Affinage

MT-ND3

NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 · UniProt P03897

Length
115 aa
Mass
13.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 11 papers cited in narrative 11 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

MT-ND3 encodes a mitochondrially encoded transmembrane subunit of respiratory complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) that is essential for both complex I assembly and catalytic electron transfer activity. RNAi suppression of the ND3 ortholog in Chlamydomonas abolishes complex I assembly and activity (PMID:16963630), while human pathogenic mutations (e.g., T10158C, T10191C, m.10197G>A/C) cause complex I deficiency with disproportionate loss of enzymatic activity relative to assembled complex, indicating a direct role in ubiquinone binding or proton pumping (PMID:14705112, PMID:38437941, PMID:17152068). Cysteine-39, located in the loop connecting transmembrane helices 1 and 2 at the junction of the membrane and peripheral arms near the quinone-binding site, becomes selectively exposed during the active-to-deactive conformational transition of complex I and serves as a target for regulatory S-nitrosation, even within respiratory supercomplexes (PMID:18502755, PMID:24560811). MT-ND3 mRNA stability and polyadenylation in mitochondria are controlled by the nuclear-encoded RNA-binding protein FASTKD4, which directly binds the MT-ND3 poly(A) tail (PMID:39727163).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 1995 Medium

    Whether mitochondrial gene expression of ND3 is subject to nuclear hormone regulation was unknown; EMSA demonstrated a thyroid hormone receptor binding site in the MT-ND3 gene, and ND3 mRNA levels changed with thyroid status in rat brain, establishing transcriptional regulation by a nuclear receptor.

    Evidence EMSA and Northern blot in hypothyroid vs. euthyroid rat tissues

    PMID:7763274

    Open questions at the time
    • No demonstration that TR binding directly drives transcription rather than acting indirectly
    • Relevance to human MT-ND3 regulation not established
  2. 2004 Medium

    Whether ND3 mutations impair complex I assembly or catalytic function was unclear; patient mutations T10158C and T10191C caused disproportionately greater loss of enzyme activity than of assembled complex, establishing that ND3 contributes directly to catalysis beyond a purely structural role.

    Evidence Blue native PAGE and respiratory chain enzyme assays in patient-derived mitochondria across four cases

    PMID:14705112

    Open questions at the time
    • No reconstitution with purified components to isolate catalytic contribution
    • Exact role in ubiquinone binding vs. proton pumping not distinguished
  3. 2005 Medium

    How ND3 mutations affect other complex I subunits was unknown; the S45P mutation destabilized ND6 and NDUFA9 subunits, suggesting ND3 is important for stability of subcomplexes bridging membrane and peripheral arms.

    Evidence Western blot of mitochondrial subunits from patient cells with T10191C mutation

    PMID:16023078

    Open questions at the time
    • Single patient case limits generalizability
    • Whether subunit loss is direct (contact-dependent) or indirect not resolved
  4. 2006 High

    Whether ND3 is strictly required for complex I assembly was untested by loss-of-function; RNAi knockdown in Chlamydomonas abolished both the 950-kDa holo-complex and NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity, establishing ND3 as essential for complex I biogenesis.

    Evidence RNAi knockdown of NUO3 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, blue native PAGE, enzyme assays

    PMID:16963630

    Open questions at the time
    • Model organism ortholog; not directly demonstrated in mammalian cells at this point
    • Step at which assembly fails not defined
  5. 2007 High

    Definitive proof that a MT-ND3 mutation is the direct cause of complex I deficiency required transfer of mutant mtDNA; cybrid experiments with m.10197G>A confirmed that the ND3 A47T mutation is causative, linking MT-ND3 to Leigh-like mitochondrial disease.

    Evidence Cybrid transfer of mutant mtDNA to rho-0 cells, enzyme assays, replicated in three families

    PMID:17152068

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise structural consequence of A47T substitution not determined
    • Heteroplasmy threshold for disease not precisely defined
  6. 2008 High

    The molecular basis of the active/deactive transition of complex I at ND3 was unknown; Cys-39 in the loop between ND3 transmembrane helices 1–2 was identified as selectively exposed in the deactive form and subject to S-nitrosation, positioning ND3 as a conformational sensor at the membrane-peripheral arm interface.

