Affinage

NOG

Noggin · UniProt Q13253

Length
232 aa
Mass
25.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-29
100 papers in source corpus 9 papers cited in narrative 9 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

NOG encodes Noggin, a secreted BMP antagonist that functions as a disulfide-linked homodimer through its cysteine-rich C-terminal domain to inhibit BMP signaling during skeletal, epithelial, and axial development (PMID:11562478, PMID:21884693). Noggin secretion by specialized Myo/Nog cells is essential for restraining canonical BMP signaling in the early epiblast, hair follicles, lens tissue, and corneal limbal epithelium, where it maintains progenitor cell populations and regulates osteogenic and myogenic differentiation (PMID:21884693, PMID:24736495, PMID:34311726). Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in NOG—including missense alleles that abolish functional dimer secretion and truncating mutations disrupting the C-terminal domain—cause a spectrum of skeletal fusion disorders including proximal symphalangism, multiple synostoses syndrome, stapes ankylosis, and tarsal/carpal coalition syndrome, with phenotypic variability implicating epistatic modifiers (PMID:11562478, PMID:12089654, PMID:11545688). NOG transcription is directly upregulated by HIF-1α binding to a promoter hypoxia response element, and aberrant NOG expression by metastatic breast cancer cells promotes bone colonization by driving osteoclast differentiation and bone degradation (PMID:36002046, PMID:22547073).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 9 steps
  1. 2001 High

    Establishing how disease-causing NOG mutations impair protein function resolved the molecular basis of symphalangism/synostosis: missense alleles are hypomorphic because they reduce or abolish secretion of functional noggin dimers without dominant-negative interference with wild-type protein.

    Evidence Transient transfection of mutant and wild-type NOG in COS-7 cells with dimer formation and BMP-binding assays; cross-species validation in Xenopus oocytes

    PMID:11562478

    Open questions at the time
    • Crystal structure of mutant dimers was not resolved
    • Cell-type specificity of dimerization failure (COS-7 vs. Xenopus) was unexplained mechanistically
    • No in vivo rescue of skeletal phenotype attempted
  2. 2001 Medium

    Demonstrating that identical NOG missense mutations produce distinct skeletal fusion phenotypes (SYM1 vs. tarsal/carpal coalition) established that epistatic modifiers act on the NOG/BMP pathway to determine phenotypic outcome.

    Evidence Genetic sequencing of NOG in three TCC kindreds identifying previously reported SYM1 mutations

    PMID:11545688

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of epistatic modifier loci was not determined
    • No functional assay performed for the TCC-associated alleles in this study
  3. 2002 Medium

    Identifying truncating NOG mutations (Q110X and frameshift) that disrupt the cysteine-rich C-terminal domain in a stapes ankylosis phenotype distinct from SYM1/SYNS1 established that the C-terminal domain is essential for noggin function and that allelic heterogeneity at NOG produces a broad phenotypic spectrum.

    Evidence Sequencing of NOG in affected families with congenital stapes ankylosis; genotype-phenotype correlation

    PMID:12089654

    Open questions at the time
    • No direct biochemical assay of truncated protein function
    • Mechanism by which partial C-terminal loss produces stapes-specific ankylosis rather than generalized synostosis was not explained
  4. 2012 High

    Showing that breast cancer cells selectively acquire NOG expression during bone metastasis and that NOG promotes osteoclast differentiation and bone colonization revealed a non-developmental, pathological role for Noggin's BMP-antagonist activity in the metastatic niche.

    Evidence Genetic knockdown and overexpression in human breast cancer cells; in vivo bone metastasis and osteoclast differentiation assays

    PMID:22547073

    Open questions at the time
    • Which specific BMPs are antagonized in the bone metastatic niche was not identified
    • Whether NOG's pro-metastatic role extends beyond breast cancer was not tested
  5. 2014 High

    Ablation and rescue of Myo/Nog cells in chick embryos demonstrated that these cells are essential sources of Noggin that restrain BMP signaling in the epiblast, and that loss of Noggin causes severe axial malformations and loss of skeletal muscle progenitors.

