Affinage

MEST

Mesoderm-specific transcript homolog protein · UniProt Q5EB52

Length
335 aa
Mass
38.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 29 papers cited in narrative 29 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

MEST/PEG1 is a paternally expressed imprinted gene of the α/β-hydrolase fold family that functions as a developmental and signaling regulator whose silenced maternal allele is controlled by parent-of-origin-specific CpG methylation (PMID:7550314, PMID:9192843, PMID:9302270, PMID:9771709). The imprint is established during spermatogenesis and maintained at the promoter through a TIF1β(KAP1)–HP1 heterochromatin mechanism that enforces H3K9me3, H4K20me3, hypoacetylation, and DNA hypermethylation; disrupting the TIF1β–HP1 interaction reactivates the non-imprinted allele while leaving the imprinted allele's methylation intact (PMID:10958657, PMID:18923144). Paternal loss of Mest in mice causes embryonic growth retardation, reduced survival, and abnormal maternal behavior, confirming the imprint is functional (PMID:9771709). At the molecular level MEST acts as a node in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, inhibiting the pathway by blocking glycosylation and plasma-membrane localization of the co-receptor LRP6 and thereby promoting β-catenin ubiquitination and degradation (PMID:21375506); through this and related signaling it supports neuronal migration and dopaminergic neuron survival via Wnt-Akt signaling (PMID:28501506, PMID:28133444) and regulates adipogenesis, promoting adipocyte size and lipid accumulation in mouse yet inhibiting differentiation in human cells (PMID:15353408, PMID:26119994, PMID:28640866). In cancer MEST drives EMT, invasion, and metastasis through multiple effector axes: IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/Twist-1 activation requiring its C-terminus (PMID:30903102), direct interaction with VCP to accelerate IκBα degradation and activate NF-κB (PMID:34560900), and interaction with PURA to engage the SRCIN1/RASAL1-ERK-Snail cascade (PMID:37149929). In trophoblast biology, Lewis-Y α1,3-fucosylation of MEST at Asn163 by FUT4 enables binding to the translation initiation factor eIF4E2 to promote invasion, and reduced MEST expression accompanies promoter hypermethylation in pregnancy failure (PMID:27697227, PMID:37798282).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1995 High

    Establishing that PEG1/MEST is a paternally expressed imprinted gene of the α/β-hydrolase family defined the locus and predicted a hydrolase-type biochemical activity.

    Evidence cDNA subtraction between normal and parthenogenetic embryos with sequence analysis

    PMID:7550314

    Open questions at the time
    • No enzymatic substrate identified for the predicted hydrolase activity
    • Family assignment is sequence-based, not biochemically demonstrated
  2. 1997 High

    Mapping parent-of-origin CpG methylation showed the silent maternal allele is methylated and the active paternal allele unmethylated, defining the epigenetic basis of imprinting at this locus.

    Evidence Bisulfite sequencing, restriction analysis, and allele-specific RT-PCR in human tissues and mouse knock-in embryos

    PMID:9192843 PMID:9302270

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the factors that read or maintain the methylation mark
  3. 1998 High

    Paternal transmission of a Mest null allele produced growth retardation and abnormal maternal behavior reversibly silenced through the female germline, proving the imprint is biologically functional.

    Evidence Gene targeting in mice with reciprocal allele transmission and behavioral phenotyping

    PMID:9771709

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular effector linking Mest loss to growth and behavior not defined at this stage
  4. 2000 Medium

    Single-cell methylation analysis across spermatogenesis showed the MEST imprint is established during male germ-cell development, locating the timing of imprint setting.

    Evidence Bisulfite sequencing of microdissected human germ cells at defined stages

    PMID:10958657

    Open questions at the time
    • Enzymes establishing the male-germline imprint not identified
  5. 2002 Medium

    Discovery that biallelic MEST in breast cancer arises from a promoter switch upregulating a biallelic isoform 2 rather than true loss of imprinting refined how the locus is dysregulated in disease.

    Evidence Isoform-specific allele-resolved RT-PCR in matched normal/tumor pairs

    PMID:12023987

    Open questions at the time
    • Trigger for isoform-2 promoter activation in tumors unknown
  6. 2008 High

    Identifying the TIF1β–HP1 heterochromatin complex as the maintainer of the repressive promoter state explained how the non-imprinted MEST allele is kept silent independently of the imprinted allele's methylation.

    Evidence ChIP for histone marks and HP1, siRNA of TIF1β, and allele-specific methylation analysis

    PMID:18923144

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not explain how the imprinted maternal-allele methylation is maintained, which is TIF1β-insensitive
  7. 2011 High

    Demonstrating that MEST blocks LRP6 glycosylation and membrane localization to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling provided the first defined molecular mechanism for the protein.

