Affinage

PARP9

Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP9 · UniProt Q8IXQ6

Length
854 aa
Mass
96.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 18 papers cited in narrative 17 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: tie faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PARP9 (BAL1/ARTD9) is a macrodomain-containing mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase that operates as a constitutive heterodimer with the E3 ubiquitin ligase DTX3L to integrate ADP-ribosylation and ubiquitin signaling in DNA repair, interferon responses, and tumor cell behavior (PMID:23230272, PMID:26479788, PMID:28525742). The PARP9–DTX3L interaction is direct and of nanomolar affinity, mediated by the DTX3L D3 domain and by KH-like domains in PARP9, with the DTX3L N-terminus driving higher-order oligomerization (PMID:35037691, PMID:38834853, PMID:38182103). Biochemically, the heterodimer catalyzes NAD+-dependent mono-ADP-ribosylation of ubiquitin Gly76 within the E1/E2/E3 cascade, a modification that blocks ubiquitin conjugation and is reversible by macrodomain hydrolases; poly(ADP-ribose) binding by the PARP9 macrodomains stimulates DTX3L ligase activity while PARP9 catalytic activity restrains it (PMID:28525742, PMID:35037691). Through PAR-dependent macrodomain recruitment to DNA lesions, the complex promotes local ubiquitylation and 53BP1/BRCA1-dependent double-strand break repair independently of ATM, MDC1, and RNF8 (PMID:23230272). In the interferon system, PARP9–DTX3L ubiquitylates histone H2BJ to promote ISG expression and degrades viral 3C proteases, and PARP9 itself acts as a non-canonical viral RNA sensor that engages a PI3K–AKT3 axis to phosphorylate IRF3 and IRF7 and drive type I IFN production (PMID:26479788, PMID:33976210). PARP9 and DTX3L govern IFNγ-induced ADP-ribosylation by controlling PARP14 protein levels and activity through protein–protein interactions and the hydrolytic activity of PARP9 macrodomain 1, with PARP9 opposing PARP14 to suppress STAT1 phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory macrophage activation (PMID:27796300, PMID:38834852, PMID:38834853, PMID:38182103). PARP9 binds STAT1 through its macrodomains in an ADP-ribosylation-dependent manner and represses the IRF1 tumor-suppressor program while promoting B-cell lymphoma and cancer cell migration (PMID:23487038, PMID:24886089).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 2003 Medium

    Establishing that PARP9 physically partners the E3 ligase DTX3L defined the heterodimer that underlies all subsequent mechanistic work and linked PARP9 to the ubiquitin system.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro self-ubiquitination, and co-immunoprecipitation

    PMID:12670957

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define interaction interface or affinity
    • Did not establish a catalytic relationship between the two enzymatic activities
  2. 2006 Medium

    Identifying a shared IFNγ-responsive bidirectional promoter and DTX3L-controlled shuttling of PARP9 placed the pair in interferon signaling and explained their coordinate regulation.

    Evidence Reporter promoter assay, doxycycline-inducible overexpression with expression profiling, live-cell imaging

    PMID:16809771

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which PARP9 alters ISG expression not defined
    • Direct molecular targets not identified
  3. 2012 High

    Showing PAR-dependent macrodomain recruitment of PARP9–DTX3L to DNA breaks established a direct role in DSB repair distinct from canonical ATM/RNF8 signaling.

    Evidence Laser micro-irradiation imaging, PARP1 inhibition, siRNA knockdown with γH2AX, chromatin fractionation

    PMID:23230272

    Open questions at the time
    • The relevant ubiquitylation substrate at breaks not identified here
    • Contribution of PARP9 catalysis versus DTX3L ligase activity unresolved
  4. 2013 Medium

    Demonstrating ADP-ribosylation-dependent macrodomain binding to STAT1 connected PARP9 to transcriptional control of the IRF1 tumor-suppressor axis in lymphoma.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-IP, phospho-Western blot, immunofluorescence, knockdown/overexpression expression analysis

    PMID:23487038

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab cell-line study
    • Direct ADP-ribosylation of STAT1 by PARP9 versus a partner not separated
  5. 2014 Medium