    Evidence Selective fluorescent labeling and mass spectrometry of bovine heart complex I

    PMID:18502755

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of S-nitrosation on complex I activity not quantified
    • Whether Cys-39 modification is regulatory in vivo not shown
  7. 2014 High

    Whether the A/D conformational change at ND3 persists within respiratory supercomplexes was unresolved; Cys-39 accessibility and ND3 structural rearrangement were confirmed in I+III₂+IV supercomplexes, extending the A/D transition model to the native supercomplex context.

    Evidence DIGE-like proteomic approach, blue native PAGE, 2D native electrophoresis of bovine heart mitochondria

    PMID:24560811

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of A/D transition within supercomplexes not established
    • Whether supercomplex context modulates the kinetics of the transition unknown
  8. 2020 Medium

    Whether exogenous delivery of wild-type ND3 mRNA to mitochondria could rescue complex I deficiency was untested; liposome-based delivery of ND3 mRNA to Leigh syndrome patient fibroblasts increased maximal respiration, providing proof-of-concept for ND3 replacement therapy.

    Evidence MITO-Porter mRNA delivery, RT-qPCR, Seahorse respirometry in patient fibroblasts (T10158C)

    PMID:32371897

    Open questions at the time
    • Partial rescue; efficiency of mitochondrial mRNA import not fully characterized
    • No in vivo demonstration
    • Single lab, single patient cell line
  9. 2024 High

    Whether allotopic expression could complement MT-ND3 mutations was unknown; nuclear expression of codon-optimized ND3 with a mitochondrial targeting sequence partially restored complex I assembly, activity, and ATP synthesis in patient cells carrying m.10197G>C, establishing functional complementation.

    Evidence Allotopic expression rescue in patient fibroblasts, Western blot, blue native PAGE, enzyme assays, ATP measurement

    PMID:38437941

    Open questions at the time
    • Rescue is partial; efficiency of mitochondrial import of the allotopically expressed protein unclear
    • Long-term stability of complementation not assessed
  10. 2025 High

    How MT-ND3 mRNA is stabilized and polyadenylated in mitochondria was unknown; FASTKD4 was shown to directly bind the MT-ND3 poly(A) tail via its RAP domain and to be required for polyadenylation, mRNA stability, and translation of MT-ND3, identifying the first specific post-transcriptional regulator of this transcript.

    Evidence Crystal structure of FASTKD4, biochemical binding assays, RNA-seq/polyadenylation analysis in FASTKD4 knockout cells

    PMID:39727163

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other mitochondrial mRNAs share this FASTKD4-dependent regulatory mechanism not fully explored
    • Structural basis of substrate selectivity for MT-ND3 vs. other mt-mRNAs unclear

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The precise structural mechanism by which ND3 contributes to ubiquinone binding, proton translocation, and the active/deactive conformational switch—and whether Cys-39 S-nitrosation is a physiological regulatory signal—remain unresolved.
  • No high-resolution structure of ND3 in different conformational states of complex I with bound substrates
  • Functional consequence of Cys-39 S-nitrosation on proton pumping not measured
  • Heteroplasmy thresholds for different MT-ND3 pathogenic variants not systematically defined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 4
Localization
GO:0005739 mitochondrion 5
Pathway
R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 6 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4
Partners
FASTKD4MT-ND1MT-ND6NDUFA9NDUFS7
Complex memberships
Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase)Respiratory supercomplex I+III2+IV

