Affinage

ID3

DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-3 · UniProt Q02535

Length
119 aa
Mass
13.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 43 papers cited in narrative 41 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ID3 is a dominant-negative helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein that lacks a DNA-binding domain and functions as a master regulator of cell-fate decisions, cell-cycle progression, and immune homeostasis by heterodimerizing with E-proteins (E12, E47, E2-2, HEB) and other bHLH factors to sequester them from DNA (PMID:8759016, PMID:8853903). Through E-protein inhibition, ID3 suppresses CDK inhibitors p21, p27, and p57 to drive G1/S transition, controls thymocyte positive and negative selection, maintains Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells via an Id3–E47–Spi-B/SOCS3 axis, directs germinal center and plasma cell differentiation, and specifies Kupffer cell anti-tumor identity by buffering ELK1/E2A binding at the SIRPA locus (PMID:9372912, PMID:10661402, PMID:27974197, PMID:27217539, PMID:38326607). ID3 activity is regulated at the transcriptional level by Ras-ERK, TGF-β/BMP-Smad, EGFR-AKT-Smad5, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and is directly repressed by Blimp-1 and MeCP2; post-translationally, Cdk2 phosphorylation at Ser5 neutralizes its bHLH-sequestration function during S-phase entry, ATM phosphorylation at Ser65 redirects ID3 to recruit the DNA damage mediator MDC1 to double-strand breaks, and COP9 signalosome-associated ubiquitination controls its degradation (PMID:11175815, PMID:21056086, PMID:22057288, PMID:16682435, PMID:9372912, PMID:29026069, PMID:15451666). Loss of Id3 in mice causes defective B-cell proliferation, impaired thymocyte selection, autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome-like disease, and dysregulated regulatory T cell function, underscoring its non-redundant role in immune tolerance (PMID:10454544, PMID:15485632, PMID:21131965).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 21 steps
  1. 1996 High

    Establishing ID3 as a dominant-negative HLH protein: the question of how ID3 blocks differentiation was answered by showing it forms non-functional dimers with myogenic bHLH factors and E-proteins, preventing their DNA binding, with both HLH and C-terminal domains required.

    Evidence Stable overexpression, antisense knockdown, EMSA, domain mutagenesis in myoblasts; yeast two-hybrid, co-IP, reporter assays for E12/E47/ALF1 interactions

    PMID:8759016 PMID:8853902 PMID:8853903

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of ID3-E-protein dimer selectivity unknown
    • In vivo relevance of C-terminal domain contribution not tested
  2. 1997 High

    Discovery that Cdk2 phosphorylation at Ser5 acts as a cell-cycle-coupled switch to neutralize ID3's bHLH-sequestration function during G1/S, resolving how ID3 activity is temporally restricted.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay with cyclin E/A-Cdk2, phospho-mimetic and phospho-ablating mutagenesis, EMSA, fibroblast S-phase entry assay

    PMID:9372912

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphatase(s) that reverse Ser5 phosphorylation unidentified
    • Whether Ser5 phosphorylation affects ID3 stability in vivo not addressed
  3. 1998 High

    Demonstration that ID3 selectively targets E2A/E47 over other bHLH factors in hematopoietic cells, explaining how ID3 shifts TAL1/E-protein dimer composition to promote erythroid differentiation.

    Evidence Retroviral overexpression in K562 cells, EMSA, Gal4-VP16 two-hybrid competition, E-box reporter

    PMID:9525934

    Open questions at the time
    • Basis of E2A selectivity over other bHLH partners not structurally resolved
    • Relevance to primary erythroid progenitors not shown
  4. 1999 High

    Genetic ablation revealed non-redundant in vivo roles: Id3 KO impaired BCR-induced B-cell proliferation, while Id1/Id3 double KO caused premature neuronal differentiation, vascular malformations, and failure to support tumor angiogenesis, establishing ID3 as essential for both lymphocyte and neural/vascular development.

    Evidence Id3 KO and Id1/Id3 double KO mice, BCR cross-linking, retroviral rescue, tumor xenograft, histology

    PMID:10454544 PMID:10537105

    Open questions at the time
    • Degree of functional redundancy between Id1 and Id3 in each tissue not fully resolved
    • Specific E-protein targets downstream in vascular endothelium not identified
  5. 2000 High

    Id3 was shown to be required for thymocyte positive and negative selection through genetic epistasis with E2A, and to act as a lineage-fate switch between DC2/T/B versus NK fates, establishing its central role in T cell development and innate-adaptive lineage decisions.

