Affinage

PARP9

Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP9 · UniProt Q8IXQ6

Length
854 aa
Mass
96.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-29
100 papers in source corpus 16 papers cited in narrative 15 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PARP9 is a macrodomain-containing mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase that functions as an obligate heterodimer with the E3 ubiquitin ligase DTX3L to coordinate ADP-ribosylation and ubiquitin signaling in interferon responses and DNA damage repair. The DTX3L–PARP9 complex ADP-ribosylates ubiquitin at Gly76, which precludes substrate ubiquitylation and restrains DTX3L E3 ligase activity, while poly(ADP-ribose) binding by PARP9 macrodomains reciprocally enhances DTX3L E3 function (PMID:28525742, PMID:35037691). PARP9 opposes PARP14-mediated ADP-ribosylation of STAT1 to promote STAT1 phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory gene expression in IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages, and its macrodomain 1 hydrolyzes PARP14-deposited ADP-ribose to regulate PARP14 protein levels and activity during interferon signaling (PMID:27796300, PMID:38834853). PARP9 is recruited to DNA damage sites in a PARP1/PAR-dependent manner where it facilitates DTX3L-mediated ubiquitylation and subsequent 53BP1/BRCA1 recruitment (PMID:23230272), and independently acts as a non-canonical viral dsRNA sensor that activates PI3K/AKT3–IRF3/IRF7-dependent type I interferon production (PMID:33976210).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 9 steps
  1. 2006 Medium

    Establishing that PARP9 and DTX3L are co-regulated from a shared bidirectional IFN-γ-responsive promoter and that DTX3L controls PARP9 subcellular localization answered how these two functionally linked genes achieve coordinated expression and spatial coupling.

    Evidence Promoter reporter assays, subcellular fractionation, and inducible overexpression with gene expression profiling in human cells

    PMID:16809771

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which DTX3L relocates PARP9 not defined
    • No direct enzymatic activity of PARP9 characterized at this stage
  2. 2012 High

    Demonstrating PARP1/PAR-dependent recruitment of PARP9 to DNA damage sites, where DTX3L-mediated ubiquitylation promotes 53BP1 and BRCA1 recruitment independently of ATM/MDC1/RNF8, established PARP9 as a reader-effector bridging PARylation to ubiquitin-dependent DNA repair.

    Evidence Laser micro-irradiation with live imaging, co-IP, siRNA knockdown, epistasis with ATM/MDC1/RNF8 pathway inhibitors

    PMID:23230272

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct ubiquitin substrate at damage sites not identified
    • Contribution of PARP9 catalytic activity versus scaffolding at damage sites unclear
  3. 2013 Medium

    Identifying physical interactions between PARP9 macrodomains and STAT1 isoforms, and showing that PARP9 promotes STAT1 phosphorylation while repressing IRF1 and enhancing BCL6, placed PARP9 within JAK-STAT signaling in lymphoma cells.

    Evidence Co-IP, immunofluorescence, siRNA knockdown, overexpression in DLBCL cell lines

    PMID:23487038 PMID:24886089

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PARP9–STAT1 interaction is direct or ADP-ribose-bridged was not fully resolved
    • PARP9-specific enzymatic contribution versus DTX3L/PARP14 contribution not separated
  4. 2016 High

    Showing that PARP9 and PARP14 have opposing roles on STAT1—PARP14 ADP-ribosylates STAT1 to suppress its phosphorylation while PARP9 counteracts this modification—resolved the mechanism by which PARP9 promotes pro-inflammatory macrophage activation.

    Evidence siRNA silencing in primary macrophages, ADP-ribosylation and phosphorylation assays, site-directed mutagenesis of STAT1 modification sites

    PMID:27796300

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PARP9 removes ADP-ribose enzymatically or blocks PARP14 access was not distinguished
    • In vivo validation in animal models not performed
  5. 2017 High

    Reconstituting the DTX3L–PARP9 complex in vitro and demonstrating NAD+-dependent mono-ADP-ribosylation of ubiquitin Gly76—which blocks substrate ubiquitylation—defined the first catalytic product of the heterodimer and revealed a novel cross-talk between ADP-ribosylation and ubiquitin signaling.

