Affinage

NMBR

Neuromedin-B receptor · UniProt P28336

Round 2 corrected
Length
390 aa
Mass
43.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-29
110 papers in source corpus 23 papers cited in narrative 24 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

NMBR (BB1 receptor) is a Gq-coupled G protein-coupled receptor that selectively binds neuromedin B with high affinity to activate phospholipase C/IP3/Ca²⁺ signaling, mediating diverse physiological processes including itch transmission, anxiety-related behavior, respiratory patterning, cellular proliferation, and visceral sensitivity. Cloned from human small cell lung carcinoma cells, NMBR is pharmacologically distinct from the related GRP receptor (BB2), with ligand selectivity critically determined by Ile216 in transmembrane domain V and four conserved residues shared with GRP-R (PMID:1655761, PMID:8392057, PMID:9632639). In the spinal cord, NMBR mediates histaminergic itch through a cross-inhibitory relationship with GRPR, potentiated by a Gi-coupled NPRC co-receptor mechanism that facilitates NMB-encoded signaling (PMID:25209280, PMID:34919054). In the dorsal raphe nucleus, NMBR activation drives serotonin release to the ventral hippocampus to promote anxiogenic behavior, while peripheral NMBR signaling promotes granulosa cell and colonic epithelial cell proliferation via MAM-mediated mitochondrial Ca²⁺ transfer and autocrine mitogenic pathways, respectively (PMID:17035523, PMID:41257985, PMID:15528253).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 1991 High

    Molecular cloning of NMBR from human SCLC cells established it as a receptor pharmacologically distinct from GRP-R, resolving the question of whether bombesin-family peptides acted through a single receptor or multiple subtypes.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, Xenopus oocyte expression with radioligand binding and subtype-selective antagonist blockade

    PMID:1655761

    Open questions at the time
    • No structural information for the receptor
    • Downstream signaling pathway not yet defined
  2. 1993 High

    Identification of PLC/IP3/Ca²⁺ as the primary NMBR signaling cascade (with no cAMP involvement) and of Ile216 in TM-V as a critical determinant of NMB binding selectivity established both the signaling mechanism and structural basis of ligand discrimination.

    Evidence Stable transfection in Balb/3T3 fibroblasts with inositol phosphate, Ca²⁺, and cAMP assays; site-directed mutagenesis of NMB-R/GRP-R chimeras with radioligand binding

    PMID:7838118 PMID:8392057

    Open questions at the time
    • G protein identity (Gq vs. G11) not directly determined
    • Role of other TM domains in ligand binding uncharacterized
  3. 1994 High

    Demonstration that NMBR undergoes rapid agonist-induced internalization followed by recycling-dependent resensitization (independent of new protein synthesis) established the receptor's desensitization mechanism.

    Evidence Radioligand binding in C-6 glioblastoma and Balb/3T3 cells with monensin (recycling inhibitor) and cycloheximide treatment

    PMID:8163469

    Open questions at the time
    • Kinases mediating receptor phosphorylation/internalization not identified
    • β-arrestin involvement not tested
  4. 1998 High

    Transfer of four conserved NMBR/GRP-R residues into BRS-3 conferred near-wild-type NMB affinity, pinpointing the minimal structural determinants for peptide ligand recognition across the bombesin receptor family.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis of BRS-3, radioligand binding across receptor constructs

    PMID:9632639

    Open questions at the time
    • Determinants of non-peptide antagonist binding shown to differ but not fully mapped
    • No crystal or cryo-EM structure available
  5. 1999 High

    Characterization of PD168368 as a potent, selective NMBR antagonist across multiple species provided a critical pharmacological tool for dissecting NMBR function in vivo.

    Evidence Multi-species radioligand binding competition and functional Ca²⁺/IP3 assays

    PMID:10454496

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo selectivity and pharmacokinetics not fully profiled
    • No structural basis for antagonist selectivity
  6. 2002 Medium

    Nmbr-knockout mouse studies linked NMBR to serotonergic modulation in the dorsal raphe and stress-related behaviors, revealing its CNS role beyond peripheral peptide signaling.

    Evidence Nmbr KO mice with marble burying behavior, brain 5-HT immunohistochemistry, 5-HT1A qRT-PCR, and p-CPA rescue; separate KO study of maternal behavior after restraint stress

    PMID:12031854 PMID:12231437

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct electrophysiological evidence of NMBR action on 5-HT neurons not yet shown
    • Molecular mechanism linking NMBR to 5-HT1A downregulation unclear
  7. 2006 High

    Site-specific microinfusion and microdialysis established that NMBR activation in the dorsal raphe nucleus directly drives serotonin release to the ventral hippocampus, mediating anxiogenic behavior through downstream 5-HT2C receptors.

