Affinage

IL11

Interleukin-11 · UniProt P20809

Length
199 aa
Mass
21.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 40 papers cited in narrative 40 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

IL-11 is a pleiotropic IL-6 family cytokine that signals through an IL-11Rα/gp130 receptor complex to activate ERK, JAK/STAT, and downstream metabolic effectors, functioning as a central mediator of organ fibrosis, tissue injury responses, immune modulation, and aging-associated metabolic decline. In fibroblasts and epithelial cells, TGF-β1 induces IL-11 secretion, which engages an autocrine ERK-dependent loop—via p90RSK-mediated LKB1 inactivation, AMPK suppression, and mTOR activation—to drive collagen synthesis through an EPRS-regulated ribosome-stalling mechanism and myofibroblast transformation across heart, lung, kidney, liver, skin, and pancreas (PMID:29160304, PMID:34651016, PMID:35992082). IL-11 trans-signaling is enabled by ectodomain shedding of IL-11Rα by RHBDL2 or ADAM10, generating soluble IL-11R that activates gp130 homodimers on cells lacking membrane IL-11Rα (PMID:33566379); a specific gp130 residue (R281) is selectively required for IL-11 but not other IL-6-family cytokine signaling (PMID:32566365). Homozygous loss-of-function mutations in IL11RA cause craniosynostosis and dental anomalies in humans (PMID:21741611), while genetic deletion or antibody neutralization of IL-11 in aged mice extends lifespan by ~22–25% through relief of the ERK–AMPK–mTORC1 metabolic axis (PMID:39020175).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1992 High

    Determination of IL11 gene structure and chromosomal location established the genomic framework for subsequent promoter and regulatory studies.

    Evidence Genomic cloning, in situ hybridization, and sequence analysis mapped IL11 to 19q13.3–q13.4 with five exons and IL-1-responsive regulatory elements

    PMID:1386338

    Open questions at the time
    • Promoter elements not functionally validated at this stage
    • No information on tissue-specific transcription factors controlling IL11
  2. 1993 High

    Establishing that IL-11 signals through gp130 resolved how a distinct cytokine converges on the same signal transducer as IL-6, defining the shared receptor architecture of the IL-6 family.

    Evidence Anti-gp130 antibodies abolished IL-11-induced proliferation, tyrosine phosphorylation, and junB expression in TF-1 cells, while anti-IL-6R had no effect on IL-11 signaling

    PMID:8360477

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and structure of the IL-11Rα/gp130 signaling complex not determined
    • Downstream kinase cascades not yet mapped
  3. 1995 Medium

    Identification of JAK, MAPK, and p90RSK as IL-11-activated kinases, with p90RSK as the critical mediator of primary response gene induction, revealed that IL-11 signals through non-STAT pathways with functional importance.

    Evidence Kinase activation assays and H7 inhibitor studies in mouse preadipocytes showed p90RSK is required for junB, tis11, and tis8 expression; STAT91 tyrosine phosphorylation was insufficient alone

    PMID:7545369

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream substrates of p90RSK in IL-11 context not identified
    • Single cell system (preadipocytes)
  4. 2004 High

    Discovery of IL-11's role in osteoclastogenesis and endothelial cytoprotection extended its known biology beyond hematopoiesis to bone remodeling and vascular protection.

    Evidence Neutralizing anti-IL-11/IL-11R antibodies blocked breast cancer-induced osteoclast formation via a PTHrP→IL-11→PGE2→GM-CSF axis; separately, IL-11 upregulated survivin to protect endothelial cells in transplant alloinjury

    PMID:14734714 PMID:14999770

    Open questions at the time
    • Survivin mechanism not fully resolved—single antisense approach
    • Direct IL-11 action on osteoclast precursors versus indirect (osteoblast-mediated) effects not separated
  5. 2009 High

    Demonstration that IL-11 exerts dual immunoregulatory and neuroprotective functions in EAE established it as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in CNS autoimmunity.

    Evidence IL-11Rα-null mice had worsened EAE; IL-11 reduced T cell effector cytokines via APC modulation and directly promoted oligodendrocyte progenitor survival

    PMID:19734214

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell-type-specific contribution (APC vs oligodendrocyte) not genetically separated
    • Whether IL-11 is protective or pathogenic in other neuroinflammatory contexts unknown
  6. 2011 High

    Human genetic evidence that IL11RA loss-of-function causes craniosynostosis and dental anomalies established IL-11 signaling as essential for craniofacial and dental development.

    Evidence Homozygosity mapping identified IL11RA mutations; the p.Arg296Trp mutation abolished IL-11 signaling in transfection assays; Il11ra-null mice phenocopied the human syndrome

    PMID:21741611

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream effectors of IL-11 in suture biology not identified
    • Whether IL-11 itself (vs other IL-11Rα ligands) is the relevant signal in vivo not distinguished until later
  7. 2012 High

    Demonstration that cardiac IL-11 protection against ischemia/reperfusion requires STAT3 established a tissue-protective signaling axis distinct from later fibrotic mechanisms.

    Evidence Cardiac-specific STAT3 conditional knockout mice lost IL-11-mediated cardioprotection and failed to suppress ROS after I/R

    PMID:22707562

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ERK also contributes to cardioprotection not tested
    • Acute protective role later reinterpreted in light of chronic fibrotic signaling—reconciliation incomplete
  8. 2013 High

    Discovery that IL11 is a hypoxia/HIF-1-inducible gene with autocrine tumor-promoting activity linked IL-11 to the cancer microenvironment; separately, IL-11 was identified as a required intermediary in A1AR-mediated renal protection.

    Evidence VHL manipulation and promoter dissection showed HIF-1/AP-1 cooperation at IL11 promoter; IL-11 knockdown abolished hypoxia-driven anchorage-independent growth and xenograft growth. In kidney, IL-11R-deficient mice lost A1AR-mediated protection via an ERK→IL-11→SphK1 axis

    PMID:23549086 PMID:23813214

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contributions of classic vs trans-signaling in tumor microenvironment unknown
    • Whether renal protective and fibrotic IL-11 effects use the same downstream signaling not resolved
  9. 2017 High

    The paradigm-shifting discovery that IL-11 is the dominant TGF-β1 target in fibroblasts and drives organ fibrosis via autocrine ERK signaling reframed IL-11 from a hematopoietic cytokine to a master fibrogenic factor.

