary lobuloalveolar development and lactation: Plg-RKT−/− mice show blocked lobuloalveolar development due to hypertrophic fibrotic stroma, massive fibrin accumulation in alveoli/ducts, macrophage infiltration, 12-fold downregulation of EGF, absent epithelial cell proliferation, downregulation of pro-survival protein Mcl-1, and increased apoptosis; fibrinogen heterozygosity reduced fibrin accumulation but did not rescue lobuloalveolar defects, indicating plasminogen-independent mechanisms also contribute. Knockout mouse mammary gland analysis, immunohistochemistry for fibrin/macrophages/proliferation/apoptosis, transcriptional profiling, fibrinogen genetic reduction (compound knockout) Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH High 29495105
2019 Plasminogen and plasmin promote macrophage M2-like polarization and efferocytosis through transient STAT3 phosphorylation: in vitro, Plg/plasmin increased CD206/Arginase-1 and IL-10/TGF-β while suppressing LPS/IFN-induced M1 markers; in vivo, Plg−/− and Plg-RKT−/− mice showed increased M1-like macrophages, decreased CCL2, defective IL-4-induced M2 polarization, and reduced phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. Murine pleurisy model, bone marrow-derived macrophage polarization assays, STAT3 phosphorylation western blot, flow cytometry (M1/M2 markers), efferocytosis assay in vivo and in vitro Frontiers in immunology High 31316511
2019 Plg-RKT is differentially expressed on proinflammatory monocyte/macrophage subsets (CD14++CD16+ human monocytes and Ly6Chigh mouse monocytes show highest expression); directional migration of proinflammatory monocytes is plasmin-dependent and abolished by anti-Plg-RKT mAb, ε-aminocaproic acid, aprotinin, and the aminoterminal fragment of uPA; Plg-RKT−/− mice show significantly less Ly6Chigh monocyte recruitment in peritonitis. Flow cytometry for Plg-RKT expression on monocyte subsets, plasminogen binding assay, directional migration assay with multiple inhibitors, in vivo peritonitis model in Plg-RKT−/− mice, immunohistochemistry in human carotid plaques Blood High 31221672
2020 Plg-RKT regulates cutaneous wound healing through plasminogen-dependent fibrinolysis and myeloid cell-mediated inflammation: Plg-RKT−/− mice show delayed wound closure during the proliferation phase, dysregulated cytokine expression, and impaired fibrin clearance; genetic reduction of fibrinogen levels by 50% completely abrogated the wound healing delay, and Plg-RKT deletion specifically in keratinocytes paradoxically accelerated healing with upregulation of filaggrin and caspase 14. Standardized burn wound model, conditional/constitutive Plg-RKT knockout mice (myeloid- and keratinocyte-specific), fibrin clearance measurement, fibrinogen compound knockouts, transcriptional profiling, cytokine quantitation Cell death & disease High 33311441
2021 Plg-RKT on activated human and murine platelets retains platelet-derived plasminogen (secreted from alpha-granules) on the platelet membrane via a lysine-dependent mechanism; Plg-RKT co-localizes with platelet-derived plasminogen on activated platelet membranes; Plg-RKT−/− platelets show significantly attenuated plasminogen membrane exposure after activation; platelet-membrane-retained plasminogen drives local fibrinolysis by enhancing cell surface plasminogen activation. Western blotting of platelet membrane fractions, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, ε-aminocaproic acid competition, fluorescent plasminogen-deficient clot lysis assay, turbidimetric clot lysis assay, Plg-RKT−/− mouse platelets Blood High 32842150
2021 PLG silencing in HBV-positive hepatocellular carcinoma cells promoted apoptosis in vitro and suppressed tumor xenograft growth in vivo by inhibiting HBV replication; mechanistically, PLG activates SRC (a downstream target), which promotes Hippo pathway signaling to support HBV-HCC cell survival. siRNA knockdown, flow cytometry for apoptosis (TUNEL), subcutaneous xenograft model, qRT-PCR, western blot, KEGG/GO pathway analysis American journal of translational research Low 33594307
2021 Plg-RKT regulates adipose function and metabolic homeostasis: Plg-RKT is highly expressed in human and mouse adipose tissue and markedly upregulated during adipogenesis; Plg-RKT−/− mice on high-fat diet develop increased adipose and hepatic inflammation, macrophage/T-cell accumulation, fibrosis, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance; Plg-RKT regulates PPARγ and other adipogenic molecule expression, suggesting a novel role in the adipogenic transcriptional program. Immunofluorescence of human/mouse adipose tissue, high-fat diet mouse model, Plg-RKT−/− mice, 3T3-L1 and primary preadipocyte differentiation assays, insulin signaling western blot, RT-PCR for PPARγ Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH Medium 34897983