    Evidence Id3 KO mice with MHC class I/II selection assays, E2A epistasis; retroviral OE in CD34+ progenitors, flow cytometry

    PMID:10661402 PMID:11120774

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets of E2A that mediate positive selection not identified at this stage
    • Whether Id3 and Id2 act redundantly in DC2 suppression not resolved
  6. 2001 High

    Two studies placed ID3 within defined signaling pathways: TCR signaling through Ras-ERK rapidly induces Id3 to lower E2A DNA binding in thymocytes, and TGF-β induces Id3 to mediate growth arrest and apoptosis in lymphocyte progenitors, establishing ID3 as a convergent effector of mitogenic and cytokine signals.

    Evidence Primary thymocytes with TCR ligation and ERK inhibitor, EMSA, RT-PCR; Id3 KO lymphocyte progenitors with TGF-β treatment and apoptosis assay

    PMID:11175815 PMID:11224524

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ERK phosphorylates Id3 promoter-associated factors directly not shown
    • Transcription factors mediating TGF-β induction of Id3 not identified at this point
  7. 2002 Medium

    ID3 was linked to vascular disease: angiotensin II induces Id3 via superoxide in VSMCs, where Id3 represses p21/p27/p53 and drives proliferation, extending ID3's role beyond immune cells to cardiovascular pathology.

    Evidence Antisense and sense-Id3 transfection in VSMCs, SOD/catalase treatment, Western blot, DNA synthesis assay

    PMID:12021231

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct versus indirect mechanism of superoxide-mediated Id3 induction not resolved
    • Relevance to human vascular disease at this point correlative
  8. 2004 High

    Multiple mechanisms controlling ID3 were delineated: COP9 signalosome (CSN5/CSN7) physically interacts with ID3 to regulate its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation; a dominant-negative intron-retention isoform (Id3a) was discovered that inhibits VSMC growth and promotes apoptosis in vivo; and Id3-deficient mice develop Sjögren's syndrome-like autoimmune disease through a T cell-intrinsic mechanism.

    Evidence Mammalian two-hybrid, pull-down, ubiquitination assay, proteasome inhibitors; Id3a adenoviral delivery in balloon-injured rat carotid; Id3 KO with adoptive transfer and neonatal thymectomy

    PMID:15159391 PMID:15451666 PMID:15485632

    Open questions at the time
    • E3 ligase that ubiquitinates ID3 not identified
    • Regulation of Id3a splicing switch not characterized
    • Whether Sjögren's phenotype involves Treg dysfunction specifically not yet tested
  9. 2005 High

    Cell-type-specific apoptotic mechanisms downstream of ID3 were dissected: in keratinocytes, ID3 triggers Bax-mediated mitochondrial caspase-9/3 apoptosis (relevant to UVB response), while in B lymphocyte progenitors it activates p53-independent caspase-2-dependent apoptosis.

    Evidence Overexpression and siRNA in keratinocytes with DN-caspase-9/Bcl-2 rescue; retroviral Id3 in B progenitors with caspase-2 assay, p53-null and Bcl-2-OE controls

    PMID:16177095 PMID:16449966

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether E-protein sequestration directly triggers each apoptotic pathway or acts indirectly not resolved
    • Upstream signal selecting between caspase-2 vs caspase-9 pathway unknown
  10. 2006 High

    MeCP2 was identified as a direct transcriptional repressor of ID3: ChIP showed MeCP2 binding at the ID3 promoter, and MeCP2 loss (including Rett syndrome brain) leads to elevated ID3, linking ID3 dysregulation to neurodevelopmental disease.

    Evidence ChIP, genome-wide expression microarray, qRT-PCR in mouse and human Rett syndrome brain

    PMID:16682435

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether elevated ID3 contributes causally to Rett syndrome phenotypes not tested
    • Mechanism of MeCP2-mediated repression (methylation-dependent vs independent) at Id3 promoter not dissected
  11. 2007 High

    The mechanism by which ID3 represses p27 was resolved: ID3 inhibits ELK1 at the p27 promoter (confirmed by ChIP), blocking transcription and enabling G1/S transition, revealing a non-E-protein partner interaction.