    Evidence G8 mAb + complement-mediated cell ablation in chick blastocyst with reintroduction rescue; immunofluorescence for BMP pathway and myogenic markers

    PMID:21884693

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of Noggin versus Follistatin from Myo/Nog cells was not separated
    • Mammalian equivalence of the Myo/Nog cell population was not demonstrated
  6. 2014 Medium

    Depletion of Myo/Nog cells from human lens explants identified these cells as the primary Noggin source in lens tissue and as the precursors of TGF-β-induced myofibroblasts, connecting Noggin-mediated BMP inhibition to lens epithelial homeostasis.

    Evidence G8 antibody-mediated depletion from human lens explants; immunofluorescence; TGF-β stimulation

    PMID:24736495

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab finding not independently replicated
    • Direct measurement of secreted Noggin levels after depletion was not reported
  7. 2015 Medium

    Identifying a common variant near NOG that disrupts enhancer activity and rare non-coding variant clusters in orofacial cleft patients established that cis-regulatory control of NOG expression contributes to craniofacial morphogenesis.

    Evidence Targeted sequencing in 1,409 trios; in vitro enhancer activity assay

    PMID:25704602

    Open questions at the time
    • Only one variant tested functionally; remaining rare variants lack individual functional validation
    • In vivo enhancer activity not confirmed
  8. 2021 Medium

    A natural NOG loss-of-function model in dogs showed that constitutive corneal NOG expression inhibits BMP signaling to maintain limbal epithelial progenitor cells, and its loss dysregulates BMP2/BMP4 balance leading to chronic corneal defects.

    Evidence Whole genome sequencing and RNA-seq of corneal tissue in Boxer dogs with 30 bp NOG deletion; IHC validation

    PMID:34311726

    Open questions at the time
    • Causal rescue experiment not performed
    • Whether NOG loss directly or indirectly alters limbal progenitor self-renewal was not resolved
  9. 2022 High

    Demonstrating that HIF-1α directly binds a hypoxia response element in the NOG promoter to upregulate transcription identified the first direct transcriptional regulator of NOG and linked hypoxia signaling to suppression of osteogenic differentiation via the NOG/BMP axis.

    Evidence ChIP, dual-luciferase reporter assay, HIF-1α overexpression/inhibition in PDLSCs, in vivo IHC

    PMID:36002046

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether HIF-1α regulation of NOG operates in tissues beyond periodontal ligament was not tested
    • Additional transcription factors controlling NOG in skeletal development remain unidentified

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The structural basis of Noggin dimerization-dependent BMP sequestration at atomic resolution, the full repertoire of transcriptional regulators driving tissue-specific NOG expression, and the identity of epistatic modifiers that determine phenotypic outcome of NOG mutations remain unresolved.
  • No high-resolution structure of disease-associated Noggin mutant dimers
  • Epistatic modifier loci for NOG-related skeletal phenotypes not mapped
  • Comprehensive cis-regulatory map of the NOG locus across tissues not established

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 4
Pathway
R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4
Partners
BMP2BMP4HIF1A

