Affinage

PGLYRP1

Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 · UniProt O75594

Length
196 aa
Mass
21.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 20 papers cited in narrative 20 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PGLYRP1 (Tag7/PGRP-S) is a secreted innate-immunity pattern-recognition protein that bridges direct antibacterial defense and the regulation of inflammatory and cytotoxic signaling (PMID:12649138, PMID:21134971). Stored in neutrophil tertiary granules and also secreted by the lactating mammary gland, it binds gram-positive bacteria and is required intracellularly for the killing and digestion of phagocytosed bacteria rather than for their uptake (PMID:12649138, PMID:21134971). Its crystal structure shows a conserved PGRP fold with a peptidoglycan-binding cleft but lacks the canonical zinc-coordinating residues of amidase-active PGRPs, consistent with a non-catalytic recognition role, and a distinct surface groove serves as an effector/signaling-protein interface (PMID:15769462). A central activity is the assembly of a stable 1:1 cytotoxic complex with Hsp70 that is built intracellularly and secreted via the Golgi; neither protein is cytotoxic alone, but the complex kills tumor cells at subnanomolar concentrations through TNFR1, driving caspase-8/caspase-3 apoptosis or, when apoptosis is blocked, RIP1-dependent necroptosis (PMID:14585845, PMID:26183779). Complex assembly and cytotoxicity are tuned by accessory factors: S100A4/Mts1 disrupts the soluble complex yet is required for lymphocyte-mediated killing of HLA-negative targets, while the Hsp70 co-chaperone HspBP1 abrogates cytotoxicity and protects normal cells (PMID:19666596, PMID:21247889). Independently of Hsp70, PGLYRP1 acts as a ligand for the myeloid receptor TREM-1, propagating proinflammatory signaling—including a TREM1-Syk-Erk1/2-Stat3 axis in microglia that potentiates neuroinflammation—with its N-terminal region engaging TREM-1 and its C-terminal region engaging TNFR1 (PMID:25595774, PMID:38393947, PMID:34681871). PGLYRP1 also operates as an intracellular receptor for the peptidoglycan fragment GMTriP-K, complexing with NOD2 and GEF-H1 at the Golgi to confer protection against experimental colitis (PMID:39984444). Through genetic loss-of-function studies it shapes the host microbiome to influence allergic asthma and restrains CD8+ T cell activation while supporting myeloid proinflammatory function in autoimmunity (PMID:31704882, PMID:37828379).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 17 steps
  1. 2003 High

    Established that mammalian PGRP-S is not just a bacterial sensor but an effector required for intracellular bacterial killing, defining its primary innate-immune function in neutrophils.

    Evidence PGRP-S-/- knockout mice with subcellular fractionation and bacterial killing/phagocytosis assays

    PMID:12649138

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism of intracellular killing not defined
    • Whether killing is direct or via downstream effectors unresolved
  2. 2003 High

    Revealed an unexpected cytotoxic activity: PGLYRP1 partners with Hsp70 to form a complex that kills tumor cells, neither component being toxic alone.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro cytotoxicity, Hsp70 deletion/mutagenesis, secretion-pathway inhibitors

    PMID:14585845

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor on target cells not yet identified
    • Mechanism linking Hsp70 ATPase to cytotoxicity unclear
  3. 2005 High

    Defined the structural basis of ligand recognition and showed PGLYRP1 lacks amidase catalytic residues, framing it as a non-catalytic recognition/signaling protein.

    Evidence 1.70 Å X-ray crystallography with structural comparison and docking

    PMID:15769462

    Open questions at the time
    • Effector groove binding partner not experimentally identified
    • PGN binding inferred from docking, not co-crystal
  4. 2007 High

    Connected the Hsp70 complex to cell-mediated cytotoxicity, showing PGLYRP1 on killer lymphocytes contacts surface-exposed Hsp70 on tumor cells to license FasL/Fas killing.

    Evidence Flow cytometry, competitive peptide inhibition, FasL/Fas blocking, cytotoxicity assays

    PMID:17551095

    Open questions at the time
    • Relationship between this surface-contact mechanism and soluble complex cytotoxicity not fully integrated
  5. 2009 High

    Identified S100A4/Mts1 as a context-dependent regulator with opposite roles in soluble versus cell-mediated cytotoxicity, revealing combinatorial control of the complex.

    Evidence Co-IP, chemical cross-linking, antibody blocking, cell depletion, cytotoxicity assays

    PMID:19666596

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for the dual role not defined
    • How Mts1 levels are regulated in vivo unknown
  6. 2010 High

    Provided in vivo confirmation of direct antibacterial activity and tied protection to TNF-α rather than IFN-γ, distinguishing the effector cytokine dependence.