    Evidence Intra-DRN microinfusion of NMB agonist and BB1 antagonist, in vivo microdialysis for hippocampal 5-HT, social interaction and fear-potentiated startle tests

    PMID:17035523

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether NMBR acts directly on 5-HT neurons or via interneurons not resolved
    • Translational relevance to human anxiety not tested
  8. 2014 High

    Genetic epistasis using single and double Nmbr/Grpr knockout mice revealed that NMBR and GRPR cross-inhibit to maintain normal histaminergic itch, with GRPR+ neurons acting downstream of NMBR+ neurons, defining a spinal itch circuit hierarchy.

    Evidence Nmbr, Grpr, and double KO mice with intradermal pruritogen injection and scratching quantification

    PMID:25209280

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism of cross-inhibition not defined
    • Identity of interneurons connecting NMBR+ to GRPR+ neurons unknown
  9. 2021 High

    Discovery that NPRC co-localizes with NMBR in spinal cord laminae I–II and that BNP potentiates NMB/NMBR Ca²⁺ signaling through Gi-coupled NPRC revealed a novel cross-receptor mechanism facilitating histaminergic itch transmission.

    Evidence Npr3 KO mice, behavioral itch assays, Ca²⁺ imaging in HEK293 cells co-expressing NMBR/NPRC, dorsal horn neuron recordings

    PMID:34919054

    Open questions at the time
    • Signaling intermediates linking Gi (NPRC) to Gq (NMBR) potentiation not identified
    • Whether this mechanism operates outside the spinal cord unknown
  10. 2025 Medium

    Multiple studies expanded NMBR's functional repertoire: antiviral innate immunity via RIG-I/TRIM25/JAK-STAT1 potentiation, granulosa cell proliferation via MAM-mediated mitochondrial Ca²⁺ transfer, dorsal raphe 5-HT neuron activation by in vivo electrophysiology, and visceral hypersensitivity regulation in IBS models through BB1-selective mechanisms.

    Evidence NMBR overexpression/knockdown in A549 cells and mouse lungs with viral replication and ubiquitination assays; NMB treatment of goat granulosa cells with Ca²⁺ imaging and MAM analysis; in vivo single-unit electrophysiology of dorsal raphe neurons; IBS rat models with BB1-selective pharmacology

    PMID:40114617 PMID:41242095 PMID:41257985 PMID:41548687

    Open questions at the time
    • Antiviral role demonstrated only for H9N2 influenza; breadth across other viruses unknown
    • MAM mechanism shown in goat granulosa cells; conservation in human not confirmed
    • IBS model pharmacology involves many downstream pathways; direct NMBR effectors not fully delineated

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • No experimental three-dimensional structure of NMBR has been determined; the molecular basis of Gq coupling, β-arrestin recruitment kinetics, and the precise circuit identities of NMBR-expressing neurons in itch and respiratory circuits remain unresolved.
  • No cryo-EM or crystal structure of NMBR
  • β-arrestin and GRK specificity not experimentally determined
  • Cell-type-specific transcriptomic identity of spinal NMBR+ neurons incomplete

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 4
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 4
Partners
GRPRNMBNPR3PLCΒ1TRIM25