Evidence

Reading pass · 9 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2001 Disease-causing NOG missense mutations (one SYNS1 and two SYM1) reduce or abolish secretion of functional noggin dimers in transiently transfected COS-7 cells; coexpression of mutant with wild-type noggin does not interfere with wild-type secretion, indicating hypomorphic alleles that reduce functional dimeric noggin secretion. Species-specific differences were also noted: the SYNS1 mutant could still form dimers in Xenopus laevis oocytes but not in COS-7 cells. Transient transfection in COS-7 cells, dimer formation assay, BMP binding assay, Xenopus oocyte expression Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 11562478
2002 Heterozygous nonsense (Q110X) and frameshift (c.252-253insC) NOG mutations predicted to truncate or disrupt the cysteine-rich C-terminal domain cause a congenital stapes ankylosis syndrome distinct from SYM1/SYNS1, establishing that the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain is critical for noggin function and that different truncating mutations produce different skeletal phenotypes. Sequencing of NOG in affected families; genotype-phenotype correlation American journal of human genetics Medium 12089654
2001 Identical NOG missense mutations (e.g., those originally described in SYM1) can also cause tarsal/carpal coalition syndrome (TCC), demonstrating that the same NOG allele can produce different skeletal fusion phenotypes, implying epistatic modifiers act on the NOG pathway. Genetic sequencing of NOG in three kindreds with TCC; comparison with known SYM1 mutations Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics Medium 11545688
2012 NOG (noggin, a BMP inhibitor) expression is selectively acquired by breast cancer cells during bone metastasis (not enriched in primary tumors). Using genetic knockdown/overexpression, NOG was shown to facilitate bone colonization by fostering osteoclast differentiation and bone degradation, and to contribute to metastatic lesion reinitiation, coupling cancer cell-autonomous and nonautonomous (osteoclast-mediated) functions. Genetic knockdown and overexpression in human breast cancer cells; in vivo bone metastasis assay; osteoclast differentiation assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 22547073
2022 HIF-1α directly binds to a hypoxia response element (HRE at -1505 to -1502) in the NOG promoter to transcriptionally upregulate NOG/Noggin expression under hypoxia, resulting in inhibition of osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Overexpression of HIF-1α increased Noggin levels and suppressed osteogenesis-related gene expression; HIF-1α inhibition reversed these effects. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), dual-luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot, HIF-1α overexpression/inhibition in PDLSCs, in vivo animal model IHC Experimental cell research High 36002046
2014 Myo/Nog cells in the chick embryo express both MyoD mRNA and the BMP inhibitor Noggin (Nog). Ablation of Myo/Nog cells in the blastocyst expands canonical BMP signaling, prevents noggin and follistatin expression before and after gastrulation, and causes severe axial malformations with loss of skeletal muscle progenitors (Pax3+); reintroduction of Myo/Nog cells restores normal BMP signaling, morphogenesis, and skeletal myogenesis. This identifies Myo/Nog cells as essential regulators of BMP signaling in the early epiblast through Noggin secretion. Cell ablation in chick blastocyst using G8 mAb + complement; reintroduction rescue experiments; immunofluorescence for BMP pathway components and myogenic markers Developmental biology High 21884693
2014 Myo/Nog cells are the primary source of noggin in telogen hair follicles and in anterior lens tissue. Depletion of Myo/Nog cells from human lens explants eliminated cells expressing skeletal muscle proteins (including vimentin, MyoD, sarcomeric myosin) without affecting differentiating lens epithelial cells, and prevented TGF-β-induced skeletal muscle protein expression, demonstrating that Myo/Nog cells are the source of myofibroblast precursors in the lens and that Noggin from these cells modulates BMP signaling in lens tissue. G8 antibody-mediated depletion of Myo/Nog cells from human lens explants; immunofluorescence; TGF-β stimulation assay PloS one Medium 24736495
2021 A 30 bp deletion at a splice site in the NOG gene in Boxer dogs is significantly associated with spontaneous superficial chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs). NOG deletion dogs showed reduced NOG, BMP4, MMP13, and NCAM1 expression and increased BMP2 by IHC, indicating that constitutive NOG expression in the cornea inhibits BMP signaling to regulate limbal epithelial progenitor cells (LEPC), and loss of NOG dysregulates LEPC, contributing to corneal epithelial defects. Whole genome sequencing; RNA sequencing of corneal tissue; immunohistochemistry of corneal sections BMC veterinary research Medium 34311726
2015 A common variant (rs227727) near NOG disrupts enhancer activity in vitro, and a significant cluster of non-coding rare variants near NOG were identified in orofacial cleft patients, suggesting that cis-regulatory elements controlling NOG expression are functional contributors to cleft risk. Targeted sequencing in 1,409 trios; enhancer activity assay in vitro American journal of human genetics Medium 25704602