    Extending the complex to include PARP14 and linking it to IRF1 repression and migration generalized PARP9–DTX3L function to solid tumor metastasis.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown with proliferation/migration assays, RT-PCR, immunofluorescence

    PMID:24886089

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and architecture of the PARP9/DTX3L/PARP14 assembly undefined
    • Causal mechanism linking the complex to migration not resolved
  6. 2015 High

    Identifying H2BJ and viral 3C proteases as DTX3L–PARP9 ubiquitylation targets defined how the complex promotes ISG expression and antiviral defense, and mapped distinct domains for STAT1 binding versus ligase activity.

    Evidence Transgenic mice, lentiviral transduction, co-IP, domain mapping, antiviral assays

    PMID:26479788

    Open questions at the time
    • How histone ubiquitylation translates to specific ISG induction not detailed
    • Relative weighting of PARP9 versus DTX3L in substrate selection unclear
  7. 2016 High

    Establishing that PARP9 opposes PARP14 to suppress STAT1 ADP-ribosylation and phosphorylation defined a switch governing macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization.

    Evidence siRNA silencing in primary macrophages, proteomics, ADP-ribosylation assay, phospho-Western, STAT1 site mutagenesis

    PMID:27796300

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PARP9 directly de-ADP-ribosylates STAT1 or acts via PARP14 not separated here
    • In vivo macrophage relevance not tested
  8. 2017 High

    In vitro reconstitution revealed that DTX3L–PARP9 mono-ADP-ribosylates ubiquitin Gly76 to block conjugation, defining a self-regulating switch in which PAR binding and PARP9 catalysis tune ligase output.

    Evidence Biochemical reconstitution of the E1/E2/E3 cascade, NAD+-dependent ADP-ribosylation assay, NAD+-site mutagenesis, PAR-binding and DNA-repair assays

    PMID:28525742

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological substrates ADP-ribosylated on ubiquitin in cells not enumerated
    • How macrodomain PAR sensing is timed in vivo unresolved
  9. 2019 Medium

    Mapping IFNγ-induced ADP-ribosylation of PARP9 itself indicated the protein is a target as well as an effector of ADP-ribosylation signaling.

    Evidence Af1521 enrichment and anti-PAR IP coupled with LC-MS/MS

    PMID:30848916

    Open questions at the time
    • Enzyme responsible for PARP9 modification not assigned here
    • Functional consequence of PARP9 ADP-ribosylation untested
  10. 2021 High

    Identifying PARP9 as a MAVS-independent viral RNA sensor that activates PI3K–AKT3–IRF3/7 established a direct, non-canonical route to type I IFN production.

    Evidence Knockdown/knockout in human and mouse DCs and macrophages, RNA pull-down, pathway inhibitors, phospho-site Westerns, PARP9-deficient mouse infection

    PMID:33976210

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of viral RNA recognition not defined
    • Role of DTX3L or PARP9 catalysis in sensing untested
  11. 2021 High

    Demonstrating that PARP9/DTX3L-dependent ADP-ribosylation acts downstream of the IFN response, and is reversed by the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 macrodomain, refined where in the pathway the complex operates.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence ADP-ribosylation assay, PARP9/DTX3L KO cells, ectopic Nsp3 macrodomain, ISG expression analysis

    PMID:34358560

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream targets of the IFN-induced ADP-ribosylation not identified
    • Biological output of viral reversal not determined
  12. 2022 High

    Quantitative interaction mapping defined the DTX3L D3 domain as the nanomolar 1:1 PARP9 anchor and the N-terminus as the oligomerization driver, and showed ubiquitin-Gly76 ADP-ribosylation is reversible by hydrolases.

    Evidence Recombinant proteins, SPR/ITC affinity measurement, size-exclusion chromatography, in vitro reversal with macrodomain hydrolases

    PMID:35037691

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of higher-order oligomerization in cells untested
    • Endogenous hydrolase that reverses the mark not identified
  13. 2024 High

    Showing that PARP9 macrodomain 1 hydrolase activity and the PARP9/DTX3L complex control PARP14 levels and activity, with co-localization to IFNγ-induced cytoplasmic inclusions, established PARP9 as a master regulator of IFNγ-induced ADP-ribosylation.