Evidence

Reading pass · 24 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1991 NMBR (NMB-R) was cloned from human small cell lung carcinoma cells and shown to be pharmacologically distinct from the GRP receptor, with preferential high affinity for neuromedin B over GRP; expressed in Xenopus oocytes, a GRP-R-specific antagonist blocked GRP-R responses but not NMB-R responses, demonstrating distinct pharmacology. cDNA cloning, Xenopus oocyte expression, receptor binding, pharmacological antagonist blocking The Journal of biological chemistry High 1655761
1993 NMBR signals through a pertussis toxin-insensitive G protein coupled to phospholipase C, generating inositol trisphosphate and releasing intracellular calcium; agonist binding does not increase cAMP levels, establishing PLCβ/IP3/Ca2+ as the primary signaling pathway. Stable transfection in Balb/3T3 fibroblasts, [3H]inositol phosphate assay, intracellular calcium measurement, cAMP assay Molecular pharmacology High 7838118
1993 Isoleucine-216 in transmembrane domain V (TM-V) of NMBR is critical for high-affinity NMB binding; the Ile216→Ser substitution abolished high-affinity NMB binding and severely impaired NMB-dependent inositol phosphate formation, while three other TM-V mutations did not affect binding. Site-directed mutagenesis of NMB-R/GRP-R chimeras, stable expression in Balb/3T3 fibroblasts, radioligand displacement assay, inositol phosphate assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 8392057
1993 Distinct NMBR and GRP-R subtypes are expressed on human and rabbit colonic smooth muscle cells; antisense oligonucleotides selectively blocking NMBR mRNA translation inhibited neuromedin B-induced contraction without affecting GRP-induced contraction, demonstrating receptor-subtype-specific contractile roles. RT-PCR for receptor mRNA, antisense oligonucleotide-mediated mRNA knockdown, smooth muscle contraction assay Gastroenterology High 8253343
1994 NMBR undergoes rapid homologous desensitization following agonist stimulation via receptor down-regulation mediated by internalization; recovery (resensitization) of surface NMB-R is independent of new protein synthesis and is due to recycling from an intracellular compartment, as shown by monensin (recycling inhibitor) blocking recovery but cycloheximide not affecting it. Radioligand binding assay on native C-6 glioblastoma cells and stably transfected Balb/3T3 cells, inositol phosphate/Ca2+ assays, monensin and cycloheximide treatment The Journal of biological chemistry High 8163469
1998 Four specific amino acid residues conserved in NMBR and GRP-R (but diverged in BRS-3) are critical for high-affinity NMB binding to NMBR; substituting these four residues into BRS-3 (4ΔBRS-3) increased NMB affinity to near wild-type NMBR levels, while these substitutions did not create high affinity for the non-peptide antagonist PD168368, indicating distinct structural determinants for peptide vs. non-peptide binding. Site-directed mutagenesis of BRS-3, radioligand binding assay, comparison across receptor subtypes The Journal of biological chemistry High 9632639
1999 PD168368 is a potent, competitive, and selective antagonist at NMBR across human, mouse, rat, and frog species (Ki = 15–45 nM), with 30–60-fold lower affinity for GRP-R and >300-fold lower affinity for BRS-3; it inhibits NMB-induced Ca2+ and inositol phosphate responses without acting as an agonist. Radioligand binding competition assay, intracellular calcium and [3H]inositol phosphate assays across multiple species receptor variants The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics High 10454496
2000 Rational design of BRS-3-selective agonists using conformationally restricted amino acid substitutions (specifically (R)- or (S)-amino-3-phenylpropionic acid at position 11) into the prototype bombesin analog confirmed that NMBR (and GRP-R) require distinct pharmacophore features from BRS-3 for selective high-affinity binding; BRS-3 selective agonists functioned via phospholipase C/inositol phosphate pathway. Rational peptide design, radioligand binding, [3H]inositol phosphate assay, molecular modeling The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 11112777
2002 NMBR-deficient female mice show impaired recovery of maternal behavior after restraint stress compared to wild-type mice, demonstrating that the NMB/NMBR pathway modulates stress resilience and maternal behavior in vivo. Nmbr knockout mice, maternal behavior scoring before and after restraint stress Neuroscience letters Medium 12231437