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2011 The reconstituted 'humanized liver' in TK-NOG mice is mature and functional. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 259 21238430
2009 The analysis of the functions of human B and T cells in humanized NOD/shi-scid/gammac(null) (NOG) mice (hu-HSC NOG mice). International immunology 174 19515798
2015 Identification of functional variants for cleft lip with or without cleft palate in or near PAX7, FGFR2, and NOG by targeted sequencing of GWAS loci. American journal of human genetics 133 25704602
2009 Highly sensitive model for xenogenic GVHD using severe immunodeficient NOG mice. Transplantation 114 19502956
2008 NOD/Shi-scid IL2rgamma(null) (NOG) mice more appropriate for humanized mouse models. Current topics in microbiology and immunology 104 18481452
2003 Functional CD5+ B cells develop predominantly in the spleen of NOD/SCID/gammac(null) (NOG) mice transplanted either with human umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, or mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells. Experimental hematology 85 12962725
2016 Antitumor Effect of Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) Blockade in Humanized the NOG-MHC Double Knockout Mouse. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 81 27458246
2002 Autosomal dominant stapes ankylosis with broad thumbs and toes, hyperopia, and skeletal anomalies is caused by heterozygous nonsense and frameshift mutations in NOG, the gene encoding noggin. American journal of human genetics 81 12089654
2001 Human disease-causing NOG missense mutations: effects on noggin secretion, dimer formation, and bone morphogenetic protein binding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 11562478
2013 A novel TK-NOG based humanized mouse model for the study of HBV and HCV infections. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 73 24140055
2010 Bioinspired heme, heme/nonheme diiron, heme/copper, and inorganic NOx chemistry: *NO((g)) oxidation, peroxynitrite-metal chemistry, and *NO((g)) reductive coupling. Inorganic chemistry 69 20666386
2001 Mutations of the NOG gene in individuals with proximal symphalangism and multiple synostosis syndrome. Clinical genetics 69 11846737
2009 Sym1, the yeast ortholog of the MPV17 human disease protein, is a stress-induced bioenergetic and morphogenetic mitochondrial modulator. Human molecular genetics 64 20042463
2001 Identical mutations in NOG can cause either tarsal/carpal coalition syndrome or proximal symphalangism. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 60 11545688
2012 Identification of NOG as a specific breast cancer bone metastasis-supporting gene. The Journal of biological chemistry 59 22547073
2011 A comprehensive review of reported heritable noggin-associated syndromes and proposed clinical utility of one broadly inclusive diagnostic term: NOG-related-symphalangism spectrum disorder (NOG-SSD). Human mutation 59 21538686
2007 Identification of a key molecular regulator of liver metastasis in human pancreatic carcinoma using a novel quantitative model of metastasis in NOD/SCID/gammacnull (NOG) mice. International journal of oncology 59 17786304
2004 Establishment of a new model of human multiple myeloma using NOD/SCID/gammac(null) (NOG) mice. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 59 14684154
2017 Human PBMC-transferred murine MHC class I/II-deficient NOG mice enable long-term evaluation of human immune responses. Cellular & molecular immunology 57 29151581
2013 Human hepatocytes and hematolymphoid dual reconstitution in treosulfan-conditioned uPA-NOG mice. The American journal of pathology 56 24200850
2017 Long-term maintenance of peripheral blood derived human NK cells in a novel human IL-15- transgenic NOG mouse. Scientific reports 55 29222435
2015 Predominant development of mature and functional human NK cells in a novel human IL-2-producing transgenic NOG mouse. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 55 25712215
1992 Biochemical characterization and electron-transfer reactions of sym1, a Rhodobacter capsulatus reaction center symmetry mutant which affects the initial electron donor. Biochemistry 54 1420154
2012 CXCR4 inhibitors selectively eliminate CXCR4-expressing human acute myeloid leukemia cells in NOG mouse model. Cell death & disease 52 23034331