    Evidence KO/knockdown cells, immunofluorescence co-localization, Western blot, in vitro ADP-ribosylation, SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 hydrolysis assay, domain mapping with KH-like domain mutagenesis, companion papers

    PMID:38182103 PMID:38834852 PMID:38834853

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise substrates within cytoplasmic inclusions not fully cataloged
    • Physiological signaling output of PARP14 regulation by PARP9 not defined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the multiple PARP9–DTX3L activities — ubiquitin-Gly76 ADP-ribosylation, macrodomain hydrolysis of PARP14 marks, DNA-repair ubiquitylation, STAT1/IRF1 transcriptional control, and viral RNA sensing — are coordinated and selectively engaged in a given cell remains unresolved.
  • No unified structural model of the full PARP9/DTX3L(/PARP14) assembly in action
  • Substrate-selection logic across DNA-repair versus IFN contexts undefined
  • In vivo phenotypes of catalytically dead PARP9 not delineated

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 2 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 2 GO:0140098 catalytic activity, acting on RNA 2 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 2 GO:0003723 RNA binding 1 GO:0140299 molecular sensor activity 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 2 GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 2 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 1
Partners
DTX3LPARP1PARP14STAT1
Complex memberships
PARP9-DTX3L heterodimerPARP9-DTX3L-PARP14 complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 17 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 BAL (PARP9) is a novel nuclear protein that promotes B-cell migration; stable BAL-overexpressing B-cell lymphoma transfectants showed significantly higher rates of migration in transwell assays compared to vector-only transfectants. Stable transfection overexpression with transwell migration assay Blood Medium 11110709
2003 BAL (PARP9) binds BBAP (DTX3L) via yeast two-hybrid interaction; DTX3L/BBAP functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase capable of self-ubiquitination, and heterodimerizes with BAL/PARP9 to modify E3 activity and/or substrate availability. Yeast two-hybrid screen, in vitro self-ubiquitination assay, co-immunoprecipitation The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 12670957
2006 BAL1/PARP9 and BBAP/DTX3L are regulated by a shared IFN-γ-responsive bidirectional promoter on chromosome 3q21; IFN-γ induces BAL1 expression, and doxycycline-induced BAL1 increases expression of multiple IFN-stimulated genes, directly implicating BAL1 in an IFN signaling pathway. BBAP regulates the subcellular localization of BAL1 by a dynamic shuttling mechanism. Reporter assay for bidirectional promoter, doxycycline-inducible overexpression with gene expression profiling, live-cell imaging of subcellular localization Molecular and cellular biology Medium 16809771
2008 Parp-9 (PARP9) is developmentally regulated and prominently expressed in thymus, specific brain regions, gut, and intestine in mice; Bbap/DTX3L is essentially coexpressed with Parp-9 during development and in adult mouse tissues, consistent with co-regulation from their shared promoter. In situ hybridization and tissue expression analysis during mouse development and adulthood Developmental dynamics Low 18069692