    Evidence Reconstituted in vitro ubiquitination and ADP-ribosylation assays with site-directed mutagenesis and PAR-binding assays

    PMID:28525742

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological substrates whose ubiquitylation is regulated by Gly76 ADP-ribosylation not identified
    • Structural basis for dual catalytic activity not resolved
  6. 2021 High

    Discovering that PARP9 directly binds viral dsRNA and activates a PI3K/AKT3–IRF3/IRF7 axis for type I IFN production independently of MAVS revealed an unexpected innate immune sensor function for PARP9 beyond its ADP-ribosyltransferase role.

    Evidence RNA pulldown, PARP9-KO mouse model with RNA virus challenge, siRNA knockdown, phosphorylation site mapping, PI3K/AKT3 inhibitor epistasis

    PMID:33976210

    Open questions at the time
    • RNA-binding domain within PARP9 not mapped
    • Whether RNA sensing requires DTX3L partnership not tested
    • Structural basis for dsRNA recognition unknown
  7. 2021 High

    Establishing that IFN-induced ADP-ribosylation of host proteins depends on PARP9/DTX3L and is reversed by the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 macrodomain, while being dispensable for IFN signaling itself, positioned PARP9/DTX3L-dependent ADP-ribosylation as an antiviral effector mechanism rather than a signal transduction component.

    Evidence CRISPR KO cell lines, immunofluorescence-based ADP-ribosylation assay, ectopic Nsp3 macrodomain expression, IFN signaling reporters

    PMID:34358560

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of host protein targets of PARP9/DTX3L-dependent ADP-ribosylation not comprehensively defined
    • Whether antiviral effect operates through ADP-ribosylation of viral proteins in addition to host proteins not tested
  8. 2022 High

    Mapping the DTX3L D3 domain as the nanomolar-affinity interface for PARP9 and showing reversibility of Gly76 ADP-ribosylation by macrodomain hydrolases provided the biochemical architecture and regulatory logic of the heterodimer.

    Evidence Recombinant protein reconstitution, binding affinity measurements, size-exclusion chromatography, de-ADP-ribosylation assays

    PMID:35037691

    Open questions at the time
    • High-resolution structure of the full DTX3L–PARP9 complex not determined
    • Physiological hydrolase responsible for reversing Gly76 modification in cells not identified
  9. 2024 High

    Demonstrating that PARP14 is the major IFN-induced ADP-ribosyltransferase and that PARP9 macrodomain 1 hydrolyzes PARP14-deposited ADP-ribose to regulate PARP14 levels clarified that PARP9 functions as both a reader and eraser of ADP-ribosylation, providing a unified model for PARP9–PARP14 antagonism.

    Evidence CRISPR KO, ADP-ribosylation proteomics, macrodomain hydrolysis assays, immunofluorescence of cytoplasmic inclusions

    PMID:38182103 PMID:38834852 PMID:38834853

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for macrodomain 1 hydrolase specificity versus macrodomain 2 not resolved
    • Whether PARP9 hydrolase activity is regulated by post-translational modifications unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A comprehensive structural model of the full-length DTX3L–PARP9 heterodimer, the physiological substrates whose ubiquitylation is governed by Gly76 ADP-ribosylation, and the RNA-binding determinants underlying PARP9's innate immune sensor function remain to be established.
  • No high-resolution structure of full DTX3L–PARP9 complex
  • Comprehensive identification of in vivo substrates of Gly76 ADP-ribosylation lacking
  • RNA-binding domain/motif in PARP9 not mapped

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 2 GO:0003723 RNA binding 1 GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005694 chromosome 1
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 1
Partners
AKT3DTX3LIRF3IRF7PARP1PARP14STAT1
Complex memberships
DTX3L–PARP9 heterodimer

