Affinage

KIR3DL1

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1 · UniProt P43629

Length
444 aa
Mass
49.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 23 papers cited in narrative 23 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

KIR3DL1 is a polymorphic inhibitory NK cell receptor that monitors HLA class I expression on target cells and restrains NK cytotoxicity and cytokine production (PMID:8046332, PMID:8691146). Identified as the NK surface glycoprotein NKB1, it recognizes specific HLA-B allotypes and its antibody blockade abolishes HLA-B-mediated NK inhibition (PMID:8046332); molecular cloning placed it in the Ig superfamily with three extracellular Ig-like domains (PMID:7650366). Ligand specificity is governed by the Bw4 epitope at HLA-B residues 77–83, together with sequences outside Bw4 that distinguish HLA-B from HLA-A, so that only select Bw4-bearing HLA-A allotypes (A23, A24, A32, but not A25) also serve as ligands (PMID:7532677, PMID:9164941, PMID:18502829); HLA-G is an additional recognized ligand (PMID:9053439). Recognition is intrinsically peptide-sensitive: the identity of the HLA-presented peptide, particularly its solvent-exposed C-terminal positions, determines whether KIR3DL1 engages the peptide-HLA complex (PMID:15657948, PMID:24563253), and peptide trimming by ERAP1 tunes this engagement (PMID:34917091, PMID:26321090). Upon ligand binding, both tyrosines of the cytoplasmic ITIM are phosphorylated and recruit the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1/PTP1C, which is required for inhibitory signaling (PMID:8691146); the cytoplasmic region is intrinsically disordered and undergoes conformational change when its bis-phosphorylated ITIMs engage the tandem SH2 domains of SHP-2 (PMID:30773397). CD8αα homodimers act as a coreceptor that enhances pMHC-I binding, promotes KIR3DL1 clustering at the immunological synapse, and augments inhibition and NK education (PMID:31420518). Extensive allotypic polymorphism modulates receptor surface density and folding—position 86 in D0 controlling ER retention via the WSXPS folding motif (PMID:14662867), positions 58/92 in D0 impairing expression and HLA binding (PMID:26109640)—as well as inhibitory strength and Bw4 binding affinity through D2 residues 238, 282, and 283 (PMID:16210627, PMID:24563253), with receptor and ligand density jointly calibrating NK education and reactivity (PMID:26962229).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 18 steps
  1. 1994 High

    Established that a defined NK surface glycoprotein, NKB1, is the receptor responsible for HLA-B-mediated inhibition, converting a phenomenological observation into a molecular receptor.

    Evidence DX9 mAb blocking of NK inhibition by HLA-B transfectants plus biochemical characterization

    PMID:8046332

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor gene not yet cloned
    • HLA epitope recognized not yet mapped
  2. 1995 High

    Cloned the receptor and mapped its HLA recognition to the Bw4 epitope, defining both the molecular identity and the ligand determinant.

    Evidence Expression cloning with DX9 mAb; cytotoxicity assays with Bw4/Bw6-differing HLA-B transfectants and glycosylation-site mutagenesis

    PMID:7532677 PMID:7650366

    Open questions at the time
    • Contribution of non-Bw4 HLA sequences unresolved
    • Signaling mechanism unknown
  3. 1995 High

    Showed that KIR3DL1 and the HLA-C receptor act as independent inhibitory receptors co-expressible on one NK clone, establishing combinatorial HLA surveillance.

    Evidence Dual antibody blocking and cytotoxicity assays on single NK clones with distinct HLA transfectants

    PMID:7897214

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not address signaling crosstalk between receptors
  4. 1996 High

    Defined the inhibitory signaling mechanism by showing both ITIM tyrosines must be phosphorylated to recruit the phosphatase PTP1C/SHP-1.

    Evidence Tyrosine-to-phenylalanine ITIM mutagenesis, co-IP with PTP1C, functional assays in Jurkat

    PMID:8691146

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of phosphatase engagement not resolved
    • Role of SHP-2 not addressed
  5. 1997 Medium

    Refined ligand specificity, showing Bw4 residues contribute but additional HLA-B-specific sequences are required, and identified HLA-G as a ligand.

    Evidence HLA-B point mutagenesis (Leu82/Arg83), HLA-A vs HLA-B comparison, and anti-NKAT3 blocking with HLA-G transfectants

    PMID:9053439 PMID:9164941

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural mode of HLA-A versus HLA-B discrimination unknown
    • HLA-G interaction shown in single study
  6. 2003 High

    Established the molecular basis of allotype-specific surface expression, linking D0 residue 86 to folding and ER retention and identifying distinct promoter regulation.

    Evidence Reciprocal point mutagenesis with surface/intracellular flow cytometry; reporter assays and DNase I footprinting of the promoter

    PMID:12794136 PMID:14662867

    Open questions at the time
    • Folding chaperone partners not yet identified
    • Determinants of variegated expression incompletely mapped
  7. 2005 High

    Showed that allotypic residues outside the HLA contact surface (238, 320) tune inhibitory strength, separating binding affinity from signaling potency.