    Evidence Integrated imaging-genomics in primary human fibroblasts; fibroblast-specific Il11 transgenics caused heart/kidney fibrosis; Il11ra1 deletion protected against fibrosis; ERK pathway was required

    PMID:29160304

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which ERK selectively drives collagen translation not yet elucidated
    • Whether STAT3 activation is an artifact of species-mismatched recombinant IL-11 not yet formally tested
  10. 2020 High

    A specific gp130 residue (R281) was shown to be selectively required for IL-11 signaling, and fibroblast-specific IL-11Rα deletion proved sufficient to prevent lung fibrosis and chronic inflammation, demonstrating cell-autonomous fibroblast IL-11 signaling as the driver.

    Evidence GP130 p.R281Q human variant and mouse Il6st p.R279Q knock-in abolished IL-11 but not IL-6/OSM/LIF signaling, phenocopying IL11RA deficiency; fibroblast-specific Il11ra1 CKO reduced bleomycin-induced fibrosis, ERK activation, and NF-κB phosphorylation

    PMID:32566365 PMID:32656894

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for gp130 R281 selectivity not determined
    • Whether gp130 homodimer engagement differs between classic and trans-signaling not resolved
  11. 2021 High

    Mechanistic dissection revealed that IL-11-induced ERK activates mTOR/P70RSK and collagen synthesis via EPRS-regulated ribosome stalling, while STAT3 activation causes ER stress; concurrently, RHBDL2 was identified as a second IL-11Rα sheddase enabling trans-signaling, and IL-11 was shown to drive fibrosis, injury, and inflammation across kidney, liver, skin, lung, and vasculature through organ-specific ERK-dependent programs.

    Evidence ERK/STAT3/mTOR inhibitor panels in Il11ra1-KO fibroblasts established ERK–mTOR–EPRS axis for collagen synthesis; RHBDL2 cleavage site (A370–S371) identified by mutagenesis; hepatocyte-specific and TEC-specific Il11ra1 deletions protected against APAP liver injury (NOX4/JNK-dependent) and kidney injury (p90RSK/GSK3β/SNAI1-dependent); Il11-KO mice showed reduced IL-6 and pro-inflammatory cytokines and female infertility

    PMID:33566379 PMID:33590875 PMID:34108253 PMID:34239012 PMID:34651016 PMID:35135328 PMID:36470928

    Open questions at the time
    • How EPRS ribosome stalling selectively controls collagen mRNAs not structurally resolved
    • Relative contribution of classic versus trans-signaling in each organ not quantified
    • Discrepancy between Il11-KO (no craniosynostosis) and Il11ra1-KO (craniosynostosis) suggests IL-11Rα has IL-11-independent roles not yet defined
  12. 2022 High

    Identification of ERK/P90RSK-mediated LKB1 phosphorylation (S325, S428) as the mechanism linking IL-11 to AMPK inhibition and mTOR activation unified the metabolic and fibrogenic arms of IL-11 signaling.

    Evidence Phosphoproteomics identified LKB1 phosphorylation sites; site-specific LKB1 mutagenesis blocked IL-11 effects; metformin-stimulated AMPK activation inhibited IL-11 phenotypes in fatty liver disease models

    PMID:35992082

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether LKB1 inactivation is the sole link to mTOR or parallel pathways exist
    • Tissue-specificity of LKB1 phosphorylation by IL-11 not systematically assessed
  13. 2022 High

    Epigenetic regulation of IL11 transcription was defined: Sirt1 deacetylates H3K9/14ac at the IL11 promoter (overlapping the Smad2 binding region) to suppress TGF-β1-induced IL-11 expression, connecting aging-associated epigenetic changes to fibrosis.

    Evidence ChIP-seq/ChIP-PCR mapped H3K9/14ac and Smad2 co-occupancy at IL11 promoter (-871 to -724); Sirt1 transgenic mice resisted pulmonary fibrosis

    PMID:35906886

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other sirtuins or HDACs regulate IL11 not tested
    • Chromatin context in non-fibroblast cell types unknown
  14. 2024 High

    Genetic deletion or antibody neutralization of IL-11 in aged mice extended lifespan by ~22–25%, establishing the ERK–AMPK–mTORC1 axis driven by IL-11 as a determinant of mammalian aging.

    Evidence Il11-/- and Il11ra1-/- mice showed improved metabolic parameters; anti-IL-11 antibody treatment from 75 weeks extended median lifespan in both sexes

    PMID:39020175

    Open questions at the time
    • Tissue sources of IL-11 driving systemic aging not resolved
    • Whether lifespan extension reflects fibrosis reduction, metabolic improvement, or both
    • Human translational relevance not yet tested
  15. 2024 Medium

    IL-11 was identified as an EGFR ligand, expanding the receptor repertoire beyond IL-11Rα/gp130, and an autocrine IL-11/JAK1/STAT4/c-MYC axis was found to drive chemoresistance in prostate cancer.

