Affinage

IL24

Interleukin-24 · UniProt Q13007

Length
206 aa
Mass
23.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 33 papers cited in narrative 33 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

IL-24 (MDA-7) is a secreted IL-10-family cytokine that signals through two heterodimeric type II receptor complexes (IL-22R1/IL-20R2 and IL-20R1/IL-20R2) to activate STAT transcription factors on keratinocytes and other targets (PMID:11706020). Its best-characterized role is as a cancer-selective cytotoxic effector: at high intracellular levels IL-24 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and triggers a tumor-restricted ER stress program (BiP/GRP78, GRP94, GADD153, phospho-eIF2α) through physical interaction with the chaperone BiP/GRP78, killing cancer but not normal cells via JAK/STAT-independent, p38 MAPK-dependent signaling (PMID:17178884, PMID:18599461). This lethality proceeds through PERK-dependent ER stress that activates JNK and BAX-driven mitochondrial dysfunction and a coupled toxic autophagy program requiring ATG5 and Beclin-1 (PMID:18281515), with de novo and acid-sphingomyelinase-driven ceramide generation upstream—ceramide clusters CD95/Fas, activates PP2A to dephosphorylate BCL-2, and feeds the ER stress response (PMID:19417161, PMID:19937735). Downstream death is executed through transcriptional induction of the Fas/FasL axis via c-Jun/ATF-2 (PMID:15833826) and the IFN-inducible mediator SARI (PMID:24282278), while IL-24 also represses pro-survival and metastatic signaling (β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, FAK, MMPs, CXCR4) and suppresses NHEJ repair to radiosensitize tumors (PMID:12907143, PMID:15273727, PMID:25775124). Distinct from these cytotoxic functions, IL-24 acts as an intrinsic immune regulator: in Th17 cells it is induced by IL-17A/NF-κB as an autocrine brake on the pathogenic cytokine program (PMID:32673565) and, independent of surface receptor signaling, is recruited to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it binds GRIM19/NDUFA13 to promote mitochondrial STAT3 retention and IL-10 production (PMID:35819408). Under proteotoxic stress, cytosolic IL-24 accumulating after blocked ER-associated degradation activates PKR, driving eIF2α phosphorylation, NF-κB, and type I IFN signaling as an innate sensor of proteostasis collapse (PMID:35148201).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 25 steps
  1. 2000 Medium

    Established how the mda-7/IL-24 gene itself is transcriptionally controlled, identifying the regulatory inputs that drive its expression in differentiating melanoma cells.

    Evidence Promoter-luciferase, EMSA, and dominant-negative c-Jun in melanoma cells

    PMID:10942517

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not address protein function downstream of expression
    • Restricted to melanoma context
  2. 2001 High

    Defined IL-24 as a bona fide cytokine ligand by showing it binds two heterodimeric type II receptor complexes and activates STATs, placing it in canonical cytokine signaling.

    Evidence Ligand-receptor binding assays and STAT activation on keratinocytes and transfected cells

    PMID:11706020

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not explain cancer-selective cytotoxicity
    • Physiological target tissues incompletely mapped
  3. 2001 Medium

    Showed the murine ortholog (FISP) is a Th2-restricted secreted product requiring TCR/PKC and STAT6 signals, giving IL-24 an early immune-cell identity beyond epithelial signaling.

    Evidence Th1/Th2 differentiation profiling, PKC modulation, STAT6-deficient cells

    PMID:11342597

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of Th2 secretion not defined
    • Ortholog data may not fully translate to human
  4. 2003 High

    Decoupled IL-24's cytokine receptor/STAT signaling from its tumor-killing activity, demonstrating apoptosis proceeds through JAK/STAT-independent, p38 MAPK-dependent routes.

    Evidence Kinase inhibitors and JAK/STAT-deficient cancer lines with apoptosis readouts

    PMID:12811827

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the receptor-independent intracellular trigger
    • p38 only partially required
  5. 2003 Medium

    Linked IL-24 to suppression of oncogenic signaling, showing it down-regulates β-catenin/TCF and PI3K/AKT outputs in a tumor-selective manner.

    Evidence Microarray, Western blot, TCF/LEF reporter, PI3K inhibition in breast/lung cells

    PMID:12907143

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking IL-24 to pathway suppression unclear
    • Single lab
  6. 2004 Medium

    Began assembling the death machinery downstream of IL-24, identifying ROS- and JNK-dependent BAX activation and the intrinsic caspase-9 pathway, and showing migration/invasion suppression via PI3K/FAK/MMP down-regulation.

    Evidence ROS scavengers, JNK inhibitors, caspase inhibitors, migration/invasion and in vivo metastasis assays

    PMID:15093181 PMID:15197348 PMID:15564140

    Open questions at the time
    • Upstream ER signal not yet defined
    • Parallel ROS-dependent and -independent arms not fully resolved
  7. 2004 Medium

    Connected IL-24 to radiosensitization by showing it suppresses NHEJ DNA repair components and impairs double-strand break rejoining.

    Evidence Western blot, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, host-cell reactivation in NSCLC

    PMID:15273727

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of Ku70/XRCC4/ligase IV down-regulation unknown
    • Single lab
  8. 2005 High

    Identified the Fas/FasL death-receptor axis as a transcriptional effector of IL-24 killing, driven by c-Jun/ATF-2 and NF-κB.

    Evidence Fas siRNA, FasL neutralizing antibody, promoter-reporter, apoptosis assays in ovarian cancer

    PMID:15833826

    Open questions at the time
    • Link to upstream ER/ceramide signaling not yet drawn
    • Cell-type generality untested here
  9. 2005 Medium

    Established the secreted, bystander-acting nature of IL-24 toxicity, showing conditioned medium sensitizes endothelium and kills non-transduced tumor cells through IL-20 receptor engagement.