    Evidence Retroviral transduction of allotypes, reciprocal mutagenesis, cytotoxicity assays

    PMID:16210627

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which non-contact residues alter inhibition unknown
  8. 2005 High

    Demonstrated that KIR3DL1 recognition is sensitive to the specific peptide presented by HLA, with peptide P8 implicated as a key determinant.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of HLA-B*2705-peptide complexes with KIR3DL1 tetramer binding and peptide mutagenesis

    PMID:15657948

    Open questions at the time
    • No co-crystal of KIR3DL1 with pHLA
    • Generalizability across HLA allotypes untested here
  9. 2008 High

    Extended the functional ligand repertoire to specific Bw4+ HLA-A allotypes and pinpointed residue 90 as discriminating a non-ligand.

    Evidence Cytotoxicity assays with HLA-A transfectants and NK education comparisons

    PMID:18502829

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of residue 90 effect not resolved
  10. 2010 High

    Clarified the fate of poorly expressed allotypes, showing 3DL1*004 is largely ER-retained on calreticulin yet a folded fraction is functional.

    Evidence Membrane traffic analysis, calreticulin co-IP, functional NK inhibition assays

    PMID:21115737

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative folding efficiency across allotypes not defined
  11. 2010 Medium

    Linked epigenetic silencing of KIR3DL1 to a disease state, showing promoter hypermethylation drives loss of expression in NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease.

    Evidence RT-PCR, promoter methylation analysis, and flow cytometry in patients versus controls

    PMID:20410181

    Open questions at the time
    • Causal versus correlative role of methylation not established
    • Single-cohort observation
  12. 2014 High

    Mapped D2 residues 282 and 283 as determinants of peptide selectivity, explaining how the receptor reads HLA-bound peptide without directly contacting it.

    Evidence Mutagenesis at positions 282/283 and NK functional assays with peptide-variant HLA

    PMID:24563253

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural mechanism of indirect peptide sensing unresolved
  13. 2015 High

    Showed KIR3DS1-derived D0 polymorphisms (58, 92) impair both expression and HLA binding, distinguishing the inhibitory and activating receptor lineages functionally.

    Evidence Mutagenesis, recombinant HLA binding assays, primary NK phenotyping, functional inhibition

    PMID:26109640

    Open questions at the time
    • Ligand of activating KIR3DS1 not defined here
  14. 2015 Medium

    Identified ERAP1-dependent peptide trimming as an upstream modulator of KIR3DL1 engagement and showed viral-peptide-loaded HLA can directly bind the receptor.

    Evidence ERAP1-variant APC co-cultures with affinity and cytokine assays; tetramer/transfectant assays with dengue NS1 peptide-HLA-B57

    PMID:26321090 PMID:26439909

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct structural impact of trimmed peptides not resolved
    • Single-lab functional data
  15. 2016 Medium

    Established that receptor and ligand surface density jointly calibrate NK education and reactive potential, integrating allotype effects into a quantitative framework.

    Evidence Primary NK functional assays across KIR3DL1/HLA-B subtype combinations with density measurements

    PMID:26962229

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of density-dependent education unknown
  16. 2019 High

    Defined CD8αα as a coreceptor that enhances pMHC-I binding, synaptic clustering, and inhibition, and showed it regulates NK education.

    Evidence Recombinant binding assays, live-cell synapse imaging, NK activation assays with CD8αα manipulation

    PMID:31420518

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the CD8αα-KIR3DL1-pMHC ternary arrangement undefined
  17. 2019 High

    Provided a structural view of the cytoplasmic ITIM region, showing it is intrinsically disordered and reorganizes upon tandem SHP-2 SH2 engagement of bis-phosphorylated ITIMs.

    Evidence NMR spectroscopy of the cytoplasmic region with individual and tandem SHP-2 SH2 binding studies

    PMID:30773397

    Open questions at the time
    • Full-length signaling complex not structurally resolved
    • Functional consequence of membrane-binding segments untested
  18. 2021 Medium

    Demonstrated therapeutic relevance by showing ERAP1 inhibition disrupts HLA-B*51:01/KIR3DL1 engagement and unleashes KIR3DL1+ NK cytotoxicity.