    Evidence IL-11 binding to EGFR demonstrated in brain metastasis model, with dual gp130/EGFR inhibition suppressing growth; ChIP-seq showed pSTAT4 binding at c-MYC promoter with CBP co-IP in docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer

    PMID:38429845 PMID:38696655

    Open questions at the time
    • EGFR interaction is from a single study and awaits independent confirmation
    • STAT4 pathway in IL-11 signaling is novel and not yet replicated across systems
    • Structural basis of IL-11/EGFR interaction unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include: the structural basis of the IL-11/IL-11Rα/gp130 hexameric complex at atomic resolution, the mechanism by which EPRS-dependent ribosome stalling selectively controls collagen translation, the relative contribution of classic versus trans-signaling in each disease context, reconciliation of IL-11's acute protective versus chronic pathogenic roles in the same organs, and the identity of the dominant cellular sources of IL-11 driving systemic aging.
  • No high-resolution structure of the complete IL-11 signaling complex
  • EPRS ribosome stalling selectivity mechanism unresolved
  • Classic vs trans-signaling contributions not quantified in vivo

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 6 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 4
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 4
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 7 R-HSA-1474244 Extracellular matrix organization 5 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 5 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2 R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 1
Partners
EGFRIL11RAIL6STMAPK1RPS6KA1STAT3STK11
Complex memberships
IL-11/IL-11Rα/gp130 signaling complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 40 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1993 IL-11 signals through the same gp130 signal transducer as IL-6, despite using a distinct ligand-binding protein. Anti-gp130 antibodies abolished IL-11-induced cell proliferation, protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and junB gene expression in TF-1 cells, whereas anti-IL-6R antibody blocked IL-6 but not IL-11 signaling. Neutralizing antibody blockade in TF-1 cells (anti-gp130, anti-IL-6R); protein tyrosine phosphorylation assay; junB mRNA expression Journal of immunology High 8360477
1995 IL-11 activates JAK tyrosine kinases, MAP kinases, and pp90rsk; pp90rsk is identified as an H7-sensitive protein kinase critical for primary response gene (junB, tis11, tis8, MAP kinase phosphatase) expression induced by IL-11. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat91 is involved but insufficient alone for primary response gene activation. Kinase activation assays, H7 inhibitor studies, primary response gene expression analysis in mouse preadipocytes Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Medium 7545369
1992 The human IL11 gene is located on chromosome 19q13.3-q13.4, spans 7 kb, contains five exons and four introns, and has two polyadenylation sites corresponding to 2.5- and 1.5-kb transcripts. The 5'-flanking region contains cytokine-like regulatory elements and a sequence with 71% similarity to the IL1-responsive element of IL6. Genomic cloning, in situ hybridization, sequence analysis Genomics High 1386338
1994 Histamine synergizes with TGF-β1 to augment IL-11 production in human lung fibroblasts via H1 receptors and a calcium/calmodulin-dependent pretranslational mechanism; H2 receptor agonists and cAMP-dependent pathways were not involved. TGF-β1 alone did not alter cytosolic Ca2+, but histamine caused biphasic Ca2+ increase and sustained oscillations in the presence of TGF-β1. IL-11 protein and mRNA quantification, H1/H2 receptor antagonist/agonist pharmacology, calmodulin antagonists, intracellular Ca2+ chelation and imaging Journal of immunology High 7963541
2017 IL-11 is the dominant transcriptional response of human fibroblasts to TGFβ1 and is required for TGFβ1's pro-fibrotic effect. IL-11 and IL-11RA are expressed specifically in fibroblasts, where IL-11 drives non-canonical, ERK-dependent autocrine signaling that is required for fibrogenic protein synthesis. Fibroblast-specific Il11 transgene expression or Il-11 injection causes heart and kidney fibrosis in mice, while Il11ra1 deletion protects against fibrosis. Integrated imaging-genomics of primary human fibroblasts; fibroblast-specific transgenic and knockout mice; IL-11 injection; neutralizing antibodies; ERK pathway analysis Nature High 29160304
2011 Homozygous loss-of-function mutations in IL11RA cause a human syndrome of craniosynostosis, maxillary hypoplasia, delayed tooth eruption, and supernumerary teeth. A specific IL11RA missense mutation (p.Arg296Trp) rendered the receptor unable to mediate IL-11 signaling in cell transfection experiments, demonstrating that IL-11 signaling restricts suture fusion and tooth number. Homozygosity mapping, mutational analysis, cell transfection signaling assay, Il11ra null mouse phenotyping American journal of human genetics High 21741611
2013 IL11 is a hypoxia-inducible, VHL-regulated gene in human cancer cells; HIF-1 and AP-1 cooperate to activate the IL11 promoter under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxic cancer cells express functional IL-11Rα, enabling autocrine IL-11 signaling that promotes anchorage-independent growth and tumor growth in vivo; silencing IL11 or STAT1 abrogated these hypoxia-induced effects. Reporter assay (IL11 promoter), VHL manipulation, siRNA knockdown, anchorage-independent growth assay, xenograft tumor models Journal of clinical investigation High 23549086
2012 IL-11 mediates cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury through cardiac STAT3 activation; STAT3 conditional knockout mice lost IL-11-mediated protection and failed to suppress reactive oxygen species production after I/R, establishing a cardiac IL-11→STAT3→ROS suppression axis. Mouse I/R model, intravenous IL-11 administration, cardiac-specific STAT3 conditional knockout, TTC staining, echocardiography, dihydroethidium fluorescence American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology High 22707562