    Evidence Conditioned medium clonogenic assays, neutralizing anti-MDA-7/anti-IL-20R antibodies, xenograft histology

    PMID:15194048 PMID:15851011

    Open questions at the time
    • Reconciliation of receptor-dependent bystander killing with receptor-independent intracellular killing unresolved
    • Single lab
  10. 2006 Medium

    Revealed a context-dependent pro-survival role: in CLL B-cells endogenous IL-24 sustains p38 MAPK signaling required for survival, contrasting with its cytotoxic action in solid tumors.

    Evidence IL-24 siRNA knockdown, SB203580, recombinant IL-24 rescue, apoptosis assays

    PMID:16408101

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis for opposite p38 outcomes across cell types unexplained
    • Single lab
  11. 2006 High

    Separated IL-24's intracellular cytotoxic function from secretion and glycosylation, showing a nonsecreted, nonglycosylated mutant retains ER localization, BiP/GRP78 binding, and tumor-selective ER-stress killing.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis, co-IP with BiP/GRP78, ER stress marker Western blots, apoptosis assays

    PMID:17178884

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not explain why ER stress is tumor-selective
    • BiP/GRP78 interaction's mechanistic consequence not fully defined
  12. 2008 High

    Built the core ER-stress death pathway, placing PERK upstream of JNK/BAX and a coupled toxic autophagy program, and uncovering an autocrine loop stabilizing IL-24 mRNA to sustain the response.

    Evidence PERK-/- cells, ATG5/Beclin-1 siRNA, mRNA stability and protein-synthesis inhibition, ROS measurement in glioma and other cancers

    PMID:18281515 PMID:18599461

    Open questions at the time
    • Trigger of initial ER stress not yet identified
    • Autophagy-apoptosis switch mechanism incomplete
  13. 2009 High

    Inserted ceramide and CD95 clustering upstream of ER stress, ordering CD95 above PERK in the killing cascade.

    Evidence siRNA of CD95, ceramide synthase-6, ASMase; dominant-negative PERK; caspase-8 inhibitor in renal carcinoma

    PMID:19417161

    Open questions at the time
    • How IL-24 initiates ceramide generation unresolved
    • Single lab
  14. 2010 High

    Defined the lipid trigger of IL-24 lethality, showing tumor-selective ceramide accumulation via de novo synthesis and ASMase drives ER stress and PP2A-mediated BCL-2 dephosphorylation.

    Evidence Lipidomics, SPT/ceramide synthase inhibitors, ASMase siRNA, PP2A activity assay

    PMID:19937735

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular sensor connecting IL-24 to ceramide enzymes unidentified
    • Tumor-selectivity basis unexplained
  15. 2011 Medium

    Identified Beclin-1 as a direct IL-24 binding partner and a calpain/ATG5 mechanism governing the autophagy-to-apoptosis switch.

    Evidence Co-IP of IL-24 with Beclin-1, calpain inhibitors, autophagy/apoptosis markers in prostate cancer

    PMID:21610321

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of Beclin-1 binding inferred, not directly demonstrated
    • Single Co-IP
  16. 2012 Medium

    Expanded IL-24's interactome to clusterin, distinguishing a transient sCLU-mediated cytoprotection from nCLU-driven apoptosis.

    Evidence Co-IP of IL-24 with CLU, stable CLU clones, xenografts in prostate cancer

    PMID:21732348

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect interaction not fully resolved
    • Single lab
  17. 2013 Medium

    Identified SARI as a required transcriptional effector downstream of receptor-engaged, p38-driven IL-24 signaling, linking the cytokine arm to cancer-selective death.

    Evidence SARI antisense, p38 inhibitor, His-MDA-7 receptor binding in diverse cancers

    PMID:24282278

    Open questions at the time
    • How SARI executes death not detailed
    • Single lab
  18. 2015 Medium

    Extended IL-24's anti-metastatic action by showing post-transcriptional CXCR4 mRNA destabilization disrupts the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis and downstream AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling.

    Evidence Inducible IL-24 expression, mRNA half-life qRT-PCR, migration/invasion assays in lung cancer

    PMID:25775124

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of mRNA destabilization unidentified
    • Single lab
  19. 2016 Medium

    Linked IL-24 to miRNA control, showing ROS-dependent miR-221 down-regulation derepresses p27/PUMA and a miR-221/Beclin-1 feedback loop regulates autophagy.

    Evidence miRNA profiling, miR-221 overexpression rescue, His-MDA-7, xenografts

    PMID:27940575

    Open questions at the time
    • Connection to core ER-stress pathway unclear
    • Single lab
  20. 2016 Medium

    Uncovered a caspase-independent death route via ATM activation, γ-H2AX, and nuclear AIF translocation in neuroblastoma.

    Evidence AIF siRNA, ATM inhibitors, pan-caspase inhibitor, nuclear fractionation, xenograft

    PMID:27197168

    Open questions at the time
    • Trigger of ATM activation by IL-24 unknown
    • Single lab
  21. 2018 Medium

    Added cAMP/PKA as an upstream activator coupling IL-24 to p38, Fas/FasL/DR4, and TP53 nuclear import in breast cancer, and defined Akt/Mcl-1 dependence of anti-bone-metastatic activity.

    Evidence PKA pharmacology, Western blots, nuclear fractionation; gain/loss-of-function of Akt/Mcl-1 in bone metastasis model

    PMID:29934341 PMID:30424508

    Open questions at the time
    • How IL-24 raises cAMP/PKA not defined
    • Context-dependent pro-survival vs pro-death roles unreconciled
  22. 2019 High

    Connected IL-24 to global miRNA biogenesis, showing receptor- and ROS/MITF-dependent down-regulation of DICER as a tumor-selective death mechanism.

    Evidence Receptor neutralization, DICER gain/loss-of-function, His-MDA-7, xenografts

    PMID:30842276

    Open questions at the time
    • Link between DICER loss and apoptosis execution incomplete
    • MITF regulation mechanism partial
  23. 2020 High

    Revealed a physiological immunoregulatory function: IL-17A/NF-κB induces IL-24 in Th17 cells as an autocrine brake that represses the pathogenic Th17 cytokine program.