    Evidence Recombinant protein assays, antibody neutralization, TNF-α-/- and IFN-γ-/- mice, hepatocyte overexpression

    PMID:21134971

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which PGLYRP1 induces TNF-α not defined
    • Receptor mediating cytokine induction unidentified at this stage
  7. 2011 High

    Established HspBP1 as an inhibitory co-chaperone that abrogates complex cytotoxicity, suggesting a safeguard protecting normal cells.

    Evidence Co-IP, cytotoxicity assays, ATP dissociation assays, confocal microscopy, ELISA

    PMID:21247889

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of HspBP1 protection untested
    • Quantitative stoichiometry of regulation unknown
  8. 2013 High

    Showed (via camel ortholog) that PGRP-S binds LPS and fatty acid at two distinct sites and dampens cytokine production, extending recognition beyond gram-positive peptidoglycan.

    Evidence Ternary X-ray crystallography with LPS/stearic acid, SPR, cytokine ELISA

    PMID:23326499

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether human PGLYRP1 uses identical dual sites not directly shown
    • In vivo anti-inflammatory role of dual binding untested
  9. 2015 High

    Identified TREM-1 as a PGLYRP1 receptor and showed multimerization alone activates it, decoupling proinflammatory signaling from bacterial ligands.

    Evidence Co-IP, TREM-1 reporter assays, multimerization constructs

    PMID:25595774

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous multimerization trigger in vivo unknown
    • Downstream signaling not dissected here
  10. 2015 High

    Dissected the death-receptor mechanism of the Hsp70 complex, showing TNFR1-dependent apoptosis with a switch to RIP1 necroptosis and an autoregulatory role for free Tag7.

    Evidence TNFR1 blocking, caspase/RIP1 inhibitors, TNFR1-binding and cytotoxicity assays

    PMID:26183779 PMID:26796882

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of TNFR1 engagement not resolved
    • Necroptosis cascade detail from medium-confidence follow-up
  11. 2015 Medium

    Showed the PGLYRP1–S100A4 complex acts as an NK-cell chemoattractant, adding a recruitment function to its cytotoxic roles.

    Evidence Chemotaxis/migration assays, Co-IP, flow cytometry

    PMID:26654597

    Open questions at the time
    • Chemotactic receptor unidentified
    • In vivo recruitment not demonstrated
  12. 2017 Medium

    Mapped a TREM-1-initiated cytokine cascade in which PGLYRP1 drives monocyte TNFα/IFNγ, IL-2 from CD4+ cells, and non-specific activation of cytotoxic subsets.

    Evidence TREM-1 blocking, cytokine ELISA, flow cytometry, mRNA analysis, cytotoxicity

    PMID:28977785 PMID:33291689

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological context of cascade unclear
    • Single-lab observations
  13. 2021 Medium

    Localized receptor specificity to opposite ends of PGLYRP1—N-terminus to TREM-1, C-terminus to TNFR1—and showed derived peptides are anti-inflammatory in vivo.

    Evidence Peptide-receptor binding, PBMC cytokine assays, mouse acute lung injury model

    PMID:34681871

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural validation of bipartite receptor engagement lacking
    • Therapeutic translation untested beyond model
  14. 2019 High

    Demonstrated that PGLYRP1 shapes host microbiome composition to promote allergic asthma, establishing an indirect, microbiota-mediated mechanism of action.

    Evidence Pglyrp1-/- mice, germ-free colonization transfer, airway resistance, IgE/cytokine, 16S profiling

    PMID:31704882

    Open questions at the time
    • Microbial taxa and metabolites mediating the effect not pinpointed
    • Mechanism by which PGLYRP1 reshapes microbiome unclear
  15. 2023 High

    Resolved opposing cell-intrinsic roles in adaptive/autoimmune contexts: PGLYRP1 inhibits CD8+ T cell effector function while promoting myeloid proinflammatory antigen presentation.