    Evidence siRNA, ChIP (Id3-ELK1 at p27 promoter), reporter assay, flow cytometry in VSMCs

    PMID:17404577

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ID3-ELK1 interaction is direct or bridged by an intermediary not fully established
    • Generalizability of ELK1 mechanism beyond VSMCs not tested
  12. 2008 High

    Two new regulatory circuits were identified: ID3 inhibits E47-mediated adiponectin transcription (with Id3-null mice showing elevated serum adiponectin), and RhoA/ROCK-MRTF-A-Smad1/4 complex activates Id3 transcription in myoblasts, with a forkhead factor suppressing this axis during differentiation.

    Evidence ChIP in vitro and in Id3-null adipose tissue, reporter assay, promoter mutagenesis; co-IP of MRTF-A/Smad, Id3 promoter reporter with RhoA/ROCK inhibition

    PMID:18477564 PMID:18669923

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the forkhead factor that suppresses Id3 during differentiation not specified
    • Whether ID3 regulation of adiponectin contributes to metabolic disease in vivo not tested
  13. 2010 High

    ID3 was established as critical for both CD8+ memory T cell persistence and Foxp3+ Treg generation: Blimp-1 directly represses Id3 in short-lived effector cells to limit memory formation, while TGF-β-induced Id3 is required to relieve GATA-3-mediated Foxp3 promoter inhibition and promote Treg differentiation.

    Evidence ChIP (Blimp-1 at Id3 promoter), retroviral OE, Id3 KO memory phenotype; Id3 KO Treg, Foxp3 reporter, ChIP (E2A/GATA-3 at Foxp3 promoter), Th17 assay; BMP2-SMAD-Id3 cis-element mapping

    PMID:21056086 PMID:21131965 PMID:22057288

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Blimp-1 repression of Id3 is sufficient or requires additional factors not resolved
    • Precise stoichiometric relationship between Id3 and GATA-3 at Foxp3 locus not quantified
  14. 2011 High

    Genome-wide and lineage studies showed that Id3-high cells are precursors of long-lived CD8+ memory T cells, Id3 enforces the naïve T cell fate by antagonizing genome-wide E2A occupancy at effector loci, and EGFR-AKT-Smad5 signaling induces ID3 in glioblastoma to confer stem-like properties.

    Evidence Id3 reporter knock-in and KO mice with flow cytometry; E2A ChIP-seq in Id3-deficient thymi; EGFR inhibitor, AKT-Smad5 phosphorylation assay, tumorsphere assay

    PMID:21857655 PMID:21975932 PMID:22057289

    Open questions at the time
    • Signals that determine Id3-high vs Id3-low bifurcation at early effector stage not fully characterized
    • Whether EGFR-AKT-Smad5-ID3 axis operates in normal neural stem cells not tested
  15. 2012 High

    ID3 was integrated into cardiovascular and cancer biology: it mediates atheroprotective B-cell homing via CCR6, represses VCAM-1 through inhibition of E12 at the VCAM-1 promoter, cooperates with ID1 to govern colon cancer-initiating cell self-renewal through p21, and drives cell-cycle entry in pancreatic duct cells while paradoxically triggering DNA damage in β-cells.

    Evidence Id3 KO × ApoE-/- mice with adoptive B cell transfer; ChIP and reporter at VCAM-1 promoter in VSMCs; siRNA of ID1/ID3 with serial transplantation; adenoviral Id3 in primary human pancreatic cells with Ki67/γH2AX

    PMID:21498546 PMID:22034493 PMID:22698403 PMID:23042815

    Open questions at the time
    • How Id3 regulates CCR6 transcription mechanistically not detailed
    • Whether p21-dependent self-renewal mechanism is specific to colon cancer or generalizable not tested
    • Why β-cells respond to Id3 with DNA damage rather than proliferation not explained
  16. 2014 High

    Conditional deletion demonstrated that Id2 and Id3 together are essential in Tregs to suppress fatal inflammation, with TCR signaling initially decreasing Id3 to activate a follicular regulatory T cell program.