    Evidence IL-17A loss-of-function, NF-κB studies, IL-24 silencing, EAU model in mouse and human Th17 cells

    PMID:32673565

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which IL-24 represses Th17 cytokines not fully defined here
    • Receptor dependence of this loop not detailed
  24. 2020 High

    Defined a pro-fibrotic role through macrophage polarization, where IL-24 synergizes with IL-4 by suppressing SOCS1/3 to enhance STAT6/PPARγ-driven M2 polarization.

    Evidence IL-24 knockout mice, bleomycin fibrosis model, M2 polarization assays, SOCS/STAT6/PPARγ Western blots

    PMID:33144678

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating macrophage effect not specified
    • Relationship to cytotoxic functions unaddressed
  25. 2022 High

    Established receptor-independent intracellular roles for IL-24: as a cytosolic DAMP activating PKR under proteotoxic stress, and as an inner-mitochondrial-membrane GRIM19 partner directing mitochondrial STAT3 and IL-10 in Th17 cells.

    Evidence PKR-deficient mice, ERAD inhibition, PRAAS patient cells; mitochondrial fractionation and co-IP with GRIM19/NDUFA13 in Th17 cells

    PMID:35148201 PMID:35819408

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of IL-24 cytosol egress incompletely defined
    • How a single protein partitions between secreted, ER, mitochondrial, and cytosolic roles unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • It remains unresolved how IL-24's tumor-selective intracellular ceramide/ER-stress death program, its receptor-dependent STAT cytokine signaling, and its receptor-independent mitochondrial/cytosolic immune functions are mechanistically coordinated, and what determines its opposite pro- vs anti-survival outcomes across cell types.
  • No structural model linking secreted, ER, mitochondrial, and cytosolic IL-24 pools
  • Basis of cancer-cell selectivity for ceramide/ER stress unidentified
  • Determinants of pro-survival (CLL) vs pro-death (solid tumor) responses unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 4 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 3 GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 3 GO:0005739 mitochondrion 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 4 R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to stimuli 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 3
Partners
BECN1CLUEIF2AK2HSPA5NDUFA13STAT3