2023 Plg-RKT is highly expressed by scar-associated macrophages (SAMs) in fibrotic liver; PLG treatment transforms bone-marrow-derived macrophages into SAMs expressing pro-fibrotic genes, an effect blocked by Plg-RKT knockdown; selective in vivo knockdown of Plg-RKT in intrahepatic macrophages using siRNA-GeRPs reduced SAM numbers and alleviated BDL- and CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), mass cytometry (CyTOF), siRNA-GeRPs macrophage-selective knockdown, bone marrow-derived macrophage treatment assays, BDL and CCl4 mouse liver fibrosis models Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease High 37207518
2024 Liver-secreted plasminogen signals directly to muscle satellite cells (via Plg-RKT/ERK kinase) to promote their proliferation during caloric restriction (CR); knockdown of circulating plasminogen prevents CR-induced satellite cell expansion; loss of Plg-RKT is also sufficient to prevent CR-related satellite cell expansion; these findings were replicated in human CALERIE trial participants. MetRSL274G transgenic mouse proteomics to identify liver-secreted factors, plasminogen knockdown (circulating), Plg-RKT knockout mice, satellite cell isolation and counting, ERK phosphorylation assay, human CALERIE trial analysis Cell reports High 38442019
2025 In renal cell carcinoma, FABP1+ tumor cells signal to endothelial cells via the PLG-PLAT (tissue plasminogen activator) axis to promote plasmin-related tumor angiogenesis; spatial transcriptomics showed co-localization of FABP1+ tumors with PLAT+ endothelial cells, and receptor-ligand interaction analysis confirmed PLG-PLAT as a functional signaling axis between tumor and endothelial compartments. Single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, receptor-ligand interaction analysis, preclinical tumor models, FABP1-PLG-PLAT axis functional experiments Molecular cancer Low 40518526
2010 Three novel PLG gene mutations (C166Y, Y264S, IVS10-7T/G) were identified in patients with severe hypoplasminogenemia, a multisystemic disorder causing deficient extravascular fibrinolysis manifesting as ligneous conjunctivitis, periodontitis, hydrocephalus, and other mucosal membrane abnormalities; molecular genetic analysis of 23 cases confirmed that homozygous or compound-heterozygous PLG mutations underlie the clinical phenotype. Sanger sequencing, molecular genetic analysis, clinical phenotyping Thrombosis and haemostasis Medium 21174000

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1994 Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 2865 7525077
1970 Plasminogen: purification from human plasma by affinity chromatography. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2303 5475635
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2001 Regulation of cell survival by secreted proneurotrophins. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1336 11729324
2018 VIRMA mediates preferential m6A mRNA methylation in 3'UTR and near stop codon and associates with alternative polyadenylation. Cell discovery 829 29507755
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2004 The PDGF family: four gene products form five dimeric isoforms. Cytokine & growth factor reviews 618 15207811
1997 Interactions of mast cell tryptase with thrombin receptors and PAR-2. The Journal of biological chemistry 510 9020112
1976 Isolation and characterization of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor from human plasma. A novel proteinase inhibitor which inhibits activator-induced clot lysis. The Journal of biological chemistry 465 134998
1998 alpha-enolase, a novel strong plasmin(ogen) binding protein on the surface of pathogenic streptococci. The Journal of biological chemistry 451 9603964
1999 Angiostatin binds ATP synthase on the surface of human endothelial cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 439 10077593
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
1967 The peptide chains of human plasmin. Mechanism of activation of human plasminogen to plasmin. The Journal of biological chemistry 429 4226004
1997 Control of type IV collagenase activity by components of the urokinase-plasmin system: a regulatory mechanism with cell-bound reactants. The EMBO journal 362 9171346
1997 Angiostatin-converting enzyme activities of human matrilysin (MMP-7) and gelatinase B/type IV collagenase (MMP-9). The Journal of biological chemistry 356 9360944