2016 A Novel Xenogeneic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Model for Investigating the Pathological Role of Human CD4+ or CD8+ T Cells Using Immunodeficient NOG Mice. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 50 27862942
2015 Establishment of patient-derived cancer xenografts in immunodeficient NOG mice. International journal of oncology 47 25963555
2007 FGFR1 over-expression in primary rhabdomyosarcoma tumors is associated with hypomethylation of a 5' CpG island and abnormal expression of the AKT1, NOG, and BMP4 genes. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 47 17696196
2004 SYM1 is the stress-induced Saccharomyces cerevisiae ortholog of the mammalian kidney disease gene Mpv17 and is required for ethanol metabolism and tolerance during heat shock. Eukaryotic cell 46 15189984
2018 Generation of Human Immunosuppressive Myeloid Cell Populations in Human Interleukin-6 Transgenic NOG Mice. Frontiers in immunology 45 29456539
2009 Higher susceptibility of NOG mice to xenotransplanted tumors. The Journal of toxicological sciences 42 19182442
2008 Liver metastasis models of colon cancer for evaluation of drug efficacy using NOD/Shi-scid IL2Rgammanull (NOG) mice. International journal of oncology 42 18097554
2014 Nestin delineates pancreatic cancer stem cells in metastatic foci of NOD/Shi-scid IL2Rγ(null) (NOG) mice. The American journal of pathology 40 24412093
2012 In vivo formation of dihydroxylated and glutathione conjugate metabolites derived from thalidomide and 5-Hydroxythalidomide in humanized TK-NOG mice. Chemical research in toxicology 40 22268628
2019 Abscopal effect when combining oncolytic adenovirus and checkpoint inhibitor in a humanized NOG mouse model of melanoma. Journal of medical virology 39 31081549
2019 Antitumor activity of the PD-1/PD-L1 binding inhibitor BMS-202 in the humanized MHC-double knockout NOG mouse. Biomedical research (Tokyo, Japan) 38 31839668
2014 Chimeric TK-NOG mice: a predictive model for cholestatic human liver toxicity. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 38 25424997
2008 Reconstitution activity of hypoxic cultured human cord blood CD34-positive cells in NOG mice. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 38 19032938
2012 The channel-forming Sym1 protein is transported by the TIM23 complex in a presequence-independent manner. Molecular and cellular biology 37 23045398
2014 Characterization of EBV-related lymphoproliferative lesions arising in donor lymphocytes of transplanted human tumor tissues in the NOG mouse. Experimental animals 35 25077758
2015 Spontaneous Post-Transplant Disorders in NOD.Cg- Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug/JicTac (NOG) Mice Engrafted with Patient-Derived Metastatic Melanomas. PloS one 32 25996609
1995 Localization of the gene (SYM1) for proximal symphalangism to human chromosome 17q21-q22. Genomics 32 7557985
1992 Prolactin-induced protein kinase C activity in a mouse mammary cell line (NOG-8). Molecular and cellular endocrinology 31 1301398
2013 Copper complexes relevant to the catalytic cycle of copper nitrite reductase: electrochemical detection of NO(g) evolution and flipping of NO2 binding mode upon Cu(II) → Cu(I) reduction. Inorganic chemistry 30 24066957
2021 An improved TK-NOG mouse as a novel platform for humanized liver that overcomes limitations in both male and female animals. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics 29 34839181
1992 Spectroscopic and redox properties of sym1 and (M)F195H: Rhodobacter capsulatus reaction center symmetry mutants which affect the initial electron donor. Biochemistry 29 1329946
2002 Identification of a novel NOG gene mutation (P35S) in an Italian family with symphalangism. Human mutation 28 11857750
2018 Enhanced Antibody Responses in a Novel NOG Transgenic Mouse with Restored Lymph Node Organogenesis. Frontiers in immunology 27 29387068
2013 The human hepatic cell line HepaRG as a possible cell source for the generation of humanized liver TK-NOG mice. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems 26 24066694
2019 BLT-Immune Humanized Mice as a Model for Nivolumab-Induced Immune-Mediated Adverse Events: Comparison of the NOG and NOG-EXL Strains. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 25 30850839