    Evidence Conditional Id2/Id3 deletion in Foxp3+ Tregs, flow cytometry, gene expression profiling

    PMID:24973820

    Open questions at the time
    • Individual contributions of Id2 versus Id3 in Treg maintenance not fully separated
    • Whether follicular Treg signature depends on specific E-protein targets not determined
  17. 2015 High

    Two new regulatory axes were defined: TAK1-mediated Id3 downregulation enables E2A/GATA-3 binding at the Il9 promoter to control Th9 anti-tumor immunity, and BMP-2-induced Id3 in neural stem cells promotes astrocyte differentiation by restraining E47, as confirmed by complementary E47 KO.

    Evidence Id3 KO with TAK1 inhibition, ChIP at Il9 promoter, melanoma model; Id3 KO and E47 conditional KO mice, cortical injury model, NSPC culture

    PMID:26322481 PMID:26438726

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether TAK1 phosphorylates a specific Id3 degradation pathway not characterized
    • How Id3/E47 balance integrates with other astrogliogenic signals (e.g. Notch, LIF) unknown
  18. 2016 High

    Two studies established ID3 as a gatekeeper of B cell and Treg transcriptional programs: Id3 downregulation releases E2A/E2-2 to activate Blimp1/Xbp1/CXCR4 for GC/plasma cell differentiation, and an Id3–E47–Spi-B/SOCS3–Foxp3 axis was fully delineated for Treg stability.

    Evidence Conditional Id3 KO in B cells with immunization, flow cytometry, gene expression; Id3 KO Tregs, E47 retroviral OE, Foxp3 reporter

    PMID:27217539 PMID:27974197

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether E2A and E2-2 have non-overlapping roles in GC vs plasma cell fate not resolved
    • Therapeutic potential of modulating Id3-E47 axis for autoimmune Treg instability not tested
  19. 2017 High

    A DNA-damage-independent function was uncovered: ATM phosphorylates ID3 at Ser65, enabling direct interaction with MDC1 and recruitment to DSB sites; ID3 depletion causes impaired DSB repair and genomic instability, establishing ID3 as a component of the DNA damage response. Separately, a Wnt/β-catenin-ID3 axis through ANGPTL4-cadherin-11 was identified in wound healing.

    Evidence ATM kinase assay, co-IP (ID3-MDC1), IR-induced foci, γH2AX ChIP, comet assay; ANGPTL4 treatment, β-catenin fractionation, co-IP (ID3-scleraxis), collagen gene analysis

    PMID:28740178 PMID:29026069

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Ser65 phosphorylation and Ser5 phosphorylation are coordinated is unknown
    • Whether ID3-MDC1 interaction requires the HLH domain or a distinct surface not mapped
    • ANGPTL4-ID3-scleraxis pathway awaits independent confirmation
  20. 2019 Medium

    ID3 was shown to activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cholangiocarcinoma by blocking E47 recruitment to the β-catenin promoter, thereby promoting cancer stemness.

    Evidence Co-IP (ID3-E47), ChIP (E47 at β-catenin promoter), reporter assay, sphere and xenograft assays

    PMID:30520117

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether this mechanism operates in normal cholangiocytes not tested
    • Generalizability beyond cholangiocarcinoma not established
  21. 2024 High

    ID3 was identified as the lineage-determining factor in Kupffer cells that controls anti-tumor immunity by buffering ELK1 and E2A transcription factor occupancy at the SIRPA locus, shifting the inhibitory/activating receptor balance to promote phagocytosis and lymphoid effector recruitment.

    Evidence Loss- and gain-of-function in mouse and human macrophages, ChIP/ATAC at SIRPA locus, tumor phagocytosis assay, NK/CD8 T cell recruitment

    PMID:38326607

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ID3-dependent SIRPA regulation extends to other tissue-resident macrophages not tested
    • Upstream signals maintaining Id3 expression specifically in Kupffer cells not fully defined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the identity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets ID3 for degradation, how Ser5 and Ser65 phosphorylation are coordinated, the structural basis for ID3's selectivity among bHLH partners, and whether the DNA damage response function of ID3 is mechanistically linked to its E-protein sequestration activity.
  • E3 ligase identity unknown
  • Coordination of Ser5/Ser65 phosphorylation events not studied
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of ID3 in complex with any partner

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 8 GO:0140313 molecular sequestering activity 5
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 4
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 13 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 6 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 5 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 1
Partners
CSN5E12E2-2E47ELK1GATA3MDC1SCLERAXIS