2002 NMB-R-deficient female mice exhibit decreased marble burying behavior associated with elevated 5-HT immunostaining in the dorsal raphe nucleus and downregulated 5-HT1A receptor gene expression, suggesting NMB/NMBR modulates dorsal raphe serotonergic neuron activity; 5-HT depletion with p-CPA reversed the burying deficit in KO mice. Nmbr knockout mice, marble burying behavioral test, HPLC for brain 5-HT levels, immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR, p-CPA pharmacological depletion Brain research Medium 12031854
2004 NMBR is expressed in normal and cancerous human colonic epithelial cells and functions as a mitogen; exogenous NMB was 50–100% more efficacious than GRP in stimulating proliferation of colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2, HT-29) and also promoted proliferation of non-malignant NCM-460 colonic epithelial cells, acting in an autocrine fashion. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot with deglycosylation, cell proliferation assays in multiple colonic cell lines American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology Medium 15528253
2006 Bombesin receptor BB1 (NMBR) antagonist PD176252, administered to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), increased social interaction and suppressed NMB-stimulated in vivo 5-HT release in the ventral hippocampus; intra-DRN NMB agonist (NMB-30) promoted 5-HT release and suppressed social interaction, an effect blocked by a 5-HT2C (but not 5-HT1A) receptor antagonist, establishing that NMBR at the DRN drives 5-HT release to the ventral hippocampus mediating anxiogenesis. Intra-DRN microinfusion, in vivo microdialysis for hippocampal 5-HT, social interaction test, fear-potentiated startle, pharmacological receptor antagonists The Journal of neuroscience High 17035523
2011 The NMBR antagonist PD168368 inhibited NMB-induced angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and suppressed tumor growth in a xenograft model, demonstrating that NMBR signaling promotes tumor angiogenesis and cancer cell survival. In vitro angiogenesis assay, in vivo Matrigel plug angiogenesis, xenograft tumor model, cell cycle and apoptosis analysis Cancer letters Medium 21908103
2014 NMBR and GRPR exhibit cross-inhibitory signaling in the spinal cord to maintain normal histaminergic itch transmission: Nmbr KO mice show enhanced GRPR activity (and vice versa) without upregulation of receptor expression; double KO (Nmbr/Grpr) mice show significant deficits in histamine-evoked scratching but not chloroquine-evoked scratching, indicating GRPR alone mediates non-histaminergic itch while the two receptors compensate for each other in histaminergic itch. GRPR+ neurons act downstream of NMBR+ neurons in integrating NMB-NMBR-encoded histaminergic itch. Single and double knockout mice, intradermal pruritogen injection, scratching behavior quantification, receptor expression analysis The Journal of neuroscience High 25209280
2017 Chicken NMBR (cNMBR) expressed in CHO cells is potently and specifically activated by cNMB (not cGRP), as monitored by luciferase reporter assays, confirming conservation of ligand selectivity across vertebrates; cNMBR is mainly expressed in the brain and testes. CHO cell expression, cell-based luciferase reporter assay, qPCR tissue expression profiling Journal of molecular endocrinology Medium 28500250
2020 Homology modeling of NMBR followed by docking of peptoid antagonists PD168368 and PD176252 defined a pharmacophore for BB1 receptor binding; in silico screening identified structurally diverse small molecules with selective affinity for NMBR but not GRP-R (BB2), providing initial structural insight into NMBR ligand binding. Homology modeling, molecular docking, pharmacophore-based virtual screening, radioligand binding validation Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Low 32824403
2021 BNP facilitates NMB-encoded histaminergic itch through a novel NPRC-NMBR cross-signaling mechanism: NPRC (encoded by Npr3) partially co-localizes with NMBR in spinal cord laminae I-II; NPRC is required for histamine- but not chloroquine-evoked itch; BNP significantly facilitates NMB-mediated (but not GRP-mediated) scratching; BNP evoked Ca2+ responses in NMBR/NPRC HEK293 cells and dorsal horn neurons co-expressing both receptors, revealing a Gi-coupled NPRC potentiating Gq-coupled NMBR signaling. Npr3 knockout mice, behavioral itch assays, Ca2+ imaging in HEK293 cells co-expressing NMBR and NPRC, dorsal horn neuron recordings eLife High 34919054