    Evidence ERAP1 knockdown and pharmacological inhibition with KIR3DL1+ NK degranulation/cytotoxicity assays

    PMID:34917091

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo efficacy not established
    • Breadth across HLA allotypes not defined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How peptide-driven, ERAP1-shaped HLA conformers and the CD8αα coreceptor are structurally integrated at the synapse to set the threshold for SHP-mediated inhibition remains unresolved.
  • No ternary structure of KIR3DL1-pHLA-CD8αα
  • Quantitative link between binding affinity, density, and signal output incomplete

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0001618 virus receptor activity 6 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 2 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 1
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 4 GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 2
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2
Partners
CALRETICULINCD8AHLA-AHLA-BHLA-GSHP-1SHP-2

Evidence

Reading pass · 23 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1994 NKB1 (KIR3DL1) is a 70-kDa glycoprotein expressed on a subset of NK cells that functions as a receptor recognizing certain HLA-B alleles (e.g., HLA-B*5101 and B*5801); antibody blockade of NKB1 abrogated NK cell inhibition by these HLA-B transfectants, establishing NKB1 as the receptor mediating HLA-B recognition. Monoclonal antibody (DX9) blocking assays with HLA-B transfected target cells; biochemical characterization by SDS-PAGE The Journal of experimental medicine High 8046332
1995 The Bw4 epitope at residues 77–83 of HLA-B is necessary for inhibition of NKB1+ NK cells; HLA-B alleles carrying Bw4 (e.g., B*1513) but not Bw6 (B*1502) inhibited NKB1+ NK cell clones, and this inhibition was reversed by anti-NKB1 antibody. N-linked glycosylation at Asn86 of HLA-B is not required for KIR3DL1 recognition. NK cell cytotoxicity assays with HLA-B*1502/B*1513 transfectants differing only at Bw4/Bw6 region; site-directed mutagenesis of glycosylation site; antibody blocking The Journal of experimental medicine High 7532677
1995 KIR3DL1 (NKB1) was molecularly cloned; it encodes a 50-kDa protein (70 kDa glycosylated) with three extracellular Ig-like domains, placing it in the Ig superfamily related to the p58/NKAT inhibitory receptor family. cDNA library expression cloning using anti-NKB1 mAb DX9; SDS-PAGE with deglycosylation Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) High 7650366
1996 Phosphorylation of both tyrosines in the cytoplasmic ITIM motif (YxxL(x)26YxxL) of NKB1/KIR3DL1 is required for inhibitory signaling and for association with protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1C (SHP-1); mutation of either tyrosine abolished inhibitory function and PTP1C binding, with the membrane-proximal tyrosine playing the more critical role. Tyrosine-to-phenylalanine mutagenesis of ITIM motif; co-immunoprecipitation of phosphorylated NKB1 with PTP1C; functional inhibition assay in Jurkat T cells The Journal of experimental medicine High 8691146
1995 KIR3DL1 (NKB1) and the HLA-C receptor HP-3E4 are structurally distinct glycoproteins that independently recognize different polymorphic HLA molecules; a single NK clone can co-express both receptors, each functioning independently to inhibit cytolysis of targets expressing their respective HLA ligands. Co-expression studies on NK cell clones; dual antibody blocking of NKB1 and HP-3E4 on the same NK clone; cytotoxicity assays with HLA-B*5801 and HLA-Cw*0401 transfectants Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) High 7897214
1997 KIR3DL1 (NKB1) interaction with HLA-B requires both conserved Bw4 residues (Leu82 and Arg83, which contribute but are not essential) and sequences outside the Bw4 region that distinguish HLA-B from HLA-A; HLA-A allotypes with an identical Bw4 motif do not inhibit NKB1+ NK cells. NK cell cytotoxicity assays with diverse HLA-B allotypes; point mutagenesis of Leu82 and Arg83 in HLA-B; comparison of HLA-A and HLA-B Bw4+ allotypes Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) High 9164941
1997 HLA-G inhibits NK cell lysis through interaction with the NKAT3/KIR3DL1 receptor; inhibition by HLA-G was blocked by anti-NKAT3 antibody 5.133, and NK cell lines expressing NKAT3 were also inhibited by HLA-Bw4 molecules. Cytotoxicity assays with HLA-G transfected target cells; antibody blocking with anti-NKAT3 mAb The Journal of experimental medicine Medium 9053439