2021 IL-11 signals in fibroblasts via IL6ST (gp130); IL-11-induced ERK activation (not STAT3) drives fibrogenesis and myofibroblast transformation. ERK activates an mTOR/P70RSK protein translation axis; selectivity for Collagen 1 synthesis is ascribed to an EPRS-regulated ribosome stalling mechanism. STAT3 inhibition caused proteotoxic ER stress and cell death unrelated to fibrogenesis. Recombinant human IL-11 increases pSTAT3 in Il11ra1-null fibroblasts, indicating off-target STAT3 effects of species-mismatched recombinant protein. Pharmacological inhibitors (ERK, STAT3, mTOR), Il11ra1 knockout fibroblasts, ER stress markers, collagen synthesis assays, proteomics Frontiers in molecular biosciences High 34651016
2022 IL-11 stimulates ERK/P90RSK-mediated phosphorylation of LKB1 at S325 and S428, causing LKB1 inactivation, AMPK inhibition, and mTOR activation across stromal, epithelial, and cancer cell types, driving a mesenchymal/fibrogenic program. Metformin-stimulated AMPK activation inhibited IL-11-induced phenotypes. Phospho-proteomic analysis, site-specific LKB1 mutagenesis, pharmacological AMPK activation (metformin), genetic and pharmacologic IL-11 manipulation in mice with fatty liver disease iScience High 35992082
2024 IL-11 regulates an ERK-AMPK-mTORC1 axis that modulates aging pathologies. Deletion of Il11 or Il11ra1 protects against metabolic decline and frailty; anti-IL-11 treatment from 75 weeks extends median lifespan of mice by ~22–25%, establishing IL-11 as a driver of mammalian aging via this metabolic signaling axis. Genetic deletion (Il11-/-, Il11ra1-/-), anti-IL-11 antibody treatment, lifespan studies, metabolic and frailty phenotyping in aged mice Nature High 39020175
2021 ALKBH5-mediated m6A demethylation of IL-11 mRNA increases its stability and protein levels in macrophages, promoting macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT) and cardiac fibrosis under angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Macrophage-specific ALKBH5 knockout inhibited MMT and reduced cardiac fibrosis. RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP-seq), m6A modification assays, macrophage-specific ALKBH5 knockout, single-cell transcriptomics, lineage tracing, IL11 overexpression rescue Nature communications High 38443404
2021 IL-11 signals through gp130 to activate JAK/STAT3 in tumor epithelia upon stromal Lkb1 deletion in gastrointestinal tumorigenesis. JAK1/2 inhibition with ruxolitinib dramatically decreased polyposis in LKB1-deficient mice, placing IL-11/JAK/STAT3 as essential downstream of stromal Lkb1 loss. Mesenchymal/fibroblast-specific Lkb1 conditional knockout, lineage tracing, immunohistochemistry, JAK1/2 inhibitor (ruxolitinib) treatment in vivo Journal of clinical investigation High 29202476
2021 In acetaminophen-induced liver injury, IL-11 secreted from APAP-damaged hepatocytes triggers an autocrine loop of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-dependent hepatocyte death downstream of mitochondrial dysfunction. Hepatocyte-specific Il11ra1 deletion or germline Il11 deletion protected mice from liver injury and was associated with reduced JNK and ERK activation and restored glutathione levels. Hepatocyte-specific and germline knockout mice, anti-IL11RA neutralizing antibody, NOX4 pathway analysis, GSH measurement, JNK/ERK western blotting Science translational medicine High 34108253
2021 IL-11 stimulates ERK activation in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) via p90RSK-mediated GSK3β inactivation, leading to SNAI1 upregulation, mesenchymal transition, and pro-inflammatory gene expression. TEC-specific deletion of Il11ra1 protected mice from renal injury-induced inflammation, fibrosis, and failure. TEC-specific Il11ra1 conditional knockout, ERK/p90RSK/GSK3β pathway analysis, SNAI1 expression, mouse AKI and CKD models, anti-IL11 antibody Nature communications High 36470928
2021 IL-11 binds the membrane-bound IL-11 receptor (IL-11R), which recruits a gp130 homodimer for classic signaling. The rhomboid intramembrane protease RHBDL2 (in addition to previously known ADAM10) cleaves IL-11R between Ala-370 and Ser-371, generating soluble IL-11R (sIL-11R) that enables IL-11 trans-signaling via gp130 homodimerization. RHBDL2 can cleave IL-11R in the early secretory pathway. The human mutation IL-11R-A370V prevents RHBDL2-mediated cleavage but not classic signaling. RHBDL2 overexpression/knockdown, cleavage site mutagenesis, sIL-11R bioactivity assay (STAT3 phosphorylation), subcellular localization studies, human mutation functional characterization FASEB journal High 33566379
2020 A homozygous IL6ST variant (GP130 p.R281Q) causes selective loss of IL-11 signaling without affecting IL-6, IL-27, OSM, LIF, CT1, CLC, or CNTF signaling, demonstrating that a specific GP130 residue is required for IL-11 but not other IL-6 family cytokine signal transduction. Mice carrying the corresponding Il6st p.R279Q variant have facial synostosis and dental abnormalities phenocopying IL11RA deficiency. Transfected cell lines, primary patient-derived cells, genome-edited mouse model, cytokine panel signaling assays Bone research High 32566365
2021 IL11 stimulation of primary human fibroblasts (kidney, lung, skin) causes transient STAT3 phosphorylation but sustained ERK activation, and induces a proinflammatory secretome including IL8, IL6, MCP1, CCL20, CXCL1/5/6. IL11 induces IL33 expression (38-fold) via STAT3 (not ERK), establishing IL11 as pro-inflammatory in fibroblasts via the IL33 alarmin axis. RNA sequencing time course, proteomics/secretome analysis, STAT3 and MEK/ERK pharmacological inhibition, primary fibroblast cultures from three tissue types International journal of molecular sciences High 36012165