2023 Steered molecular dynamics modeling of bombesin bound to NMBR and GRP-R identified receptor residues important for high affinity binding and explained differential binding affinity between the two receptors; models revealed distinct bound conformations of bombesin at BB1R vs. BB2R consistent with mutagenesis data. Steered molecular dynamics simulation, homology modeling, structure-activity analysis International journal of biological macromolecules Low 37956803
2009 NMBR mRNA and protein expression peaks at the onset of labor in mouse myometrium; NF-κB p65 DNA-binding activity positively correlates with NMBR mRNA expression, and NMBR expression correlates with IL-6 and HSP70 expression, suggesting NMBR participates in parturition via NF-κB p65–IL-6 signaling and may influence onset of labor by regulating HSP70 through a p65-independent pathway. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, NF-κB p65 DNA-binding activity assay (NoShift kit) across pregnancy stages Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban Low 19587437
2025 NMB/NMBR signaling restricts H9N2 influenza virus replication by potentiating IFN-β production; mechanistically, NMBR activation upregulates TRIM25 (an E3 ubiquitin ligase) to target viral NS1 protein, and engages a positive feedback loop with the RIG-I pathway by enhancing K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I while transcriptionally repressing the deubiquitinase CYLD, resulting in augmented JAK-STAT1 signaling and increased ISG15 expression. NMB treatment and NMBR overexpression/knockdown in A549 cells and mouse lungs, viral replication assays, IFN-β ELISA, TRIM25 and CYLD expression analysis, ubiquitination assays, STAT1 phosphorylation Veterinary microbiology Medium 41242095
2025 NMB binding to NMBR in goat granulosa cells activates PLCβ1, triggering ER Ca2+ release and raising cytosolic Ca2+ while alleviating ER stress; NMBR signaling strengthens mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) formation via the IRE1α–IP3R–VDAC1 axis, facilitating Ca2+ transfer into mitochondria, enhancing mitochondrial membrane potential, respiratory chain complex activities, and ATP production, thereby promoting granulosa cell proliferation. An NMBR antagonist abolished these effects. Exogenous NMB treatment, NMBR antagonist, Ca2+ imaging, cell cycle analysis (S-phase fraction), CCNE1/CDK expression, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP assay, MAM formation analysis Journal of ovarian research Medium 41257985
2025 Bombesin stimulates dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic neurons in vivo via a mechanism involving NMBR (BB1 receptor); intravenous Tat-bombesin increased 5-HT neuron firing activity, and the NMBR antagonist PD176252 had the opposite effect, confirming that GRP/bombesin regulates 5-HT neurotransmission through BB1 receptors. In vivo single-unit electrophysiology of dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons, Tat-bombesin administration, PD176252 antagonist General physiology and biophysics Medium 40114617
2026 Bombesin ameliorates visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability in LPS- and CRF-induced IBS rat models via BB1 (NMBR) receptor-dependent mechanisms; effects were abolished by BB1 antagonism and reproduced by BB1 receptor activation but not BB2 activation. Mechanistic pathways involve AMPK, GABAA, nitric oxide, opioid, peripheral CRF receptor subtype 2, neurotensin receptor 1, and central orexin/dopamine D2/muscarinic receptor signaling, and suppression of IL-1β and preservation of occludin expression. IBS rat models (LPS and CRF), EMG recording of visceral pain, colonic permeability (Evans blue), occludin immunoblot, IL-1β ELISA, selective BB1/BB2 agonists and antagonists European journal of pharmacology Medium 41548687
2024 Photostimulation of parafacial NMB neurons or preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) NMBR neurons elicits ectopic sighs; however, ectopic sighs can also be produced without involvement of NMB peptide or NMBR (via preBötC SST neuron activation even in the presence of NMBR and GRPR antagonists), indicating NMBR-expressing neurons participate in but are not exclusively required for sigh generation, and that preBötC SST neurons are downstream elements converting normal breaths to sighs. Optogenetic photostimulation of NMB/NMBR neurons, chemogenetic and optogenetic activation of preBötC SST neurons, NMBR/GRPR antagonist pharmacology in vivo bioRxivpreprint Medium