Evidence

Reading pass · 11 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2008 Cysteine-39 of the mitochondrially encoded ND3 subunit is the specific residue accessible to chemical modification (S-nitrosation) only in the deactive (D) form of complex I. This cysteine is located in a loop connecting the first and second transmembrane helix of ND3, and the loop connects the ND3 subunit of the membrane arm with the PSST subunit of the peripheral arm, placing it in a region critical for the catalytic mechanism of complex I. Selective fluorescence labeling, proteomic/mass spectrometric analysis of bovine heart mitochondrial complex I The Journal of biological chemistry High 18502755
2014 During the active-to-deactive (A/D) transition of mitochondrial complex I, ND3 (along with ND1 and the 39 kDa subunit NDUFA9) undergoes structural rearrangement and becomes more exposed in the D-form. Cysteine-39 of ND3 remains accessible for chemical modification in the D-form even when complex I is incorporated into I+III2+IV supercomplexes. These structural rearrangements occur at the junction between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains near the quinone-binding site. Lysine-specific fluorescent labeling, DIGE-like proteomic approach, blue native PAGE, two-dimensional native electrophoresis Biochimica et biophysica acta High 24560811
2004 Mutations in the MT-ND3 subunit gene (T10158C and T10191C) cause disproportionately greater reductions in complex I enzyme activity than in the amount of fully assembled complex I, suggesting ND3 plays an important role in electron transport, proton pumping, or ubiquinone binding beyond structural assembly. Respiratory chain enzyme activity assays, blue native PAGE for complex I assembly analysis, mitochondrial DNA sequencing Annals of neurology Medium 14705112
2006 In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (where ND3 is nucleus-encoded), suppression of ND3 (NUO3) by RNA interference prevents assembly of the full 950-kDa complex I and abolishes NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase enzyme activity, demonstrating that ND3 is required for both complex I assembly and catalytic activity. RNA interference knockdown, blue native PAGE for complex I assembly, spectrophotometric enzyme activity assay Eukaryotic cell High 16963630
2007 The m.10197G>A (A47T) mutation in MT-ND3 causes isolated complex I deficiency and was transferred along with mutant mtDNA to rho-0 lymphoblastoid cells in cybrid experiments, confirming the mt-genomic mutation is the direct cause of the biochemical defect. The A47 residue is in a highly conserved domain critical for complex I function. Cybrid transfer experiment, respiratory chain enzyme assays, heteroplasmy quantification across tissues American journal of medical genetics. Part A High 17152068
1995 The mitochondrial ND3 gene contains a thyroid hormone receptor (TR/c-erbA) binding site confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and ND3 mRNA levels in rat brain and heart are regulated by thyroid hormone status, with hypothyroidism decreasing ND3 mRNA levels in cortex and hippocampus during postnatal development. Whole genome PCR, EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay), Northern blot in hypothyroid vs. euthyroid rat tissues Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 7763274
2025 FASTKD4, a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial RNA-binding protein with a RAP domain, directly binds the poly(A) tail of MT-ND3 mRNA and is required for its polyadenylation, stability, and translation. Loss of FASTKD4 decreases MT-ND3 polyadenylation and destabilizes the MT-ND3 messenger RNA in mitochondria. The atomic-level crystal structure of FASTKD4 revealed a positively charged cavity resembling the VsrI endonuclease. Crystal structure determination (atomic resolution), biochemical binding assays, RNA-seq/polyadenylation analysis in FASTKD4 knockout cells Nucleic acids research High 39727163
2024 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (2-HIBA) directly binds to the MT-ND3 protein (shown by protein thermal shift, DARTS, and surface plasmon resonance) and reverses the decrease in MT-ND3 protein levels in hippocampus of diabetic mice, maintaining NAD+/NADH stability and mitochondrial respiratory chain balance. Protein thermal shift assay, DARTS (drug affinity responsive target stability), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), proteomics, behavioral assays Redox biology Medium 39631248
2024 A novel m.10197G>C variant in MT-ND3 significantly lowers MT-ND3 protein levels, causing complex I assembly deficiency, reduced complex I activity, and decreased ATP synthesis. Allotopic expression of codon-optimized MT-ND3 (nuclear expression with mitochondrial targeting sequence) partially restores MT-ND3 protein levels, complex I assembly and activity, and ATP production in patient-derived cells. Functional analysis of patient fibroblasts, Western blot, blue native PAGE for complex I assembly, spectrophotometric enzyme assays, ATP synthesis measurement, allotopic expression rescue Mitochondrion High 38437941
2020 Mitochondrial delivery of normal ND3-encoding therapeutic mRNA via a liposome-based MITO-Porter carrier to fibroblasts from a Leigh syndrome patient (T10158C mutation) resulted in decreased mutant ND3 RNA levels and increased maximal mitochondrial respiratory activity, validating that restoration of ND3 function directly rescues respiratory chain complex I activity. Mitochondrial mRNA delivery (MITO-Porter), RT-qPCR for mutant RNA quantification, Seahorse respirometry Scientific reports Medium 32371897
2005 The homoplastic T10191C mutation in MT-ND3 (S45P substitution) causes complex I deficiency; Western blot analysis of patient mitochondria revealed decreased levels of the 20 kDa ND6 subunit and 30 kDa NDUFA9 subunit, suggesting ND3 mutations destabilize complex I subcomplexes that include these subunits. Western blot analysis of mitochondrial subunits, respiratory chain enzyme activity assay, mitochondrial DNA sequencing Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 16023078