2001 KIR3DL1 allelic polymorphism determines NK cell surface expression levels; four positions in the protein (182 and 283 in extracellular Ig-like domains, 320 in the transmembrane region, and 373 in the cytoplasmic tail) distinguish high DX9-binding alleles from low/no-binding alleles. KIR3DS1 segregates as an allele of KIR3DL1. Family and population genetics; flow cytometry with DX9 and Z27 antibodies on NK cells from donors of defined KIR3DL1 genotype; NK cell clone analysis Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Medium 11207248
2003 Poor surface expression of KIR3DL1*004 is caused primarily by leucine at position 86 in the D0 Ig-like domain, which corrupts the WSXPS motif required for proper Ig-domain folding, causing intracellular retention; serine at position 182 in D1 makes a secondary additive contribution. Reciprocal point mutagenesis of 3DL1*004 and 3DL1*002 at positions 44, 86, and 182; Jurkat T cell transfection; flow cytometry for surface vs. intracellular expression Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) High 14662867
2003 The KIR3DL1 promoter drives variegated expression and is active in a range of cell types (unlike the KIR2DL4 promoter which is NK cell-specific); transcription factor binding sites differ between KIR3DL1 and KIR2DL4 promoters, indicating distinct regulatory mechanisms for variegated versus constitutive KIR expression. Reporter gene assays in NK and non-NK cell lines; DNase I footprinting of promoter regions; deletion analysis mapping maximum activity to ~270 bp upstream of translation start Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Medium 12794136
2005 KIR3DL1 allele 3DL1*002 is a stronger inhibitory receptor for HLA-Bw4 ligands than 3DL1*007; residue 238 in the D2 domain and residue 320 in the transmembrane region contribute to the difference in inhibitory strength without directly contacting HLA-Bw4. KIR3DL1 and LILRB1 both contribute independently to inhibitory responses to HLA-Bw4. Retroviral transduction of human cell lines with 3DL1*002 and 3DL1*007; reciprocal point mutagenesis at positions 238 and 320; functional cytotoxicity assays Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) High 16210627
2005 Crystal structures of HLA-B*2705 complexed with three viral peptides show that KIR3DL1 binding to HLA-B*2705 is sensitive to the peptide presented; HLA-B*2705 complexes with HIV gag and flu NP peptides bound KIR3DL1 tetramers, while the EBV peptide complex did not; substitution of the solvent-exposed P8 glutamate of the EBV peptide to threonine restored KIR3DL1 recognition, implicating peptide P8 in KIR3DL1 binding. X-ray crystallography of HLA-B*2705-peptide complexes; KIR3DL1 tetramer binding assays; site-directed mutagenesis of peptide P8 residue European journal of immunology High 15657948
2008 HLA-A23 (A*2301), A24 (A*2402), and A32 (A*3201), but not A25 (A*2501), are functional ligands for KIR3DL1 and protect target cells from lysis by KIR3DL1+ NK cells; HLA-A25 differs at amino acid 90 near the Bw4 epitope from the other three Bw4+ HLA-A alleles. NK cell cytotoxicity assays with HLA-A transfected target cells; comparison of NK cells educated through HLA-A Bw4 vs. HLA-B Bw4 Blood High 18502829
2010 KIR3DL1*004, though predominantly misfolded and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum bound to the chaperone calreticulin, has a small fraction that folds correctly, reaches the cell surface, and can trigger NK cell inhibition and IFN-γ secretion suppression; no extensive intracellular interaction was detected between misfolded KIR3DL1*004 and cognate HLA-Bw4. Membrane traffic analysis in primary NK and transfected NKL cells; co-immunoprecipitation with calreticulin; flow cytometry for surface and intracellular KIR3DL1; functional NK inhibition assay; MHC class I co-immunoprecipitation Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) High 21115737
2010 Promoter methylation of KIR3DL1 is significantly higher in patients with NK cell-type lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes than in healthy controls, resulting in near-complete loss of KIR3DL1 expression (expressed in 13% of patients vs. 90% of controls). RT-PCR for mRNA levels; methylation analysis of KIR3DL1 promoter; flow cytometry for surface expression Haematologica Medium 20410181