2020 In the bleomycin model of lung fibrosis, fibroblast-specific deletion of Il11ra1 (CKO) reduced pulmonary fibrosis, fibroblast ERK activation, chronic immune infiltrates, NF-kB phosphorylation, and pro-inflammatory gene activation, establishing that IL-11 signaling in fibroblasts drives both fibrosis and chronic inflammation in the lung. Fibroblast-specific loxP/Cre Il11ra1 knockout (CKO mice), bleomycin lung injury model, ERK/STAT3/NF-kB signaling analysis, neutralizing antibody comparison FASEB journal High 32656894
2021 In Marfan syndrome aortas, IL-11 is upregulated in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and drives ERK-dependent collagen and MMP secretion, aortic dilatation, fibrosis, and inflammation. Genetic deletion of Il11ra1 or therapeutic anti-IL11RA antibody (X209) reduced aortic COL1A1, IL11, MMP2/9, and phospho-ERK expression and attenuated aortic pathology. Fbn1C1041G/+ mouse model crossed to Il11EGFP reporter and Il11ra1-/- strains; echocardiography; immunostaining; biochemical analyses; 20-week antibody treatment study Circulation research High 35135328
2021 TGF-β1 induces IL-11 secretion from human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs); IL-11 stimulates ERK activation leading to HDF-to-myofibroblast transformation and extracellular matrix secretion via an autocrine loop that is independent of SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and STAT3 activity. Anti-IL11 antibody or IL11RA siRNA reduced TGFβ-induced HDF proliferation, matrix production, and migration, phenocopied by ERK inhibition. Gain- and loss-of-function in primary HDFs from SSc patients and controls; ERK/SMAD2/3/STAT3 western blotting; neutralizing antibody; siRNA knockdown; myofibroblast differentiation assay Rheumatology High 33590875
2022 In pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), IL-11 stimulation causes transient STAT3 phosphorylation and sustained ERK activation, leading to PSC-to-myofibroblast transformation. IL-6 stimulation caused sustained STAT3 but no ERK activation and no PSC transformation, demonstrating pathway specificity. TGFβ, CTGF, and PDGF induced IL-11 secretion from PSCs, and autocrine IL-11/ERK activity was required for their fibrogenic effects on PSCs. PSC culture, pharmacological inhibitors, cytokine panel comparison, anti-IL11RA neutralizing antibody, pancreatic duct ligation mouse model International journal of molecular sciences High 35408908
2021 IL-11 expressed specifically in fibroblasts places IL-11 activity upstream of IL-6 in fibrotic lung disease: Il11-/- mice have reduced Il1b, Timp1, Ccl2, and diminished IL6 expression both at baseline and after bleomycin injury. Il11-/- female mice are infertile. Unlike Il11ra1-/- mice, Il11-/- mice do not have craniosynostosis or altered long bone mass, indicating bone development anomalies are specifically associated with IL11RA but not IL11 itself. Il11 knockout mouse generation; comparison with Il11ra1-/- mice; bleomycin lung injury model; ERK/STAT3/NF-kB signaling; cytokine profiling; fertility assessment; bone phenotyping Scientific reports High 34239012
2017 HMGA2 transcription factor directly binds the IL11 promoter and activates its transcription, as demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR and luciferase reporter assays. IL-11, as a direct downstream target of HMGA2, modulates cell migration and invasion through pSTAT3-dependent signaling. ChIP-PCR, luciferase reporter assay, HMGA2 overexpression/knockdown in colorectal cancer cells, STAT3 phosphorylation analysis Carcinogenesis Medium 26964871
2021 The HIF target MAFF forms a heterodimer with BACH1 that directly transcriptionally activates IL11, leading to STAT3 signaling and breast cancer invasion/metastasis. Combined ChIP-seq and RNA-seq identified IL11 as a direct MAFF/BACH1 transcriptional target; IL11 inhibition reduced metastasis equivalently to MAFF inhibition. ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, siRNA knockdown, MAFF/BACH1 heterodimer characterization, metastasis assays in vivo Nature communications High 34262028
2018 Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote chemoresistance in gastric cancer by secreting IL-11, which activates the IL-11/IL-11R/gp130/JAK/STAT3/Bcl2 anti-apoptosis pathway in cancer cells. JAK inhibitor combined with chemotherapy overcame resistance in vivo. CAF-cancer cell co-culture, flow cytometry, western blotting, MTT assay, xenograft mouse models, JAK inhibitor treatment Cancer research and treatment Medium 29690750
2023 IL-11 induces EMT in renal tubular epithelial cells via sequential activation of STAT3 then ERK1/2 signaling and upregulation of metadherin. Micheliolide (MCL) competitively inhibits IL-11 binding to IL-11Rα1, blocking STAT3 and ERK1/2-metadherin pathways and suppressing tubular EMT. UUO mouse model, siRNA knockdown of IL-11, competitive binding assay (MCL vs IL-11), STAT3/ERK1/2/metadherin pathway analysis, DMAMC pro-drug in vivo American journal of pathology High 37673330
2018 In platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, elevated ROS sustain high IL-11 expression via FRA1-mediated transcriptional activation. Autocrine IL-11 then constitutively activates JAK2-STAT5 signaling to confer platinum resistance. JAK2 inhibition or anti-IL-11 antibody reversed resistance in vitro and in vivo. High-throughput combinational screen, genomic sequencing, FRA1 ChIP/reporter assay, JAK2 inhibitor (LY2784544), anti-IL-11 antibody, xenograft models Oncogene High 29662190
2004 Breast cancer cells stimulate osteoblastic production of IL-11 (via PTHrP), which in turn enhances osteoblast PGE2 release; PGE2 then downregulates GM-CSF production by spleen cells to promote osteoclast formation. Neutralizing antibody to murine IL-11 or its receptor completely prevented osteoclastogenic activity of breast cancer-conditioned medium. Osteoblast-spleen cell co-culture system, ultrafiltration fractionation, neutralizing antibodies (PTHrP, murine IL-11, murine IL-11R, GM-CSF), COX inhibitor, recombinant GM-CSF International journal of cancer High 14999770