Evidence

Reading pass · 33 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2001 IL-24 (MDA-7) is a secreted protein that functions as the ligand for two heterodimeric type II cytokine receptor complexes: IL-22R1/IL-20R2 and IL-20R1/IL-20R2. Binding to either receptor complex on human keratinocytes or ectopically expressed receptors on baby hamster kidney cells leads to activation of STAT transcription factors. Ligand-receptor binding assays (saturation kinetics on transfected COS cells), STAT activation assays on keratinocytes and BHK cells The Journal of biological chemistry High 11706020
2003 MDA-7/IL-24-induced cancer-specific apoptosis occurs through JAK/STAT-independent pathways; inhibition of JAK (AG490), general tyrosine kinases (genistein, AG18), or absence of IL-20R/IL-22R expression did not prevent Ad.mda-7-induced apoptosis. Instead, partial inhibition of apoptosis was achieved with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, implicating p38 MAPK as a mediator of cancer cell killing. Pharmacological inhibition with selective kinase inhibitors; apoptosis assays in STAT/JAK-deficient cell lines; receptor expression profiling Journal of cellular physiology High 12811827
2003 Ad.mda-7 expression in glioma cells activates p38 and ERK1/2, and radiosensitization of glioma cells by MDA-7/IL-24 requires JNK1/2 signaling; inhibition of JNK1/2 (but not p38) abolished radiosensitization. ERK and PI3K signaling are protective against MDA-7 lethality. Pharmacological inhibitor studies (JNK inhibitor SP600125, MEK/PI3K inhibitors), colony formation assays, cell cycle analysis Cancer biology & therapy Medium 14508103
2003 MDA-7/IL-24 negatively regulates both the beta-catenin and PI3K signaling pathways in breast and lung cancer cells; it redistributes beta-catenin from nucleus to plasma membrane (reducing TCF/LEF transcription), upregulates E-cadherin, APC, GSK-3beta, PTEN, and downregulates FAK, ILK-1, Akt, and PLC-gamma in a tumor cell-specific manner. Microarray analysis, Western blotting, reporter gene assay (TCF/LEF luciferase), pharmacological PI3K inhibition (wortmannin) Molecular therapy Medium 12907143
2004 Secreted glycosylated MDA-7/IL-24 protein kills melanoma cells via IL-20 receptor engagement (both type 1 and type 2 IL-20R) through a STAT3-independent, PKR-independent signaling pathway; receptor engagement induces STAT3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation but the cytotoxic effect operates through a separate pathway involving BAX upregulation. Neutralizing anti-MDA-7 and anti-receptor antibodies, STAT3 inhibition, receptor expression on melanoma cells, apoptosis assays with recombinant MDA-7 protein Molecular therapy Medium 15564140
2004 Ad.mda-7 radiosensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells by suppressing components of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway, specifically downregulating Ku70, XRCC4, and DNA ligase IV protein expression; this correlated with impaired DSB rejoining kinetics measured by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and reduced host-cell reactivation capacity. Western blotting, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (DSB rejoining kinetics), host cell reactivation assays Oncogene Medium 15273727
2004 Ectopic MDA-7/IL-24 production inhibits lung cancer cell migration and invasion by downregulating PI3K/AKT, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, and reduces experimental lung metastasis in vivo. Cell migration and invasion assays in vitro, Western blotting for pathway components, experimental lung metastasis mouse model Molecular therapy Medium 15093181
2004 GST-MDA-7 fusion protein radiosensitizes primary human glioma cells through ROS generation and JNK1/2/3 activation, operating via both ROS-dependent and ROS-independent parallel pro-apoptotic pathways; JNK signaling activates BAX and the intrinsic (caspase-9) apoptotic pathway; N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) blocked JNK activation and killing but not BAD/BAX upregulation. MTT assay, clonogenic survival assay, pan-caspase/specific caspase inhibitors, ROS scavenger (NAC), JNK inhibitor (SP600125), 3D soft agar overlay assays with secretion-deficient MDA-7 mutant Cancer biology & therapy Medium 15197348
2005 MDA-7/IL-24-induced apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells involves activation of transcription factors c-Jun and ATF-2, which drive transcription of FasL and Fas; this is accompanied by NF-κB activation and recruitment of FADD and caspase-8. siRNA knockdown of Fas or antibody blockade of FasL abrogated Ad.mda-7-mediated apoptosis. Fas promoter activity was specifically induced by Ad.mda-7. siRNA knockdown of Fas, FasL neutralizing antibody (NOK-1), promoter-reporter luciferase assay, Western blotting, apoptosis assays (TUNEL, Annexin V) Cancer research High 15833826
2005 Secreted MDA-7/IL-24 protein suppresses angiogenesis by sensitizing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to ionizing radiation, reducing bFGF and VEGF levels and microvessel density in tumors, without sensitizing normal lung fibroblasts. Clonogenic survival assay with conditioned medium from stably transfected MDA-7 cells, in vivo xenograft tumor model with histological analysis (CD31, bFGF, VEGF) Molecular therapy Medium 15194048
2005 Ad-mda7 kills pancreatic cancer cells via G2/M arrest and apoptosis through regulation of Wnt/PI3K pathway proteins (beta-catenin, APC, GSK-3, JNK, PTEN). Bystander killing of non-transduced pancreatic cancer cells is mediated specifically by secreted MDA-7 protein engaging IL-20 receptors, as shown by neutralizing anti-MDA-7 and anti-IL-20R antibodies. Cell cycle analysis, Western blotting, neutralizing antibody experiments (anti-MDA-7, anti-IL-20R), apoptosis assays Molecular therapy Medium 15851011
2006 N-glycosylation of MDA-7/IL-24 is dispensable for cancer-specific apoptosis and bystander antitumor activity. A nonglycosylated, nonsecreted MDA-7/IL-24 mutant (signal peptide deleted, three N-glycosylation sites mutated) retained tumor-selective apoptosis, ER localization, JAK/STAT-independent and p38 MAPK-dependent killing, ER stress induction (BiP/GRP78, GRP94, XBP-1, eIF2alpha), and physical interaction with BiP/GRP78. Site-directed mutagenesis (N-glycosylation sites), adenoviral expression, co-immunoprecipitation (MDA-7 with BiP/GRP78), Western blotting for ER stress markers, apoptosis assays Cancer research High 17178884