1989 SPARC, a secreted protein associated with cellular proliferation, inhibits cell spreading in vitro and exhibits Ca+2-dependent binding to the extracellular matrix. The Journal of cell biology 356 2745554
1996 Kringle domains of human angiostatin. Characterization of the anti-proliferative activity on endothelial cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 340 8910613
2004 Plasminogen is a critical host pathogenicity factor for group A streptococcal infection. Science (New York, N.Y.) 322 15333838
1991 Isolation, molecular cloning, and partial characterization of a novel carboxypeptidase B from human plasma. The Journal of biological chemistry 317 1939207
2001 Angiomotin: an angiostatin binding protein that regulates endothelial cell migration and tube formation. The Journal of cell biology 306 11257124
1985 Binding and activation of plasminogen on the platelet surface. The Journal of biological chemistry 281 3920216
1978 Abnormal plasminogen. A hereditary molecular abnormality found in a patient with recurrent thrombosis. The Journal of clinical investigation 275 659588
2010 Secretion of extracellular hsp90alpha via exosomes increases cancer cell motility: a role for plasminogen activation. BMC cancer 243 20553606
2003 The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. Nature 242 14574404
2009 Proteomic analysis of human parotid gland exosomes by multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT). Journal of proteome research 237 19199708
2017 Hereditary angioedema with a mutation in the plasminogen gene. Allergy 221 28795768
2011 Toward an understanding of the protein interaction network of the human liver. Molecular systems biology 207 21988832
2014 Extracellular matrix signatures of human primary metastatic colon cancers and their metastases to liver. BMC cancer 203 25037231
1987 Molecular cloning and characterization of a full-length cDNA clone for human plasminogen. FEBS letters 199 3030813
2009 Proteomics-based discovery of a novel, structurally unique, and developmentally regulated plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, a major regulator of cell surface plasminogen activation. Blood 117 19897580
2005 Encapsulation of the immune potentiators MPL and RC529 in PLG microparticles enhances their potency. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society 88 16360956
2017 Tolerogenic Ag-PLG nanoparticles induce tregs to suppress activated diabetogenic CD4 and CD8 T cells. Journal of autoimmunity 87 29258717
1981 Effect of L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and dopamine/neuroleptic receptor bindings. Peptides 83 6113579
2005 Enhanced mucosal and systemic immune response with intranasal immunization of mice with HIV peptides entrapped in PLG microparticles in combination with Ulex Europaeus-I lectin as M cell target. Vaccine 82 16099080
2011 Regulation of macrophage migration by a novel plasminogen receptor Plg-R KT. Blood 79 21940822
1995 Synthetic delivery system for tuberculosis vaccines: immunological evaluation of the M. tuberculosis 38 kDa protein entrapped in biodegradable PLG microparticles. Vaccine 71 8578845
1998 Monitoring microviscosity and microacidity of the albumin microenvironment inside degrading microparticles from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) or ABA-triblock polymers containing hydrophobic poly(lactide-co-glycolide) A blocks and hydrophilic poly(ethyleneoxide) B blocks. Pharmaceutical research 68 9619791
2000 Incorporation of protein in PLG-microspheres with retention of bioactivity. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society 67 10825551
2013 PLG scaffold delivered antigen-specific regulatory T cells induce systemic tolerance in autoimmune diabetes. Tissue engineering. Part A 62 23432371
2004 Intranasal immunisation with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite antigen encapsulated into PLG microspheres induces humoral and cell-mediated immunity in sheep. Vaccine 60 15364441
2019 Plasminogen and the Plasminogen Receptor, Plg-RKT, Regulate Macrophage Phenotypic, and Functional Changes. Frontiers in immunology 59 31316511
1988 Linkage between the loci for the Lp(a) lipoprotein (LP) and plasminogen (PLG). Human genetics 58 2966760
2010 Identification of three novel plasminogen (PLG) gene mutations in a series of 23 patients with low PLG activity. Thrombosis and haemostasis 48 21174000
2007 Patterned PLG substrates for localized DNA delivery and directed neurite extension. Biomaterials 47 17324456