2014 KIR3DL1 residue 282 (glutamate) in the D2 domain determines rejection of negatively charged C-terminal peptide residues; residue 283, subject to positive selection, controls sensitivity to the HLA-bound peptide including HIV-1 Gag TW10 variant and influences Bw4 subtype recognition without directly contacting the peptide-HLA complex. Mutational analysis of KIR3DL1 at positions 282 and 283; NK cell functional assays with peptide-variant HLA complexes; allotypic KIR3DL1 variants tested Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) High 24563253
2015 KIR3DS1-specific polymorphisms at positions 58 and 92 within the D0 domain of KIR3DL1 reduce surface expression and severely impair HLA-Bw4 binding; the allele KIR3DL1*009, which contains KIR3DS1-derived D0 polymorphisms, shows minimal HLA binding and reduced NK inhibitory function. Mutagenesis of KIR3DL1 at positions 58 and 92; flow cytometry on primary NK cells and transfected HEK293T cells; recombinant protein binding assays to HLA; NK cell functional inhibition assays Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) High 26109640
2015 A dengue virus NS1-derived peptide complexed with HLA-B57 binds the inhibitory receptor KIR3DL1 on CD56dim NK cells; this was demonstrated using KIR-transfected cell lines and depletion studies, with KIR3DL1-binding NK cells showing activation during acute dengue disease. Tetramer binding assays to NK cells; KIR-transfected cell lines; depletion studies; flow cytometry phenotyping of PBMC from HLA-B57+ donors Clinical and experimental immunology Medium 26439909
2016 KIR3DL1 surface density and HLA-Bw4 density together calibrate NK cell education and reactive potential; high-density KIR3DL1 combined with Bw4-80I HLA-B bestows the greatest NK reactivity against HLA-negative targets and HIV-infected autologous CD4+ T cells, demonstrating that both receptor and ligand allelic density are functionally important. Primary NK cell functional assays (cytotoxicity against HLA-negative targets and HIV-infected CD4+ T cells); KIR3DL1 surface density measurement by flow cytometry; HLA-Bw4 membrane density analysis; correlation of KIR3DL1/HLA-B subtype combinations with NK reactivity Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Medium 26962229
2019 CD8αα homodimers function as a coreceptor for KIR3DL1: CD8αα enhances binding of pMHC-I to KIR3DL1, increases KIR3DL1 clustering at the immunological synapse, and augments KIR3DL1-mediated inhibition of NK cell activation; CD8αα-pMHC-I interactions also regulate KIR3DL1+ NK cell education. Binding assays with recombinant proteins; live cell imaging of KIR3DL1 clustering at the immunological synapse; NK cell activation assays with CD8αα knockout/expression manipulation; NK cell education analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 31420518
2019 The KIR3DL1 cytoplasmic region is intrinsically disordered; segment II (M352–D371) can adopt a loop-like conformation and segments I and III can form dynamic helices that may mediate membrane binding near the N-terminal ITIM. Individual SH2 domains of SHP-2 bind the unphosphorylated N-ITIM, while tandem SHP-2 SH2 domains binding bis-phosphorylated ITIMs cause more extensive conformational changes in segments I and III. NMR spectroscopy of the KIR3DL1 cytoplasmic region; binding studies with individual and tandem SHP-2 SH2 domains; phosphopeptide-based interaction assays Structure (London, England : 1993) High 30773397
2021 ERAP1 inhibition in tumor cells reduces the ability of HLA-B*51:01 to engage KIR3DL1, leading to increased NK cell degranulation and cytotoxicity specifically in KIR3DL1+ NK cells; pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ERAP1 impairs HLA-B*51:01 recognition by KIR3DL1, identifying HLA-B*51:01/KIR3DL1 as a susceptible combination for ERAP1-based immunotherapy. Stable ERAP1 knockdown in 721.221 cells transfected with HLA class I; CD107a expression assays on NK cells; KIR3DL1-overexpressing YTS NK cell line; pharmacological ERAP1 inhibition Frontiers in immunology Medium 34917091
2015 ERAP1 polymorphisms associated with ankylosing spondylitis (R528 and E730) reduce KIR3DL1 affinity for HLA-B27 by generating sub-optimal peptide-HLA complexes; both classical peptide-HLA (pHLA) and free heavy chain (FHC) conformers of HLA-B27 inhibit NK cell cytokine production through KIR3DL1, and antibody cross-linking of HLA-B27 enhances KIR3DL1 binding. APC-NK cell co-culture adhesion and cytokine assays; KIR3DL1 affinity measurements; blocking of pHLA and FHC with specific antibodies; ERAP1 variant-expressing cell lines Discovery medicine Medium 26321090