Evidence

Reading pass · 15 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2015 PARP9 forms a complex with DTX3L (BBAP) that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase; this complex acts on host histone H2BJ to promote interferon-stimulated gene expression and on viral 3C proteases to degrade them via the immunoproteasome, providing a double layer of antiviral immunity. Co-immunoprecipitation, transgenic mouse model, transduced human cells, functional rescue assays Nature immunology High 26479788
2016 PARP9 and PARP14 have opposing roles in macrophage activation: PARP14 induces ADP-ribosylation of STAT1, which suppresses its phosphorylation, while PARP9 suppresses this PARP14-dependent ADP-ribosylation, thereby promoting STAT1 phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory gene expression in IFNγ-stimulated macrophages. Mutations at the PARP14 ADP-ribosylation sites on STAT1 lead to increased phosphorylation. siRNA silencing in primary macrophages, global proteomic analysis, ADP-ribosylation assays, phosphorylation assays, site-directed mutagenesis Nature communications High 27796300
2017 The DTX3L/PARP9 heterodimer mediates NAD+-dependent mono-ADP-ribosylation of ubiquitin at its C-terminal Gly76 residue exclusively in the context of ubiquitin processing by E1 and E2 enzymes; this ADP-ribosylation of Gly76 precludes ubiquitylation of substrates. Poly(ADP-ribose) binding to PARP9 macrodomains increases the E3 ligase activity of DTX3L, while PARP9 ADP-ribosylation activity restrains DTX3L E3 function. In vitro ADP-ribosylation assay, site-directed mutagenesis of NAD+-binding site, reconstituted ubiquitination assay, PAR-binding assays Molecular cell High 28525742
2012 PARP9 (BAL1) is recruited to DNA damage sites in a PARP1-dependent and PAR-dependent manner; once recruited, its partner E3 ligase BBAP (DTX3L) mediates local ubiquitylation, promoting subsequent recruitment of 53BP1 and BRCA1. This pathway limits DNA damage and enhances cellular viability independently of ATM, MDC1, and RNF8. Laser micro-irradiation with live imaging, co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown with DNA damage assays (γH2AX foci), epistasis with ATM/MDC1/RNF8 inhibitors Molecular and cellular biology High 23230272
2013 PARP9 (BAL1/ARTD9) physically interacts with both STAT1α and STAT1β through its macrodomains in an ADP-ribosylation-dependent manner, stimulates phosphorylation of both STAT1 isoforms at Y701, promotes nuclear accumulation of the transcriptionally repressive isoform STAT1β, and together with STAT1β directly represses IRF1 expression while enhancing IRF2 and BCL6 expression in DLBCL. Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, siRNA knockdown, overexpression experiments in DLBCL cell lines Journal of cell science Medium 23487038
2013 DTX3L (BBAP) forms a complex with PARP9 (ARTD9) and PARP14 (ARTD8); these three proteins physically interact and together mediate proliferation, chemoresistance, and survival of metastatic prostate cancer cells. DTX3L and PARP9 act together as repressors of tumor suppressor IRF1. Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, siRNA knockdown with cell viability and migration assays Molecular cancer Medium 24886089
2021 PARP9 serves as a non-canonical RNA sensor in dendritic cells; it directly binds viral double-stranded RNA and recruits and activates the PI3K/AKT3 pathway independently of MAVS. PI3K/AKT3 then activates IRF3 (at Ser385) and IRF7 (at Ser437/438) to drive type I IFN production. PARP9-deficient mice show enhanced susceptibility to RNA virus infection due to impaired type I IFN production. RNA pulldown/binding assay, KO mouse model with viral infection, siRNA knockdown, phosphorylation site mapping, PI3K/AKT3 inhibitor epistasis Nature communications High 33976210