Evidence

Reading pass · 41 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 Id3 inhibits muscle cell differentiation by preventing formation of functional dimers with myogenic bHLH proteins; both the HLH and COOH-terminal domains of Id3 are necessary and sufficient for its dominant-negative activity, and stable overexpression of Id3 reduces DNA-binding activity in nuclear extracts from myoblasts. Stable overexpression, antisense blockade, in vitro DNA-binding assay, in situ hybridization Cell Growth & Differentiation High 8853902 8853903
1996 Id3 physically interacts with E12, E47, ALF1, and Id4 (identified by yeast two-hybrid and confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation), disrupts their DNA binding in vitro, and blocks transcriptional activation by E-proteins in cultured cells; Id3 also shows evidence of interaction with E2-2 and MyoD but not c-Myc. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, EMSA, reporter gene assay Nucleic Acids Research High 8759016
1997 Cyclin E-Cdk2 and cyclin A-Cdk2 phosphorylate Id3 at Ser5 during late G1-to-S phase transition; phosphorylation alters Id3 target bHLH specificity and nullifies Id3's ability to promote S-phase entry. A phosphomimetic Id3(Asp5) mutant fails to promote S-phase entry, while a phospho-ablating Id3(Ala5) mutant displays enhanced activity compared with wild-type Id3. In vitro kinase assay, site-directed mutagenesis, EMSA, reporter gene assay, transfected fibroblast proliferation assay Molecular and Cellular Biology High 9372912
1998 Id3 selectively targets E2A (E47) over other bHLH proteins in non-lymphoid hematopoietic cells; enforced Id3 expression in K562 erythroid progenitors promotes erythroid differentiation by shifting the profile of TAL1/E-protein heterodimers binding to E-box sequences, as shown by band-shift assays and a Gal4-VP16 two-hybrid competition assay. Retroviral overexpression, EMSA, Gal4-VP16 two-hybrid competition, E-box reporter assay Journal of Biological Chemistry High 9525934
1999 Id3 deficiency in mice impairs B-cell proliferation in response to BCR cross-linking, identifying Id3 as an essential mediator of BCR-to-cell-cycle-progression signaling; the proliferation defect can be rescued by ectopic expression of Id1, demonstrating functional redundancy within the Id family. Gene knockout mouse, BCR cross-linking proliferation assay, retroviral Id1 rescue Molecular and Cellular Biology High 10454544
1999 Targeted disruption of Id1 and Id3 together in mice causes premature neuroblast withdrawal from the cell cycle, neural differentiation marker expression, forebrain vascular malformations, and failure to support tumor xenograft growth/vascularization, establishing Id1/Id3 as required for maintaining neuronal cell-cycle timing and tumour angiogenesis. Double knockout mouse, tumor xenograft assay, histology, immunofluorescence Nature High 10537105
2000 Id3 (and Id2) suppress the development of CD34+ progenitors into pre-DC2 (plasmacytoid DC precursors) but not into DC1 precursors, while promoting NK cell development; this establishes Id3 as a lineage-fate switch between DC2/T/B versus NK cell fates. Retroviral ectopic expression in CD34+ progenitor culture system, flow cytometry Journal of Experimental Medicine Medium 11120774
2000 Id3 null mutation in mice abrogates MHC class I- and class II-restricted thymocyte positive selection and severely perturbs H-Y TCR-mediated negative selection; genetic interaction between E2A and Id3 in thymocyte development was demonstrated by epistasis analysis. Id3 knockout mouse, thymocyte selection assay, epistasis with E2A Immunity High 10661402
2001 Id3 is induced by TGF-β in lymphocyte progenitors and mediates TGF-β-induced apoptosis and growth arrest; in Id3-deficient progenitors the growth-suppressive and pro-apoptotic response to TGF-β is perturbed, placing Id3 downstream of TGF-β and upstream of E-protein-controlled survival. Id3 knockout mouse, TGF-β treatment, apoptosis assay, lymphocyte progenitor culture Nature Immunology High 11224524
2001 TCR-mediated signaling through the ERK MAPK cascade rapidly induces Id3 transcription in a dose-dependent manner, which lowers E2A DNA-binding activity in primary thymocytes without altering E2A protein levels, directly linking the Ras-ERK pathway to HLH regulation in a linear signaling pathway. Primary thymocyte culture, TCR ligation, ERK inhibition, EMSA, RT-PCR, Western blot Nature Immunology High 11175815