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2007 Innate partnership of HLA-B and KIR3DL1 subtypes against HIV-1. Nature genetics 616 17496894
1995 The Bw4 public epitope of HLA-B molecules confers reactivity with natural killer cell clones that express NKB1, a putative HLA receptor. The Journal of experimental medicine 460 7532677
1994 NKB1: a natural killer cell receptor involved in the recognition of polymorphic HLA-B molecules. The Journal of experimental medicine 354 8046332
1995 Molecular cloning of NKB1. A natural killer cell receptor for HLA-B allotypes. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 296 7650366
2001 Different NK cell surface phenotypes defined by the DX9 antibody are due to KIR3DL1 gene polymorphism. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 214 11207248
2007 Unusual selection on the KIR3DL1/S1 natural killer cell receptor in Africans. Nature genetics 185 17694054
1996 Phosphotyrosines in the killer cell inhibitory receptor motif of NKB1 are required for negative signaling and for association with protein tyrosine phosphatase 1C. The Journal of experimental medicine 182 8691146
2005 KIR3DL1 polymorphisms that affect NK cell inhibition by HLA-Bw4 ligand. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 175 16210627
2003 The protein made from a common allele of KIR3DL1 (3DL1*004) is poorly expressed at cell surfaces due to substitution at positions 86 in Ig domain 0 and 182 in Ig domain 1. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 171 14662867
1997 Conserved and variable residues within the Bw4 motif of HLA-B make separable contributions to recognition by the NKB1 killer cell-inhibitory receptor. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 145 9164941
2007 Functional polymorphism of the KIR3DL1/S1 receptor on human NK cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 141 17182560
1996 Heterogeneous phenotypes of expression of the NKB1 natural killer cell class I receptor among individuals of different human histocompatibility leukocyte antigens types appear genetically regulated, but not linked to major histocompatibililty complex haplotype. The Journal of experimental medicine 128 8666938
2017 KIR3DL1/HLA-B Subtypes Govern Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Relapse After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 118 28520526
1997 Human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G molecules inhibit NKAT3 expressing natural killer cells. The Journal of experimental medicine 118 9053439
2016 KIR3DL1 and HLA-B Density and Binding Calibrate NK Education and Response to HIV. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 115 26962229
2008 Human leukocyte antigens A23, A24, and A32 but not A25 are ligands for KIR3DL1. Blood 108 18502829
2008 A combined genotype of KIR3DL1 high expressing alleles and HLA-B*57 is associated with a reduced risk of HIV infection. AIDS (London, England) 108 18614872
2005 Crystal structures and KIR3DL1 recognition of three immunodominant viral peptides complexed to HLA-B*2705. European journal of immunology 90 15657948
2010 HIV protective KIR3DL1 and HLA-B genotypes influence NK cell function following stimulation with HLA-devoid cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 89 20061407
1995 The NKB1 and HP-3E4 NK cells receptors are structurally distinct glycoproteins and independently recognize polymorphic HLA-B and HLA-C molecules. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 84 7897214
2011 Receptor-ligand requirements for increased NK cell polyfunctional potential in slow progressors infected with HIV-1 coexpressing KIR3DL1*h/*y and HLA-B*57. Journal of virology 82 21471235
2011 Fucoxanthin enhances HO-1 and NQO1 expression in murine hepatic BNL CL.2 cells through activation of the Nrf2/ARE system partially by its pro-oxidant activity. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 82 21919437
2005 Interaction between KIR3DL1 and HLA-B*57 supertype alleles influences the progression of HIV-1 infection in a Zambian population. Human immunology 70 15784466
2016 KIR3DL1 Allelic Polymorphism and HLA-B Epitopes Modulate Response to Anti-GD2 Monoclonal Antibody in Patients With Neuroblastoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 68 27069083
2017 Combination of ruthenium(II)-arene complex [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2(pta)] (RAPTA-C) and the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib results in efficient angiostatic and antitumor activity. Scientific reports 67 28223694
2005 The silent KIR3DP1 gene (CD158c) is transcribed and might encode a secreted receptor in a minority of humans, in whom the KIR3DP1, KIR2DL4 and KIR3DL1/KIR3DS1 genes are duplicated. European journal of immunology 66 15580659
2020 Bifunctional Bi12O17Cl2/MIL-100(Fe) composites toward photocatalytic Cr(VI) sequestration and activation of persulfate for bisphenol A degradation. The Science of the total environment 64 33207532
2006 Contribution of KIR3DL1/3DS1 to ankylosing spondylitis in human leukocyte antigen-B27 Caucasian populations. Arthritis research & therapy 60 16805919
2014 HIV protective KIR3DL1/S1-HLA-B genotypes influence NK cell-mediated inhibition of HIV replication in autologous CD4 targets. PLoS pathogens 57 24453969
2011 Variable NK cell receptors exemplified by human KIR3DL1/S1. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 57 21690332
1993 Fusion formation by the uncleaved spike protein of murine coronavirus JHMV variant cl-2. Journal of virology 53 8437210
2020 Potent Inhibition of Thioredoxin Reductase by the Rh Derivatives of Anticancer M(arene/Cp*)(NHC)Cl2 Complexes. Inorganic chemistry 46 32073260
2010 Association of the KIR3DS1*013 and KIR3DL1*004 alleles with susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis and rheumatism 46 20131260
1992 Molecular cloning and expression of a spike protein of neurovirulent murine coronavirus JHMV variant cl-2. The Journal of general virology 46 1316938