2008 Intracellular MDA-7/IL-24 protein induces cancer-specific apoptosis by triggering an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, evidenced by expression of BiP/GRP78, GRP94, GADD153, and phospho-eIF2α, and reactive oxygen species production. Secreted MDA-7/IL-24 protein activates a positive autocrine feedback loop: recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 induces stabilization of endogenous mda-7/IL-24 mRNA (posttranscriptionally, without activating the promoter), requiring de novo protein synthesis, thereby sustaining ER stress and apoptosis. mRNA stability assays, promoter-reporter assays, protein synthesis inhibition (cycloheximide), ER stress marker Western blotting, ROS measurement, recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 protein treatment Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 18599461
2008 GST-MDA-7 kills primary human glioma cells through PERK-dependent ER stress, which activates JNK1-3 leading to BAX activation and mitochondrial dysfunction. PERK-/- cells are resistant to GST-MDA-7 lethality. GST-MDA-7 also induces PERK- and JNK-dependent autophagic vacuolization of LC3-expressing endosomes; knockdown of ATG5 or Beclin-1 reduces lethality. Cathepsin B-dependent cleavage of BID and suppression of BAD/BIM phosphorylation and HSP70 expression also contribute. PERK-/- cells, JNK inhibitor, caspase-9 dominant-negative, ATG5/Beclin-1 siRNA knockdown, cathepsin inhibitors, HSP70 overexpression, Western blotting, fluorescence microscopy (LC3-GFP) Molecular cancer therapeutics High 18281515
2009 GST-MDA-7 kills renal carcinoma cells by ceramide-dependent plasma membrane clustering of CD95 (Fas) and association of CD95 with procaspase-8; downstream signaling involves PERK-dependent ER stress activation of JNK-1/2 and p38 MAPK. Knockdown of CD95 abolished PERK phosphorylation by GST-MDA-7, positioning CD95 upstream of PERK in this pathway. Ceramide generation via ceramide synthase-6 and acid sphingomyelinase was required for CD95 clustering. siRNA knockdown of CD95, ceramide synthase-6, acid sphingomyelinase; dominant negative PERK; caspase-8 inhibitor; short-form c-FLIP overexpression; Western blotting; autophagy assays (ATG5 knockdown) Molecular cancer therapeutics High 19417161
2010 Ad.mda-7 infection of cancer cells (but not normal cells) causes increased ceramide accumulation via de novo synthesis (serine palmitoyltransferase-dependent) and acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activation; ceramide mediates ER stress induction (blocking ceramide synthesis blocks BiP/GRP78, GADD153, phospho-eIF2α induction). Ceramide activates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), leading to dephosphorylation of anti-apoptotic BCL-2. Lipidomic analysis of ceramide species (C16, C24, C24:1), SPT inhibitor myriocin (ISP1), fumonisin B1, ASMase siRNA knockdown, PP2A activity assay, Western blotting for ER stress markers Journal of cellular physiology High 19937735
2011 In prostate cancer cells, Ad.mda-7 induces early autophagy that switches to apoptosis; MDA-7/IL-24 protein physically interacts with Beclin-1 (potentially inhibiting its autophagy-promoting function), and calpain-mediated cleavage of ATG5 contributes to the autophagy-to-apoptosis switch. Co-immunoprecipitation (MDA-7/IL-24 with Beclin-1), autophagy and apoptosis markers, calpain inhibitor studies Autophagy Medium 21610321
2012 MDA-7/IL-24 differentially regulates clusterin (CLU) in prostate cancer cells: Ad.mda-7 decreases soluble CLU (sCLU) and increases nuclear CLU (nCLU), promoting apoptosis and G2/M arrest. MDA-7/IL-24 was identified as a CLU-interacting protein by co-immunoprecipitation in DU-145 cells, and the initial sCLU-MDA-7/IL-24 interaction produces a transient cytoprotective effect. Co-immunoprecipitation (MDA-7/IL-24 with CLU), stable CLU overexpressing clones, Western blotting, cell viability and apoptosis assays, xenograft mouse models Journal of cellular physiology Medium 21732348
2013 MDA-7/IL-24 induces expression of SARI (suppressor of AP-1, induced by IFN) in diverse cancer cells but not normal cells, and SARI expression is required for mda-7/IL-24-mediated cell death (SARI antisense blocked mda-7/IL-24 antitumor effects). Binding of secreted MDA-7/IL-24 to its cognate receptors (IL-20R1/IL-20R2 or IL-22R/IL-20R2) induces p38 MAPK phosphorylation, leading to GADD gene transcription and apoptosis; p38 MAPK inhibition prevented SARI induction by Ad.mda-7. SARI antisense knockdown, p38 MAPK inhibitor, receptor-binding studies with recombinant His-MDA-7, Western blotting, cell death assays; ERK1/2 inhibitor reversal in pancreatic cancer cells Cancer research Medium 24282278
2015 IL-24 inhibits lung cancer cell migration and invasion by post-transcriptionally downregulating CXCR4 mRNA (decreasing mRNA half-life by >40%), thereby disrupting the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling axis and reducing pAKT, pmTOR, pPRAS40, and HIF-1α. Combined IL-24 with CXCR4 inhibitors (AMD3100, SJA5) or CXCR4 siRNA showed enhanced inhibition of tumor cell migration. Doxycycline-inducible stable IL-24 expression, qRT-PCR mRNA half-life assay, Western blotting for CXCR4 and downstream signaling, flow cytometry, cell migration/invasion assays, luciferase reporter assay PloS one Medium 25775124
2016 MDA-7/IL-24 downregulates miR-221 and upregulates p27 and PUMA in cancer cells; this effect is ROS-dependent and leads to cell death. MDA-7/IL-24 regulates autophagy through a miR-221/Beclin-1 feedback loop (Beclin-1 identified as a new transcriptional target of miR-221). Overexpression of miR-221 rescues cancer cells from mda-7/IL-24-mediated death. miRNA profiling, overexpression of miR-221, recombinant His-MDA-7 protein treatment, ROS measurement, Western blotting (p27, PUMA, Beclin-1), xenograft model with miR-221-overexpressing cells Cancer research Medium 27940575
2016 mda-7/IL-24 induces caspase-3/9-independent apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells through a pathway involving ATM phosphorylation, γ-H2AX induction, and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Inhibition of AIF rescued cells from Ad.5/3-CTV-induced death, while pan-caspase inhibition failed. ATM small-molecule inhibitors blocked γ-H2AX, AIF translocation, and PARP cleavage. AIF siRNA knockdown, ATM inhibitors, pan-caspase inhibitor (z-VAD), Western blotting (γ-H2AX, phospho-ATM, AIF), nuclear fractionation, in vivo xenograft Cancer research Medium 27197168