2012 Mutations in the NOG gene are commonly found in congenital stapes ankylosis with symphalangism, but not in otosclerosis. Clinical genetics 25 22288654
2003 Characterization of a stapes ankylosis family with a NOG mutation. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 24 12621334
2007 Engraftment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers in NOD/SCID/gammac(null) (NOG) mice. International journal of cancer 23 17657714
2014 Myo/Nog cells: targets for preventing the accumulation of skeletal muscle-like cells in the human lens. PloS one 22 24736495
2006 Development of human-human hybridoma from anti-Her-2 peptide-producing B cells in immunized NOG mouse. Experimental hematology 22 16939817
2017 Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T Cells inhibit the growth and metastases of established tissue factor-positive tumors in NOG mice. Oncotarget 21 28055955
2016 A novel nonsense mutation in the NOG gene causes familial NOG-related symphalangism spectrum disorder. Human genome variation 21 27508084
2008 P35S mutation in the NOG gene associated with Teunissen-Cremers syndrome and features of multiple NOG joint-fusion syndromes. European journal of medical genetics 21 18440889
2002 Evaluation of BMP4 and its specific inhibitor NOG as candidates in human neural tube defects (NTDs). European journal of human genetics : EJHG 21 12404109
2017 NOG-hIL-4-Tg, a new humanized mouse model for producing tumor antigen-specific IgG antibody by peptide vaccination. PloS one 20 28617827
2014 NOD-Rag2null IL-2Rγnull mice: an alternative to NOG mice for generation of humanized mice. Experimental animals 20 25077762
2011 Myo/Nog cell regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in the blastocyst is essential for normal morphogenesis and striated muscle lineage specification. Developmental biology 20 21884693
2010 In vivo assay of human NK-dependent ADCC using NOD/SCID/gammac(null) (NOG) mice. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20 20696130
2005 The facio-audio-symphalangism syndrome in a four generation family with a nonsense mutation in the NOG-gene. Clinical dysmorphology 20 15770128
2015 Human Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Mediated Acute Liver Failure and Rescue by Immunoglobulin in Human Hepatocyte Transplant TK-NOG Mice. Journal of virology 19 26246560
2014 The neutralizing function of the anti-HTLV-1 antibody is essential in preventing in vivo transmission of HTLV-1 to human T cells in NOD-SCID/γcnull (NOG) mice. Retrovirology 19 25163482
2005 S100A4 expression with reduced E-cadherin expression predicts distant metastasis of human malignant melanoma cell lines in the NOD/SCID/gammaCnull (NOG) mouse model. Oncology reports 19 16077966
2014 Nucleolar GTPase NOG-1 regulates development, fat storage, and longevity through insulin/IGF signaling in C. elegans. Molecules and cells 18 24552710
2020 RAD-seq-Based High-Density Linkage Map Construction and QTL Mapping of Biomass-Related Traits in Sorghum using the Japanese Landrace Takakibi NOG. Plant & cell physiology 17 32353144
2017 Humanized NOG mice as a model for tuberculosis vaccine-induced immunity: a comparative analysis with the mouse and guinea pig models of tuberculosis. Immunology 17 28502122
2024 Bispecific immune cell engager enhances the anticancer activity of CD16+ NK cells and macrophages in vitro, and eliminates cancer metastasis in NK humanized NOG mice. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 16 38490714
2019 HIV Replication in Humanized IL-3/GM-CSF-Transgenic NOG Mice. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 16 30871027
2014 Identification of two novel mutations in the NOG gene associated with congenital stapes ankylosis and symphalangism. Journal of human genetics 16 25391606
2012 Myo/Nog cells in normal, wounded and tumor-bearing skin. Experimental dermatology 16 22621191
2010 Facioaudiosymphalangism syndrome and growth acceleration associated with a heterozygous NOG mutation. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 16 20503332
2009 Thrombospondin 2 inhibits metastasis of human malignant melanoma through microenvironment-modification in NOD/SCID/gammaCnull (NOG) mice. International journal of oncology 16 19082472