    Evidence Wnt reporter assay, Co-IP, LRP6 glycosylation assay, β-catenin ubiquitination Western, and adipogenesis assay

    PMID:21375506

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether MEST acts catalytically (as the α/β-hydrolase prediction implies) or as a scaffold in blocking LRP6 is unresolved
  8. 2017 Medium

    In vivo knockdown and knockout placed MEST in neuronal migration and dopaminergic neuron survival via Wnt-Akt signaling, extending its Wnt regulatory role to the nervous system.

    Evidence In utero electroporation shRNA with live imaging, and Mest KO mice with TH immunohistochemistry, striatal dopamine HPLC, and behavioral testing

    PMID:28133444 PMID:28501506

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular link between MEST and Wnt-Akt in neurons not biochemically resolved
    • Mechanism of intronic miR-335 contribution incompletely separated from MEST protein effects
  9. 2017 Medium

    Reciprocal mouse and human studies revealed a species-divergent role in adipogenesis, with MEST facilitating lipid accumulation and adipocyte expansion in mouse but inhibiting differentiation in human cells.

    Evidence 3T3-L1 and human ASC overexpression/knockdown, transgenic and tissue-specific KO mice with metabolic profiling

    PMID:15353408 PMID:26119994 PMID:28640866

    Open questions at the time
    • Basis for the opposite mouse-vs-human direction not mechanistically explained
  10. 2021 Medium

    Identification of MEST–VCP and the upstream JAK2/STAT3/Twist-1 axis established distinct effector pathways through which MEST drives cancer EMT and metastasis.

    Evidence Co-IP/MS interactome, domain mapping, STAT3 nuclear translocation imaging, VCP epistasis, and in vivo metastasis models

    PMID:30903102 PMID:34560900

    Open questions at the time
    • How a single protein engages multiple metastatic cascades (STAT3, NF-κB) is not unified
    • Direct binding interfaces not structurally resolved
  11. 2023 Medium

    Identification of MEST–PURA driving the SRCIN1/RASAL1-ERK-Snail cascade, and a small molecule blocking the interaction, validated MEST as a metastasis-promoting hub and a druggable target.

    Evidence Genome-wide CRISPR screen, Co-IP/MS, SPR binding, and small-molecule rescue in vitro and in vivo

    PMID:37149929

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the MEST–PURA interaction inferred by homology modeling only
  12. 2023 Medium

    Discovery of FUT4-mediated Lewis-Y fucosylation at Asn163 enabling MEST binding to eIF4E2 linked a post-translational modification to translational control of trophoblast invasion.

    Evidence Lectin array, FUT4 knockdown, glycosite mapping, Co-IP of modified MEST with eIF4E2, and invasion assays

    PMID:27697227 PMID:37798282

    Open questions at the time
    • Which implantation-related mRNAs are translationally controlled by the MEST–eIF4E2 complex not fully enumerated

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Whether MEST possesses genuine catalytic hydrolase activity, and how its scaffolding interactions (LRP6, VCP, PURA, eIF4E2) relate to its predicted α/β-hydrolase fold, remains unresolved.
  • No enzymatic substrate identified
  • No structural model of the catalytic pocket
  • Unclear whether one protein activity underlies its many context-specific roles

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 4 GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 1
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 1 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 1
Partners
EIF4E2JAK2LRP6NFIL3PURASTAT3TRIM28VCP