2021 IFN-induced ADP-ribosylation of host proteins is dependent on PARP9 and its binding partner DTX3L; the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 macrodomain reverses this PARP9/DTX3L-dependent ADP-ribosylation. Deletion of PARP9 or DTX3L does not impair IFN signaling or induction of IFN-responsive genes, indicating PARP9/DTX3L-dependent ADP-ribosylation acts as a downstream effector rather than a regulator of IFN signaling. Immunofluorescence-based ADP-ribosylation assay, CRISPR KO cell lines, ectopic expression of Nsp3 macrodomain, IFN signaling reporter assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 34358560
2022 The DTX3L D3 domain (residues 230–510) mediates interaction with PARP9 with nanomolar affinity and apparent 1:1 stoichiometry; the DTX3L N-terminal region (residues 1–200) mediates higher-order oligomeric assembly of the DTX3L-PARP9 complex. ADP-ribosylation of ubiquitin at Gly76 by DTX3L-PARP9 is reversible in vitro by macrodomain-type hydrolases. Recombinant protein reconstitution, binding affinity measurements, size-exclusion chromatography, in vitro ADP-ribosylation and de-ADP-ribosylation assays The Biochemical journal High 35037691
2024 PARP14 is the major enzyme responsible for IFN-induced ADP-ribosylation; the PARP9/DTX3L complex regulates PARP14 protein levels via post-translational mechanisms and through the hydrolytic activity of PARP9 macrodomain 1. Both PARP9/DTX3L and PARP14 localize to IFNγ-induced cytoplasmic inclusions containing ADP-ribosylated proteins. PARP14 itself and DTX3L are likely targets of PARP14 ADP-ribosylation, and these modifications are reversed by the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 macrodomain. Immunofluorescence, CRISPR KO, ADP-ribosylation proteomics, Western blotting, macrodomain hydrolysis assays The EMBO journal High 38834852 38834853
2024 KH-like domains present in PARP9 and DTX3L mediate protein-protein interactions between PARP9-DTX3L and between PARP14-DTX3L; homodimerization of DTX3L is also coordinated by a KH-like domain and disrupted by site-specific mutation. Interaction of DTX3L with PARP14 in vitro suppresses PARP14 auto-ADP-ribosylation and promotes trans-ADP-ribosylation of PARP9 and DTX3L. Site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro binding assays, ADP-ribosylation assays, siRNA knockdown with cell survival assays Journal of molecular biology Medium 38182103
2006 PARP9 (BAL1) and BBAP (DTX3L) are regulated by a bidirectional, IFNγ-responsive promoter on chromosome 3q21; BBAP regulates the subcellular localization of PARP9 through a dynamic shuttling mechanism, demonstrating functional requirement for coordinated BBAP-PARP9 expression. Doxycycline-induced PARP9 overexpression increases expression of multiple IFN-stimulated genes, directly implicating PARP9 in the IFN signaling pathway. Promoter reporter assays, subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescence, doxycycline-inducible overexpression system with gene expression profiling Molecular and cellular biology Medium 16809771
2008 PARP9 (Parp-9) gene lies head-to-head and shares its promoter with the gene encoding its partner Bbap on chromosome 16B3 in mice; Parp-9 is developmentally regulated and prominently expressed in the thymus and specific regions of the brain and gut, with highest adult expression in thymus and intestine. In situ hybridization, quantitative RT-PCR during mouse development, Northern blotting Developmental dynamics Medium 18069692
2019 In IFNγ-stimulated macrophages, both PARP9 (ARTD9) and PARP14 (ARTD8) themselves undergo ADP-ribosylation, as detected by mass spectrometry; IFNγ treatment increases the ADP-ribosylation status of PARP9. Mass spectrometry-based ADP-ribosylome analysis using Af1521 enrichment and 10H antibody enrichment with EThcD/HCD activation Journal of proteome research Medium 30848916
2018 PARP9 knockdown inhibits breast cancer cell migration, indicating PARP9 promotes cellular migration. siRNA knockdown with transwell migration assay Oncology letters Low 30128030