2002 Angiotensin II induces Id3 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells via superoxide production (blocked by SOD but not catalase); Id3 upregulation drives VSMC proliferation by downregulating p21(WAF1/Cip1), p27(Kip1), and p53 and causing retinoblastoma protein hyperphosphorylation; antisense Id3 abolishes all these effects. Differential display, antisense transfection, Western blot, DNA synthesis assay, sense-Id3 overexpression Circulation Medium 12021231
2004 Id3 protein is ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome; Id3 physically interacts with CSN5 and CSN7 subunits of the COP9 signalosome (demonstrated by mammalian two-hybrid, pull-down, and far-Western), and CSN-associated kinase inhibitors (curcumin, emodin) induce Id3 ubiquitination and degradation; CSN2 overexpression stabilizes Id3. Mammalian two-hybrid, pull-down, far-Western, His-ubiquitin co-transfection, proteasome inhibition Journal of Molecular Biology High 15451666
2004 Phosphorylation of Id3 in vascular smooth muscle cells provides a regulatory switch controlling Id3-induced repression of p21(Cip1) and VSMC growth, occurring both in vitro and in vivo during vascular lesion formation. Phosphorylation assay in primary VSMCs and in vivo lesion model, p21(Cip1) reporter assay Circulation Research Medium 15321928
2004 An intron-retention isoform of Id3 (Id3a), expressed during vascular lesion formation, fails to promote smooth muscle cell growth or repress p21(Cip1) but instead stimulates SMC apoptosis and inhibits endogenous Id3 production; adenoviral Id3a delivery inhibits vascular lesion formation in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries in vivo. In vivo balloon injury model, adenoviral gene delivery, Id3a-specific antibody, proliferation/apoptosis assays, p21(Cip1) reporter assay Journal of Biological Chemistry High 15159391
2004 Id3-deficient mice develop autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome-like disease; adoptive transfer experiments demonstrate a T cell-intrinsic role for Id3, and neonatal thymectomy rescues disease symptoms, establishing that Id3 controls thymic T cell development that prevents autoimmune exocrinopathy. Id3 knockout mouse, adoptive transfer, neonatal thymectomy, histology, autoantibody assay Immunity High 15485632
2005 Id3 induces apoptosis in immortalized keratinocytes via a Bax-mediated mitochondrial caspase-9 pathway, activating caspase-3; dominant-negative caspase-9 or Bcl-2 overexpression suppresses Id3-induced apoptosis, and siRNA knockdown of Id3 abrogates UVB-induced caspase-3 activation. Overexpression, siRNA, dominant-negative caspase-9 co-transfection, Annexin V, active caspase-3/9 immunostaining Oncogene High 16449966
2005 Id3 induces growth arrest and caspase-2-dependent apoptosis in B lymphocyte progenitors through a mechanism that does not require p53 and is not inhibited by Bcl-2; Id3 reduces expression of E-protein target genes and proliferation genes, and chemical growth arrest alone is sufficient to activate caspase-2. Retroviral Id3 expression, caspase-2 assay, p53-deficient and Bcl-2-overexpressing cells, gene expression analysis Journal of Immunology High 16177095
2006 MeCP2 binds near or within the promoters of ID1, ID2, and ID3 genes (confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation) and represses their transcription; loss of MeCP2 results in elevated ID3 expression in mouse brain and human Rett syndrome brain. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, genome-wide expression microarray, quantitative RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, laser scanning cytometry Human Molecular Genetics High 16682435
2007 Id3 represses p27(Kip1) mRNA transcription in early G1 phase through inhibition of the transcription factor ELK1; Id3 silencing reverses injury-induced p27 downregulation, blocks pRb phosphorylation and p130 degradation, and prevents G1/S transition; Id3 interaction with ELK1 at the p27 promoter was demonstrated by ChIP. siRNA, quantitative PCR, reporter gene assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry Oncogene High 17404577