2012 BAL1/PARP9 is recruited to DNA damage sites in a PARP1/poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent manner via its macrodomains, and together with its partner BBAP/DTX3L promotes local ubiquitylation, 53BP1 and BRCA1 recruitment, and double-strand break repair independent of ATM, MDC1, and RNF8. Live-cell imaging of GFP-tagged proteins at laser-induced DNA damage, PARP1 inhibitor treatment, siRNA knockdown with γH2AX quantification, chromatin fractionation Molecular and cellular biology High 23230272
2013 BAL1/ARTD9/PARP9 physically interacts with STAT1α and STAT1β through its macrodomains in an ADP-ribosylation-dependent manner; it stimulates phosphorylation of both STAT1 isoforms on Y701, promotes nuclear accumulation of transcriptionally repressive STAT1β, and directly inhibits IRF1 expression together with STAT1β, while enhancing expression of proto-oncogenes IRF2 and BCL6 in DLBCL. Co-immunoprecipitation, Western blot for phosphorylation, immunofluorescence for nuclear localization, knockdown/overexpression with gene expression analysis Journal of cell science Medium 23487038
2014 DTX3L (BBAP) and ARTD9/PARP9 form a complex together and also with ARTD8/PARP14 in metastatic prostate cancer cells; DTX3L and ARTD9/PARP9 act together as repressors of the tumor suppressor IRF1, and together with STAT1 and STAT3, DTX3L is implicated in cell migration. Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed physical interactions between DTX3L, ARTD8, and ARTD9. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown with proliferation/survival/migration assays, real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence Molecular cancer Medium 24886089
2015 PARP9 forms a complex with DTX3L that acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting host histone H2BJ to promote interferon-stimulated gene expression, and also targets viral 3C proteases for degradation via the immunoproteasome; the complex requires distinct domains for interaction with STAT1 and for ubiquitin ligase activity. Transgenic mouse model, lentiviral transduction of human cells, co-immunoprecipitation, domain-mapping experiments, antiviral assays Nature immunology High 26479788
2016 PARP9 and PARP14 have opposing roles in macrophage activation: PARP9 silencing suppresses pro-inflammatory gene expression and STAT1 phosphorylation in IFNγ-stimulated macrophages; PARP14 induces ADP-ribosylation of STAT1, which is suppressed by PARP9; mutations at ADP-ribosylation sites on STAT1 lead to increased STAT1 phosphorylation. siRNA silencing in primary macrophages, global proteomic analysis, ADP-ribosylation assay, phosphorylation Western blot, site-directed mutagenesis of STAT1 Nature communications High 27796300
2017 The DTX3L/PARP9 heterodimer mediates NAD+-dependent mono-ADP-ribosylation of the carboxyl group of ubiquitin Gly76 exclusively in the context of ubiquitin processing by E1 and E2 enzymes; ADP-ribosylation of Ub Gly76 precludes ubiquitylation of substrates. Poly(ADP-ribose) binding to PARP9 macrodomains increases DTX3L E3 ligase activity, while PARP9 ADP-ribosylation activity restrains it. Mutation of the NAD+-binding site in PARP9 increases the DNA repair activity of the heterodimer. In vitro biochemical reconstitution, NAD+-dependent ADP-ribosylation assay with E1/E2/E3 ubiquitylation cascade, site-directed mutagenesis of NAD+-binding site, PAR-binding assay, DNA repair functional assay Molecular cell High 28525742
2018 PARP9 knockdown inhibits breast cancer cell migration, establishing a direct role for PARP9 in promoting cancer cell migration. siRNA knockdown with migration assay in breast cancer cell lines Oncology letters Low 30128030
2019 ARTD9/PARP9 is itself ADP-ribosylated in IFN-γ-stimulated THP-1 macrophage-like cells, as identified by mass spectrometry; IFN-γ increases the ADP-ribosylation status of ARTD9/PARP9. Af1521 ADP-ribosyl binding protein enrichment and anti-PAR antibody immunoprecipitation coupled with LC-MS/MS; EThcD and HCD activation Journal of proteome research Medium 30848916