2015 Chlorogenic Acid Maintains Glucose Homeostasis through Modulating the Expression of SGLT-1, GLUT-2, and PLG in Different Intestinal Segments of Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES 45 26777909
2011 Permanent protection of PLG scaffold transplanted allogeneic islet grafts in diabetic mice treated with ECDI-fixed donor splenocyte infusions. Biomaterials 43 21458857
2018 Localized immune tolerance from FasL-functionalized PLG scaffolds. Biomaterials 42 30458362
2010 Genetic variation in LPAL2, LPA, and PLG predicts plasma lipoprotein(a) level and carotid artery disease risk. Stroke 41 21127300
2007 Macromolecule release from monodisperse PLG microspheres: control of release rates and investigation of release mechanism. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 41 17455338
1984 Linkage of plasma alpha-L-fucosidase (FUCA2) and the plasminogen (PLG) system. Clinical genetics 40 6590153
2005 An investigation of the factors controlling the adsorption of protein antigens to anionic PLG microparticles. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 37 16200615
2004 A novel injectable approach for cartilage formation in vivo using PLG microspheres. Annals of biomedical engineering 36 15095816
2004 Adsorption of a novel recombinant glycoprotein from HIV (Env gp120dV2 SF162) to anionic PLG microparticles retains the structural integrity of the protein, whereas encapsulation in PLG microparticles does not. Pharmaceutical research 36 15648244
2014 Enhancing human islet transplantation by localized release of trophic factors from PLG scaffolds. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 35 24909237
2012 Tolerance strategies employing antigen-coupled apoptotic cells and carboxylated PLG nanoparticles for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. The review of diabetic studies : RDS 34 23804269
2008 The potency of the adjuvant, CpG oligos, is enhanced by encapsulation in PLG microparticles. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 34 17683059
2004 Enhanced protective efficacy of a tuberculosis DNA vaccine by adsorption onto cationic PLG microparticles. Vaccine 34 15309815
2016 Deficiency of plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT , causes defects in plasminogen binding and inflammatory macrophage recruitment in vivo. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 33 27714956
2014 New insights into the role of Plg-RKT in macrophage recruitment. International review of cell and molecular biology 33 24529725
2010 Consecutive low doses of cyclophosphamide preferentially target Tregs and potentiate T cell responses induced by DNA PLG microparticle immunization. Cellular immunology 33 20206921
2003 The effect of CTAB concentration in cationic PLG microparticles on DNA adsorption and in vivo performance. Pharmaceutical research 32 12636163
1997 Modulation of dopamine receptor agonist-induced rotational behavior in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats by a peptidomimetic analogue of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (PLG). Peptides 32 9396063
1985 Mesolimbic and striatal dopamine receptor supersensitivity: prophylactic and reversal effects of L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG). Peptides 32 2863809
1990 Modulation of high-affinity CNS dopamine D2 receptor by L-pro-L-leu-glycinamide (PLG) analogue 3(R)-(N-L-prolylamino)-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 31 1981396
2011 Relationship of vaccine efficacy to the kinetics of DC and T-cell responses induced by PLG-based cancer vaccines. Biomatter 30 23507728
2008 Layered PLG scaffolds for in vivo plasmid delivery. Biomaterials 27 18929408
1993 Isolation and purification of propionicin PLG-1, a bacteriocin produced by a strain of Propionibacterium thoenii. Applied and environmental microbiology 27 8439170
2019 Differential expression of Plg-RKT and its effects on migration of proinflammatory monocyte and macrophage subsets. Blood 26 31221672
2014 Genetic variants in PLG, LPA, and SIGLEC 14 as well as smoking contribute to plasma plasminogen levels. Blood 26 25208887
2005 Nerve growth factor expression by PLG-mediated lipofection. Biomaterials 26 16316681
2019 Optimizing PLG nanoparticle-peptide delivery platforms for transplantation tolerance using an allogeneic skin transplant model. Biomaterials 25 31077862
2013 A PLG/HAp composite scaffold for lentivirus delivery. Biomaterials 25 23602363
1999 Induction of cytotoxic T-cell responses following oral immunization with synthetic peptides encapsulated in PLG microparticles. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society 25 10528070