Evidence

Reading pass · 29 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1995 PEG1/MEST was identified as a paternally expressed imprinted gene expressed only from the paternal allele; it belongs to the alpha/beta hydrolase fold family, placing it among enzymes with hydrolase activity. cDNA subtraction hybridization between normal and parthenogenetic embryos; sequence analysis Nature genetics High 7550314
1997 The human PEG1/MEST CpG island is methylated in a parent-of-origin-specific manner: the active paternal allele is unmethylated, while the silenced maternal allele is fully methylated at CpG sites. Restriction enzyme analysis (MspI/HpaII), bisulfite sequencing, RT-PCR with intragenic polymorphism for allele-specific expression analysis Genomics High 9192843 9302270
1997 The expressed paternal Peg1 allele is unmethylated and the silenced maternal allele is fully methylated at the CpG island spanning exon 1; gametes carry the epigenetic information necessary to establish this allele-specific methylation pattern. Targeted mutation allele tracking in mouse embryos; methylation analysis of sperm and parthenogenetic embryos Human molecular genetics High 9302270
1998 Paternal transmission of a targeted Mest null allele causes embryonic growth retardation, reduced postnatal survival, and abnormal maternal behaviour (including impaired placentophagia) in mice; the mutation is reversibly silenced by passage through the female germ line, demonstrating the imprint is functional. Gene targeting in ES cells; paternal vs. maternal transmission of the null allele; behavioral phenotyping Nature genetics High 9771709
1999 DNA methylation of the Mest promoter region suppresses its transcription; demethylation of a hypermethylated silent subclone reactivated Mest expression, and a methylated reporter construct failed to drive luciferase activity, whereas a second methylation-independent mechanism operates in adult tissues to silence Mest despite an unmethylated paternal allele. Reporter (luciferase) assay with methylated vs. unmethylated constructs; 5-azacytidine demethylation in cell lines; subclone analysis Gene Medium 9931489
2000 MEST/Mest is expressed in endothelial cells of maternal decidua and hemangioblast/endothelial precursor cells in extraembryonic mesoderm; in decidual endothelium only the paternally derived allele is active. Expression in trophoblast-derived cells is absent in mice but present in human. The expression pattern in placental vasculature suggests a role in oncofetal angiogenesis. RT-PCR, restriction fragment length variant (RFLV) analysis for allele-specific expression; immunohistochemistry; in situ hybridization in mouse and human placenta Developmental dynamics Medium 10679925
2000 The paternal-specific methylation imprint at MEST/PEG1 is established during spermatogenesis: MEST remains unmethylated at all stages of male germ cell differentiation, including mature spermatozoa, whereas H19 methylation appears first in a subset of adult spermatogonia. Both genes are unmethylated in fetal spermatogonia, indicating erasure of pre-existing imprints at an early fetal stage. Bisulfite sequencing on microdissected individual cells at defined stages of human spermatogenesis Human molecular genetics Medium 10958657
2002 An antisense transcript (PEG1-AS/MESTIT1) is expressed exclusively from the paternal allele and shares a common bidirectional promoter with the PEG1 sense isoform 2; CpG methylation of this shared promoter region abolishes its activity, linking methylation to transcriptional silencing of both sense and antisense transcripts. Northern blot; RT-PCR; bisulfite sequencing; luciferase reporter assay with CpG methylase treatment; allele-specific expression in somatic cell hybrids The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 11821432
2004 Ectopic expression of Mest/Peg1 in 3T3-L1 cells increased expression of adipogenic marker genes (PPARγ, C/EBPα, aP2), and transgenic overexpression in mouse adipose tissue caused marked enlargement of adipocytes, establishing Mest as a regulator of adipocyte size. Ectopic overexpression in 3T3-L1 cells; adipose-specific transgenic mouse; gene expression analysis American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism Medium 15353408
2005 The CpG methylation pattern of the Peg1/Mest CpG island is heterogeneous in freshly ovulated oocytes and changes dynamically during in vitro aging and preimplantation development; non-CpG methylation occurs in a stage-specific manner on fully CpG-methylated alleles and is reduced in two-cell stage embryos and blastocysts, indicating that imprint establishment at this locus is more dynamic than previously thought. Bisulfite sequencing of CpG and non-CpG sites in oocytes and preimplantation embryos The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 15778220
2008 TIF1β (KAP1/TRIM28), through its interaction with HP1, maintains a heterochromatin-like structure at the MEST promoter characterized by H3K9 trimethylation, H4K20 trimethylation, hypoacetylation, DNA hypermethylation, and HP1 enrichment that represses MEST transcription. Disruption of the TIF1β–HP1 interaction releases TIF1β from the promoter, switches marks from H3K9me3/DNA hypermethylation to H3K27me3/DNA hypomethylation, and rapidly reactivates MEST expression from the non-imprinted allele, while the imprinted (maternal) allele's DNA methylation is insensitive to TIF1β loss of function. ChIP for histone marks and HP1; immunofluorescence; siRNA knockdown of TIF1β; allele-specific methylation analysis; RNAi of TIF1β–HP1 interaction domain Molecular biology of the cell High 18923144