2021 PARP9 serves as a non-canonical RNA sensor in dendritic cells and macrophages; it directly recognizes and binds viral RNA, recruits and activates the PI3K/AKT3 pathway independent of MAVS, which in turn phosphorylates IRF3 at Ser385 and IRF7 at Ser437/438 to drive type I IFN production. PARP9-deficient mice showed enhanced susceptibility to RNA virus infection due to impaired type I IFN production. Knockdown/knockout in human and mouse dendritic cells and macrophages, RNA pull-down/binding assay, PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor experiments, phospho-specific antibody Western blots, PARP9-deficient mouse infection model Nature communications High 33976210
2021 IFN-response-induced ADP-ribosylation of host proteins is dependent on PARP9 and its binding partner DTX3L; the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 macrodomain reverses this PARP9/DTX3L-dependent ADP-ribosylation. However, expression of Nsp3 macrodomain or deletion of PARP9 or DTX3L does not impair IFN signaling or induction of IFN-responsive genes, indicating that PARP9/DTX3L-dependent ADP-ribosylation acts downstream of the IFN response rather than regulating the response itself. Immunofluorescence-based ADP-ribosylation assay, PARP9/DTX3L knockout cell lines, ectopic expression of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 macrodomain, IFN-stimulated gene expression analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 34358560
2022 The DTX3L D3 domain (residues 230–510) mediates interaction with PARP9 with nanomolar affinity and 1:1 stoichiometry; the DTX3L N-terminal region (residues 1–200) drives higher-order oligomerization of the DTX3L-PARP9 complex. ADP-ribosylation of ubiquitin at Gly76 by DTX3L-PARP9 is reversible in vitro by macrodomain-type hydrolases. Recombinant protein production, binding affinity measurements (SPR/ITC), size-exclusion chromatography, in vitro ADP-ribosylation reversal assay with macrodomain hydrolases The Biochemical journal High 35037691
2024 PARP9/DTX3L complex regulates PARP14 protein levels via post-translational mechanisms and is required to uphold PARP14 activity; the macrodomain 1 of PARP9 has hydrolytic activity that regulates PARP14-mediated ADP-ribosylation. PARP9/DTX3L and PARP14 co-localize to IFNγ-induced cytoplasmic inclusions containing ADP-ribosylated proteins. PARP14 itself and DTX3L are likely targets of PARP14 ADP-ribosylation. KO/knockdown cell lines, immunofluorescence co-localization, Western blot for protein levels, in vitro ADP-ribosylation assays, SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 macrodomain hydrolysis assay The EMBO journal High 38834852
2024 PARP14 is the major enzyme responsible for IFNγ-induced ADP-ribosylation; PARP9 and its partner DTX3L regulate PARP14 activity through protein-protein interactions and through the hydrolytic activity of PARP9 macrodomain 1. The SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 macrodomain reverses this IFN-induced ADP-ribosylation. KH-like domains in PARP9 contribute to protein-protein interactions between PARP9 and DTX3L, and between PARP14 and DTX3L; DTX3L interaction with PARP14 in vitro suppresses PARP14 auto-ADP-ribosylation and promotes trans-ADP-ribosylation of PARP9 and DTX3L. Improved antibody-based detection of mono-ADP-ribosylation, KO cell lines, in vitro ADP-ribosylation assays, domain mapping, co-immunoprecipitation, site-directed mutagenesis of KH-like domain The EMBO journal High 38182103 38834853