2008 Id3 inhibits adiponectin expression by binding E47 and preventing E47-mediated potentiation of SREBP-1c-driven adiponectin promoter activation; Id3 dose-dependently inhibits E47 transcriptional activity, E47 binding to the adiponectin promoter is abolished by Id3 overexpression and enhanced in Id3-null adipose tissue (demonstrated by ChIP), and Id3-null mice show increased serum adiponectin. ChIP, reporter gene assay, Id3 overexpression and Id3-null mice, adiponectin promoter mutagenesis Circulation Research High 18669923
2008 RhoA/Rho-associated kinase signaling in proliferating myoblasts activates MRTF-A, which forms a complex with Smad1/4 to strongly activate Id3 gene transcription; during differentiation, a forkhead transcription factor translocates to the nucleus and suppresses Id3 expression by preventing MRTF-A–Smad complex association with the Id3 promoter. C2C12 myoblast culture, RhoA/ROCK inhibition, MRTF-A/Smad co-IP, Id3 promoter reporter assay, forkhead factor overexpression Journal of Biological Chemistry High 18477564
2010 Blimp-1 binds to and represses the Id3 promoter in short-lived effector CD8+ T cells (SLECs); this repression of Id3 limits the ability of SLECs to persist as memory cells; enforced Id3 expression restores SLEC survival and recall responses, and Id3 functions in part by inhibiting E2A transcriptional activity. ChIP (Blimp-1 binding to Id3 promoter), retroviral Id3 overexpression, Id3-/- mice, KLRG-1/memory marker analysis Nature Immunology High 22057288
2010 Deletion of Id3 results in defective Foxp3+ regulatory T cell generation; two TGF-β1-dependent mechanisms are identified: (1) enhanced E2A binding to the Foxp3 promoter promotes Foxp3 transcription, and (2) Id3 is required to relieve GATA-3-mediated inhibition of the Foxp3 promoter; Id3-/- T cells show increased Th17 differentiation. Id3 knockout mouse, TGF-β1 stimulation, Foxp3 promoter reporter, ChIP (E2A and GATA-3 binding), in vitro Th17 differentiation, asthma model Nature Immunology High 21131965
2010 In promoters of BMP target genes, BMP2 signals via BMPR2, BMPR1A (ALK3), and intracellular SMADs 1 and 5 to stimulate Id3 transcription; a novel proximal 6-bp cis-element and a more distal enhancer both mediate BMP2/SMAD-dependent Id3 transcription; a specific DNA-binding protein complex binds the proximal element. Quantitative RT-PCR, promoter-reporter analysis, overexpression and RNA interference of receptors and SMADs, EMSA Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology High 21056086
2011 Id3-high CD8+ T cells are precursors of long-lived memory cells, identifiable before peak expansion; Id2 and Id3 deficiency each cause loss of distinct effector and memory CD8+ T cell subsets; cytokines differentially regulate Id2 and Id3 expression, demonstrating unique roles for each inhibitor of E-protein transcription factors in effector-memory fate decisions. Id2/Id3 reporter knock-in mice, Id2 and Id3 knockout mice, flow cytometry, cytokine treatment Nature Immunology High 22057289
2011 Id3 expression beyond the pre-TCR checkpoint enforces the naive T cell fate by antagonizing E2A activity; Id3-deficient thymi show aberrant effector-memory cell development and increased CXCR5/Bcl-6 expression; genome-wide ChIP-seq shows E2A promotes T lineage specification and pre-TCR signaling reshapes E2A genome-wide occupancy. Id3 knockout mouse, ChIP-seq (E2A genome-wide occupancy), flow cytometry, immunohistology Nature Immunology High 21857655
2011 EGFR signals through AKT-mediated direct phosphorylation of Smad5 to induce ID3 expression in glioblastoma; ID3 alone confers glioma stem-like cell features to primary astrocytes from Ink4a/Arf-deficient mice; the EGFR-ID3-IL-6 signaling axis drives tumor cell heterogeneity. EGFR inhibitor treatment, Smad5 phosphorylation assay (AKT-Smad5 direct phosphorylation), Id3 overexpression in primary astrocytes, tumorsphere assay, cytokine ELISA Cancer Research Medium 21975932
2012 ID1 and ID3 together govern colon cancer-initiating cell self-renewal through cell-cycle restriction driven by the CDK inhibitor p21; ID1/ID3 silencing prevents accumulation of excess DNA damage and functional exhaustion of cancer-initiating cells. siRNA knockdown of ID1 and ID3, serial transplantation assay, p21 expression analysis, DNA damage assay Cancer Cell Medium 22698403