    Evidence Pglyrp1 knockout mice, tumor growth, CD8+ T cell flow cytometry, antigen presentation assays, EAE model

    PMID:37828379

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor/ligand mediating T-cell-intrinsic inhibition not defined
    • How myeloid and T-cell roles are coordinated unknown
  16. 2024 High

    Defined a microglial TREM1-Syk-Erk1/2-Stat3 signaling axis through which PGLYRP1 potentiates reactive gliosis and neuroinflammation.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown, recombinant protein, PGLYRP1-TREM1 Co-IP, pathway inhibitors, animal neuroinflammation models, behavioral assays

    PMID:38393947

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous CNS ligand/trigger of PGLYRP1 release unknown
    • Link to peripheral immune roles unexplored
  17. 2025 High

    Established PGLYRP1 as an intracellular peptidoglycan-fragment receptor that nucleates a NOD2/GEF-H1 complex at the Golgi to drive mucosal protection, defining a distinct organelle-based signaling mode.

    Evidence Co-IP of PGLYRP1-NOD2-GEF-H1, GMTriP-K vs MDP ligand specificity, ER/Golgi localization, PGLYRP1-deficient macrophages, TNBS colitis model

    PMID:39984444

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of GMTriP-K recognition unresolved
    • How ER-resident PGLYRP1 relocates to Golgi upon stimulation unclear