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2008 Smoking increases peptidylarginine deiminase 2 enzyme expression in human lungs and increases citrullination in BAL cells. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 417 18413445
1996 T-cell cytokine profile evaluated at the single cell level in BAL and blood in allergic asthma. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 248 8600935
2007 Baseline BAL neutrophilia predicts early mortality in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 240 18071016
2016 PARP9 and PARP14 cross-regulate macrophage activation via STAT1 ADP-ribosylation. Nature communications 238 27796300
2015 PARP9-DTX3L ubiquitin ligase targets host histone H2BJ and viral 3C protease to enhance interferon signaling and control viral infection. Nature immunology 187 26479788
2017 Ubiquitin Modification by the E3 Ligase/ADP-Ribosyltransferase Dtx3L/Parp9. Molecular cell 175 28525742
1996 Decreased contents of surfactant proteins A and D in BAL fluids of healthy smokers. Chest 163 8635323
1997 Serum and BAL Clara cell 10 kDa protein (CC10) levels and CC10-positive bronchiolar cells are decreased in smokers. The European respiratory journal 139 9163654
2003 The BAL-binding protein BBAP and related Deltex family members exhibit ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase activity. The Journal of biological chemistry 127 12670957
1998 Kinetics of eotaxin expression and its relationship to eosinophil accumulation and activation in bronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of asthmatic patients after allergen inhalation. Clinical and experimental immunology 126 9822268
1998 Inflammatory cytokines in BAL fluid and pulmonary hemodynamics in high-altitude pulmonary edema. Respiration physiology 119 9628235
2002 Increased levels of interleukin-8 in BAL fluid from smokers susceptible to pulmonary emphysema. Thorax 112 11978916
2003 BAL findings in idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia. The European respiratory journal 111 12952254
2006 BAL1 and BBAP are regulated by a gamma interferon-responsive bidirectional promoter and are overexpressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with a prominent inflammatory infiltrate. Molecular and cellular biology 106 16809771
2000 BAL is a novel risk-related gene in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas that enhances cellular migration. Blood 104 11110709
2012 BAL1 and its partner E3 ligase, BBAP, link Poly(ADP-ribose) activation, ubiquitylation, and double-strand DNA repair independent of ATM, MDC1, and RNF8. Molecular and cellular biology 99 23230272
2014 DTX3L and ARTD9 inhibit IRF1 expression and mediate in cooperation with ARTD8 survival and proliferation of metastatic prostate cancer cells. Molecular cancer 97 24886089
2021 Identification of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 9 (PARP9) as a noncanonical sensor for RNA virus in dendritic cells. Nature communications 95 33976210
2021 The SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 macrodomain reverses PARP9/DTX3L-dependent ADP-ribosylation induced by interferon signaling. The Journal of biological chemistry 95 34358560
2000 Imbalances between tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its soluble receptor forms, and interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in BAL fluid of cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 88 10631206
1999 Cytokine profiles of BAL T cells and T-cell clones obtained from human asthmatic airways after local allergen challenge. Allergy 81 10536887
2013 CCL18 in serum, BAL fluid and alveolar macrophage culture supernatant in interstitial lung diseases. Respiratory medicine 80 23831213
2009 Diagnosis of histoplasmosis by antigen detection in BAL fluid. Chest 80 19837826
1994 Immunophenotyping of eosinophils recovered from blood and BAL of allergic asthmatics. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 80 8306028
2014 Distribution of T-cell subsets in BAL fluid of patients with mild to moderate COPD depends on current smoking status and not airway obstruction. Chest 72 24264182
2005 DNA concentrations in BAL fluid of cystic fibrosis patients with early lung disease: influence of treatment with dornase alpha. Pediatric pulmonology 69 15532079
1995 Alveolar macrophage TNF-alpha release and BAL cell phenotypes in sarcoidosis. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 69 7663784
2013 BAL1/ARTD9 represses the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic IFNγ-STAT1-IRF1-p53 axis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Journal of cell science 61 23487038
2018 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis express a complex pro-inflammatory, pro-repair, angiogenic activation pattern, likely associated with macrophage iron accumulation. PloS one 59 29649237
2000 Soluble form of fas and fas ligand in BAL fluid from patients with pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 58 10936140
2007 BAL neutrophils, serum procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein to predict bacterial infection in the immunocompromised host. Chest 56 17573524
2019 Long noncoding RNA SNHG16 promotes the tumorigenicity of cervical cancer cells by recruiting transcriptional factor SPI1 to upregulate PARP9. Cell biology international 54 31774223
1996 The balance of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at paediatric cardiac surgery. Cytokine 54 8932984