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2008 Smoking increases peptidylarginine deiminase 2 enzyme expression in human lungs and increases citrullination in BAL cells. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 413 18413445
2003 Exosomes with major histocompatibility complex class II and co-stimulatory molecules are present in human BAL fluid. The European respiratory journal 292 14582906
2016 PARP9 and PARP14 cross-regulate macrophage activation via STAT1 ADP-ribosylation. Nature communications 233 27796300
2015 PARP9-DTX3L ubiquitin ligase targets host histone H2BJ and viral 3C protease to enhance interferon signaling and control viral infection. Nature immunology 185 26479788
2017 Ubiquitin Modification by the E3 Ligase/ADP-Ribosyltransferase Dtx3L/Parp9. Molecular cell 173 28525742
2004 Predictive value of BAL cell differentials in the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases. The European respiratory journal 136 15572545
1998 Inflammatory cytokines in BAL fluid and pulmonary hemodynamics in high-altitude pulmonary edema. Respiration physiology 118 9628235
2003 BAL findings in idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia. The European respiratory journal 111 12952254
2002 Increased levels of interleukin-8 in BAL fluid from smokers susceptible to pulmonary emphysema. Thorax 111 11978916
2000 BAL is a novel risk-related gene in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas that enhances cellular migration. Blood 104 11110709
2006 BAL1 and BBAP are regulated by a gamma interferon-responsive bidirectional promoter and are overexpressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with a prominent inflammatory infiltrate. Molecular and cellular biology 103 16809771
2012 BAL1 and its partner E3 ligase, BBAP, link Poly(ADP-ribose) activation, ubiquitylation, and double-strand DNA repair independent of ATM, MDC1, and RNF8. Molecular and cellular biology 97 23230272
2014 DTX3L and ARTD9 inhibit IRF1 expression and mediate in cooperation with ARTD8 survival and proliferation of metastatic prostate cancer cells. Molecular cancer 95 24886089
2021 Identification of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 9 (PARP9) as a noncanonical sensor for RNA virus in dendritic cells. Nature communications 92 33976210
2021 The SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 macrodomain reverses PARP9/DTX3L-dependent ADP-ribosylation induced by interferon signaling. The Journal of biological chemistry 92 34358560
2011 Glycolytic rate and lymphomagenesis depend on PARP14, an ADP ribosyltransferase of the B aggressive lymphoma (BAL) family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 21911376
1996 Increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor A and insulin-like growth factor-I in BAL cells during the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Chest 90 8617091
1999 Cytokine profiles of BAL T cells and T-cell clones obtained from human asthmatic airways after local allergen challenge. Allergy 81 10536887
1994 Immunophenotyping of eosinophils recovered from blood and BAL of allergic asthmatics. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 80 8306028
2009 Diagnosis of histoplasmosis by antigen detection in BAL fluid. Chest 79 19837826
2013 CCL18 in serum, BAL fluid and alveolar macrophage culture supernatant in interstitial lung diseases. Respiratory medicine 75 23831213
2014 Distribution of T-cell subsets in BAL fluid of patients with mild to moderate COPD depends on current smoking status and not airway obstruction. Chest 72 24264182
2005 DNA concentrations in BAL fluid of cystic fibrosis patients with early lung disease: influence of treatment with dornase alpha. Pediatric pulmonology 69 15532079
1999 Persistent high BAL fluid granulocyte activation marker levels as early indicators of bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplant. The European respiratory journal 69 10596701
1995 Alveolar macrophage TNF-alpha release and BAL cell phenotypes in sarcoidosis. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 69 7663784
1979 Extracellular nucleases of Alteromonas espejiana BAL 31.IV. The single strand-specific deoxyriboendonuclease activity as a probe for regions of altered secondary structure in negatively and positively supercoiled closed circular DNA. Nucleic acids research 69 424296
2002 Diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis using polymerase chain reaction-based detection of aspergillus in BAL. Chest 62 11948049
2013 BAL1/ARTD9 represses the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic IFNγ-STAT1-IRF1-p53 axis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Journal of cell science 61 23487038
2000 Soluble form of fas and fas ligand in BAL fluid from patients with pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 58 10936140
2019 pLoc_bal-mAnimal: predict subcellular localization of animal proteins by balancing training dataset and PseAAC. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 57 30010789
2018 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis express a complex pro-inflammatory, pro-repair, angiogenic activation pattern, likely associated with macrophage iron accumulation. PloS one 56 29649237
2007 BAL neutrophils, serum procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein to predict bacterial infection in the immunocompromised host. Chest 55 17573524
1996 The balance of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at paediatric cardiac surgery. Cytokine 54 8932984