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How PGLYRP1's diverse modes—secreted Hsp70 cytotoxicity, surface TREM-1/TNFR1 signaling, and intracellular NOD2/GEF-H1 peptidoglycan sensing—are coordinated within a single cell or pathway remains unresolved.
  • No unified model linking secreted, surface, and intracellular functions
  • Determinants selecting between cytotoxic versus signaling outputs unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0140299 molecular sensor activity 2 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 1
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 3 GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus 2 GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 1 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2
Partners
ARHGEF2HSPA1AHSPBP1NOD2S100A4TNFRSF1ATREM1
Complex memberships
PGLYRP1-Hsp70 cytotoxic complexPGLYRP1-NOD2-GEF-H1 complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 20 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2003 PGLYRP1 (Tag7/PGRP-S) forms a stable 1:1 complex with Hsp70; neither protein is cytotoxic alone, but the complex induces apoptotic death in tumor cell lines at subnanomolar concentrations. The minimal cytotoxic fragment of Hsp70 maps to residues 450–463 of its peptide-binding domain, and cytotoxicity requires Hsp70 ATPase activity. The complex is assembled intracellularly and secreted via the Golgi apparatus, not by granule exocytosis. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro cytotoxicity assays, Hsp70 deletion/mutagenesis, subcellular fractionation, secretion pathway inhibitors The Journal of Biological Chemistry High 14585845
2003 Mouse PGRP-S (PGLYRP1) is present in neutrophil tertiary granules. PGRP-S-deficient mice show normal phagocytic uptake of gram-positive bacteria but defective intracellular killing and digestion, demonstrating that mammalian PGRP-S functions specifically in intracellular bactericidal activity. PGRP-S-/- knockout mice, subcellular fractionation, bacterial killing assays, phagocytosis assays, cytokine measurements Blood High 12649138
2005 Crystal structure of human PGRP-S (PGLYRP1) determined at 1.70 Å resolution. The structure reveals a conserved PGRP-domain fold similar to Drosophila PGRPs; a PGN-binding cleft was identified by docking, and a PGRP-specific groove on the opposite face is proposed as an effector/signaling protein binding site. Differences from catalytic PGRPs include absence of canonical zinc-coordinating residues, consistent with no amidase activity. X-ray crystallography, structural comparison, computational docking Journal of Molecular Biology High 15769462
2007 PGLYRP1 (Tag7/PGRP-S) is expressed on a subset of CD4+CD25+ lymphokine-activated killer cells and mediates specific contact with Hsp70 exposed on HLA-negative tumor cell surfaces, enabling subsequent FasL/Fas-triggered apoptosis. Tag7-Hsp70 interaction is blocked by minimal peptides from either partner, confirming specificity. Flow cytometry, cell-surface binding assays, competitive peptide inhibition, FasL/Fas blocking antibodies, cytotoxicity assays Blood High 17551095
2009 S100A4/Mts1 (metastasin) prevents assembly of the Tag7 (PGLYRP1)–Hsp70 complex in solution and disrupts pre-formed complexes, thereby inhibiting Tag7-Hsp70 cytotoxicity. Conversely, on CD4+CD25+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, Mts1 co-exposes with Tag7 and FasL, cross-links with Tag7 to the same Hsp70 on target cells, and is required for killing of HLA-negative tumor cells, revealing that Mts1 plays opposite roles in humoral versus cellular cytotoxicity. Co-immunoprecipitation, chemical cross-linking, antibody blocking, selective cell depletion, cytotoxicity assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 19666596
2011 HspBP1 (Hsp70 co-chaperone) binds directly to both Hsp70 and to Tag7 (PGLYRP1). HspBP1 binding eliminates the cytotoxic activity of the Tag7-Hsp70 complex, lowers the ATP concentration required to dissociate Tag7 from Hsp70, and is co-secreted with the Tag7-Hsp70 complex by cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes, suggesting HspBP1 serves as a regulatory inhibitor protecting normal cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro cytotoxicity assays, ATP dissociation assays, confocal microscopy, ELISA The Journal of Biological Chemistry High 21247889
2015 PGLYRP1 complexed with bacterially-derived peptidoglycan constitutes a potent ligand for TREM-1, inducing known TREM-1 signaling functions. Multimerization of PGLYRP1 alone (without peptidoglycan) is sufficient to activate TREM-1, demonstrating that the PGLYRP1/TREM-1 axis can be activated independently of bacterial products. Co-immunoprecipitation, TREM-1 reporter assays, PGLYRP1 multimerization constructs, functional TREM-1 activation assays Journal of Immunology High 25595774
2015 Tag7 (PGLYRP1)–Hsp70 complex induces both apoptosis and necroptosis in tumor cells via TNFR1. Apoptosis proceeds through caspase-8/caspase-3 activation; inhibition of apoptosis switches cells to RIP1-dependent necroptosis. Tag7 alone can bind TNFR1 and inhibit the cytotoxic activity of the Tag7-Hsp70 complex and of TNF-α. TNFR1 blocking antibodies, caspase inhibitors, RIP1 inhibitor (necrostatin), TNFR1-binding assays, cytotoxicity assays with specific pathway inhibitors The Journal of Biological Chemistry High 26183779
2015 PGLYRP1 (Tag7) forms a complex with S100A4/Mts1 that acts as a chemoattractant, inducing chemotactic migration of NK cells preferentially; neutrophils, monocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes can produce this complex. Chemotaxis/migration assays, co-immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry for cell populations Cell Cycle Medium 26654597