2014 Mutational and structural analysis of KIR3DL1 reveals a lineage-defining allotypic dimorphism that impacts both HLA and peptide sensitivity. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 45 24563253
1993 Instability of the monofunctional adducts in cis-[Pt(NH3)2(N7-N-methyl-2-diazapyrenium)Cl](2+)-modified DNA: rates of cross-linking reactions in cis-platinum-modified DNA. Nucleic acids research 45 8290343
2020 [Pd(NHC)(μ-Cl)Cl]2: Versatile and Highly Reactive Complexes for Cross-Coupling Reactions that Avoid Formation of Inactive Pd(I) Off-Cycle Products. iScience 44 32759055
2020 External validation of models for KIR2DS1/KIR3DL1-informed selection of hematopoietic cell donors fails. Blood 43 31932846
2003 Different and divergent regulation of the KIR2DL4 and KIR3DL1 promoters. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 43 12794136
2012 HIV infection abrogates the functional advantage of natural killer cells educated through KIR3DL1/HLA-Bw4 interactions to mediate anti-HIV antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Journal of virology 42 22345455
2014 Development of a novel multiplex PCR assay to detect functional subtypes of KIR3DL1 alleles. PloS one 37 24919192
2021 Natural Killer Cells Generated From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Mature to CD56brightCD16+NKp80+/-In-Vitro and Express KIR2DL2/DL3 and KIR3DL1. Frontiers in immunology 34 34017328
2013 The yin-yang of KIR3DL1/S1: molecular mechanisms and cellular function. Critical reviews in immunology 33 23756244
2011 Under representation of the inhibitory KIR3DL1 molecule and the KIR3DL1+/BW4+ complex in HIV exposed seronegative individuals. The Journal of infectious diseases 33 21398398
2010 Contribution of functional KIR3DL1 to ankylosing spondylitis. Cellular & molecular immunology 33 20818412
2004 Investigation of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene diversity: IV. KIR3DL1/S1. Human immunology 33 15219380
2010 Interactions of NK cell receptor KIR3DL1*004 with chaperones and conformation-specific antibody reveal a functional folded state as well as predominant intracellular retention. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 32 21115737
2009 Phenotypic and functional analyses of KIR3DL1+ and KIR3DS1+ NK cell subsets demonstrate differential regulation by Bw4 molecules and induced KIR3DS1 expression on stimulated NK cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 31 19454667
2015 Interaction of a dengue virus NS1-derived peptide with the inhibitory receptor KIR3DL1 on natural killer cells. Clinical and experimental immunology 29 26439909
2013 Both the nature of KIR3DL1 alleles and the KIR3DL1/S1 allele combination affect the KIR3DL1 NK-cell repertoire in the French population. European journal of immunology 29 23436464
2020 Aggregation-Induced Electrochemiluminescence of the Dichlorobis(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) (Ru(phen)2Cl2)/Tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) System in H2O-MeCN Mixtures for Identification of Nucleic Acids. Analytical chemistry 26 32458676
2011 KIR3DL1+HLA-B Bw4Ile80 and KIR2DS1+HLA-C2 combinations are both associated with ankylosing spondylitis in the Iranian population. International journal of immunogenetics 26 21797986
2011 Enrichment of variations in KIR3DL1/S1 and KIR2DL2/L3 among H1N1/09 ICU patients: an exploratory study. PloS one 26 22216211
2003 Synthesis, characterization, interaction with DNA and cytotoxicity of the new potential antitumour drug cis-K[Ru(eddp)Cl(2)]. Journal of inorganic biochemistry 25 14512200
2019 64Cu-ATSM/64Cu-Cl2 and their relationship to hypoxia in glioblastoma: a preclinical study. EJNMMI research 23 31858290
2015 Dehydrocoupling of phosphine-boranes using the [RhCp*Me(PMe3)(CH2Cl2)][BArF4] precatalyst: stoichiometric and catalytic studies. Chemical science 22 29997783
2010 Lack of expression of inhibitory KIR3DL1 receptor in patients with natural killer cell-type lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes. Haematologica 22 20410181
2005 Effects of tocotrienols on cell viability and apoptosis in normal murine liver cells (BNL CL.2) and liver cancer cells (BNL 1ME A.7R.1), in vitro. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition 22 16326644
2024 Triggering Dual Two-electron Pathway for H2 O2 Generation by Multiple [Bi-O]n Interlayers in Ultrathin Bi12 O17 Cl2 towards Efficient Piezo-self-Fenton Catalysis. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 21 38072828
2019 CD8αα homodimers function as a coreceptor for KIR3DL1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 21 31420518
2019 Association of Functional Polymorphisms of KIR3DL1/DS1 With Behçet's Disease. Frontiers in immunology 21 31849952
2017 HLA Mismatching Favoring Host-Versus-Graft NK Cell Activity Via KIR3DL1 Is Associated With Improved Outcomes Following Lung Transplantation. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 21 28375571
2012 Defining the sister rat mammary tumor cell lines HH-16 cl.2/1 and HH-16.cl.4 as an in vitro cell model for Erbb2. PloS one 21 22253826
2010 KIR3DL1/S1 genotypes and KIR2DS4 allelic variants in the AB KIR genotypes are associated with Plasmodium-positive individuals in malaria infection. Immunogenetics 21 19859704
2002 Diverse evolution of [[Ph(2)P(CH(2))(n)PPh(2)]Pt(mu-S)(2)Pt[Ph(2)P(CH(2))(n)PPh(2)]] (n = 2, 3) metalloligands in CH(2)Cl(2). Inorganic chemistry 21 12055001
2003 Cis-[Pt(Cl)2(pyridine)(5-SO3H-isoquinoline)] complex, a selective inhibitor of telomerase enzyme. Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine 20 12779240
1996 1H NMR, EPR, UV-Vis, and Electrochemical Studies of Imidazole Complexes of Ru(III). Crystal Structures of cis-[(Im)(2)(NH(3))(4)Ru(III)]Br(3) and [(1MeIm)(6)Ru(II)]Cl(2).2H(2)O. Inorganic chemistry 20 11666690
