Affinage

Showing ACP3 — PAP is a alias.

ACP3

Prostatic acid phosphatase · UniProt P15309

Length
386 aa
Mass
44.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
24 papers in source corpus 4 papers cited in narrative 4 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 3/3 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ACP3 (ACPP) encodes prostatic acid phosphatase, which in its transmembrane form (TM-PAP) acts as a cell-surface ectophosphatase that hydrolyzes phosphate substrates including p-nitrophenylphosphate and AMP at the plasma membrane (PMID:40076544). Its ectophosphatase activity is dynamically regulated: hypoxia suppresses activity through induced reactive oxygen species (including H2O2) that inhibit the enzyme and is rescued by ROS scavengers, while hypoxia-activated protein kinase C further modulates activity (PMID:40076544). The gene maps to chromosome 3q21–q23, spans over 40 kb with nine introns, and contains seven embedded Alu repeat elements (PMID:2575485, PMID:8244395, PMID:7951074). Beyond its ectophosphatase activity and its redox/PKC regulation (PMID:40076544), no further mechanistic detail on physiological substrates or signaling output has been characterized in the available corpus.

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 4 steps
  1. 1989 Medium

    Establishing the chromosomal location of the prostatic acid phosphatase gene was the first step toward defining the ACPP locus and its genetic variation.

    Evidence Southern blotting of human×rodent somatic cell hybrid panels with RFLP analysis

    PMID:2575485

    Open questions at the time
    • Only coarse regional assignment (3q21–qter), not sub-band resolution
    • No gene structure or protein function addressed
  2. 1993 Medium

    Refining the map position sharpened the locus assignment and confirmed it with an orthogonal cytogenetic method, anchoring later genomic characterization.

    Evidence Fluorescence in situ hybridization plus somatic cell hybrid Southern blotting

    PMID:8244395

    Open questions at the time
    • Localization only; no transcript or protein-level analysis
    • Functional role still undefined
  3. 1994 Medium

    Determining the exon–intron organization and repeat content provided the structural framework of the gene, showing a large multi-intron locus with embedded Alu elements.

    Evidence Genomic cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the human ACPP gene

    PMID:7951074

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not address protein enzymatic function or regulation
    • Single lab, single sequencing approach
  4. 2025 Medium

    Demonstrating cell-surface phosphatase activity and its suppression by hypoxia-induced ROS and modulation by PKC defined a functional, regulated ectophosphatase role for TM-PAP in a non-prostatic cancer context.

    Evidence Ectophosphatase assays with pNPP/AMP, ROS measurement and scavenger rescue, and PKC inhibitor/activator assays in hypoxic vs normoxic MCF-7 cells

    PMID:40076544

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological substrates and downstream signaling output not identified
    • Mechanism of ROS-mediated inhibition (direct oxidation vs indirect) not resolved
    • Single cell line; in vivo relevance not established

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The physiological substrates, signaling consequences, and structural basis of ACP3/TM-PAP ectophosphatase regulation remain undefined.
  • No physiological substrate beyond surrogate pNPP/AMP characterized
  • No structural model of the transmembrane enzyme
  • No defined disease mechanism in the corpus

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 1
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 1

Evidence

Reading pass · 4 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1989 The human ACPP gene encoding prostatic acid phosphatase was chromosomally localized to segment 3q21–qter by Southern blotting analysis of human×rodent somatic cell hybrid panels, and two simultaneous diallelic TaqI RFLPs (A and B) were identified at this locus. Southern blotting of somatic cell hybrid panels; RFLP analysis Cytogenetics and cell genetics Medium 2575485
1993 The ACPP gene encoding prostatic acid phosphatase was further sublocalized to chromosome 3q21–q23 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), confirming the chromosome 3 assignment from somatic cell hybrid analysis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); somatic cell hybrid panel Southern blotting Genomics Medium 8244395
1994 The human ACPP gene structure was determined to consist of protein-coding sequence interrupted by nine introns, with a total gene size exceeding 40 kb; seven Alu repeat elements are embedded in the genomic sequence, three immediately upstream of exon 1 and one in intron 1. Genomic cloning and nucleotide sequencing Biochemistry and molecular biology international Medium 7951074
2025 In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, transmembrane prostatic acid phosphatase (TM-PAP/ACP3) functions as an ectophosphatase capable of hydrolyzing p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) and AMP at the cell surface; hypoxia significantly reduced this ectophosphatase activity, an effect mediated by hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS, including H2O2) that inhibit TM-PAP, and reversed by ROS scavengers. Additionally, hypoxia-activated protein kinase C (PKC) further modulated TM-PAP ectophosphatase activity. Ectophosphatase activity assays with specific substrates (pNPP, AMP); ROS measurement; ROS scavenger rescue experiments; PKC inhibitor/activator assays in hypoxic vs. normoxic MCF-7 cells International journal of molecular sciences Medium 40076544