2019 Long noncoding RNA SNHG16 promotes the tumorigenicity of cervical cancer cells by recruiting transcriptional factor SPI1 to upregulate PARP9. Cell biology international 53 31774223
1999 Assessment of hazardous dust exposure by BAL and induced sputum. Chest 52 10378572
1988 Bronchoalveolar lavage in the normal volunteer subject. 2. Safety and results of repeated BAL, and use in the assessment of intrasubject variability. Chest 50 3396404
2000 Quantification of cytomegalovirus DNA in BAL fluid: a longitudinal study in lung transplant recipients. Chest 47 11115455
1980 Chelation of cadmium with BAL and DTPA in rats. Nature 47 7432504
2007 Small airways dysfunction and neutrophilic inflammation in bronchial biopsies and BAL in COPD. Chest 45 17218556
1980 Identification of the BAL-labile factor. Nature 42 6256640
2003 Antioxidants and oxidative stress in BAL fluid of atopic asthmatic children. Pediatric research 41 12595583
1997 Inflammatory cells and activation markers in BAL during acute rejection and infection in lung transplant recipients: a prospective, longitudinal study. The European respiratory journal 41 9272913
2021 Clinical Performance of BAL Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequence and Serum (1,3)-β-D-Glucan for Differential Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia and Pneumocystis jirovecii Colonisation. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 37 35004353
2024 PARP14 and PARP9/DTX3L regulate interferon-induced ADP-ribosylation. The EMBO journal 36 38834853
2007 Eicosanoids in exhaled breath condensate and BAL fluid of patients with sarcoidosis. Chest 36 17573522
1999 Elevated serum and BAL cytokeratin 19 fragment in pulmonary fibrosis and acute interstitial pneumonia. The European respiratory journal 36 10543277
1995 Increased soluble CD14 levels in BAL fluid in pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 36 7497770
2018 PARP9 is overexpressed in human breast cancer and promotes cancer cell migration. Oncology letters 34 30128030
2010 Assessment of airway inflammation using sputum, BAL, and endobronchial biopsies in current and ex-smokers with established COPD. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 34 21037956
2003 Glutamate-cysteine ligase modulatory subunit in BAL alveolar macrophages of healthy smokers. The European respiratory journal 34 12882455
2014 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for research; obtaining adequate sample yield. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 32 24686157
2014 Serum and bal beta-D-glucan for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV positive patients. Respiratory medicine 32 25448310
2020 Circular RNA PRKCI silencing represses esophageal cancer progression and elevates cell radiosensitivity through regulating the miR-186-5p/PARP9 axis. Life sciences 31 32739469
2019 A Study into the ADP-Ribosylome of IFN-γ-Stimulated THP-1 Human Macrophage-like Cells Identifies ARTD8/PARP14 and ARTD9/PARP9 ADP-Ribosylation. Journal of proteome research 31 30848916
2013 Glycoproteomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid identifies tumor-associated glycoproteins from lung adenocarcinoma. Journal of proteome research 30 23802180
1997 Vesicle formation and follicular root sheath separation in mice homozygous for deleterious alleles at the balding (bal) locus. The Journal of investigative dermatology 30 9284099
1996 Pig farmers have signs of bronchial inflammation and increased numbers of lymphocytes and neutrophils in BAL fluid. The European respiratory journal 30 8730014
2018 pLoc_bal-mPlant: Predict Subcellular Localization of Plant Proteins by General PseAAC and Balancing Training Dataset. Current pharmaceutical design 29 30451108
2016 Copy Number Variation of Mitochondrial DNA Genes in Pneumocystis jirovecii According to the Fungal Load in BAL Specimens. Frontiers in microbiology 29 27672381
2022 Reconstitution of the DTX3L-PARP9 complex reveals determinants for high-affinity heterodimerization and multimeric assembly. The Biochemical journal 28 35037691
2008 BAL fluid cells and pulmonary function in different radiographic stages of newly diagnosed sarcoidosis. Advances in medical sciences 28 18614440
2010 (18)F-FDG PET patterns and BAL cell profiles in pulmonary sarcoidosis. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 27 20157709
2005 Natural killer cells in Bal and peripheral blood of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology 27 16164835
1997 Lymphocyte dynamics: caution in interpreting BAL numbers. Thorax 27 9516903
1994 Proline-rich domain and glycosylation are not essential for the enzymic activity of bile salt-activated lipase. Kinetic studies of T-BAL, a truncated form of the enzyme, expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 27 8025103
2001 BAL neopterin : a novel marker for cell-mediated immunity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer. Chest 26 11243956
1993 Proliferating alveolar macrophages in BAL and lung function changes in interstitial lung disease. The European respiratory journal 26 8370443
2008 The macroPARP genes Parp-9 and Parp-14 are developmentally and differentially regulated in mouse tissues. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 25 18069692
2024 PARP14 is regulated by the PARP9/DTX3L complex and promotes interferon γ-induced ADP-ribosylation. The EMBO journal 24 38834852