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2004 De novo mutations in the mitochondrial ND3 gene as a cause of infantile mitochondrial encephalopathy and complex I deficiency. Annals of neurology 146 14705112
2020 Nd3+ -Sensitized Upconversion Metal-Organic Frameworks for Mitochondria-Targeted Amplified Photodynamic Therapy. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 138 31750975
2008 Identification of the mitochondrial ND3 subunit as a structural component involved in the active/deactive enzyme transition of respiratory complex I. The Journal of biological chemistry 132 18502755
2016 808 nm Light-triggered and hyaluronic acid-targeted dual-photosensitizers nanoplatform by fully utilizing Nd(3+)-sensitized upconversion emission with enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Biomaterials 122 27267626
2003 Frequent mitochondrial gene rearrangements at the hymenopteran nad3-nad5 junction. Journal of molecular evolution 107 12698290
1991 Expression of the wheat mitochondrial nad3-rps12 transcription unit: correlation between editing and mRNA maturation. The Plant cell 107 1726558
2007 A novel recurrent mitochondrial DNA mutation in ND3 gene is associated with isolated complex I deficiency causing Leigh syndrome and dystonia. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 87 17152068
2001 Progressive mitochondrial disease resulting from a novel missense mutation in the mitochondrial DNA ND3 gene. Annals of neurology 79 11456298
2009 Mitochondrial NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3) polymorphism (A10398G) and sporadic breast cancer in Poland. Breast cancer research and treatment 63 19266278
2004 A new mitochondrial DNA mutation in ND3 gene causing severe Leigh syndrome with early lethality. Pediatric research 61 14764913
1975 Adenovirus transcription. II. RNA sequences complementary to simian virus 40 and adenovirus 2DNA in AD2+ND1- and AD2+ND3-infected cells. Journal of virology 54 169392
2017 Editing of Mitochondrial Transcripts nad3 and cox2 by Dek10 Is Essential for Mitochondrial Function and Maize Plant Development. Genetics 52 28213476
1984 Nd3+ and Co2+ binding to sarcoplasmic reticulum CaATPase. An estimation of the distance from the ATP binding site to the high-affinity calcium binding sites. The Journal of biological chemistry 52 6238964
2006 Heterobimetallic Zn(II)-Ln(III) phenylene-bridged schiff base complexes, computational studies, and evidence for singlet energy transfer as the main pathway in the sensitization of near-infrared Nd3+ luminescence. Inorganic chemistry 51 17083231
2018 Rice PPS1 encodes a DYW motif-containing pentatricopeptide repeat protein required for five consecutive RNA-editing sites of nad3 in mitochondria. The New phytologist 48 30019754
2002 Singlet energy transfer as the main pathway in the sensitization of near-infrared Nd3+ luminescence by dansyl and lissamine dyes. Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry 46 12516211
1995 Identification of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3) as a thyroid hormone regulated gene by whole genome PCR analysis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 45 7763274
1983 Independent, spontaneous mutants of adenovirus type 2-simian virus 40 hybrid Ad2+ND3 that grow efficiently in monkey cells possess indentical mutations in the adenovirus type 2 DNA-binding protein gene. Journal of virology 45 6310153
2014 ND3, ND1 and 39kDa subunits are more exposed in the de-active form of bovine mitochondrial complex I. Biochimica et biophysica acta 41 24560811
2006 ND3 and ND4L subunits of mitochondrial complex I, both nucleus encoded in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, are required for activity and assembly of the enzyme. Eukaryotic cell 39 16963630
1997 Role of Nd3+ and Pb2+ on the RNA cleavage reaction by a small ribozyme. Biochemistry 39 9132001
2005 A complete species-level phylogeny of the Hylobatidae based on mitochondrial ND3-ND4 gene sequences. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 38 15950493
2020 Validation of a mitochondrial RNA therapeutic strategy using fibroblasts from a Leigh syndrome patient with a mutation in the mitochondrial ND3 gene. Scientific reports 37 32371897
2016 Nd3+-Sensitized Upconversion Nanostructure as a Dual-Channel Emitting Optical Probe for Near Infrared-to-Near Infrared Fingerprint Imaging. Inorganic chemistry 32 27684997