2011 Mest/Peg1 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling by blocking the glycosylation and plasma membrane localization of the Wnt co-receptor LRP6, thereby enhancing ubiquitination and degradation of β-catenin. Knockdown of Mest/Peg1 blocked adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, linking its Wnt-inhibitory activity to adipogenesis. Reporter assay (Wnt-responsive luciferase); co-immunoprecipitation; Western blot for β-catenin ubiquitination; LRP6 glycosylation/maturation assay; siRNA knockdown; adipogenesis assay The Biochemical journal High 21375506
2011 Alternative polyadenylation at the Mest locus generates long Mest transcripts (MestXL) that extend >10 kb into the antisense gene Copg2, exclusively in the developing CNS. MestXL formation causes preferential expression of Copg2 from the maternal allele in MestXL-expressing tissues via transcriptional interference; truncation of Mest mRNA eliminates MestXL and abolishes the allelic bias at Copg2. Northern blot; RT-PCR; allele-specific expression analysis; targeted Mest truncation allele in mice; tissue-specific poly-A site analysis Nucleic acids research Medium 22053079
2015 In human adipocytes, MEST knockdown enhanced adipocyte differentiation by promoting PPARγ signaling, glycolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways, and increased phosphorylation of pro-adipogenic transcription factors CREB and ATF1; conversely, MEST overexpression impaired adipogenesis. MEST silencing fully substituted for IBMX as an inducer of differentiation. This establishes MEST as an inhibitor of human adipogenesis, in contrast to its adipogenesis-promoting role described in mouse. siRNA knockdown; overexpression; adipogenic differentiation assay in human adipose-derived stem cells; transcriptome profiling; Western blot for CREB/ATF1 phosphorylation International journal of obesity Medium 26119994
2017 Mest knockdown in mouse embryonic neocortex by in utero electroporation significantly reduced neuronal migration to the cortical plate and disrupted the bipolar-to-multipolar transition of neurons in the sub-ventricular zone; Mest-depleted neurons lost attachment to radial glia and adopted tangential migration. The differentiation and migration properties were mediated via Wnt-Akt signaling, and miR-335 (encoded in the Mest intron) was identified as blocking default tangential migration. In utero electroporation with shRNA; live imaging; radial glia attachment assay; pathway analysis (Wnt-Akt); co-expression of miR-335 Neuroscience Medium 28501506
2017 Mest knockout mice show progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SNc) during adulthood, reflected by ~50% decrease in TH protein and dopamine release in the striatum, and reduced climbing behavior. Analysis of Lrp6 KO embryos showed a subtle opposing phenotype, suggesting Mest loss of function affects WNT signaling in the mdDA neuronal context. Mest KO mice; immunohistochemistry for TH; HPLC for striatal dopamine; behavioral testing (climbing assay); comparison with Lrp6 KO and Pitx3 mutant phenotypes Frontiers in molecular neuroscience Medium 28133444
2017 Mice with paternal allele-specific inactivation of Mest (MestpKO) fed high-fat diet show reduced adipose tissue expansion and adipocyte hypertrophy, improved glucose tolerance, and reduced WAT expression of hypoxia and inflammation genes without changes in caloric intake or energy expenditure. Ear-derived mesenchymal stem cells from Mest global KO showed reduced adipogenic capacity when Gpat4 was silenced, suggesting MEST facilitates lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Global and adipose-tissue-specific Mest KO mice; high-fat diet feeding; adipose tissue morphometry; glucose tolerance test; WAT transcriptome profiling; EMSC adipogenic assay with Gpat4 knockdown PloS one Medium 28640866
2019 MEST activates the IL-6/JAK/STAT3/Twist-1 signaling pathway to induce EMT and tumor metastasis in breast cancer; the C-terminal region of MEST is essential for STAT3 activation via induction of JAK2/STAT3 complex formation, and MEST promotes STAT3 nuclear translocation leading to Twist-1 induction. Overexpression and knockdown experiments; co-immunoprecipitation (JAK2/STAT3 complex); immunofluorescence (STAT3 nuclear translocation); reporter assays; in vivo metastasis model; C-terminal deletion constructs Cell death and differentiation Medium 30903102
2021 MEST promotes lung cancer invasion and metastasis by interacting directly with VCP (valosin-containing protein); this interaction increases VCP–IκBα association, accelerating IκBα degradation and activating NF-κB signaling. VCP silencing abrogated MEST-driven NF-κB activation, placing MEST upstream of the VCP/IκBα/NF-κB pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation; mass spectrometry-based interactome; immunofluorescence colocalization; VCP siRNA epistasis; in vitro and in vivo metastasis assays Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research Medium 34560900