2018 IL-24 promotes apoptosis in breast cancer cells through cAMP-dependent PKA activation, which is required for IL-24-induced cell death; PKA stimulates p38 MAPK phosphorylation, upregulates Fas/FasL pathway components and death receptor 4, and induces phosphorylation and nuclear import of TP53. PKA inhibition/activation pharmacological studies, Western blotting (phospho-p38, phospho-TP53, FasL, DR4), cell viability assays, nuclear fractionation International journal of molecular sciences Medium 30424508
2019 MDA-7/IL-24 downregulates DICER (a key miRNA processing enzyme) in multiple cancer cells but not normal cells, through IL-20/IL-22 receptors; this is ROS-dependent and mediated through melanogenesis-associated transcription factor (MITF). DICER overexpression partially rescues cancer cells from mda-7/IL-24-mediated cell death and impedes mda-7/IL-24 inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Gain- and loss-of-function studies (DICER overexpression/knockdown), recombinant His-MDA-7 protein, Western blotting (DICER, DROSHA, PASHA, Argonaute), receptor neutralization, ROS measurement, xenograft tumor model Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 30842276
2000 The mda-7 gene promoter contains functional binding sites for AP-1 (c-Jun) and C/EBP transcription factors; ectopic expression of AP-1/c-Jun or C/EBP enhances mda-7 promoter activity in melanoma cells while a dominant-negative c-Jun (TAM67) does not. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) confirmed binding of nuclear proteins from terminally differentiated melanoma cells to AP-1 and C/EBP consensus sites in the mda-7 promoter. Luciferase reporter assay (mda-7 promoter-luciferase), EMSA with nuclear extracts, Western blotting (cJun, C/EBP-beta), dominant-negative c-Jun overexpression Journal of cellular physiology Medium 10942517
2001 FISP (murine IL-24 ortholog) is selectively expressed and secreted by Th2 cells; its expression during Th2 differentiation requires two signals: TCR signaling involving protein kinase C activation, and STAT6-dependent IL-4 receptor signaling. Differential gene expression during Th1/Th2 differentiation, PKC activation/inhibition, STAT6-deficient cells, secretion assays Journal of immunology Medium 11342597
2020 IL-17A triggers a Th17 cell-intrinsic autocrine negative feedback loop: IL-17A binds its receptor on Th17 cells, activates NF-κB, which induces IL-24 expression; IL-24 in turn represses the Th17 cytokine program (GM-CSF, IL-17F). In vivo, IL-24 treatment ameliorated Th17-induced EAU, while IL-24 silencing in Th17 cells enhanced disease. IL-17A loss-of-function in Th17 cells, mechanistic in vitro NF-κB activation studies, IL-24 silencing in Th17 cells, IL-24 treatment of EAU mouse model, cytokine measurements Immunity High 32673565
2022 IL-24 protein accumulates in the cytosol under conditions of proteasome dysfunction (when ER-associated degradation is blocked), and cytoplasmic IL-24 activates PKR (protein kinase R), which serves as an innate immune sensor for proteotoxic stress. PKR activation by cytoplasmic IL-24 drives NF-κB and type I IFN signaling; PKR also phosphorylates eIF2α to limit new protein translation. Blocking IL-24 egress into the cytosol (by inhibiting ERAD) suppressed PKR activation and downstream inflammatory signaling. PKR genetic deletion in vitro and in vivo (PKR-deficient mice), proteasome inhibitor-induced inflammatory models, ERAD inhibition to block cytoplasmic IL-24 accumulation, eIF2α phosphorylation assays, patient cells from PRAAS Science immunology High 35148201
2022 In Th17 cells, IL-24 is recruited to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it interacts with NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 α subcomplex subunit 13 (GRIM19/NDUFA13), a complex I respiratory chain component. Together, IL-24 and GRIM19 promote accumulation of STAT3 in the mitochondrial compartment, limiting STAT3 nuclear deflections and promoting IL-10 production to restrain Th17 pathogenicity. This function is independent of IL-24 cell surface receptor signaling. Mitochondrial fractionation, co-immunoprecipitation (IL-24 with GRIM19), STAT3 mitochondrial localization assays, receptor-independent signaling experiments, EAU model The Journal of experimental medicine High 35819408
2004 A novel splice variant of mda-7/IL-24 (mda-7s), encoding a 63-residue 12 kDa protein lacking exons 3 and 5, co-precipitates full-length MDA-7 and reduces secretion of co-transfected MDA-7 protein. Co-immunoprecipitation (mda-7s with full-length MDA-7), secretion assays, RT-PCR expression analysis The Journal of investigative dermatology Low 15304100
2020 IL-24 deficiency protects mice from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis; mechanistically, IL-24 synergizes with IL-4 to promote macrophage M2 polarization by suppressing IL-4-induced SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression, thereby enhancing STAT6/PPARγ signaling. IL-24 knockout mice, bleomycin fibrosis model, macrophage M2 polarization assays, Western blotting (SOCS1, SOCS3, STAT6, PPARγ), cytokine quantification (TGF-β1) Cell death and differentiation High 33144678
2006 In CLL B-cells, MDA-7/IL-24 activates p38 MAPK, and this activation is required for CLL cell survival; siRNA knockdown of mda-7/IL-24 specifically inhibited p38 MAPK phosphorylation and increased spontaneous apoptosis three-fold. Recombinant IL-24 could re-induce p38 MAPK phosphorylation. siRNA knockdown of mda-7/IL-24, p38 MAPK pharmacological inhibitor (SB203580), recombinant IL-24 protein treatment, Western blotting, apoptosis assays Leukemia Medium 16408101
2018 Recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 protein inhibits prostate cancer bone metastasis by both selectively killing prostate cancer cells and inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. Gain- and loss-of-function studies show that the Akt and Mcl-1 prosurvival pathways are critically required for anti-bone metastatic activity of MDA-7/IL-24. Bone metastasis experimental model, gain/loss-of-function genetic approaches (Akt, Mcl-1), Mcl-1 small-molecule inhibitor, in vivo femur metastasis quantification, Western blotting Molecular cancer therapeutics Medium 29934341