2016 Tag7 (PGLYRP1)–Hsp70-induced necroptosis proceeds via TNFR1→RIP1 kinase activation→elevated intracellular Ca2+→calpain activation→lysosomal membrane permeabilization→cathepsin B/D release→mitochondrial membrane depolarization→ROS production. Soluble sTNFR1 binds Tag7 and inhibits RIP1-dependent necroptosis. Specific pathway inhibitors (calpain, cathepsin, ROS scavengers), live-cell imaging of lysosomal/mitochondrial dynamics, sTNFR1 competition assay Biochimie Medium 26796882
2013 Crystal structure of camel PGRP-S (ortholog of human PGLYRP1) in ternary complex with LPS and stearic acid at high resolution reveals two distinct ligand-binding sites: LPS binds at the C-D contact interface (Site-1) forming 13 hydrogen bonds and 159 van der Waals contacts; stearic acid binds at the A-B contact (Site-2). Both ligands bind simultaneously and CPGRP-S reduces LPS/SA-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. X-ray crystallography, surface plasmon resonance, ELISA for cytokines PLoS ONE High 23326499
2017 Tag7 (PGLYRP1) binds to TREM-1 receptors on monocyte surfaces, triggering TNFα and IFNγ mRNA expression. These cytokines then induce IL-2 secretion by CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes, which in turn non-specifically activates three cytotoxic subpopulations (NK CD16+CD56+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+) against MHC-negative tumor cells. TREM-1 blocking antibodies, cytokine ELISA, flow cytometry, mRNA analysis, cytotoxicity assays Journal of Innate Immunity Medium 28977785
2020 Tag7 (PGLYRP1) binds to TREM-1 on monocyte surfaces and triggers TNFα and IFNγ mRNA expression; this signaling requires TREM-1, as demonstrated by receptor blocking experiments. TREM-1 blocking antibodies, cytokine mRNA/protein assays, PBMC co-culture Cells Medium 33291689
2021 Peptides derived from the N-terminal fragment of Tag7 (PGLYRP1) bind specifically to TREM-1, while C-terminal fragment peptides bind specifically to TNFR1. These peptides inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production in PBMCs and reduce lung infiltration in a mouse model of acute lung injury. Peptide-receptor binding assays, cytokine ELISA in PBMCs, mouse ALI model, histopathology International Journal of Molecular Sciences Medium 34681871
2023 Genetic deletion of Pglyrp1 in mice decreases tumor growth and increases CD8+ T cell activation/effector phenotype, indicating an inhibitory function of PGLYRP1 in CD8+ T cells. PGLYRP1-deficient myeloid cells show defects in antigen presentation and T cell activation, indicating a proinflammatory role in myeloid cells during autoimmunity. PGLYRP1 deletion also protects against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Pglyrp1 knockout mice, tumor growth assays, flow cytometry of CD8+ T cells, antigen presentation assays, EAE model Nature Immunology High 37828379
2024 PGLYRP1 is expressed primarily in microglia in inflamed CNS. Recombinant PGLYRP1 potentiates reactive gliosis and neuroinflammation in animal models; shRNA knockdown attenuates this response. PGLYRP1 promotes neuroinflammation via the TREM1-Syk-Erk1/2-Stat3 signaling axis in glial cells, as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation of PGLYRP1 with TREM1 and pathway inhibitor experiments. shRNA knockdown, recombinant protein administration, co-immunoprecipitation (PGLYRP1-TREM1), pathway inhibitors (Syk, Erk1/2, Stat3), animal neuroinflammation models, behavioral assays Cell Reports High 38393947
2010 Mouse PGLYRP-1 exhibits direct antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and other gram-positive bacteria. Administration of anti-PGLYRP1 antibody before infection increases bacterial burden and reduces IFN-γ and TNF-α production; recombinant PGLYRP1 induces TNF-α from spleen cells and enhances intracellular bacterial elimination in hepatocytes overexpressing PGLYRP1. Enhancement of bacterial elimination by rmPGLYRP1 is abrogated in TNF-α-/- mice but not IFN-γ-/- mice. Recombinant protein antibacterial assay, antibody neutralization in vivo, cytokine ELISA, overexpression in hepatocyte cells, TNF-α and IFN-γ knockout mice Infection and Immunity High 21134971
2019 Pglyrp1 knockout mice show altered intestinal and respiratory microbiomes; microbiota from Pglyrp1-/- mice transferred to germ-free wild-type mice confers decreased responsiveness to allergic asthma, demonstrating that PGLYRP1 enhances allergic asthma primarily through its effect on the host intestinal microbiome. Pglyrp1-/- knockout mice, germ-free mouse colonization, airway resistance measurements, IgE and cytokine assays, 16S rRNA microbiome profiling Journal of Immunology High 31704882
2025 PGLYRP1 functions as an intracellular receptor for the disaccharide motif of lysine N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylmuramic tripeptide (GMTriP-K) but not muramyl dipeptide (MDP). In macrophages, intracellular PGLYRP1 complexes with NOD2 and GEF-H1, both required for GMTriP-K-regulated gene expression. PGLYRP1 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and interacts with NOD2 at the Golgi upon GMTriP-K stimulation. PGLYRP1 activation by GMTriP-K protects mice from TNBS-induced colitis. Co-immunoprecipitation (PGLYRP1-NOD2-GEF-H1 complex), ligand-binding assays (GMTriP-K vs. MDP specificity), subcellular fractionation/live imaging (ER and Golgi localization), PGLYRP1-deficient macrophages, TNBS colitis mouse model Nature Communications High 39984444
2004 PGLYRP1 (PGRP-S) is isolated from camel milk secreted by the lactating mammary gland, demonstrating expression outside neutrophils. The protein binds lactic acid bacteria and gram-positive bacteria with affinity comparable to human and murine orthologs. At high concentration it forms a homotrimer. Protein isolation/chromatography, bacterial binding assays, N-terminal sequencing, mass spectrometry, RT-PCR of mammary gland mRNA Journal of Dairy Science Medium 15328291