2020 BAL biomarkers' panel for differential diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases. Clinical and experimental medicine 52 31970550
1999 Assessment of hazardous dust exposure by BAL and induced sputum. Chest 52 10378572
1988 Bronchoalveolar lavage in the normal volunteer subject. 2. Safety and results of repeated BAL, and use in the assessment of intrasubject variability. Chest 50 3396404
1980 Chelation of cadmium with BAL and DTPA in rats. Nature 47 7432504
2007 Small airways dysfunction and neutrophilic inflammation in bronchial biopsies and BAL in COPD. Chest 46 17218556
2024 PARP14 and PARP9/DTX3L regulate interferon-induced ADP-ribosylation. The EMBO journal 43 38834853
2003 Antioxidants and oxidative stress in BAL fluid of atopic asthmatic children. Pediatric research 41 12595583
1997 Inflammatory cells and activation markers in BAL during acute rejection and infection in lung transplant recipients: a prospective, longitudinal study. The European respiratory journal 41 9272913
2021 Clinical Performance of BAL Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequence and Serum (1,3)-β-D-Glucan for Differential Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia and Pneumocystis jirovecii Colonisation. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 38 35004353
1999 Elevated serum and BAL cytokeratin 19 fragment in pulmonary fibrosis and acute interstitial pneumonia. The European respiratory journal 37 10543277
2010 Assessment of airway inflammation using sputum, BAL, and endobronchial biopsies in current and ex-smokers with established COPD. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 36 21037956
2007 Eicosanoids in exhaled breath condensate and BAL fluid of patients with sarcoidosis. Chest 36 17573522
2018 PARP9 is overexpressed in human breast cancer and promotes cancer cell migration. Oncology letters 35 30128030
2014 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for research; obtaining adequate sample yield. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 34 24686157
2003 Glutamate-cysteine ligase modulatory subunit in BAL alveolar macrophages of healthy smokers. The European respiratory journal 34 12882455
1996 Activation of eosinophils and fibroblasts assessed by eosinophil cationic protein and hyaluronan in BAL. Association with acute rejection in lung transplant recipients. Chest 33 8681673
2020 Circular RNA PRKCI silencing represses esophageal cancer progression and elevates cell radiosensitivity through regulating the miR-186-5p/PARP9 axis. Life sciences 32 32739469
2014 Serum and bal beta-D-glucan for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV positive patients. Respiratory medicine 32 25448310
2019 A Study into the ADP-Ribosylome of IFN-γ-Stimulated THP-1 Human Macrophage-like Cells Identifies ARTD8/PARP14 and ARTD9/PARP9 ADP-Ribosylation. Journal of proteome research 31 30848916
2013 Glycoproteomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid identifies tumor-associated glycoproteins from lung adenocarcinoma. Journal of proteome research 30 23802180
2018 pLoc_bal-mPlant: Predict Subcellular Localization of Plant Proteins by General PseAAC and Balancing Training Dataset. Current pharmaceutical design 29 30451108
2024 PARP14 is regulated by the PARP9/DTX3L complex and promotes interferon γ-induced ADP-ribosylation. The EMBO journal 28 38834852
2022 Reconstitution of the DTX3L-PARP9 complex reveals determinants for high-affinity heterodimerization and multimeric assembly. The Biochemical journal 28 35037691
2010 (18)F-FDG PET patterns and BAL cell profiles in pulmonary sarcoidosis. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 28 20157709
2008 BAL fluid cells and pulmonary function in different radiographic stages of newly diagnosed sarcoidosis. Advances in medical sciences 28 18614440
2024 KH-like Domains in PARP9/DTX3L and PARP14 Coordinate Protein-Protein Interactions to Promote Cancer Cell Survival. Journal of molecular biology 27 38182103
1994 Proline-rich domain and glycosylation are not essential for the enzymic activity of bile salt-activated lipase. Kinetic studies of T-BAL, a truncated form of the enzyme, expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 27 8025103
2001 BAL neopterin : a novel marker for cell-mediated immunity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer. Chest 26 11243956
1993 Proliferating alveolar macrophages in BAL and lung function changes in interstitial lung disease. The European respiratory journal 26 8370443
2009 BAL fluid cells in newly diagnosed pulmonary sarcoidosis with different clinical activity. Upsala journal of medical sciences 25 19242869
2008 The macroPARP genes Parp-9 and Parp-14 are developmentally and differentially regulated in mouse tissues. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 25 18069692
1999 Soluble TNF-alpha receptor and IL-1 receptor antagonist elevation in BAL in active pulmonary TB. The European respiratory journal 25 10543265
2020 Whole Genome DNA Methylation Analysis of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Disease Identifies Novel Epigenotypes: PARP9/miR-505/RASGRP4/GNG12 Gene Methylation and Clinical Phenotypes. International journal of molecular sciences 24 32365959
2020 BAL and serum multiplex lipid profiling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Life sciences 24 32574666