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 24 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2024 The modified RNA base acp3U is an attachment site for N-glycans in glycoRNA. Cell 91 39173631
2020 Loss of m1acp3Ψ Ribosomal RNA Modification Is a Major Feature of Cancer. Cell reports 87 32375039
2015 UPA-sensitive ACPP-conjugated nanoparticles for multi-targeting therapy of brain glioma. Biomaterials 47 25443789
2021 Uptake, Stability, and Activity of Antisense Anti-acpP PNA-Peptide Conjugates in Escherichia coli and the Role of SbmA. ACS chemical biology 40 33684286
2016 RpoS-dependent sRNA RgsA regulates Fis and AcpP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Molecular microbiology 31 27381272
1996 Isolation of Vibrio harveyi acyl carrier protein and the fabG, acpP, and fabF genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Journal of bacteriology 27 8550484
2021 Targeting of the Essential acpP, ftsZ, and rne Genes in Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii by Antisense PNA Precision Antibacterials. Biomedicines 22 33921011
2019 Microwave-assisted solid-phase synthesis of antisense acpP peptide nucleic acid-peptide conjugates active against colistin- and tigecycline-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae. European journal of medicinal chemistry 20 30807888
1989 Chromosomal localization to 3q21----qter and two TaqI RFLPs of the human prostate-specific acid phosphatase gene (ACPP). Cytogenetics and cell genetics 11 2575485
1993 The prostatic acid phosphatase (ACPP) gene is localized to human chromosome 3q21-q23. Genomics 10 8244395
2014 The targeted transduction of MMP-overexpressing tumor cells by ACPP-HPMA copolymer-coated adenovirus conjugates. PloS one 9 25000246
2021 Silencing acpP gene via antisense oligonucleotide-niosome complex in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Research in microbiology 8 33894336
2019 Synthesis of an acp3U phosphoramidite and incorporation of the hypermodified base into RNA. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) 8 31552932
1998 Genetic polymorphism of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) tissue acid phosphatases (ACP2 and ACP3). Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology 8 9787802
1994 Nucleotide sequence of human prostatic acid phosphatase ACPP gene, including seven Alu repeats. Biochemistry and molecular biology international 8 7951074
2024 50 years in the making: acp3U, an amino-acid-containing nucleoside, links N-glycans and RNA in glycoRNA. Molecular cell 6 39366345
2017 Finding Biomass Degrading Enzymes Through an Activity-Correlated Quantitative Proteomics Platform (ACPP). Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 3 28083757
2017 Structural analysis and interaction studies of acyl-carrier protein (acpP) of Staphylococcus aureus, an extraordinarily thermally stable protein. Biological chemistry 2 27467752
2016 Variants in ACPP are associated with cerebrospinal fluid Prostatic Acid Phosphatase levels. BMC genomics 2 27357282
1996 Acyl carrier protein of Azospirillum brasilense: properties of the purified protein and sequencing of the corresponding gene, acpP. Microbiology (Reading, England) 2 8760922
2025 Hypoxia Modulates Transmembrane Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (TM-PAP) in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. International journal of molecular sciences 1 40076544
2025 Campylobacter jejuni resistance to human milk involves the acyl carrier protein AcpP. mBio 0 39998218
2023 Using NMR Titration Experiments to Study E. coli FAS-II- and AcpP-Mediated Protein-Protein Interactions. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 0 37184699
1980 [Genetico-biochemical study of the acid phosphatases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts. X. Analysis of mutations arising in gene acp3]. Genetika 0 6995224

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