2020 BAL and serum multiplex lipid profiling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Life sciences 24 32574666
2016 Acute Exacerbations of COPD Are Associated With Increased Expression of Heparan Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate in BAL. Chest 24 26226327
2011 Detection of MALT1 gene rearrangements in BAL fluid cells for the diagnosis of pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Chest 24 21757570
2009 Concentration of surfactant protein D, Clara cell protein CC-16 and IL-10 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in patients with sarcoidosis, hypersensivity pneumonitis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Folia histochemica et cytobiologica 24 19995708
2024 KH-like Domains in PARP9/DTX3L and PARP14 Coordinate Protein-Protein Interactions to Promote Cancer Cell Survival. Journal of molecular biology 23 38182103
2020 Molecular and clinical characterization of PARP9 in gliomas: A potential immunotherapeutic target. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics 23 32678519
2017 Single use and conventional bronchoscopes for Broncho alveolar lavage (BAL) in research: a comparative study (NCT 02515591). BMC pulmonary medicine 23 28476111
2016 MiR-185/AKT and miR-29a/collagen 1a pathways are activated in IPF BAL cells. Oncotarget 22 27769060
2022 Comparative analysis of galactomannan lateral flow assay, galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and BAL culture for diagnosis of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Mycoses 21 35979737
2020 Performance of the AsperGenius® PCR assay for detecting azole resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in BAL fluids from allogeneic HSCT recipients: A prospective cohort study from Essen, West Germany. Medical mycology 21 31111913
1997 TCR V beta families in T cell clones from sarcoid lung parenchyma, BAL, and blood. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 21 9372681
1996 Eicosanoids and lipocortin-1 in BAL fluid in asthma: effects of smoking and inhaled glucocorticoids. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 21 8872617
2003 Cyclosporin A, apoptosis of BAL T-cells and expression of Bcl-2 in asthmatics. The European respiratory journal 20 12952249
2009 BAL fluid 8-isoprostane concentrations in eosinophilic bronchitis and asthma. The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma 19 19728211
2005 Correlation between the cytology of the nasal middle meatus and BAL in chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 19 15844496
2000 Elevated levels of soluble adhesion molecules in sera and BAL fluid of individuals infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Chest 19 11115469
1994 Dissociation of airway responsiveness and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell composition in sensitized guinea-pigs after daily inhalation of ovalbumin. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 19 7953951
2022 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Is Associated with Epigenome-Wide Differential Methylation in BAL Lung Cells. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 18 35286818
1999 Intrapulmonary cytokine accumulation following BAL and the role of endotoxin contamination. Chest 18 9925077
1993 Density of phenotypic markers on BAL T-lymphocytes in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary sarcoidosis and bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia. The European respiratory journal 18 8491296
2020 Adiponectin and leptin levels in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A new method for BAL and serum assessment. Immunobiology 17 32962817
2017 Higher mini-BAL total protein concentration in early ARDS predicts faster resolution of lung injury measured by more ventilator-free days. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology 17 28213470
2013 Incidence of pulmonary aspergillosis and correlation of conventional diagnostic methods with nested PCR and real-time PCR assay using BAL fluid in intensive care unit patients. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis 17 23686776
2011 HOPE-BAL: improved molecular diagnostics by application of a novel technique for fixation and paraffin embedding. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 17 21430262
2007 CEA levels in serum and BAL in patients suffering from lung cancer: correlation with individuals presenting benign lung lesions and healthy volunteers. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 17 17848747
1996 Integrin alpha E beta 7 expression on BAL CD4+, CD8+, and gamma delta T-cells in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mouse. The European respiratory journal 17 8726930
2017 Integron types, gene cassettes and antimicrobial resistance profile of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from BAL samples in Babol, north of Iran. Microbial pathogenesis 15 28479508
2010 Cell profile of BAL fluid in children and adolescents with and without lung disease. Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia 15 20625676
2008 Modification of a common BAL technique to enhance sample diagnostic value. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS 15 18947171
2008 Serum and BAL cytokine and antioxidant enzyme levels at different stages of pneumoconiosis in coal workers. Human & experimental toxicology 15 19273541
1999 Eosinophilic alveolitis in BAL after lung transplantation. Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation 14 10460872