2009 IL-11 regulates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through two mechanisms: immunoregulation (reducing T cell effector cytokine production by modulating CD11c+ APC-mediated lymphocyte activation and reducing APC population size) and direct neuroprotection (reducing apoptosis and potentiating mitosis of oligodendrocyte progenitors). IL-11Rα-null mice displayed worsened disease. IL-11Rα knockout mice, EAE model, T cell/APC co-culture, oligodendrocyte progenitor cultures, IL-11 treatment in vivo Journal of immunology High 19734214
2015 IL-11 induces differentiation of CD11b+CD14+ monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) from PBMCs via STAT3 phosphorylation activation downstream of IL-11/IL-11Rα/gp130 signaling. IL-11-conditioned MDSCs suppress T-cell proliferation via arginase-1 upregulation. PBMC culture with IL-11, flow cytometry, STAT3 phosphorylation assay, arginase-1 measurement, T-cell proliferation assay, immunohistochemistry of colorectal cancer tissue Scientific reports Medium 28781374
2023 IL-11 induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in monocytes; IL-11 stimulation of monocytes upregulates NFKB1, NLRP3, IL1B, and IL18 (scRNA-seq). IL-11R+ CSF monocytes from MS patients upregulate NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes and migratory genes (VEGFA/B). Anti-IL-11 mAb treatment in EAE mice decreased NFκBp65+, NLRP3+, and IL-1β+ monocytes in the CNS. Single-cell RNA sequencing of IL-11-stimulated PBMCs, IL-11R+ cell sorting from CSF, αIL-11 mAb treatment in EAE mice, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry PNAS High 37339207
2017 The SNP rs4252548 (R112H) in IL-11 does not impair receptor binding or STAT3 signaling but reduces thermal stability of the IL-11 protein. IL-11 R112H fails to support survival of osteoclast progenitor cells, attributable to the loss of positive charge at position 112. Crystal structure molecular replacement, recombinant protein expression, receptor binding affinity assay, STAT3 phosphorylation assay, thermal stability assay, osteoclast progenitor survival assay Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research High 29237553
2022 Sirt1 negatively regulates IL-11 transcription by deacetylating H3K9/14ac at the IL-11 promoter region (-871 to -724), which is also the major Smad2 binding region; this suppresses TGFβ1-induced IL-11/MEK/ERK signaling and senescence-associated pulmonary fibrosis. ChIP-seq/ChIP-PCR (H3K9/14ac, Smad2 binding), Sirt1 transgenic and Cyp27b1-/- mouse models, IL-11 promoter occupancy analysis, pulmonary function testing Aging cell High 35906886
2021 WNT3a/β-catenin signaling in cardiac fibroblasts enhances TGFβ-induced IL-11 production and secretion via TAK1 phosphorylation (but not Smad pathway), potentiating myofibroblast transformation and collagen/fibronectin production. Anti-IL-11 antibody blocked the profibrotic effects of TGFβ+WNT3a co-stimulation. Human cardiac fibroblast culture, WNT3a/WNT5a/CHIR99021 stimulation, TAK1 phosphorylation western blotting, IL-11 ELISA, anti-IL-11 neutralizing antibody, β-catenin reporter assay International journal of molecular sciences Medium 34576234
2010 In skeletal myoblast preconditioning, IL-11 activates ERK1/2 and STAT3, and this is associated with upregulation of miR-21. miR-21 functions as a key regulator downstream of IL-11 in the ERK1/2-STAT3 signaling cascade; knockdown of miR-21, IL-11 siRNA, or ERK1/2 blockade each compromised the cytoprotective effect of preconditioning. Pharmacological preconditioning, IL-11 siRNA, ERK1/2 blocker, anti-miR-21, western blotting, in vivo cell survival assay in rat MI model Cardiovascular research Medium 20498256
2024 IL-11 acts as a ligand of EGFR in addition to its canonical IL-11Rα/gp130 receptor, activating EGFR and downstream signaling to increase PDL1 expression in brain metastasis of EGFR-mutated NSCLC, promoting immune escape. Dual targeted inhibition of gp130 and EGFR suppressed brain metastasis growth in mice. Reactive astrocyte co-culture, IL-11 EGFR binding assay, PDL1 expression analysis, T-cell apoptosis assay, gp130 and EGFR inhibitor in vivo brain metastasis model Advanced science Medium 38696655
2024 Autocrine IL-11 activates JAK1/STAT4 in docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells; pSTAT4 translocates to the nucleus, associates with CBP at the c-MYC promoter (ChIP-seq), and amplifies c-MYC transcriptional activity to drive resistance. Disruption of IL-11/IL-11RA autocrine loop or JAK1/STAT4 pathway restored docetaxel sensitivity. Single-cell secretion profiling, ChIP-seq (pSTAT4 genome-wide binding), co-immunoprecipitation (pSTAT4-CBP), luciferase reporter (c-MYC promoter), JAK1/STAT4 inhibitors, organoid and in vivo models Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research High 38429845
2004 IL-11 confers cytoprotection to human microvascular endothelial cells in a transplant alloinjury model by upregulating survivin expression; topical survivin antisense oligonucleotide largely abrogated the protective effect of IL-11 without affecting T cell activation or ICAM-1 expression. SCID/beige mouse human skin graft alloinjury model, intradermal IL-11 injection, survivin antisense oligonucleotide, immunohistochemistry Journal of immunology Medium 14734714
2013 In skeletal myoblast preconditioning studies, IL-11 is upstream of ERK1/2 activation; A1 adenosine receptor activation in renal proximal tubule cells induces IL-11 expression in an ERK-dependent manner, and IL-11 is required as a critical intermediary for A1AR-mediated induction of sphingosine kinase-1 and renal protection. IL-11 receptor-deficient mice lost A1AR-mediated renal protection. CCPA (A1AR agonist) treatment of HK-2 cells and mice, IL-11 neutralizing antibody, IL-11 receptor-deficient mice, renal proximal tubule-specific A1AR knockout, ERK inhibition, sphingosine kinase-1 assay Journal of the American Society of Nephrology High 23813214