2021 Hypermethylation of the Mest promoter in Alzheimer's disease brain reduces Mest mRNA levels and activates Wnt signaling. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of Mest in mouse embryonic stem cells and P19 cells causes neuronal differentiation arrest. shRNA-mediated Mest depletion in primary hippocampal neurons causes neurodegeneration, and depletion in primary cortical neurons induces tau phosphorylation at S199 and T231. Promoter methylation analysis in AD patient brains; CRISPR/Cas9 KO in mouse ES/P19 cells; lentiviral shMest in primary hippocampal and cortical neurons; phospho-tau Western blot; neurodegeneration assessment Scientific reports Medium 34625606
2023 MEST physically interacts with PURA and activates the SRCIN1/RASAL1-ERK-Snail signaling cascade to promote cancer invasion and metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Blockade of the MEST–PURA interaction with small molecule G699-0288 (identified by computational docking) significantly inhibits cancer metastasis. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen; protein interactome (Co-IP/MS); RNA-seq; whole-genome methylation sequencing; surface plasmon resonance; modified ELISA; homology modeling; small-molecule functional assays in vitro and in vivo EBioMedicine Medium 37149929
2016 MEST protein is highly expressed in invasive extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells. siRNA knockdown of MEST in HTR-8/SVneo cells significantly reduced cell invasion and migration as well as extravillous explant outgrowth, associated with downregulation of Twist, N-cadherin, and Vimentin. Decreased MEST expression correlated with isoform 2 promoter hypermethylation in placentas of missed abortions. Western blot; immunofluorescence; immunohistochemistry; siRNA knockdown; Matrigel invasion assay; Transwell migration; xCELLigence; bisulfite sequencing PCR for promoter methylation Placenta Medium 27697227
2023 Lewis Y (LeY) α1,3-fucosylation at Asn163 of MEST by FUT4 promotes trophoblast cell migration and invasion. Decreased LeY modification on MEST impairs its binding to translation initiation factor eIF4E2, thereby inhibiting translation initiation of implantation-related genes and causing trophoblast dysfunction associated with pregnancy failure. Lectin array; FUT4 siRNA knockdown; proteomics and translatomics; Co-IP of MEST with eIF4E2; site-directed glycosylation site identification; functional invasion/migration assays Cell death & disease Medium 37798282
2002 In breast cancer, the switch from monoallelic to biallelic PEG1/MEST expression is caused by a promoter switch mechanism: isoform 1 remains imprinted (monoallelic) in both normal and tumor tissue, whereas upregulation of the normally minor isoform 2 (which is biallelically expressed) accounts for the apparent 'loss of imprinting' detected in invasive carcinomas. RT-PCR with isoform-specific primers; allele-specific expression analysis; real-time RT-PCR quantification of isoform ratio Human molecular genetics Medium 12023987
2002 Peg1 (Mest) is expressed in myocardial trabeculae of the developing mouse heart, and mice lacking Peg1 show altered trabeculation pattern — increased compact myocardium thickness and reduced trabecular density — resembling human ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy. In situ hybridization; analysis of cardiac morphology in Peg1 KO mice by histology Developmental dynamics Low 12242721
2015 Mest (but not miR-335) is required for normal muscle regeneration: Mest+/- mice show retardation of body growth and decreased muscle growth during cardiotoxin-induced regeneration. Mest loss also affects expression of maternally expressed imprinted genes H19 and Igf2r in tibialis anterior muscle, suggesting Mest mediates muscle regeneration through regulation of imprinted gene networks. Mest+/- and miR-335-deficient mice; cardiotoxin-induced muscle regeneration; body weight measurement; gene expression analysis of imprinted gene network PloS one Low 26098312
2018 Peg1/Mest is expressed in mammary epithelial cells during gestation and knockdown in mammary epithelial cells suppresses alveoli formation and proliferation; overexpression in HC11 cells impairs lactogenic differentiation (β-casein induction), establishing a role for Mest in mammary gland maturation. Immunohistochemistry; immunofluorescence in 3D culture; siRNA knockdown; overexpression in HC11 cells; qRT-PCR for β-casein Journal of cellular physiology Low 30144363
2020 MEST is expressed in the cytoplasm of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs); knockdown reduces stem cell markers (CD105, CD146, p75NTR, N-cadherin, NANOG), proliferative potential, and multilineage differentiation capacity, while overexpression in low-potency cells enhances stemness markers and differentiation capacity, establishing MEST as a regulator of PDLSC stemness. siRNA knockdown; lentiviral overexpression; flow cytometry for stem cell markers; multilineage differentiation assays (osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte); immunofluorescence for subcellular localization Stem cells international Low 32724317
2023 NFIL3 transcription factor binds directly to the MEST DNA promoter to increase MEST transcription under low-shear-stress conditions; hydrogen sulfide inhibits this by sulfhydrylating NFIL3, reducing its binding to the MEST promoter and thereby suppressing MEST-driven endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and atherosclerosis. ChIP-qPCR; luciferase reporter assay; NFIL3 knockdown; MEST overexpression/knockdown in vivo (AAV); sulfhydrylation assay; EndMT markers Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry Medium 38049061