2005 Fulminant neurological deterioration in a neonate with Leigh syndrome due to a maternally transmitted missense mutation in the mitochondrial ND3 gene. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 32 16023078
2009 Mitochondrial ND3 as the novel causative gene for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and dystonia. Neurogenetics 31 19458970
2007 A novel ND3 mitochondrial DNA mutation in three Korean children with basal ganglia lesions and complex I deficiency. Pediatric research 29 17413873
1995 The rps3-rpl16-nad3-rps12 gene cluster in rice mitochondrial DNA is transcribed from alternative promoters. Current genetics 27 7788722
2009 Rolandic mitochondrial encephalomyelopathy and MT-ND3 mutations. Pediatric neurology 26 19520270
1991 The rice mitochondrial nad3 gene has an extended reading frame at its 5' end: nucleotide sequence analysis of rice trnS, nad3, and rps12 genes. Current genetics 26 1718614
2018 Nd3+ sensitized core-shell-shell nanocomposites loaded with IR806 dye for photothermal therapy and up-conversion luminescence imaging by a single wavelength NIR light irradiation. Nanotheranostics 23 29868349
2010 Leigh disease presenting in utero due to a novel missense mutation in the mitochondrial DNA-ND3. Molecular genetics and metabolism 21 20202874
2006 Effect of Nd3+ ion on carboxylation activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase of spinach. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 21 16469293
2018 Dual functional NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+@NaYF4:Yb3+, Nd3+ core-shell nanoparticles for cell temperature sensing and imaging. Nanotechnology 20 29283363
2018 Mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 3 (MTND3) Polymorphisms are Associated with Gastric Cancer Susceptibility. International journal of medical sciences 19 30275759
2010 Ultraviolet-blue to near-infrared downconversion of Nd(3+)-Yb(3+) couple. Optics letters 19 20081974
1996 Conservation of the organization of the mitochondrial nad3 and rps12 genes in evolutionarily distant angiosperms. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 19 8676875
2019 A Nd3+ sensitized upconversion nanosystem with dual photosensitizers for improving photodynamic therapy efficacy. Biomaterials science 18 30742148
2009 Is interlineage recombination responsible for low divergence of mitochondrial nad3 genes in Mytilus galloprovincialis? Molecular biology and evolution 18 19387011
2020 Er3+-to-dye energy transfer in DNA-coated core and core/shell/shell upconverting nanoparticles with 980 nm and 808 nm excitation of Yb3+ and Nd3. The Analyst 17 32043497
2015 Mitochondrial ND3 G10398A mutation: a biomarker for breast cancer. Genetics and molecular research : GMR 17 26782384
1998 Deleterious mutations at the mitochondrial ND3 gene in South American marsh rats (Holochilus). Genetics 17 9725852
2020 Monodisperse Core-Shell NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+-PEG-GGGRGDSGGGY-NH2 Nanoparticles Excitable at 808 and 980 nm: Design, Surface Engineering, and Application in Life Sciences. Frontiers in chemistry 15 32596210
1993 Ribosomal protein gene rpl5 is cotranscribed with the nad3 gene in Oenothera mitochondria. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 15 8413195
2017 Isolated and repeated stroke-like episodes in a middle-aged man with a mitochondrial ND3 T10158C mutation: a case report. BMC neurology 14 29237403
2013 Long survival in patients with leigh syndrome and the m.10191T>C mutation in MT-ND3 : a case report and review of the literature. Journal of child neurology 14 24284231
1997 A mitochondrial sub-stoichiometric orf87-nad3-nad1 exonA co-transcription unit present in solanaceae was amplified in the genus Nicotiana. Current genetics 14 9000381
2011 Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of Nd3+ and Pr3+ 2D polymers with tetrafluoro-p-phthalate. Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003) 13 21918768
2016 Complex I deficiency related to T10158C mutation ND3 gene: A further definition of the clinical spectrum. Brain & development 12 27742419
2014 Production of cold beams of ND3 with variable rotational state distributions by electrostatic extraction of He and Ne buffer-gas-cooled beams. The Journal of chemical physics 12 25028020