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1996 The melanoma differentiation associated gene mda-7 suppresses cancer cell growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 256 8799171
2001 Interleukin 24 (MDA-7/MOB-5) signals through two heterodimeric receptors, IL-22R1/IL-20R2 and IL-20R1/IL-20R2. The Journal of biological chemistry 225 11706020
1991 Structure, mapping, and expression of fisp-12, a growth factor-inducible gene encoding a secreted cysteine-rich protein. Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 190 1888698
2005 Clinical and local biological effects of an intratumoral injection of mda-7 (IL24; INGN 241) in patients with advanced carcinoma: a phase I study. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 189 15585416
2002 The cancer growth suppressing gene mda-7 induces apoptosis selectively in human melanoma cells. Oncogene 180 11850799
2005 Is mda-7/IL-24 a "magic bullet" for cancer? Cancer research 179 16287994
2005 Intratumoral injection of INGN 241, a nonreplicating adenovector expressing the melanoma-differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7/IL24): biologic outcome in advanced cancer patients. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 178 15585417
2006 mda-7/IL-24: multifunctional cancer-specific apoptosis-inducing cytokine. Pharmacology & therapeutics 161 16464504
2003 Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7, mda-7/IL-24, selectively induces growth suppression, apoptosis and radiosensitization in malignant gliomas in a p53-independent manner. Oncogene 160 12606943
2020 The Cytokine IL-17A Limits Th17 Pathogenicity via a Negative Feedback Loop Driven by Autocrine Induction of IL-24. Immunity 155 32673565
2003 mda-7/IL-24, a novel cancer selective apoptosis inducing cytokine gene: from the laboratory into the clinic. Cancer biology & therapy 146 14508078
2003 MDA-7/IL-24: novel cancer growth suppressing and apoptosis inducing cytokine. Cytokine & growth factor reviews 144 12485618
2001 Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7): a novel anti-tumor gene for cancer gene therapy. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) 142 11471572
2000 Tumor-suppressive effects by adenovirus-mediated mda-7 gene transfer in non-small cell lung cancer cell in vitro. Gene therapy 135 11175318
2020 IL-24 deficiency protects mice against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by repressing IL-4-induced M2 program in macrophages. Cell death and differentiation 126 33144678
2002 Loss of MDA-7 expression with progression of melanoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 123 11844832
2004 MDA-7/IL-24 is a unique cytokine--tumor suppressor in the IL-10 family. International immunopharmacology 117 15120650
2008 Autocrine regulation of mda-7/IL-24 mediates cancer-specific apoptosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 18599461
2017 Long intergenic non-coding RNA 00152 promotes lung adenocarcinoma proliferation via interacting with EZH2 and repressing IL24 expression. Molecular cancer 114 28109288
2014 MDA-7/IL-24: multifunctional cancer killing cytokine. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 105 25001534
2001 Down-regulated melanoma differentiation associated gene (mda-7) expression in human melanomas. International journal of cancer 102 11668478
2010 mda-7/IL-24: a unique member of the IL-10 gene family promoting cancer-targeted toxicity. Cytokine & growth factor reviews 98 20926331
2005 mda-7/IL-24: exploiting cancer's Achilles' heel. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 98 15585401
2012 Regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL24 by microRNA-203 in primary keratinocytes. Cytokine 95 22917968
2004 Bystander activity of Ad-mda7: human MDA-7 protein kills melanoma cells via an IL-20 receptor-dependent but STAT3-independent mechanism. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 93 15564140
2007 The expression of IL-20 and IL-24 and their shared receptors are increased in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathy. Cytokine 92 18061474
2007 mda-7/IL-24, novel anticancer cytokine: focus on bystander antitumor, radiosensitization and antiangiogenic properties and overview of the phase I clinical experience (Review). International journal of oncology 91 17912425
2004 Adenovirus-mediated mda-7 (IL24) gene therapy suppresses angiogenesis and sensitizes NSCLC xenograft tumors to radiation. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 88 15194048
2004 Ectopic production of MDA-7/IL-24 inhibits invasion and migration of human lung cancer cells. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 87 15093181
2003 Mda-7/IL-24 induces apoptosis of diverse cancer cell lines through JAK/STAT-independent pathways. Journal of cellular physiology 86 12811827
2003 mda-7 (IL-24) Inhibits growth and enhances radiosensitivity of glioma cells in vitro via JNK signaling. Cancer biology & therapy 86 14508103
2019 Recent insights into apoptosis and toxic autophagy: The roles of MDA-7/IL-24, a multidimensional anti-cancer therapeutic. Seminars in cancer biology 85 31356866
2003 MDA-7 negatively regulates the beta-catenin and PI3K signaling pathways in breast and lung tumor cells. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 84 12907143
2013 T cell-derived microvesicles induce mast cell production of IL-24: relevance to inflammatory skin diseases. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 78 23768573
2009 Historical perspective and recent insights into our understanding of the molecular and biochemical basis of the antitumor properties of mda-7/IL-24. Cancer biology & therapy 77 19276652
2004 MDA-7 regulates cell growth and radiosensitivity in vitro of primary (non-established) human glioma cells. Cancer biology & therapy 75 15197348
2005 Activation of the Fas-FasL signaling pathway by MDA-7/IL-24 kills human ovarian cancer cells. Cancer research 73 15833826
2006 Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24): novel gene therapeutic for metastatic melanoma. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 72 17208263
2003 Restoring apoptosis as a strategy for cancer gene therapy: focus on p53 and mda-7. Seminars in cancer biology 70 12654260
2001 Cutting edge: FISP (IL-4-induced secreted protein), a novel cytokine-like molecule secreted by Th2 cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 68 11342597
2008 Caspase-, cathepsin-, and PERK-dependent regulation of MDA-7/IL-24-induced cell killing in primary human glioma cells. Molecular cancer therapeutics 63 18281515
2002 mda-7 (IL-24): signaling and functional roles. BioTechniques 61 12395925
2015 IL-24 inhibits lung cancer cell migration and invasion by disrupting the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling axis. PloS one 60 25775124
2005 mda-7/IL24 kills pancreatic cancer cells by inhibition of the Wnt/PI3K signaling pathways: identification of IL-20 receptor-mediated bystander activity against pancreatic cancer. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 60 15851011
1999 Cutaneous rat wounds express c49a, a novel gene with homology to the human melanoma differentiation associated gene, mda-7. Journal of cellular biochemistry 60 10381256
2010 Ceramide plays a prominent role in MDA-7/IL-24-induced cancer-specific apoptosis. Journal of cellular physiology 59 19937735
2007 Association analysis of IL19, IL20 and IL24 genes in palmoplantar pustulosis. The British journal of dermatology 55 17263806
2022 Protein kinase R is an innate immune sensor of proteotoxic stress via accumulation of cytoplasmic IL-24. Science immunology 53 35148201
2008 PERK-dependent regulation of MDA-7/IL-24-induced autophagy in primary human glioma cells. Autophagy 53 18299661