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 110 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
1993 Activated T cells induce expression of B7/BB1 on normal or leukemic B cells through a CD40-dependent signal. The Journal of experimental medicine 541 7681471
1993 Induction of alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness in human T lymphocytes by blocking interaction of CD28 with its natural ligand B7/BB1. The Journal of experimental medicine 501 7678111
1991 The CD28 ligand B7/BB1 provides costimulatory signal for alloactivation of CD4+ T cells. The Journal of experimental medicine 390 1847724
1982 B lymphoblast antigen (BB-1) expressed on Epstein-Barr virus-activated B cell blasts, B lymphoblastoid cell lines, and Burkitt's lymphomas. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 345 6274961
1992 Functional expression of the costimulatory molecule, B7/BB1, on murine dendritic cell populations. The Journal of experimental medicine 324 1328465
1992 The B7/BB1 antigen provides one of several costimulatory signals for the activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes by human blood dendritic cells in vitro. The Journal of clinical investigation 294 1378854
1993 Functional expression of B7/BB1 on activated T lymphocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine 283 7679711
1994 In vivo blockade of CD28/CTLA4: B7/BB1 interaction with CTLA4-Ig reduces lethal murine graft-versus-host disease across the major histocompatibility complex barrier in mice. Blood 228 7515723
2003 Hypoxia-induced gene expression in human macrophages: implications for ischemic tissues and hypoxia-regulated gene therapy. The American journal of pathology 225 14507633
1991 Two distinct bombesin receptor subtypes are expressed and functional in human lung carcinoma cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 208 1655761
1994 T cell costimulation by B7/BB1 induces CD8 T cell-dependent tumor rejection: an important role of B7/BB1 in the induction, recruitment, and effector function of antitumor T cells. The Journal of experimental medicine 188 7511683
2001 BRS1, a serine carboxypeptidase, regulates BRI1 signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 161 11320207
2012 Spectrum and prevalence of mutations involving BrS1- through BrS12-susceptibility genes in a cohort of unrelated patients referred for Brugada syndrome genetic testing: implications for genetic testing. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 151 22840528
2000 Presence of receptors for bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide and mRNA for three receptor subtypes in human prostate cancers. The Prostate 150 10679759
1992 Antibody and B7/BB1-mediated ligation of the CD28 receptor induces tyrosine phosphorylation in human T cells. The Journal of experimental medicine 144 1372649
2005 Potent bombesin-like peptides for GRP-receptor targeting of tumors with 99mTc: a preclinical study. Journal of medicinal chemistry 135 15634004
1993 B7/BB1, the ligand for CD28, is expressed on repeatedly activated human T cells in vitro. European journal of immunology 123 7678229
1993 Discordant expression of CD28 ligands, BB-1, and B7 on keratinocytes in vitro and psoriatic cells in vivo. The American journal of pathology 117 7682758
2010 Four novel Loci (19q13, 6q24, 12q24, and 5q14) influence the microcirculation in vivo. PLoS genetics 114 21060863
2007 Toward a confocal subcellular atlas of the human proteome. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 114 18029348
1993 Expression and functional properties of mouse B7/BB1 using a fusion protein between mouse CTLA4 and human gamma 1. Immunology 106 8244464
1995 Abnormal expression of the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex on the luminal surface of biliary epithelium occurs before major histocompatibility complex class II and BB1/B7 expression. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 102 7535733
1999 Expression of the costimulatory molecule BB-1, the ligands CTLA-4 and CD28, and their mRNA in inflammatory myopathies. The American journal of pathology 97 10433938
2008 Reviews in molecular biology and biotechnology: transmembrane signaling by G protein-coupled receptors. Molecular biotechnology 92 18240029
1999 Evidence for autocrine actions of neuromedin B and gastrin-releasing peptide in non-small cell lung cancer. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics 79 10545285
1993 In situ expression of B7/BB1 on antigen-presenting cells and activated B cells: an immunohistochemical study. International immunology 79 7682106
1993 The B7/BB1 antigen is expressed by Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease and contributes to the stimulating capacity of Hodgkin's disease-derived cell lines. Blood 78 7693051
2000 The presence of receptors for bombesin/GRP and mRNA for three receptor subtypes in human ovarian epithelial cancers. Regulatory peptides 77 10828496
1993 Follicular dendritic cells help resting B cells to become effective antigen-presenting cells: induction of B7/BB1 and upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. The Journal of experimental medicine 77 7504055
1995 Expression and characterization of cloned human bombesin receptors. Molecular pharmacology 74 7838118
2006 Stable association between G alpha(q) and phospholipase C beta 1 in living cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 65 16754659
2017 A Role for Mitochondrial Translation in Promotion of Viability in K-Ras Mutant Cells. Cell reports 64 28700943
1993 CD28 ligation by monoclonal antibodies or B7/BB1 provides an accessory signal for the cyclosporin A-resistant generation of cytotoxic T cell activity. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 64 7682237
1996 Bombesin specifically induces intracellular calcium mobilization via gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in human prostate cancer cells. Journal of molecular endocrinology 63 8782088
1994 Elevated expression of CD80 (B7/BB1) and other accessory molecules on synovial fluid mononuclear cell subsets in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism 63 7526869
2006 Bombesin receptors as a novel anti-anxiety therapeutic target: BB1 receptor actions on anxiety through alterations of serotonin activity. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 60 17035523