2016 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Improving alloreactive Bw4 donor selection by genotyping codon 86 of KIR3DL1/S1. European journal of immunology 19 26990677
2013 KIR3DL1 genetic diversity and phenotypic variation in the Chinese Han population. Genes and immunity 19 24173144
2020 2D-3D Cs2PbI2Cl2-CsPbI2.5Br0.5 Mixed-Dimensional Films for All-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiency and Stability. The journal of physical chemistry letters 18 32370506
2013 Regional differences in the expression of K(+)-Cl(-) 2 cotransporter in the developing rat cortex. Brain structure & function 18 23420348
2000 Ionizing radiation potentiates the induction of nitric oxide synthase by interferon-gamma (Ifn-gamma) or Ifn-gamma and lipopolysaccharide in bnl cl.2 murine embryonic liver cells: role of hydrogen peroxide. Free radical biology & medicine 18 10699750
2019 Follicular lymphoma patients with KIR2DL2 and KIR3DL1 and their ligands (HLA-C1 and HLA-Bw4) show improved outcome when receiving rituximab. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 17 30871628
2010 Inhibitory Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor KIR3DL1 in Combination with HLA-B Bw4iso Protect Against Ankylosing Spondylitis. Iranian journal of immunology : IJI 17 20574122
2003 Epidermal growth factor decreases PEPT2 transport capacity and expression in the rat kidney proximal tubule cell line SKPT0193 cl.2. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 17 14559717
2018 Effects of O3/Cl2 disinfection on corrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth in drinking water distribution systems. Journal of environmental sciences (China) 16 30290870
2000 Induction of apoptosis by the bis-Pt(III) complex [Pt(2)(2-mercaptopyrimidine)(4)Cl(2)]. Biochemical pharmacology 16 10856432
2019 Differential contribution of education through KIR2DL1, KIR2DL3, and KIR3DL1 to antibody-dependent (AD) NK cell activation and ADCC. Journal of leukocyte biology 15 30698860
2018 O3-BAC-Cl2: A multi-barrier process controlling the regrowth of opportunistic waterborne pathogens in drinking water distribution systems. Journal of environmental sciences (China) 15 30528006
2017 Association of variably expressed KIR3dl1 alleles with psoriatic disease. Clinical rheumatology 15 28801811
2013 Interaction of Ru(phen)3Cl2 with graphene oxide and its application for DNA detection both in vitro and in vivo. Journal of materials chemistry. B 15 32260967
2011 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is associated with increased NK cell polyfunctionality and higher levels of KIR3DL1+ NK cells in ugandans carrying the HLA-B Bw4 motif. Journal of virology 15 21411516
2021 A [Pt(cis-1,3-diaminocycloalkane)Cl2] analog exhibits hallmarks typical of immunogenic cell death inducers in model cancer cells. Journal of inorganic biochemistry 14 34673378
2023 Cl2 ⋅- Mediates Direct and Selective Conversion of Inert C(sp3 )-H Bonds into Aldehydes/Ketones. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 13 37409373
2015 KIR3DS1-Specific D0 Domain Polymorphisms Disrupt KIR3DL1 Surface Expression and HLA Binding. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 13 26109640
2022 Bolaamphiphile Analogues of 12-bis-THA Cl2 Are Potent Antimicrobial Therapeutics with Distinct Mechanisms of Action against Bacterial, Mycobacterial, and Fungal Pathogens. mSphere 12 36511707
2017 Delivery of [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2{Ph2P(CH2)3SPh-κP}] using unfunctionalized and mercapto functionalized SBA-15 mesoporous silica: Preparation, characterization and in vitro study. Journal of inorganic biochemistry 12 29288894
2010 Mapping the transformation [{Ru(II)(CO)(3)Cl(2)}(2)]-->[Ru(I) (2)(CO)(4)](2+): implications in binuclear water-gas shift chemistry. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 12 20077542
2024 On transient absorption and dual emission of the atomically precise, DNA-stabilized silver nanocluster Ag16Cl2. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) 11 38426876
2024 Evaluating the Impact of Cl2•- Generation on Antibiotic-Resistance Contamination Removal via UV/Peroxydisulfate. Environmental science & technology 11 38477971
2021 ERAP1 Controls the Interaction of the Inhibitory Receptor KIR3DL1 With HLA-B51:01 by Affecting Natural Killer Cell Function. Frontiers in immunology 11 34917091
2018 KIR3DL1-Negative CD8 T Cells and KIR3DL1-Negative Natural Killer Cells Contribute to the Advantageous Control of Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in HLA-B Bw4 Homozygous Individuals. Frontiers in immunology 11 30147699
2018 Inhibitory natural killer cell receptor KIR3DL1 with its ligand Bw4 constraints HIV-1 disease among South Indians. AIDS (London, England) 11 30289808
2015 Study on the protective effect of the KIR3DL1 gene in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 11 26238044
2014 KIR3DL1-HLA-Bw4 combination and IL28B polymorphism predict response to Peg-IFN and ribavirin with and without telaprevir in chronic hepatitis C. Human immunology 11 24929144
2010 The profile of KIR3DL1 and KIR3DS1 alleles in an African American population resembles that found in African populations. Tissue antigens 11 20230527
2019 Conformational Changes in the Cytoplasmic Region of KIR3DL1 upon Interaction with SHP-2. Structure (London, England : 1993) 10 30773397
2019 Effects of chlorination and combined UV/Cl2 treatment on endotoxin activity and inhalation toxicity of lipopolysaccharide, gram-negative bacteria and reclaimed water. Water research 10 30836264
2015 KIR3DL1 interaction with HLA-B27 is altered by ankylosing spondylitis associated ERAP1 and enhanced by MHC class I cross-linking. Discovery medicine 10 26321090
1998 Multiple transcripts of the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor family, KIR3DL1 (NKB1), are expressed by natural killer cells of a single individual. Tissue antigens 10 9894849

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