2019 Transition from Leigh syndrome to MELAS syndrome in a patient with heteroplasmic MT-ND3 m.10158T>C. Brain & development 11 31178082
2016 Mitochondrial Encephalopathy and Optic Neuropathy Due to m.10158 MT-ND3 Complex I Mutation Presenting in an Adult Patient: Case Report and Review of the Literature. The neurologist 11 27348141
2010 Unusual specificity of a receptor for Nd3+ among other lanthanide ions for selective colorimetric recognition. Inorganic chemistry 11 20597514
1995 Reactive collisions in quadrupole cells. 3: H/D exchange reactions of protonated aromatic amines with ND3. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 11 24222057
2019 A Chinese Family With Adult-Onset Leigh-Like Syndrome Caused by the Heteroplasmic m.10191T>C Mutation in the Mitochondrial MTND3 Gene. Frontiers in neurology 10 31105631
2014 Rapid identification of a novel complex I MT-ND3 m.10134C>A mutation in a Leigh syndrome patient. PloS one 10 25118196
1998 Rapeseed mitochondrial ccb206, a gene involved in cytochrome c biogenesis, is co-transcribed with the nad3 and rps12 genes: organization, transcription, and RNA editing of the nad3/rps12/ccb206 locus. Current genetics 10 9799366
2021 Association Between Epilepsy and Leigh Syndrome With MT-ND3 Mutation, Particularly the m.10191T>C Point Mutation. Frontiers in neurology 9 34956047
2007 A short treatment of cells with the lanthanide ions La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+ or Nd3+ changes the cellular chemistry into a state in which RNA replication of flaviviruses is specifically blocked without interference with host-cell multiplication. The Journal of general virology 9 17947525
2000 The origin of Lecithodesmus (Digenea: Campulidae) based on ND3 gene comparison. The Journal of parasitology 9 10958470
2024 Identification of a novel MT-ND3 variant and restoring mitochondrial function by allotopic expression of MT-ND3 gene. Mitochondrion 8 38437941
2024 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid targeted binding to MT-ND3 boosts mitochondrial respiratory chain homeostasis in hippocampus to rescue diabetic cognitive impairment. Redox biology 8 39631248
2021 Lack of association between single polymorphic variants of the mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase 3, and 4L (MT-ND3 and MT-ND4L) and male infertility. Andrologia 8 34120353
2020 Salinity effects on nad3 gene RNA editing of wild barley mitochondria. Molecular biology reports 8 32358688
2024 Enhancing antioxidant properties of CeO2 nanoparticles with Nd3+ doping: structural, biological, and machine learning insights. Biomaterials science 7 38450552
2021 Enhancing Bifunctional Electrocatalytic Activities of Oxygen Electrodes via Incorporating Highly Conductive Sm3+ and Nd3+ Double-Doped Ceria for Reversible Solid Oxide Cells. ACS applied materials & interfaces 7 33398987
2021 Novel Mutation m.10372A>G in MT-ND3 Causing Sensorimotor Axonal Polyneuropathy. Neurology. Genetics 7 33732874
2021 In Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondria 5' end polymorphisms of nad4L-atp4 and nad3-rps12 transcripts are linked to RNA PROCESSING FACTORs 1 and 8. Plant molecular biology 7 33909186
2016 Genetic variants in ATP6 and ND3 mitochondrial genes are not associated with aggressive prostate cancer in Mexican-Mestizo men with overweight or obesity. The aging male : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male 7 27187822
2013 The A10389G polymorphism of ND3 gene and breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Biomedical reports 7 24648932
1996 Characterization of the radish mitochondrial nad3/rps12 locus: analysis of recombination repeats and RNA editing. Current genetics 7 8662196
2025 The Vsr-like protein FASTKD4 regulates the stability and polyadenylation of the MT-ND3 mRNA. Nucleic acids research 6 39727163
2019 Adult-onset mitochondrial encephalopathy in association with the MT-ND3 T10158C mutation exhibits unique characteristics: A case report. World journal of clinical cases 6 31123680
2018 Yb3+-sensitized upconversion and downshifting luminescence in Nd3+ ions through energy migration. Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003) 6 29479629
2018 High performance UV photodetectors using Nd3+ and Er3+ single- and co-doped DNA thin films. Biosensors & bioelectronics 6 30390600