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2017 IL-11 is a crucial determinant of cardiovascular fibrosis. Nature 508 29160304
1993 Involvement of IL-6 signal transducer gp130 in IL-11-mediated signal transduction. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 250 8360477
2013 MicroRNA-30c inhibits human breast tumour chemotherapy resistance by regulating TWF1 and IL-11. Nature communications 207 23340433
2024 Inhibition of IL-11 signalling extends mammalian healthspan and lifespan. Nature 161 39020175
2011 Inactivation of IL11 signaling causes craniosynostosis, delayed tooth eruption, and supernumerary teeth. American journal of human genetics 146 21741611
2018 Meta-analysis of Icelandic and UK data sets identifies missense variants in SMO, IL11, COL11A1 and 13 more new loci associated with osteoarthritis. Nature genetics 124 30374069
2010 More than a sidekick: the IL-6 family cytokine IL-11 links inflammation to cancer. Journal of leukocyte biology 119 20610798
2020 TGF-β1/IL-11/MEK/ERK signaling mediates senescence-associated pulmonary fibrosis in a stress-induced premature senescence model of Bmi-1 deficiency. Experimental & molecular medicine 118 31959867
2016 miR-206 Inhibits Stemness and Metastasis of Breast Cancer by Targeting MKL1/IL11 Pathway. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 107 27435395
2015 Emerging roles for IL-11 signaling in cancer development and progression: Focus on breast cancer. Cytokine & growth factor reviews 103 26209885
2016 The role of IL-11 in immunity and cancer. Cancer letters 100 26826523
2021 The HIF target MAFF promotes tumor invasion and metastasis through IL11 and STAT3 signaling. Nature communications 97 34262028
1996 IL-11 enhances survival and decreases TNF production after radiation-induced thoracic injury. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 88 8759759
2024 ALKBH5-mediated m6A modification of IL-11 drives macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition and pathological cardiac fibrosis in mice. Nature communications 85 38443404
2014 Molecular pathways: IL11 as a tumor-promoting cytokine-translational implications for cancers. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 79 25074610
2019 Hepatectomy promotes recurrence of liver cancer by enhancing IL-11-STAT3 signaling. EBioMedicine 75 31375423
1992 Genomic sequence and chromosomal location of human interleukin-11 gene (IL11). Genomics 75 1386338
2021 Emerging roles for IL-11 in inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 74 34689057
2015 IL-11 signaling as a therapeutic target for cancer. Immunotherapy 73 25917632
2012 Identification of microRNAs inhibiting TGF-β-induced IL-11 production in bone metastatic breast cancer cells. PloS one 71 22629385
2013 Autocrine production of IL-11 mediates tumorigenicity in hypoxic cancer cells. The Journal of clinical investigation 70 23549086
2020 IL-11 in cardiac and renal fibrosis: Late to the party but a central player. British journal of pharmacology 68 32022251
2018 Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promote the Chemo-resistance in Gastric Cancer through Secreting IL-11 Targeting JAK/STAT3/Bcl2 Pathway. Cancer research and treatment 65 29690750
2023 IL-11 induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in monocytes and inflammatory cell migration to the central nervous system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 63 37339207
2017 Stromal Lkb1 deficiency leads to gastrointestinal tumorigenesis involving the IL-11-JAK/STAT3 pathway. The Journal of clinical investigation 63 29202476
2016 Transcriptional activation of FN1 and IL11 by HMGA2 promotes the malignant behavior of colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 63 26964871
2009 IL-11 regulates autoimmune demyelination. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 63 19734214
2021 Redefining IL11 as a regeneration-limiting hepatotoxin and therapeutic target in acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Science translational medicine 61 34108253
2020 Fibroblast-specific IL11 signaling drives chronic inflammation in murine fibrotic lung disease. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 61 32656894
2018 IL-11 facilitates a novel connection between RA joint fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Angiogenesis 61 29327326
2022 Targeting endogenous kidney regeneration using anti-IL11 therapy in acute and chronic models of kidney disease. Nature communications 60 36470928
2021 WNT/β-Catenin Signaling Promotes TGF-β-Mediated Activation of Human Cardiac Fibroblasts by Enhancing IL-11 Production. International journal of molecular sciences 58 34576234
2006 COX-2 induces IL-11 production in human breast cancer cells. The Journal of surgical research 58 16457848
2004 Breast cancer cells induce osteoclast formation by stimulating host IL-11 production and downregulating granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. International journal of cancer 58 14999770
2022 IL11 Stimulates IL33 Expression and Proinflammatory Fibroblast Activation across Tissues. International journal of molecular sciences 57 36012165
2021 IL11 is elevated in systemic sclerosis and IL11-dependent ERK signalling underlies TGFβ-mediated activation of dermal fibroblasts. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 57 33590875
2016 TMED3 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via IL-11/STAT3 signaling. Scientific reports 57 27901021
2012 Therapeutic administration of IL-11 exhibits the postconditioning effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury via STAT3 in the heart. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 57 22707562
2015 IL-11 Induces Th17 Cell Responses in Patients with Early Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 54 25895532
2011 IL-11 is a parietal cell cytokine that induces atrophic gastritis. Gut 53 22180059
2021 Lutein attenuates angiotensin II- induced cardiac remodeling by inhibiting AP-1/IL-11 signaling. Redox biology 52 34077894
2019 IL-11 Induces Encephalitogenic Th17 Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 49 31341075
2022 Sirt1 overexpression improves senescence-associated pulmonary fibrosis induced by vitamin D deficiency through downregulating IL-11 transcription. Aging cell 47 35906886
1994 Histamine augments cytokine-stimulated IL-11 production by human lung fibroblasts. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 47 7963541
2005 Multiple and highly divergent IL-11 genes in teleost fish. Immunogenetics 45 16003467
2002 Transcriptional response of human mast cells stimulated via the Fc(epsilon)RI and identification of mast cells as a source of IL-11. BMC immunology 45 12079505
2000 IL-11 selectively inhibits aeroallergen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia and Th2 cytokine production. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 45 10925310
2021 Molecular Dissection of Pro-Fibrotic IL11 Signaling in Cardiac and Pulmonary Fibroblasts. Frontiers in molecular biosciences 43 34651016
2013 IL-11: a prominent pro-tumorigenic member of the IL-6 family. Cancer cell 42 23948295
2010 MicroRNA-21 is a key determinant in IL-11/Stat3 anti-apoptotic signalling pathway in preconditioning of skeletal myoblasts. Cardiovascular research 42 20498256
2018 Autocrine activation of JAK2 by IL-11 promotes platinum drug resistance. Oncogene 41 29662190
2004 IL-11 protects human microvascular endothelium from alloinjury in vivo by induction of survivin expression. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 41 14734714