2019 Depletion of Myo/Nog Cells in the Lens Mitigates Posterior Capsule Opacification in Rabbits. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 15 31042787
2018 Myo/Nog cells are present in the ciliary processes, on the zonule of Zinn and posterior capsule of the lens following cataract surgery. Experimental eye research 15 29559302
2015 Neuroprotective effect of Myo/Nog cells in the stressed retina. Experimental eye research 15 26688580
2011 Proximal symphalangism, hyperopia, conductive hearing impairment, and the NOG gene: 2 new mutations. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 15 21358557
2021 A defect in the NOG gene increases susceptibility to spontaneous superficial chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED) in boxer dogs. BMC veterinary research 14 34311726
2020 Human Aldehyde Oxidase 1-Mediated Carbazeran Oxidation in Chimeric TK-NOG Mice Transplanted with Human Hepatocytes. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 14 32357972
2017 Role of Myo/Nog Cells in Neuroprotection: Evidence from the Light Damaged Retina. PloS one 14 28099524
2008 Antigen-specific antibody production of human B cells in NOG mice reconstituted with the human immune system. Current topics in microbiology and immunology 14 18481455
2005 Stapes ankylosis in a family with a novel NOG mutation: otologic features of the facioaudiosymphalangism syndrome. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 14 16151340
2024 Humanization with CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cells in NOG-EXL mice results in improved long-term survival and less severe myeloid cell hyperactivation phenotype relative to NSG-SGM3 mice. Veterinary pathology 13 38197423
2021 Methyl-hydroxylation and subsequent oxidation to produce carboxylic acid is the major metabolic pathway of tolbutamide in chimeric TK-NOG mice transplanted with human hepatocytes. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems 13 33455497
2020 Improved Detection of in vivo Human NK Cell-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Using a Novel NOG-FcγR-Deficient Human IL-15 Transgenic Mouse. Frontiers in immunology 13 33117338
2015 Novel NOG mutation in Japanese patients with stapes ankylosis with broad thumbs and toes. European journal of medical genetics 13 26211601
2019 Metabolism of desloratadine by chimeric TK-NOG mice transplanted with human hepatocytes. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems 12 31690163
2018 Pathological alleles of MPV17 modeled in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae orthologous gene SYM1 reveal their inability to take part in a high molecular weight complex. PloS one 12 30273399
2014 Variable phenotypes of multiple synostosis syndrome in patients with novel NOG mutations. Joint bone spine 12 25241334
2009 Identification and association analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human noggin (NOG) gene and osteoporosis phenotypes. Bone 12 19167531
2009 C. elegans sym-1 is a downstream target of the hunchback-like-1 developmental timing transcription factor. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 12 19923914
2008 Establishing EGFP congenic mice in a NOD/Shi-scid IL2Rg(null) (NOG) genetic background using a marker-assisted selection protocol (MASP). Experimental animals 11 18946184
2020 Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 is expressed in the Myo/Nog cell lineage. PloS one 10 32614850
2018 Antiretroviral Drug Metabolism in Humanized PXR-CAR-CYP3A-NOG Mice. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 10 29476044
2007 Cushing proximal symphalangism and the NOG and GDF5 genes. Pediatric radiology 10 17994231
2022 HIF-1α drives the transcription of NOG to inhibit osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells in response to hypoxia. Experimental cell research 9 36002046
2009 Mutations of the noggin (NOG) and of the activin A type I receptor (ACVR1) genes in a series of twenty-seven French fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) patients. Genetic counseling (Geneva, Switzerland) 9 19400542
2007 Bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gene NOG is involved in myeloproliferative disease associated with myelofibrosis. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics 9 17889703