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Requirement for a peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) in Relish activation and antibacterial immune responses in Drosophila. Science (New York, N.Y.) 471 11872802
2006 The Drosophila amidase PGRP-LB modulates the immune response to bacterial infection. Immunity 370 16618604
2014 PGRP-SC2 promotes gut immune homeostasis to limit commensal dysbiosis and extend lifespan. Cell 356 24439372
2006 PGRP-LC and PGRP-LE have essential yet distinct functions in the drosophila immune response to monomeric DAP-type peptidoglycan. Nature immunology 300 16767093
2004 Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs). Molecular immunology 285 14698226
2006 The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs). Genome biology 272 16930467
2011 Negative regulation by amidase PGRPs shapes the Drosophila antibacterial response and protects the fly from innocuous infection. Immunity 228 22118526
2004 Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)-LE and PGRP-LC act synergistically in Drosophila immunity. The EMBO journal 224 15538387
2004 Function of the drosophila pattern-recognition receptor PGRP-SD in the detection of Gram-positive bacteria. Nature immunology 198 15448690
2012 Peptidoglycan sensing by the receptor PGRP-LE in the Drosophila gut induces immune responses to infectious bacteria and tolerance to microbiota. Cell host & microbe 181 22901536
2010 Review: Mammalian peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) in innate immunity. Innate immunity 162 20418257
2005 Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein LC (PGRP-LC) acts as a signal-transducing innate immune receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 161 15657141
2003 Defect in neutrophil killing and increased susceptibility to infection with nonpathogenic gram-positive bacteria in peptidoglycan recognition protein-S (PGRP-S)-deficient mice. Blood 155 12649138
2009 Interactions between mutualist Wigglesworthia and tsetse peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-LB) influence trypanosome transmission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 154 19587241
2003 Functional diversity of the Drosophila PGRP-LC gene cluster in the response to lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. The Journal of biological chemistry 141 12777387
2013 Ecdysone triggered PGRP-LC expression controls Drosophila innate immunity. The EMBO journal 139 23652443
2015 Cutting Edge: identification of neutrophil PGLYRP1 as a ligand for TREM-1. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 134 25595774
2008 The Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-LF blocks PGRP-LC and IMD/JNK pathway activation. Cell host & microbe 129 18474356
2012 Tissue- and ligand-specific sensing of gram-negative infection in drosophila by PGRP-LC isoforms and PGRP-LE. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 127 22772451
2006 PGRP-SB1: an N-acetylmuramoyl L-alanine amidase with antibacterial activity. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 120 17046713
2006 The peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-SC1a is essential for Toll signaling and phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus in Drosophila. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 16407137
2006 Mammalian PGRPs: novel antibacterial proteins. Cellular microbiology 100 16819960
2006 Sensing of Gram-positive bacteria in Drosophila: GNBP1 is needed to process and present peptidoglycan to PGRP-SA. The EMBO journal 88 17024181
2011 Drosophila immunity: analysis of PGRP-SB1 expression, enzymatic activity and function. PloS one 81 21364998
2016 PGRP-SD, an Extracellular Pattern-Recognition Receptor, Enhances Peptidoglycan-Mediated Activation of the Drosophila Imd Pathway. Immunity 78 27851910
2004 Crystal structure of the Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)-SA at 1.56 A resolution. Journal of molecular biology 76 15223330
2005 Crystal structure of human peptidoglycan recognition protein S (PGRP-S) at 1.70 A resolution. Journal of molecular biology 74 15769462
2009 Taming the symbiont for coexistence: a host PGRP neutralizes a bacterial symbiont toxin. Environmental microbiology 71 21966913
2012 PGRP-LB is a maternally transmitted immune milk protein that influences symbiosis and parasitism in tsetse's offspring. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 70 22689989
2008 Crystal structure of Drosophila PGRP-SD suggests binding to DAP-type but not lysine-type peptidoglycan. Molecular immunology 69 18304640
2003 Peptidoglycan recognition protein tag7 forms a cytotoxic complex with heat shock protein 70 in solution and in lymphocytes. The Journal of biological chemistry 65 14585845
2006 Molecular cloning and mRNA expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) gene in bay scallop (Argopecten irradians, Lamarck 1819). Developmental and comparative immunology 64 17064771
2010 Extracellular and intracellular pathogen recognition by Drosophila PGRP-LE and PGRP-LC. International immunology 61 20089584
2004 Expression of the peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP, in the lactating mammary gland. Journal of dairy science 54 15328291
2013 Functional analysis of PGRP-LA in Drosophila immunity. PloS one 52 23922788
2008 Infection-induced proteolysis of PGRP-LC controls the IMD activation and melanization cascades in Drosophila. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 51 18308747