2011 The novel plasminogen receptor, plasminogen receptor(KT) (Plg-R(KT)), regulates catecholamine release. The Journal of biological chemistry 24 21795689
1998 Protection against MPTP treatment by an analog of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (PLG, MIF-1). Peptides 24 9493876
2008 LPA and PLG sequence variation and kringle IV-2 copy number in two populations. Human heredity 23 18612205
2020 Functions of the plasminogen receptor Plg-RKT. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 22 32662180
2010 Cationic surface modification of PLG nanoparticles offers sustained gene delivery to pulmonary epithelial cells. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 21 19911425
2020 The plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, plays a role in inflammation and fibrinolysis during cutaneous wound healing in mice. Cell death & disease 20 33311441
1982 CNS putative L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) receptors, brain and lymphocyte dopamine receptors. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 20 6298884
2021 Exposure of plasminogen and a novel plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, on activated human and murine platelets. Blood 19 32842150
2011 The efficacy of intracranial PLG-based vaccines is dependent on direct implantation into brain tissue. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society 19 21704093
2004 Design, synthesis and evaluation of a PLG tripeptidomimetic based on a pyridine scaffold. Journal of medicinal chemistry 19 15588094
1987 Down-regulation of haloperidol-induced striatal dopamine receptor supersensitivity by active analogues of L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG). Peptides 19 2893360
2022 PLG nanoparticles target fibroblasts and MARCO+ monocytes to reverse multiorgan fibrosis. JCI insight 18 35104243
2012 The plasminogen receptor, Plg-R(KT), and macrophage function. Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology 17 23125524
2006 Development of hepatitis B oral vaccine using B-cell epitope loaded PLG microparticles. Vaccine 17 16713035
1997 The immune response to a model antigen associated with PLG microparticles prepared using different surfactants. Vaccine 17 9413098
1996 Mucosal immunization with a measles virus CTL epitope encapsulated in biodegradable PLG microparticles. Journal of immunological methods 17 8814328
2007 Polylactide-co-glycolide (PLG) microparticles modify the immune response to DNA vaccination. Vaccine 16 18191308
1999 Synthesis and dopamine receptor modulating activity of unsubstituted and substituted triproline analogues of L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG). Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 16 10476867
1998 Beta-analogs of PLG (L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide): ex-chiral pool syntheses and dopamine D2 receptor modulating effects. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 16 9873642
1992 Serum protein polymorphisms in Arab Moslems and Druze of Israel: BF, F13B, AHSG, GC, PLG, PI, and TF. Human biology 16 1644425
2013 Synthesis and allosteric modulation of the dopamine receptor by peptide analogs of L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) modified in the L-proline or L-proline and L-leucine scaffolds. European journal of medicinal chemistry 15 24013414
2018 The plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, is essential for mammary lobuloalveolar development and lactation. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 14 29495105
2016 Novel l-prolyl-l-leucylglycinamide (PLG) tripeptidomimetics based on a 2-azanorbornane scaffold as positive allosteric modulators of the D2R. Organic & biomolecular chemistry 14 27830864
2010 In vivo electroporation enhances the potency of poly-lactide co-glycolide (PLG) plasmid DNA immunization. Vaccine 14 20943208
2008 Characterization of antigens adsorbed to anionic PLG microparticles by XPS and TOF-SIMS. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 14 17724659
2005 A novel osteotropic biomaterial OG-PLG: in vitro efficacy. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A 14 15962265
2005 A novel osteotropic biomaterial OG-PLG: Synthesis and in vitro release. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A 14 15981201
1992 Genetic mapping of three human homologues of murine t-complex genes localizes TCP10 to 6q27, 15 cM distal to TCP1 and PLG. Genomics 14 1572657
1983 Are the pharmacological effects of L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) mediated through specific receptor mechanisms? Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 13 6141616