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1998 Abnormal maternal behaviour and growth retardation associated with loss of the imprinted gene Mest. Nature genetics 437 9771709
1995 Peg1/Mest imprinted gene on chromosome 6 identified by cDNA subtraction hybridization. Nature genetics 239 7550314
2012 Metabolic programming of MEST DNA methylation by intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 194 23209187
2010 Idiopathic male infertility is strongly associated with aberrant methylation of MEST and IGF2/H19 ICR1. International journal of andrology 173 19878521
2000 Establishment of the paternal methylation imprint of the human H19 and MEST/PEG1 genes during spermatogenesis. Human molecular genetics 156 10958657
2004 Mest/Peg1 imprinted gene enlarges adipocytes and is a marker of adipocyte size. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 142 15353408
1997 Human PEG1/MEST, an imprinted gene on chromosome 7. Human molecular genetics 138 9158153
2013 Placentas from pregnancies conceived by IVF/ICSI have a reduced DNA methylation level at the H19 and MEST differentially methylated regions. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 99 23343754
2007 Silver-Russell syndrome in a girl born after in vitro fertilization: partial hypermethylation at the differentially methylated region of PEG1/MEST. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics 92 17450433
2005 Dynamic CpG and non-CpG methylation of the Peg1/Mest gene in the mouse oocyte and preimplantation embryo. The Journal of biological chemistry 86 15778220
2001 Frequent loss of imprinting of IGF2 and MEST in lung adenocarcinoma. Molecular carcinogenesis 86 11536368
2005 Genomic imprinting of IGF2, p57(KIP2) and PEG1/MEST in a marsupial, the tammar wallaby. Mechanisms of development 85 15652708
1997 Monoallelic expression of human PEG1/MEST is paralleled by parent-specific methylation in fetuses. Genomics 85 9192843
1999 Frequent loss of imprinting of PEG1/MEST in invasive breast cancer. Cancer research 78 10554015
2000 Expression of the imprinted genes MEST/Mest in human and murine placenta suggests a role in angiogenesis. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 77 10679925
2019 MEST induces Twist-1-mediated EMT through STAT3 activation in breast cancers. Cell death and differentiation 70 30903102
2012 Epigenetic silencing of miR-335 and its host gene MEST in hepatocellular carcinoma. International journal of oncology 70 23229728
1997 Genomic structure and parent-of-origin-specific methylation of Peg1. Human molecular genetics 70 9302270
2018 MEST mediates the impact of prenatal bisphenol A exposure on long-term body weight development. Clinical epigenetics 69 29721103
1998 Evidence against a major role of PEG1/MEST in Silver-Russell syndrome. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 59 9781054
2011 Mest/Peg1 inhibits Wnt signalling through regulation of LRP6 glycosylation. The Biochemical journal 52 21375506
2002 Identification and characterization of an imprinted antisense RNA (MESTIT1) in the human MEST locus on chromosome 7q32. Human molecular genetics 48 12095916
2000 Mit1/Lb9 and Copg2, new members of mouse imprinted genes closely linked to Peg1/Mest(1). FEBS letters 48 10788617
2006 Peg1/Mest in obese adipose tissue is expressed from the paternal allele in an isoform-specific manner. FEBS letters 47 17182038
2006 Imprinting of PEG1/MEST isoform 2 in human placenta. Placenta 45 16338457
2002 Promoter switch: a novel mechanism causing biallelic PEG1/MEST expression in invasive breast cancer. Human molecular genetics 45 12023987
2002 An imprinted PEG1/MEST antisense expressed predominantly in human testis and in mature spermatozoa. The Journal of biological chemistry 44 11821432
2021 MEST promotes lung cancer invasion and metastasis by interacting with VCP to activate NF-κB signaling. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 43 34560900
2013 PEG1/MEST and IGF2 DNA methylation in CIN and in cervical cancer. Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico 42 23775149
2004 Loss-of-imprinting of Peg1 in mouse interspecies hybrids is correlated with altered growth. Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) 42 15124229
1996 Genomic imprinting and chromosomal localization of the human MEST gene. Genomics 42 8884280
2004 Loss of imprinting of PEG1/MEST in lung cancer cell lines. Oncology reports 41 15547750
2019 ZFP57 suppress proliferation of breast cancer cells through down-regulation of MEST-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Cell death & disease 38 30787268
2012 Variable imprinting of the MEST gene in human preimplantation embryos. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 36 22763377
2008 Disruption of the interaction between transcriptional intermediary factor 1{beta} and heterochromatin protein 1 leads to a switch from DNA hyper- to hypomethylation and H3K9 to H3K27 trimethylation on the MEST promoter correlating with gene reactivation. Molecular biology of the cell 36 18923144
2015 Mesoderm-specific transcript (MEST) is a negative regulator of human adipocyte differentiation. International journal of obesity (2005) 35 26119994
