| 2016 |
Under pathological stress in mice, BRG1 (nucleosome-remodeling factor) recruits G9a/GLP (histone methyltransferase) and then DNMT3 (DNA methyltransferase) to assemble repressive chromatin on the Myh6 promoter, marked by H3K9 and CpG methylation, thereby silencing Myh6 and impairing cardiac contraction. Disruption of any component (Brg1, G9a, or Dnmt3) de-represses Myh6 and reduces stress-induced cardiac dysfunction. |
Chromatin immunoprecipitation, co-immunoprecipitation of BRG1-G9a/GLP-DNMT3 complex, genetic disruption of each component in mice, histone/DNA methylation assays, cardiac function readouts |
Biochimica et biophysica acta |
High |
26952936
|
| 2013 |
The HCM-causing Myh6 R403Q mutant allele can be selectively silenced by allele-specific RNAi delivered via AAV; a 25% reduction in mutant transcript levels was sufficient to prevent hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis in MHC403/+ mice for at least 6 months, establishing that partial allele-specific silencing of mutant Myh6 suppresses the dominant pathological mechanism. |
AAV-delivered RNAi in transgenic MHC403/+ mice; histological and echocardiographic assessment of hypertrophy and fibrosis |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
High |
24092743
|
| 2009 |
A nonsense mutation in the X. tropicalis cardiac myosin heavy chain gene myh6 (muzak mutation) causes a premature stop codon that deletes the coiled-coil domain responsible for polymerization into thick filaments, leading to non-contractile hearts with severely disrupted cardiomyocyte cytoskeleton. Despite loss of contractile activity and thick filament assembly, early cardiac morphogenesis (looping, chamber formation) proceeds normally; later, dilated chambers form with compressed endocardium and failure to form valves and trabeculae. |
Positional cloning, sequencing, phenotypic characterization of homozygous mutant embryos by imaging and histology |
Developmental biology |
High |
19769958
|
| 2010 |
Specific MYH6 missense mutations (A230P and A1366D) significantly disrupt myofibril formation in mouse myoblasts transfected with GFP-MYH6 fusion proteins, whereas the H252Q mutation significantly enhances myofibril assembly, establishing that MYH6 variants associated with congenital heart defects functionally alter sarcomere/myofibril assembly. |
Transfection of GFP-MYH6 fusion constructs (wild-type and mutant) in mouse myoblasts; fluorescence microscopy assessment of myofibril formation |
Human molecular genetics |
Medium |
20656787
|
| 1993 |
The human MYH6 gene consists of 39 exons (37 coding), with the 5'-UTR split into 3 exons and the AUG initiation codon in the third exon. All exon/intron boundaries are conserved with beta-MyHC (MYH7) except one intron. The gene spans 26,159 bp and the intergenic 5'-flanking region is 4484 bp. |
Complete nucleotide sequencing of the gene and 5'-flanking region; exon/intron boundary mapping |
Genomics |
High |
8307559
|
| 2019 |
Adult zebrafish homozygous for myh6 loss-of-function mutations (weak atrium line) develop atrial hypoplasia with elastin deposition and ventricular enlargement occurring predominantly through hyperplasia (increased cardiomyocyte proliferation) rather than hypertrophy, despite activation of transcriptional profiles similar to mammalian hypertrophic response; ER-stress pathway activation was also detected. |
Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy for cardiomyocyte size, density, and proliferation markers; RT-PCR for hypertrophy markers; western blot for ER-stress pathway |
Cell and tissue research |
Medium |
31129720
|
| 2020 |
iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes carrying the MYH6-R443P head domain variant (from HLHS patients) exhibit dysmorphic sarcomere structure, exclusive beta-myosin heavy chain (MYH7) expression (no alpha-MHC) after differentiation day 15, slower contraction rate, reduced shortening, and slower shortening and relaxation velocities. CRISPR/Cas9 introduction of R443P into unaffected parent iPSCs recapitulated the phenotype; correction of R443P in proband iPSCs rescued sarcomere organization and contractile defects. |
iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte differentiation; CRISPR/Cas9 isogenic editing (introduction and correction of R443P); sarcomere imaging; contractility measurement; protein expression analysis |
Frontiers in cell and developmental biology |
High |
32656206
|
| 2021 |
Variants in the promoter region of MYH6 (g.4085G>C and g.4716G>A) found only in ventricular septal defect patients significantly reduced transcriptional activity of the MYH6 promoter and altered transcription factor binding sites as detected by EMSA, providing a loss-of-expression mechanism for VSD. |
Dual luciferase reporter assay; electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA); bioinformatics (JASPAR) for transcription factor binding prediction |
BMC medical genomics |
Medium |
36209093
|
| 2023 |
Variants in the MYH6 gene promoter found in tetralogy of Fallot patients (including two novel variants g.3384G>T and g.4518T>C) reduce transcriptional activity and alter transcription factor binding, as demonstrated by dual luciferase reporter assays and EMSA in three different cell lines (HEK-293, HL-1, H9C2). |