2003 NMR structure of Citrobacter freundii AmpD, comparison with bacteriophage T7 lysozyme and homology with PGRP domains. Journal of molecular biology 51 12654266
2015 The Innate Immune Receptor PGRP-LC Controls Presynaptic Homeostatic Plasticity. Neuron 47 26687223
2015 Tag7 (PGLYRP1) in Complex with Hsp70 Induces Alternative Cytotoxic Processes in Tumor Cells via TNFR1 Receptor. The Journal of biological chemistry 46 26183779
1998 Molecular cloning and characterization of the mouse tag7 gene encoding a novel cytokine. The Journal of biological chemistry 46 9660837
2007 Short and long peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) in zebrafish, with findings of multiple PGRP homologs in teleost fish. Molecular immunology 43 17296228
2010 Molecular cloning and characterization of a short peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-S) with antibacterial activity from the bumblebee Bombus ignitus. Developmental and comparative immunology 41 20447414
2001 The cloning of a rat peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) and its induction in brain by sleep deprivation. Cytokine 41 11145837
2019 Weevil pgrp-lb prevents endosymbiont TCT dissemination and chronic host systemic immune activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 37 30819893
2016 Effect of cooperation of chaperones and gene dosage on the expression of porcine PGLYRP-1 in Pichia pastoris. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 34 26883349
2011 Molecular cloning and mRNA expression of two peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) genes from mollusk Solen grandis. Fish & shellfish immunology 33 22119574
2022 Compartmentalized PGRP expression along the dipteran Bactrocera dorsalis gut forms a zone of protection for symbiotic bacteria. Cell reports 32 36260997
2019 Regulation of PGLYRP1 and TREM-1 during Progression and Resolution of Gingival Inflammation. JDR clinical and translational research 32 31013451
2010 Peptidoglycan activation of the proPO-system without a peptidoglycan receptor protein (PGRP)? Developmental and comparative immunology 32 20713082
2004 Recognition of infectious non-self and activation of immune responses by peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)-family members in Drosophila. Developmental and comparative immunology 32 12969795
1996 [Cloning of the tag7 gene expressed in metastatic mouse tumors]. Genetika 32 8755036
2010 Mouse peptidoglycan recognition protein PGLYRP-1 plays a role in the host innate immune response against Listeria monocytogenes infection. Infection and immunity 31 21134971
2018 PGRP-LB homolog acts as a negative modulator of immunity in maintaining the gut-microbe symbiosis of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier. Developmental and comparative immunology 29 29715482
2016 Molecular and functional characterization of peptidoglycan-recognition protein SC2 (PGRP-SC2) from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) involved in the immune response to Streptococcus agalactiae. Fish & shellfish immunology 29 27033804
2007 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes carrying a pattern recognition protein Tag7 can detect evasive, HLA-negative but Hsp70-exposing tumor cells, thereby ensuring FasL/Fas-mediated contact killing. Blood 28 17551095
2016 The Tag7-Hsp70 cytotoxic complex induces tumor cell necroptosis via permeabilisation of lysosomes and mitochondria. Biochimie 27 26796882
2015 Downregulation of the Musca domestica peptidoglycan recognition protein SC (PGRP-SC) leads to overexpression of antimicrobial peptides and tardy pupation. Molecular immunology 27 26296288
2023 Targeting PGLYRP1 promotes antitumor immunity while inhibiting autoimmune neuroinflammation. Nature immunology 26 37828379
2015 A new role for PGRP-S (Tag7) in immune defense: lymphocyte migration is induced by a chemoattractant complex of Tag7 with Mts1. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 25 26654597
2014 Identification and characterization of a QM protein as a possible peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) from the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Developmental and comparative immunology 25 24736204
2011 Bovine PGLYRP1 polymorphisms and their association with resistance to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Animal genetics 25 21749417
2017 20-Hydroxyecdysone activates PGRP-SA mediated immune response in Locusta migratoria. Developmental and comparative immunology 24 28254619
2017 Innate Immunity Protein Tag7 Induces 3 Distinct Populations of Cytotoxic Cells That Use Different Mechanisms to Exhibit Their Antitumor Activity on Human Leukocyte Antigen-Deficient Cancer Cells. Journal of innate immunity 24 28977785
2017 Molecular cloning and analysis of PGRP-L1 and IMD from silkworm Bombyx mori. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology 24 29066397
2009 Opposite roles of metastasin (S100A4) in two potentially tumoricidal mechanisms involving human lymphocyte protein Tag7 and Hsp70. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 23 19666596
2020 Gut microbiota is essential in PGRP-LA regulated immune protection against Plasmodium berghei infection. Parasites & vectors 22 31907025
2017 Staphylococcus aureus Promotes Smed-PGRP-2/Smed-setd8-1 Methyltransferase Signalling in Planarian Neoblasts to Sensitize Anti-bacterial Gene Responses During Re-infection. EBioMedicine 22 28456423
2003 The differentially spliced mouse tagL gene, homolog of tag7/PGRP gene family in mammals and Drosophila, can recognize Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell wall independently of T phage lysozyme homology domain. Journal of molecular biology 22 12559914