2014 Mest attenuates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Gut and liver 34 24827625
2020 New Mechanical Fat Separation Technique: Adjustable Regenerative Adipose-tissue Transfer (ARAT) and Mechanical Stromal Cell Transfer (MEST). Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum 31 33791661
2014 G-quadruplex structures and CpG methylation cause drop-out of the maternal allele in polymerase chain reaction amplification of the imprinted MEST gene promoter. PloS one 31 25437198
2002 Expression of Peg1 (Mest) in the developing mouse heart: involvement in trabeculation. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 31 12242721
2015 Mixed epithelial-stromal tumor (MEST) of seminal vesicle: a proposal for unified nomenclature. Advances in anatomic pathology 30 25664946
2015 Mest but Not MiR-335 Affects Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration. PloS one 30 26098312
2019 Long intergenic noncoding RNA LINC00284 knockdown reduces angiogenesis in ovarian cancer cells via up-regulation of MEST through NF-κB1. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 29 31574234
2022 Human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal microRNA-503-3p inhibits progression of human endometrial cancer cells through downregulating MEST. Cancer gene therapy 28 34997218
2003 Imprinted mesodermal specific transcript (MEST) and H19 genes in renal development and diabetes. Kidney international 28 12675841
2000 Peg1/Mest locates distal to the currently defined imprinting region on mouse proximal chromosome 6 and identifies a new imprinting region affecting growth. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 28 11124539
2015 Mest and Sfrp5 are biomarkers for healthy adipose tissue. Biochimie 27 26001362
2000 Construction of a physical and transcript map flanking the imprinted MEST/PEG1 region at 7q32. Genomics 26 10860668
2001 No evidence of PEG1/MEST gene mutations in Silver-Russell syndrome patients. American journal of medical genetics 25 11754049
2021 Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 facilitates the growth, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells via the let-7 g/MEST/ATGL axis. Cancer cell international 23 34416900
2023 Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening identifies a targetable MEST-PURA interaction in cancer metastasis. EBioMedicine 22 37149929
2016 DNA methylation-associated repression of MEST/PEG1 expression contributes to the invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells. Placenta 22 27697227
2012 Compromised fertility disrupts Peg1 but not Snrpn and Peg3 imprinted methylation acquisition in mouse oocytes. Frontiers in genetics 21 22798963
2001 Post-zygotic origin of complete maternal chromosome 7 isodisomy and consequent loss of placental PEG1/MEST expression. Placenta 21 11718568
2011 Assisted reproductive technologies do not increase risk of abnormal methylation of PEG1/MEST in human early pregnancy loss. Fertility and sterility 20 21575949
2011 Tissue-specific alternative polyadenylation at the imprinted gene Mest regulates allelic usage at Copg2. Nucleic acids research 20 22053079
2017 Maintenance of Mest imprinted methylation in blastocyst-stage mouse embryos is less stable than other imprinted loci following superovulation or embryo culture. Environmental epigenetics 19 29492315
2020 Bone marrow stromal cells-derived microRNA-181-containing extracellular vesicles inhibit ovarian cancer cell chemoresistance by downregulating MEST via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cancer gene therapy 18 32632270
2017 Defective neuronal migration and inhibition of bipolar to multipolar transition of migrating neural cells by Mesoderm-Specific Transcript, Mest, in the developing mouse neocortex. Neuroscience 18 28501506
2015 In vitro lead exposure changes DNA methylation and expression of IGF2 and PEG1/MEST. Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA 18 25596546
1998 Analysis of Peg1/Mest imprinting in the mouse. Development genes and evolution 18 9601990
2012 Methylation and expression analyses of the 7q autism susceptibility locus genes MEST , COPG2, and TSGA14 in human and anthropoid primate cortices. Cytogenetic and genome research 17 22456293
2017 Diet-induced adipose tissue expansion is mitigated in mice with a targeted inactivation of mesoderm specific transcript (Mest). PloS one 16 28640866
2010 Imprinting and expression status of isoforms 1 and 2 of PEG1/MEST gene in uterine leiomyoma. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation 16 20339302
2004 Imprinting analysis of 10 genes and/or transcripts in a 1.5-Mb MEST-flanking region at human chromosome 7q32. Genomics 16 14962666
1999 Effect of CpG methylation on expression of the mouse imprinted gene Mest. Gene 16 9931489
2021 miR-145-5p Modulates Gefitinib Resistance by Targeting NRAS and MEST in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Annals of clinical and laboratory science 15 34686504
2019 Does MEST-C score predict outcomes in pediatric Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis? Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 15 31402405