1995 Genetic and antigenic characterization of Babesia bovis merozoite spherical body protein Bb-1. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 59 7770080
1994 Expression of the B7/BB1 activation antigen and its ligand CD28 in T-cell-mediated skin diseases. The Journal of investigative dermatology 59 7523532
2000 Expression of the co-stimulatory molecule BB-1, the ligands CTLA-4 and CD28 and their mRNAs in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Brain : a journal of neurology 57 10908195
2000 Rational design of a peptide agonist that interacts selectively with the orphan receptor, bombesin receptor subtype 3. The Journal of biological chemistry 57 11112777
2005 Dihydroflavonol BB-1, an extract of natural plant Blumea balsamifera, abrogates TRAIL resistance in leukemia cells. Blood 54 16195335
2014 Cross-inhibition of NMBR and GRPR signaling maintains normal histaminergic itch transmission. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 50 25209280
2010 Systematic mapping and functional analysis of a family of human epididymal secretory sperm-located proteins. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 47 20736409
1994 Expression of the costimulatory molecule B7/BB1 in autoimmune thyroid disease. The Quarterly journal of medicine 46 7516083
1994 Expression of mRNA for three bombesin receptor subtypes in human bronchial epithelial cells. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 45 8018339
2011 Biology of mammalian bombesin-like peptides and their receptors. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 44 21042212
2005 Arabidopsis BRS1 is a secreted and active serine carboxypeptidase. The Journal of biological chemistry 42 16123046
1993 The fifth transmembrane segment of the neuromedin B receptor is critical for high affinity neuromedin B binding. The Journal of biological chemistry 42 8392057
2004 Neuromedin B and its receptor are mitogens in both normal and malignant epithelial cells lining the colon. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 41 15528253
1993 Identification of two Th1 cell epitopes on the Babesia bovis-encoded 77-kilodalton merozoite protein (Bb-1) by use of truncated recombinant fusion proteins. Infection and immunity 41 7678098
2011 Pharmacology and selectivity of various natural and synthetic bombesin related peptide agonists for human and rat bombesin receptors differs. Peptides 37 21729729
1996 Bombesin receptor structure and expression in human lung carcinoma cell lines. Journal of cellular biochemistry. Supplement 36 8806106
1994 Desensitization of neuromedin B receptors (NMB-R) on native and NMB-R-transfected cells involves down-regulation and internalization. The Journal of biological chemistry 36 8163469
1993 Expression of bombesin-receptor subtypes and their differential regulation of colonic smooth muscle contraction. Gastroenterology 36 8253343
1998 The BB1 monoclonal antibody recognizes both cell surface CD74 (MHC class II-associated invariant chain) as well as B7-1 (CD80), resolving the question regarding a third CD28/CTLA-4 counterreceptor. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 35 9743327
1999 Comparative pharmacology of the nonpeptide neuromedin B receptor antagonist PD 168368. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 34 10454496
2010 Gastrin-releasing peptide/neuromedin B receptor antagonists PD176252, PD168368, and related analogs are potent agonists of human formyl-peptide receptors. Molecular pharmacology 31 20943772
2006 Identification of basogranulin (BB1) as a novel immunohistochemical marker of basophils in normal bone marrow and patients with myeloproliferative disorders. American journal of clinical pathology 30 16393678
1996 Lack of B7-1/BB1 and B7-2/B70 expression on thyrocytes of patients with Graves' disease. Delivery of costimulatory signals from bystander professional antigen-presenting cells. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 30 8923872
1992 Induction of proliferative responses of T cells from Babesia bovis-immune cattle with a recombinant 77-kilodalton merozoite protein (Bb-1). Infection and immunity 30 1730498
1998 Four amino acid residues are critical for high affinity binding of neuromedin B to the neuromedin B receptor. The Journal of biological chemistry 28 9632639
1996 Human keratinocytes constitutively express IL-4 receptor molecules and respond to IL-4 with an increase in B7/BB1 expression. Experimental dermatology 28 9028793
2017 Characterization of NMB, GRP and their receptors (BRS3, NMBR and GRPR) in chickens. Journal of molecular endocrinology 27 28500250
2011 Structure and activity of exo-1,3/1,4-β-glucanase from marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. BB1 showing a novel C-terminal domain. The FEBS journal 27 22129429
2016 Phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer of both prophage and heterologous DNA by ϕBB-1, a bacteriophage of Borrelia burgdorferi. Pathogens and disease 26 27811049
2002 Restraint stress impaired maternal behavior in female mice lacking the neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R) gene. Neuroscience letters 26 12231437
2002 Decreased marble burying behavior in female mice lacking neuromedin-B receptor (NMB-R) implies the involvement of NMB/NMB-R in 5-HT neuron function. Brain research 25 12031854
2001 Mass, charge, and subcellular localization of a unique secretory product identified by the basophil-specific antibody BB1. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 25 11344351
1997 BRS1, a C30 bis-amino, bis-hydroxy polyunsaturated lipid from an Australian calcareous sponge that inhibits protein kinase C. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 25 9248010
1993 Interleukin-7 specifically induces the B7/BB1 antigen on human cord blood and peripheral blood T cells and T cell clones. International immunology 25 7690242
2011 Neuromedin B receptor antagonist suppresses tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Cancer letters 24 21908103
1995 Signal transduction by B7/BB1 expressed on activated T lymphocytes: cross-linking of B7/BB1 induces protein tyrosine phosphorylation and synergizes with signalling through T-cell receptor/CD3. Immunology 24 7490112