2007 Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7)/IL-24: a 'magic bullet' for cancer therapy? Expert opinion on biological therapy 52 17477796
2016 mda-7/IL-24 Mediates Cancer Cell-Specific Death via Regulation of miR-221 and the Beclin-1 Axis. Cancer research 50 27940575
2010 The development of MDA-7/IL-24 as a cancer therapeutic. Pharmacology & therapeutics 50 20732354
2010 IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24: potential therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets 50 21073280
2008 Ad-MDA-7; INGN 241: a review of preclinical and clinical experience. Expert opinion on biological therapy 49 18774929
2006 Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 (mda-7)/interleukin (IL)-24 induces anticancer immunity in a syngeneic murine model. Cancer gene therapy 49 16543916
2006 N-glycosylation of MDA-7/IL-24 is dispensable for tumor cell-specific apoptosis and "bystander" antitumor activity. Cancer research 49 17178884
2018 Role of MDA-7/IL-24 a Multifunction Protein in Human Diseases. Advances in cancer research 47 29551126
2013 Novel mechanism of MDA-7/IL-24 cancer-specific apoptosis through SARI induction. Cancer research 46 24282278
2017 ZBTB7A Enhances Osteosarcoma Chemoresistance by Transcriptionally Repressing lncRNALINC00473-IL24 Activity. Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) 44 28942243
2000 AP-1 and C/EBP transcription factors contribute to mda-7 gene promoter activity during human melanoma differentiation. Journal of cellular physiology 44 10942517
2010 MDA-7/IL-24 as a cancer therapeutic: from bench to bedside. Anti-cancer drugs 42 20613485
2012 Enhanced delivery of mda-7/IL-24 using a serotype chimeric adenovirus (Ad.5/3) in combination with the Apogossypol derivative BI-97C1 (Sabutoclax) improves therapeutic efficacy in low CAR colorectal cancer cells. Journal of cellular physiology 41 21780116
2003 DNA oligonucleotide microarray technology identifies fisp-12 among other potential fibrogenic genes following murine unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO): modulation during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Kidney international 41 14633130
2015 MDA-7/IL-24 functions as a tumor suppressor gene in vivo in transgenic mouse models of breast cancer. Oncotarget 40 26474456
2009 MDA-7/IL-24-induced cell killing in malignant renal carcinoma cells occurs by a ceramide/CD95/PERK-dependent mechanism. Molecular cancer therapeutics 40 19417161
2007 mda-7 In combination with bevacizumab treatment produces a synergistic and complete inhibitory effect on lung tumor xenograft. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 40 17235306
2010 Tumour suppressor function of MDA-7/IL-24 in human breast cancer. Cancer cell international 39 20735832
2021 Interleukin-17A Drives IL-19 and IL-24 Expression in Skin Stromal Cells Regulating Keratinocyte Proliferation. Frontiers in immunology 38 34616394
2018 IL-24 Promotes Apoptosis through cAMP-Dependent PKA Pathways in Human Breast Cancer Cells. International journal of molecular sciences 37 30424508
2011 Autophagy switches to apoptosis in prostate cancer cells infected with melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24). Autophagy 36 21610321
2008 Regulation of GST-MDA-7 toxicity in human glioblastoma cells by ERBB1, ERK1/2, PI3K, and JNK1-3 pathway signaling. Molecular cancer therapeutics 35 18281516
2012 mda-7/IL-24 differentially regulates soluble and nuclear clusterin in prostate cancer. Journal of cellular physiology 33 21732348
2007 MDA-7/IL-24 suppresses human ovarian carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Molecular cancer 33 17274815
2016 mda-7/IL-24 Induces Cell Death in Neuroblastoma through a Novel Mechanism Involving AIF and ATM. Cancer research 31 27197168
2013 Stabilization of MDA-7/IL-24 for colon cancer therapy. Cancer letters 31 23481022
2006 MDA-7/IL-24-based cancer gene therapy: translation from the laboratory to the clinic. Current gene therapy 31 16475947
2006 High Mda-7 expression promotes malignant cell survival and p38 MAP kinase activation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 30 16408101
2019 IL-24 contributes to skin inflammation in Para-Phenylenediamine-induced contact hypersensitivity. Scientific reports 29 30755657
2020 An Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Armed with GM-CSF and IL-24 Double Genes for Cancer Targeted Therapy. OncoTargets and therapy 28 32425553
2008 IL-24: a classic cytokine and/or a potential cure for cancer? Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 27 18505472
2010 Dichloroacetate (DCA) enhances tumor cell death in combination with oncolytic adenovirus armed with MDA-7/IL-24. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 26 20165905
2009 CRAdRGDflt-IL24 virotherapy in combination with chemotherapy of experimental glioma. Cancer gene therapy 26 19363468
2005 Expression of MDA-7/IL-24 and its clinical significance in resected non-small cell lung cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 26 15709189
2005 Ovarian cancer targeted adenoviral-mediated mda-7/IL-24 gene therapy. Gynecologic oncology 26 16225913
2004 Loss of novel mda-7 splice variant (mda-7s) expression is associated with metastatic melanoma. The Journal of investigative dermatology 26 15304100
2020 MiRNA-203a-3p inhibits inflammatory response in preeclampsia through regulating IL24. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 25 32495855
2018 Recombinant MDA-7/IL24 Suppresses Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis through Downregulation of the Akt/Mcl-1 Pathway. Molecular cancer therapeutics 25 29934341
2017 IL-24 Promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis in C57BL/6 Mouse Corneas. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 25 28330899
2003 Tumor suppressor MDA-7/IL-24 selectively inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell growth and migration. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 25 12907144
2004 Cytokine and tumor cell apoptosis inducing activity of mda-7/IL-24. International immunopharmacology 24 15120649
2022 IL-24 intrinsically regulates Th17 cell pathogenicity in mice. The Journal of experimental medicine 23 35819408
2013 MDA-7/IL-24 suppresses tumor adhesion and invasive potential in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Oncology reports 23 23722307
2012 Expression of IL-24 and IL-24 receptors in human wound tissues and the biological implications of IL-24 on keratinocytes. Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society 23 23110359
2004 Adenoviral-mediated mda-7 expression suppresses DNA repair capacity and radiosensitizes non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Oncogene 23 15273727
2024 IL-24 improves efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy by targeting stemness of tumor cells. British journal of cancer 22 38347092
2019 MDA-7/IL-24 regulates the miRNA processing enzyme DICER through downregulation of MITF. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 22 30842276
2019 Inhibition of NR4A1 Promotes ROS Accumulation and IL24-Dependent Growth Arrest in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Molecular cancer research : MCR 21 31462501
2006 Combinatorial synergy induced by adenoviral-mediated mda-7 and Herceptin in Her-2+ breast cancer cells. Cancer gene therapy 21 16783343
2011 AAV8 vector expressing IL24 efficiently suppresses tumor growth mediated by specific mechanisms in MLL/AF4-positive ALL model mice. Blood 20 22025528
2005 MDA-7/IL-24 regulates proliferation, invasion and tumor cell radiosensitivity: a new cancer therapy? Journal of cellular biochemistry 20 15880678

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