2013 Highly expressed MT-ND3 positively associated with histological severity of hepatic steatosis. APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica 6 24020820
1996 Evolution of the nad3-rps12 gene cluster in angiosperm mitochondria: comparison of edited and unedited sequences. Journal of molecular evolution 6 8875858
2017 Complete sequence of the ATP6 and ND3 mitochondrial genes in breast cancer tissue of postmenopausal women with different body mass indexes. Annals of diagnostic pathology 5 29414393
2012 [Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I deficiency due to 10191T>C mutation in ND3 gene]. Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics 5 22898272
2008 Dy3+ and Nd3+ induced genetic mutation of bacillus alpha-amylase. Journal of inorganic biochemistry 5 19497621
2000 Identification and characterization of the trnS/pseudo-tRNA/nad3/rps12 gene cluster from Coix lacryma-jobi L: organization, transcription and RNA editing. Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology 4 10996249
1993 Occurrence and transcription of genes for nad1, nad3, nad4L, and nad6, coding for NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1, 3, 4L, and 6, in liverwort mitochondria. Current genetics 4 7916672
2025 Microwave-assisted synthesis of dual responsive luminomagnetic rare earth metal ions (Nd3+, Dy3+) co-doped nanohydroxyapatite for biomedical applications. Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003) 3 39871604
2022 Mesenchymal stem cells improve redox homeostasis and mitochondrial respiration in fibroblast cell lines with pathogenic MT-ND3 and MT-ND6 variants. Stem cell research & therapy 3 35715829
2019 Erratum: Addendum: A Chinese Family With Adult-Onset Leigh-Like Syndrome Caused by the Heteroplasmic m.10191T>C Mutation in the Mitochondrial MTND3 Gene. Frontiers in neurology 3 31582958
2017 Dakarella massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., strain ND3T: a new bacterial genus isolated from the female genital tract. New microbes and new infections 3 28603641
2008 Double NASICON-type cell: ordered Nd3+ distribution in Li0.2Nd0.8/3Zr2(PO4)3. Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003) 3 18521448
2025 Clinical spectrum, treatment and outcomes of the m.10197G>A mutation in MT-ND3: a case report, systematic review and meta-analysis. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2 39923090
2025 Synergistic Effects of Multimodal Polydopamine Coating on NaGdF4@NaYF4:Nd3+ Nanostructured Alginate Microspheres through the Combination of Chemotherapy and Photothermal Therapy. The journal of physical chemistry. B 2 40462623
2021 Convergent Evolution of Himalayan Marmot with Some High-Altitude Animals through ND3 Protein. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 2 33498455
2020 Protonated state and synergistic role of Nd3+ doped barium cerate perovskite for the enhancement of ionic pathways in novel sulfonated polyethersulfone for H2/O2 fuel cells. Soft matter 2 32296794
2014 Growth, structure, thermal properties and spectroscopic characteristics of Nd3+-doped KGdP4O12 crystal. PloS one 2 24968165
2007 [Effect of norcantharidin's derivative Nd3 on proliferation of human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 and its possible mechanisms]. Ai zheng = Aizheng = Chinese journal of cancer 2 17430652
2001 Differences in editing of mitochondrial nad3 transcripts from CMS and fertile carrots. Acta biochimica Polonica 2 11833779
1998 Conservation of the structure and organization of lupin mitochondrial nad3 and rps12 genes. Acta biochimica Polonica 2 9918496
1984 The nucleotide sequence at the recombination/integration sites of the hybrid viruses Ad2+ND3 and Ad2+ND5. Virology 2 6322434
2025 Interfacial Engineering of a NaGdF4@NaYF4:Nd3+-Reinforced PVA/Chitosan Janus Hydrogel for Osteosarcoma and Osseointegration via the Entrapment of Strontium in Bisphosphonates. Bioconjugate chemistry 1 40754979
2022 Mitochondrial ATP6 and ND3 genes are associated with type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome 1 35613490
2018 Nd3+,Ho3+-Codoped apatite-related NaLa9(GeO4)6O2 phosphors for the near- and middle-infrared region. Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003) 1 30232497
2022 Luminescence properties and energy transfer of the near-infrared phosphor Ca3In2Ge3O12:Cr3+,Nd3. RSC advances 0 36320521