2023 Plasma exosomal protein PLG and SERPINA1 in colorectal cancer diagnosis and coagulation abnormalities. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 12 37093347
2016 The preparation and characterization of PLG nanoparticles with an entrapped synthetic TLR7 agonist and their preclinical evaluation as adjuvant for an adsorbed DTaP vaccine. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V 11 27224856
2023 Single-cell RNA seq identifies Plg-RKT-PLG as signals inducing phenotypic transformation of scar-associated macrophage in liver fibrosis. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease 10 37207518
2021 PLG inhibits Hippo signaling pathway through SRC in the hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocellular-carcinoma progression. American journal of translational research 10 33594307
2008 Synthesis and evaluation of novel pyridine based PLG tripeptidomimetics. Organic & biomolecular chemistry 10 18421399
2024 Liver-derived plasminogen mediates muscle stem cell expansion during caloric restriction through the plasminogen receptor Plg-RKT. Cell reports 9 38442019
2009 Preparation, physiochemical characterization, and oral immunogenicity of Abeta(1-12), Abeta(29-40), and Abeta(1-42) loaded PLG microparticles formulations. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 9 18980172
2008 Encapsulated zinc salt increases the diffusion of protein through PLG films. International journal of pharmaceutics 9 19073244
1991 Linkage of plasminogen (PLG) and apolipoprotein(a) (LPA) in baboons. Genomics 9 1783400
2021 The plasminogen receptor Plg-RKT regulates adipose function and metabolic homeostasis. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 8 34897983
2020 Multi-omic studies on missense PLG variants in families with otitis media. Scientific reports 8 32929111
2014 Root dentin anomaly and a PLG mutation. European journal of medical genetics 8 25281489
2003 PLG regulates hnRNP-L expression in the rat striatum and pre-frontal cortex: identification by ddPCR. Peptides 7 12576095
2022 Plg-RKT Expression in Human Breast Cancer Tissues. Biomolecules 6 35454092
2021 Tolerance Induced by Antigen-Loaded PLG Nanoparticles Affects the Phenotype and Trafficking of Transgenic CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells. Cells 6 34943952
2004 Measuring the heterogeneity of protein loading in PLG microspheres using flow cytometry. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society 6 15063041
1984 Parentage testing using the serum protein plasminogen (PLG). American journal of clinical pathology 6 6507385
2022 Case-only design identifies interactions of genetic risk variants at SIGLEC5 and PLG with the lncRNA CTD-2353F22.1 implying the importance of periodontal wound healing for disease aetiology. Journal of clinical periodontology 5 36129033
2022 Distinct Expression Patterns of Genes Coding for Biological Response Modifiers Involved in Inflammatory Responses and Development of Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C: Upregulation of SMAD-6 and MMP-8 and Downregulation of CAV-1, CTGF, CEBPB, PLG, TIMP-3, MMP-1, ITGA-1, ITGA-2 and LOX. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 5 36556936
2015 Ligneous membranitis in Scottish Terriers is associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism in the plasminogen (PLG) gene. Animal genetics 5 26360520
2008 Enhanced immune response of DNA vaccine (VP1-pCDNA) adsorbed on cationic PLG for foot and mouth disease in guinea pigs. Virus genes 5 18516668
2008 Differential expression of plg genes from Penicillium griseoroseum: plg1 a pectinolytic gene is expressed in sucrose and yeast extract. Journal of applied microbiology 5 19146495
2001 Detection of the bacteriocin propionicin PLG-1 with polyvalent anti-PLG-1 antiserum. Applied and environmental microbiology 5 11319106
1996 Long-Term Storage Stability of the Bacteriocin Propionicin PLG-1 Produced by Propionibacterium thoenii and Potential as a Food Preservative †. Journal of food protection 5 31159064
1992 Genetic serum protein polymorphisms in Jordanian Arabs: a pilot study of the systems AHSG, BF, F XIII B, GC, PI, PLG and TF. Gene geography : a computerized bulletin on human gene frequencies 5 1299313
2025 Single-cell multi-omics reveals that FABP1 + renal cell carcinoma drive tumor angiogenesis through the PLG-PLAT axis under fatty acid reprogramming. Molecular cancer 4 40518526
2023 MPL36, a major plasminogen (PLG) receptor in pathogenic Leptospira, has an essential role during infection. PLoS pathogens 4 37486929