1994 B7/BB1 provides an important costimulatory signal for CD3-mediated T lymphocyte proliferation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Clinical and experimental immunology 24 7512010
1993 Molecular cloning and characterization of receptors for the mammalian bombesin-like peptides. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 23 8391296
2021 BNP facilitates NMB-encoded histaminergic itch via NPRC-NMBR crosstalk. eLife 21 34919054
2015 Bombesin-like peptides and their receptors: recent findings in pharmacology and physiology. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 20 25517020
2012 Selenium and zinc internalized by Lactobacillus buchneri Lb26 (DSM 16341) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb1 (DSM 17850): improved bioavailability using a new biological approach. Journal of clinical gastroenterology 17 22955356
2010 Discovery and characterization of a distinctive exo-1,3/1,4-{beta}-glucanase from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain BB1. Applied and environmental microbiology 15 20729316
2024 Characterization and genomic analysis of the Lyme disease spirochete bacteriophage ϕBB-1. PLoS pathogens 13 38558079
1983 Studies on the B lymphoblast antigen No. 1 (BB-1) on a series of Burkitt lymphoma lines differing in the expression of the EBV/C3 receptor complex. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 13 6187858
1996 Elevated in vivo expression of the costimulatory molecule B7-BB1 (CD80) on antigen presenting cells from a patient with SLE. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 12 8978970
2019 In Vitro Release of Bioactive Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (GDF5, BB-1, and BMP-2) from a PLGA Fiber-Reinforced, Brushite-Forming Calcium Phosphate Cement. Pharmaceutics 11 31484306
2017 BRS1 Function in Facilitating Lateral Root Emergence in Arabidopsis. International journal of molecular sciences 11 28718794
2022 A Seed-Borne Bacterium of Rice, Pantoea dispersa BB1, Protects Rice from the Seedling Rot Caused by the Bacterial Pathogen Burkholderia glumae. Life (Basel, Switzerland) 10 35743824
2016 PDE7B, NMBR and EPM2A Variants and Schizophrenia: A Case-Control and Pharmacogenetics Study. Neuropsychobiology 10 27092952
1994 IL-7 induces surface expression of B7/BB1 on pre-B cells and an associated increase in their costimulatory effects on T cell proliferation. Cellular immunology 10 7507002
2017 The GDF5 mutant BB-1 enhances the bone formation induced by an injectable, poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) fiber-reinforced, brushite-forming cement in a sheep defect model of lumbar osteopenia. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 9 29031993
2021 Phomaligols F-I, polyoxygenated cyclohexenone derivatives from marine-derived fungus Aspergillus flavus BB1. Bioorganic chemistry 7 34426151
1996 Molecular analysis of a gene, BB1, overexpressed in bladder and breast carcinoma. Anticancer research 7 8702217
2024 Bifidobacterium bifidum Strain BB1 Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Increase in Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Permeability via Toll-Like Receptor-2/Toll-Like Receptor-6 Receptor Complex-Dependent Stimulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ and Suppression of NF-κB p65. The American journal of pathology 6 38885924
2002 Expression of the costimulatory molecule BB-1 and its receptors in patients with scleroderma-polymyositis overlap syndrome. Journal of the neurological sciences 6 12409186
2021 BRS1 mediates plant redox regulation and cold responses. BMC plant biology 5 34116634
2020 New Insights into the Stereochemical Requirements of the Bombesin BB1 Receptor Antagonists Binding. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) 4 32824403
1995 Southern hybridization analyses of somatic cell hybrids reveal that human BB1 is a member of a multigene family dispersed throughout the human genome and appears to be linked to the human G25K genes. DNA and cell biology 4 7598801
2023 Assessment of the bound conformation of bombesin to the BB1 and BB2 receptors. International journal of biological macromolecules 3 37956803
2013 Expression of the basophil-specific antibodies 2D7 and BB1 in patients with cutaneous Mastocytosis. Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology 3 24459815
2006 Molecular cloning of carboxylesterase gene and biochemical characterization of encoded protein from Bacillus subtilis (RRL BB1). Journal of biotechnology 3 16621096
1994 Individual differences in the in vitro response to cyclosporin A (CsA): possible heterogeneity in the involvement of the CD28-B7/BB1 pathway. Therapie 3 7878594
2009 [Expression of NMBR in myometrium in pregnant mice at different gestational ages and its relation with parturition]. Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences 2 19587437
1998 Bb1-3, a transgenic hybrid cell line with erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation potential that expresses high levels of human gamma-globin and human beta-globin. British journal of haematology 2 9734648
2000 Regulation of the rat BB1 RNA during normal rat lung development. Experimental lung research 1 11033765
2026 Bombesin improves visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability via BB1 receptor-dependent multi-pathway mechanisms in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome. European journal of pharmacology 0 41548687
2025 Bombesin stimulates dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic neurons via a mechanism involving BB1 receptors. General physiology and biophysics 0 40114617
2025 Neuromedin B and its receptor NMBR inhibit H9N2 infection. Veterinary microbiology 0 41242095
2025 Neuromedin B drives goat granulosa cell proliferation via NMBR-mediated calcium homeostasis. Journal of ovarian research 0 41257985
2024 Characterization and genomic analysis of the Lyme disease spirochete bacteriophage ϕBB-1. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 0 38260690
2009 [Cloning and expression of the six coding genes of sendai virus BB1 strain]. Bing du xue bao = Chinese journal of virology 0 19634765
1998 [A structural analysis of the BRS1 repeat from the genomic DNA of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)]. TSitologiia i genetika 0 9813887