Dual luciferase reporter assay; EMSA in three cell lines; bioinformatics JASPAR analysis |
Pediatric research |
Medium |
38135727
|
| 2024 |
Variants in the MYH6 gene promoter found only in patent ductus arteriosus patients reduce transcriptional activity and alter transcription factor binding, as demonstrated by dual luciferase reporter and EMSA in three cell lines (HEK-293, HL-1, H9C2). |
Dual luciferase reporter assay; EMSA in three cell lines; sequencing |
Human molecular genetics |
Medium |
38340456
|
| 2022 |
An insertion mutation (Arg1822_Glu1823dup) in the MYH6 coiled-coil domain impairs myofibril formation and increases apoptosis in transfected myoblast C2C12 cells; molecular simulation reveals the variant disrupts the myosin α-helix and increases coiled-coil dimer stability, suggesting aberrant self-aggregation. |
Transfection of mutant MYH6 in C2C12 myoblasts; myofibril formation assay; apoptosis assay; molecular dynamics simulation |
European journal of medical genetics |
Medium |
34481090
|
| 2011 |
Three novel MYH6 missense mutations (R17H, C539R, K543R) causing familial atrial septal defects are located in the highly conserved motor domain region involved in myosin-actin interaction, co-segregate with disease, and are absent in controls, placing the pathological mechanism at the level of myosin-actin interaction in the motor domain. |
Array-based resequencing of sarcomeric genes; family co-segregation analysis; structural/homology analysis of motor domain |
PloS one |
Low |
22194935
|
| 2024 |
MYH6 overexpression in prostate cancer cells suppresses proliferation and migration, and RNA-seq identified KIT proto-oncogene as a downstream target of MYH6; rescue assays confirmed KIT mediates the tumor suppressive effects of MYH6. |
Overexpression in prostate cancer cell lines; in vitro proliferation and migration assays; RNA-seq; rescue assays with KIT; in vivo xenograft |
Scientific reports |
Low |
39181964
|
| 2026 |
CRISPR/Cas9-generated myh6 knockout zebrafish show impaired atrial and ventricular function, disordered sarcomere organization, and transcriptomic changes enriched in muscle development, calcium ion homeostasis, and sarcomere pathways (1318 differentially expressed genes), establishing that myh6 is required for maintaining atrial function and sarcomere integrity in vivo. |
CRISPR/Cas9 zebrafish knockout; echocardiographic/structural assessment; transcriptomic sequencing; sarcomere imaging |
NPJ genomic medicine |
Medium |
42236494
|
| 2025 |
A gene regulatory enhancer element directly interacts with the MYH6 locus (confirmed by chromatin conformation assays) and controls MYH6 expression in hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes; epigenome editing to activate this enhancer alters cardiomyocyte response to endothelin-1 stress, preventing polyploidization and changing calcium dynamics. |
Chromatin conformation assays (Hi-C/3C type); epigenome editing to activate enhancer; endothelin-1 stress assay; calcium imaging; polyploidy assessment |
bioRxivpreprint |
Medium |
|
| 2024 |
hiPSC-CMs carrying MYH6 R725C (equivalent to MYH7 R723C) mutation show sarcomere disorganization, reduced cortical F-actin, increased central F-actin, cellular hypertrophy, and TGF-β1 overexpression; mutant cardiomyocytes activate fibroblasts via TGF-β1, and blocking TGF-β1 receptor signaling reduces fibroblast activation and contractile force to control levels. |
Base editing to introduce R725C in hiPSCs; 3D engineered heart tissue with cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts; immunostaining; RNA-seq; calcium imaging; force measurement; TGF-β1 receptor blockade rescue |
bioRxivpreprint |
Medium |
|
| 2025 |
hiPSC-CMs with MYH6 R725C mutation (alongside MYH7 R723C) display upregulation of cytoskeletal and sarcomere transcripts, cellular hypertrophy, increased aspect ratio, sarcomere disorganization with lower sarcomeric order, reduced cortical F-actin and increased central F-actin compared to isogenic controls, with pathological changes accumulating progressively over time. |
Base editing to generate isogenic mutant hiPSC-CMs; bulk RNA-seq with KEGG and GO analysis; immunostaining; morphological analysis |
Journal of cardiovascular development and disease |
Medium |
41440879
|
| 2024 |
MYH6 variant carriers (HLHS patients) show decreased right atrial active strain (impaired atrial contractility) measured by 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography compared to controls, with no significant difference in right ventricular function, establishing that α-MHC dysfunction specifically impairs atrial (not ventricular) contractile function consistent with predominant atrial MYH6 expression. |
2D speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) with blinded assessment; case-control matching |
Genes |
Medium |
39596649
|
| 2024 |
Mice carrying both heterozygous Myh6-R453C and Tnnt2-R92W mutations develop significantly greater HCM phenotypes (hypertrophy) at 4 weeks compared to single heterozygous mutants, establishing a synergistic aggravation of HCM by double sarcomere mutations involving MYH6. |
Generation of single and double heterozygous knock-in mice; echocardiography; histology for hypertrophy assessment |
Biochemical and biophysical research communications |
Medium |
39191188
|