2021 Similarities and differences between IL11 and IL11RA1 knockout mice for lung fibro-inflammation, fertility and craniosynostosis. Scientific reports 39 34239012
1995 Effects of IL-11 on the growth of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Cell proliferation 38 8555371
2014 Bornyl acetate has an anti-inflammatory effect in human chondrocytes via induction of IL-11. IUBMB life 37 25545915
2022 Inhibition of IL11 Signaling Reduces Aortic Pathology in Murine Marfan Syndrome. Circulation research 36 35135328
2022 A Neutralizing IL-11 Antibody Improves Renal Function and Increases Lifespan in a Mouse Model of Alport Syndrome. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 36 35140116
2022 IL11 stimulates ERK/P90RSK to inhibit LKB1/AMPK and activate mTOR initiating a mesenchymal program in stromal, epithelial, and cancer cells. iScience 36 35992082
2021 Host IL11 Signaling Suppresses CD4+ T cell-Mediated Antitumor Responses to Colon Cancer in Mice. Cancer immunology research 34 33906864
2016 Elevated serum IL-11, TNF α, and VEGF expressions contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH). Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 34 27115896
2023 IL11 signaling mediates piR-2158 suppression of cell stemness and angiogenesis in breast cancer. Theranostics 33 37153732
2021 Interleukin-11 (IL-11) receptor cleavage by the rhomboid protease RHBDL2 induces IL-11 trans-signaling. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 33 33566379
2018 CUL1 promotes breast cancer metastasis through regulating EZH2-induced the autocrine expression of the cytokines CXCL8 and IL11. Cell death & disease 33 30578411
2002 IL-11 pretreatment reduces cell death after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. The Journal of surgical research 32 12505051
2015 IL-11 Attenuates Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury (IRI) through STAT3 Signaling Pathway in Mice. PloS one 30 25946003
1995 Interleukin (IL)-11--mediated signal transduction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 29 7545369
2022 IL-11 Is Elevated and Drives the Profibrotic Phenotype Transition of Orbital Fibroblasts in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Frontiers in endocrinology 28 35273577
2006 Cysteinyl leukotriene upregulates IL-11 expression in allergic airway disease of mice. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 28 17208595
2002 A polymorphism in the IL11 gene is associated with ulcerative colitis. Genes and immunity 28 12486609
2022 IL-11 system participates in pulmonary artery remodeling and hypertension in pulmonary fibrosis. Respiratory research 27 36376885
2015 Recombinant human interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a protective factor in severe sepsis with thrombocytopenia: A case-control study. Cytokine 27 26276375
2024 Brain Metastasis from EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Secretion of IL11 from Astrocytes Up-Regulates PDL1 and Promotes Immune Escape. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 26 38696655
2017 LncRNA ZEB1-AS1 contributes to STAT3 activation by associating with IL-11 in B-lymphoblastic leukemia. Biotechnology letters 26 28861713
2015 MTA2 enhances colony formation and tumor growth of gastric cancer cells through IL-11. BMC cancer 26 25929737
2015 IL-11 induces differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells through activation of STAT3 signalling pathway. Scientific reports 26 28781374
2005 Endogenous IL-11 is pro-inflammatory in acute methylated bovine serum albumin/interleukin-1-induced (mBSA/IL-1)arthritis. Cytokine 26 15598441
2002 Administration of recombinant human IL11 after supralethal radiation exposure promotes survival in mice: interactive effect with thrombopoietin. Radiation research 26 12005542
2012 IL10, IL11, IL18 are differently expressed in CD14+ TAMs and play different role in regulating the invasion of gastric cancer cells under hypoxia. Cytokine 25 22595646
2012 Evaluating the role of IL-11, a novel cytokine in the IL-6 family, in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Journal of neuroinflammation 25 22715999
2021 CD39+ Fibroblasts Enhance Myofibroblast Activation by Promoting IL-11 Secretion in Hypertrophic Scars. The Journal of investigative dermatology 24 34537192
2023 Renal Fibrosis Is Alleviated through Targeted Inhibition of IL-11-Induced Renal Tubular Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. The American journal of pathology 23 37673330
2020 A variant in IL6ST with a selective IL-11 signaling defect in human and mouse. Bone research 23 32566365
2013 Enhanced production of CTGF and IL-11 from highly metastatic hepatoma cells under hypoxic conditions: an implication of hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis to bone. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 23 23307318
1998 Interleukin-11 (IL-11) in aseptic loosening of total hip replacement (THR). Scandinavian journal of rheumatology 23 9808400
2022 IL11 Activates Pancreatic Stellate Cells and Causes Pancreatic Inflammation, Fibrosis and Atrophy in a Mouse Model of Pancreatitis. International journal of molecular sciences 22 35408908
2023 Cardiomyocyte-Restricted Expression of IL11 Causes Cardiac Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Dysfunction. International journal of molecular sciences 21 37629170
2013 IL-11 is required for A1 adenosine receptor-mediated protection against ischemic AKI. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 21 23813214
2021 Colitis-induced IL11 promotes colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 20 33196831
2021 Therapeutic Targeting of IL-11 for Chronic Lung Disease. Trends in pharmacological sciences 20 33612289
2017 The SNP rs4252548 (R112H) which is associated with reduced human height compromises the stability of IL-11. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research 20 29237553
2008 The impact of the IL-11:IL-17 ratio on the chronic periodontitis pathogenesis: a preliminary report. Oral diseases 20 18992017
2024 Single-cell deconvolution algorithms analysis unveils autocrine IL11-mediated resistance to docetaxel in prostate cancer via activation of the JAK1/STAT4 pathway. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 19 38429845
2014 Bovine lactoferrin ingestion protects against inflammation via IL-11 induction in the small intestine of mice with hepatitis. The British journal of nutrition 19 24472388
1996 Circulating levels of IL-11 and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) do not significantly participate in the production of acute-phase proteins by the liver. Clinical and experimental immunology 19 8706331
1996 IL-11 synergizes with IL-3 in promoting the recovery of the immune system after irradiation. International immunology 19 8943559
2024 Roles of IL-11 in the regulation of bone metabolism. Frontiers in endocrinology 18 38352248
2023 The Emerging Role of Interleukin-(IL)-11/IL-11R in Bone Metabolism and Homeostasis: From Cytokine to Osteokine. Aging and disease 18 37199584
2018 Overexpression of IL-11 promotes premalignant gastric epithelial hyperplasia in isolation from germline gp130-JAK-STAT driver mutations. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 18 30520693
2008 What lurks beneath: IL-11, via Stat3, promotes inflammation-associated gastric tumorigenesis. The Journal of clinical investigation 18 18431518
2003 IL-11 up-regulates Tie-2 expression during the healing of gastric ulcers in rats. World journal of gastroenterology 17 12679933