2016 Acute Exacerbations of COPD Are Associated With Increased Expression of Heparan Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate in BAL. Chest 24 26226327
2011 Detection of MALT1 gene rearrangements in BAL fluid cells for the diagnosis of pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Chest 24 21757570
1998 BAL surfactant protein A and Clara cell 10-kDa protein levels in healthy subjects. Lung 24 9617742
2020 Molecular and clinical characterization of PARP9 in gliomas: A potential immunotherapeutic target. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics 23 32678519
2016 MiR-185/AKT and miR-29a/collagen 1a pathways are activated in IPF BAL cells. Oncotarget 22 27769060
2006 Chemokine concentrations and mast cell chemotactic activity in BAL fluid in patients with eosinophilic bronchitis and asthma, and in normal control subjects. Chest 22 16899834
2001 BAL and serum IgG levels in healthy asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. Chest 22 11157604
2022 Comparative analysis of galactomannan lateral flow assay, galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and BAL culture for diagnosis of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Mycoses 21 35979737
2017 Club cell protein (CC16) in plasma, bronchial brushes, BAL and urine following an inhaled allergen challenge in allergic asthmatics. Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals 21 28862880
2015 Sputum and BAL Clara cell secretory protein and surfactant protein D levels in asthma. Allergy 21 25728058
1997 TCR V beta families in T cell clones from sarcoid lung parenchyma, BAL, and blood. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 21 9372681
2003 Cyclosporin A, apoptosis of BAL T-cells and expression of Bcl-2 in asthmatics. The European respiratory journal 20 12952249
1996 Eicosanoids and lipocortin-1 in BAL fluid in asthma: effects of smoking and inhaled glucocorticoids. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 20 8872617
2019 K units of the K8 and K54 capsular polysaccharides produced by Acinetobacter baumannii BAL 097 and RCH52 have the same structure but contain different di-N-acyl derivatives of legionaminic acid and are linked differently. Carbohydrate research 19 31349142
2009 BAL fluid 8-isoprostane concentrations in eosinophilic bronchitis and asthma. The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma 19 19728211
2005 Correlation between the cytology of the nasal middle meatus and BAL in chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 19 15844496
1994 Dissociation of airway responsiveness and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell composition in sensitized guinea-pigs after daily inhalation of ovalbumin. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 19 7953951
2022 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Is Associated with Epigenome-Wide Differential Methylation in BAL Lung Cells. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 18 35286818
2019 Differential Effects of Human SP-A1 and SP-A2 on the BAL Proteome and Signaling Pathways in Response to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Ozone Exposure. Frontiers in immunology 18 30972061
2013 Incidence of pulmonary aspergillosis and correlation of conventional diagnostic methods with nested PCR and real-time PCR assay using BAL fluid in intensive care unit patients. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis 18 23686776
1999 Intrapulmonary cytokine accumulation following BAL and the role of endotoxin contamination. Chest 18 9925077
1996 BAL neutrophilia in asthmatic patients. A by-product of eosinophil recruitment? Chest 18 8915227
2020 Adiponectin and leptin levels in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A new method for BAL and serum assessment. Immunobiology 17 32962817
2017 Higher mini-BAL total protein concentration in early ARDS predicts faster resolution of lung injury measured by more ventilator-free days. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology 17 28213470
1996 Integrin alpha E beta 7 expression on BAL CD4+, CD8+, and gamma delta T-cells in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mouse. The European respiratory journal 17 8726930
2015 BAL neutrophilia in azithromycin-treated lung transplant recipients: Clinical significance. Transplant immunology 16 26168736
1975 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Pseudomonas BAL-31. II. Transcription of the allomorphic forms of bacteriophage PM2 DNA. Biochemistry 16 1120105
2017 Integron types, gene cassettes and antimicrobial resistance profile of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from BAL samples in Babol, north of Iran. Microbial pathogenesis 15 28479508
2010 Cell profile of BAL fluid in children and adolescents with and without lung disease. Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia 15 20625676
2008 Modification of a common BAL technique to enhance sample diagnostic value. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS 15 18947171
2008 Serum and BAL cytokine and antioxidant enzyme levels at different stages of pneumoconiosis in coal workers. Human & experimental toxicology 15 19273541
2020 Single-Cell Flow Cytometry Profiling of BAL in Children. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 14 32207982
1999 Eosinophilic alveolitis in BAL after lung transplantation. Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation 14 10460872

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