2013 Methylation status of imprinted genes DLK1-GTL2, MEST (PEG1), ZAC (PLAGL1), and LINE-1 elements in spermatozoa of normozoospermic men, unlike H19 imprinting control regions, is not associated with idiopathic recurrent spontaneous miscarriages. Fertility and sterility 15 23415968
2022 Associations between prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances, hypomethylation of MEST imprinted gene and birth outcomes. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 14 35331797
2017 Mest/Peg1 Is Essential for the Development and Maintenance of a SNc Neuronal Subset. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience 14 28133444
2015 Adipose tissue Mest and Sfrp5 are concomitant with variations of adiposity among inbred mouse strains fed a non-obesogenic diet. Biochimie 14 26005096
2008 No evidence for isolated imprinting mutations in the PEG1/MEST locus in Silver-Russell patients. European journal of medical genetics 14 18585117
2017 mesT, a unique epoxide hydrolase, is essential for optimal growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the presence of styrene oxide. Future microbiology 13 28492351
1980 [Isolation and characteristics of deletion mutants of thermosensitive plasmid pEG1]. Genetika 13 7007160
2023 Hydrogen sulfide attenuates atherosclerosis induced by low shear stress by sulfhydrylating endothelium NFIL3 to restrain MEST mediated endothelial mesenchymal transformation. Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry 12 38049061
2021 Hypermethylation of Mest promoter causes aberrant Wnt signaling in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Scientific reports 12 34625606
2000 Maternal chromosome 7 hetero/isodisomy in Silver-Russell syndrome and PEG1 biallelic expression. Clinical dysmorphology 12 10955473
2023 Systematic Review of the Link Between Oxford MEST-C Classification and Complement Activation in IgA Nephropathy. Kidney international reports 11 38344730
2020 MEST Regulates the Stemness of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. Stem cells international 11 32724317
2020 MEST promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion via STAT3/Twist-1-mediated EMT. Translational cancer research 11 35117228
2002 The gene TSGA14, adjacent to the imprinted gene MEST, escapes genomic imprinting. Gene 11 12034494
2000 Molecular cloning and characterization of the Fugu rubripes MEST/COPG2 imprinting cluster and chromosomal localization in Fugu and Tetraodon nigroviridis. Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology 11 11032317
1997 PEG1 expression in maternal uniparental disomy 7. Annales de genetique 11 9526615
2023 Impact of DNA methylation of the human mesoderm-specific transcript (MEST) on male infertility. Heliyon 10 37928396
2017 Hypermethylation of the non-imprinted maternal MEG3 and paternal MEST alleles is highly variable among normal individuals. PloS one 10 28854270
2017 Alteration in methylation level at differential methylated regions of MEST and DLK1 in fetus of preeclampsia. Hypertension in pregnancy 10 29157033
2007 Imprinting analysis of the porcine MEST gene in 75 and 90 day placentas and prenatal tissues. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica 10 17687499
2001 Reactivity of MEST-1 (antigalactofuranose) with Trypanosoma cruzi glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs): immunolocalization of GIPCs in acidic vesicles of epimastigotes. Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology 10 11527825
2022 MiR-29c-3p represses gastric cancer development via modulating MEST. Histology and histopathology 9 36269039
2021 Rationale and Trial Design of MesEnchymal Stem Cell Trial in Preventing Venous Stenosis of Hemodialysis Vascular Access Arteriovenous Fistula (MEST AVF Trial). Kidney360 9 35419530
2015 Isoform-specific imprinting of the MEST gene in porcine parthenogenetic fetuses. Gene 9 25598283
2012 Somatic reactivation of expression of the silent maternal Mest allele and acquisition of normal reproductive behaviour in a colony of Peg1/Mest mutant mice. The Journal of reproduction and development 9 22522229
1980 [Restriction and electron microscopic analyses of deletion derivatives thermosensitive with respect to maintaining plasmid pEG1]. Genetika 9 6257589
2020 The effect of folic acid deficiency on Mest/Peg1 in neural tube defects. The International journal of neuroscience 8 32241207
2025 A HOTAIR-associated super-enhancer orchestrates glioblastoma malignancy via MEST. Oncogenesis 7 40195296
2023 α1,3-fucosylation of MEST promotes invasion potential of cytotrophoblast cells by activating translation initiation. Cell death & disease 7 37798282
2022 Social and maternal behavior in mesoderm specific transcript (Mest)-deficient mice. PloS one 7 35867696
2021 Supercharged Mechanical Stromal-cell Transfer (MEST). Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open 7 33996346
2018 Peg1/Mest, an imprinted gene, is involved in mammary gland maturation. Journal of cellular physiology 7 30144363

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