2013 The first evidence of positive selection in peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) genes of Crassostrea gigas. Fish & shellfish immunology 21 23416224
2005 Phase I/II trial of gene therapy with autologous tumor cells modified with tag7/PGRP-S gene in patients with disseminated solid tumors: miscellaneous tumors. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology 21 15598955
2024 The microglial innate immune protein PGLYRP1 mediates neuroinflammation and consequent behavioral changes. Cell reports 20 38393947
2019 An immune-responsive PGRP-S1 regulates the expression of antibacterial peptide genes in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). International journal of biological macromolecules 20 31593730
2018 Serum PGLYRP‑1 is a highly discriminatory biomarker for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Molecular medicine reports 19 30431075
2014 The nonaspanins TM9SF2 and TM9SF4 regulate the plasma membrane localization and signalling activity of the peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-LC in Drosophila. Journal of innate immunity 19 25139117
2011 The heat shock-binding protein (HspBP1) protects cells against the cytotoxic action of the Tag7-Hsp70 complex. The Journal of biological chemistry 19 21247889
2007 Three peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) genes encoding potential amidase from eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology 19 17689997
2020 Tenebrio molitor PGRP-LE Plays a Critical Role in Gut Antimicrobial Peptide Production in Response to Escherichia coli. Frontiers in physiology 18 32372972
2019 Molecular and functional characterization of a short-type peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP-S in the amphibian Xenopus laevis. Developmental and comparative immunology 18 30980872
2018 FasL on the surface of Tag7 (PGRP-S)-activated lymphocytes induces necroptosis in HLA-negative tumor cells with the involvement of lysosomes and mitochondria. Biochimie 18 30103900
2021 Protein PGLYRP1/Tag7 Peptides Decrease the Proinflammatory Response in Human Blood Cells and Mouse Model of Diffuse Alveolar Damage of Lung through Blockage of the TREM-1 and TNFR1 Receptors. International journal of molecular sciences 17 34681871
2018 A Balancing Act: PGRPs Preserve and Protect. Cell host & microbe 17 29447691
2021 PGRP-LB: An Inside View into the Mechanism of the Amidase Reaction. International journal of molecular sciences 16 34066955
2020 Cytokines TNFα, IFNγ and IL-2 Are Responsible for Signal Transmission from the Innate Immunity Protein Tag7 (PGLYRP1) to Cytotoxic Effector Lymphocytes. Cells 16 33291689
2023 Peptidoglycan recognition protein SC (PGRP-SC) shapes gut microbiota richness, diversity and composition by modulating immunity in the house fly Musca domestica. Insect molecular biology 15 36522831
2022 Drosophila Relish-mediated miR-317 expression facilitates immune homeostasis restoration via inhibiting PGRP-LC. European journal of immunology 15 36155909
2021 Circulating PGLYRP1 Levels as a Potential Biomarker for Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 15 33760799
2010 Unexpected deeds of familiar proteins: Interplay of Hsp70, PGRP-S/Tag7 and S100A4/Mts1 in host vs. cancer combat. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 15 20107319
2004 Immunotherapy with autologous tumor cells engineered to secrete Tag7/PGRP, an innate immunity recognition molecule. The journal of gene medicine 15 15241787
2025 PGLYRP1-mediated intracellular peptidoglycan detection promotes intestinal mucosal protection. Nature communications 14 39984444
2019 Functional characterization of short-type peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) from silkworm Bombyx mori in innate immunity. Developmental and comparative immunology 14 30708025
2019 The Pglyrp1-Regulated Microbiome Enhances Experimental Allergic Asthma. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 14 31704882
2017 Inhibition of a NF-κB/Diap1 Pathway by PGRP-LF Is Required for Proper Apoptosis during Drosophila Development. PLoS genetics 14 28085885
2013 Structural insights into the dual strategy of recognition by peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP-S: structure of the ternary complex of PGRP-S with lipopolysaccharide and stearic acid. PloS one 14 23326499
2009 Mammalian PGRPs in the spotlight. Cell host & microbe 14 19218081
2018 Involvement of a short-type peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) from Chinese giant salamanders Andrias davidianus in the immune response against bacterial infection. Developmental and comparative immunology 13 30017855
2016 PGRP negatively regulates NOD-mediated cytokine production in rainbow trout liver cells. Scientific reports 13 27991595
2010 Molecular evolution of the three short PGRPs of the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis in East Africa. BMC evolutionary biology 13 20067637
2019 The modulation of the TREM-1/PGLYRP1/MMP-8 axis in peri-implant diseases. Clinical oral investigations 12 31444693
2017 The gram-negative sensing receptor PGRP-LC contributes to grooming induction in Drosophila. PloS one 12 29121087
2012 Roles of peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) in immunity and implications for novel anti-infective measures. Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression 12 23140167

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