2012 Id3 mediates atheroprotective B-cell homing to the aorta through the chemokine receptor CCR6; loss of Id3 reduces aortic B cells without affecting peripheral B cell numbers; transferred Id3-/- B cells fail to home to the aorta and cannot inhibit atherosclerosis; Id3 regulates CCR6 expression as an identified target. Id3 KO crossed to ApoE-/- mice, adoptive B cell transfer, flow cytometry, atherosclerosis quantification Circulation Research High 22034493
2012 Id3 represses VCAM-1 expression by inhibiting E12 binding to the VCAM-1 promoter; ChIP demonstrates E12 interaction with the VCAM-1 promoter that is inhibited by Id3; gain and loss of function in primary VSMCs identifies Id3 as a repressor of VCAM-1 promoter activation. ChIP, VCAM-1 promoter reporter assay, Id3 gain/loss of function in primary VSMCs, Id3 KO mice Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology High 23042815
2012 ID3 promotes cell-cycle progression in pancreatic duct cells and is sufficient to trigger cell-cycle entry (Ki67, phospho-cyclin E, phospho-histone H3) when expressed via adenovirus in primary human pancreatic duct cells; in β-cells Id3 similarly represses p57(Kip2) but instead of S-phase entry induces a DNA damage response (γH2AX, 53BP1 relocalization). Adenoviral Id3 expression, Ki67/pH3/phospho-cyclin E immunostaining, BrdU incorporation, γH2AX/53BP1 immunostaining Molecular Cancer Research / Islets Medium 21498546 21964314
2014 Id2 and Id3 expression in regulatory T cells is required to suppress fatal inflammatory disease; TCR-driven signaling initially decreases Id3 abundance to activate a follicular regulatory T cell transcriptional signature; sustained loss of Id2 and Id3 impairs proper development, maintenance, and localization of Treg cells. Conditional Id2/Id3 deletion in Treg cells, flow cytometry, gene expression profiling Nature Immunology High 24973820
2015 Id3 regulates Th9/IL-9 production: TGF-β1 and IL-4 downregulate Id3 expression through the kinase TAK1; reduced Id3 enhances binding of E2A and GATA-3 to the Il9 promoter, promoting IL-9 transcription; Id3 deletion increases IL-9 production in vitro and in human CD4+ T cells, and ID3-mediated control regulates anti-tumor immunity in vivo. Id3 KO mouse, TAK1 inhibition, ChIP (E2A/GATA-3 binding to Il9 promoter), reporter assay, in vivo melanoma model Nature Immunology High 26322481
2015 Genetic depletion of Id3 reduces astrocyte generation from adult SVZ neural stem/precursor cells after traumatic brain injury; BMP-2 induces Id3 in the SVZ stem cell niche; Id3-deficient NSPCs cannot differentiate into BMP-2-induced astrocytes, whereas NSPCs deficient for E47 (the Id3-controlled target) readily differentiate into astrocytes without BMP-2, establishing Id3 as the BMP-2-induced regulator that promotes NSPC-to-astrocyte differentiation by restraining E47. Id3 KO mouse, cortical brain injury model, BMP-2 treatment, NSPC culture, E47 conditional KO, astrocyte differentiation assay, gene expression profiling EMBO Journal High 26438726
2016 Down-regulation of Id3 in B cells is essential for releasing E2A and E2-2 (acting redundantly) required for antigen-induced B cell differentiation into germinal center and plasma cells; Id3 down-regulation controls expression of Blimp1, Xbp1, and CXCR4 and is therefore critical for establishing the transcriptional network governing GC B cell and plasma cell differentiation. Id3 KO and inducible KO in B cells, flow cytometry, immunization, gene expression analysis Journal of Experimental Medicine High 27217539
2016 High E47 activity in Treg cells leads to unstable Foxp3 expression; Id3 restricts E47 activity to maintain Foxp3 transcription; E47 activates Spi-B and SOCS3, which downregulate Foxp3; Id3-deficient or E47-overexpressing Treg cells lose Foxp3 expression in vivo and in vitro, establishing an Id3-E47-Spi-B/SOCS3-Foxp3 regulatory axis. Id3 KO Treg cells, E47 retroviral overexpression, Foxp3 reporter, gene expression analysis, in vivo/in vitro Treg stimulation Cell Reports High 27974197
2017 ATM phosphorylates ID3 at serine 65 within the HLH motif in response to DNA double-strand breaks; phosphorylated ID3 directly interacts with MDC1; ID3 depletion impairs ionizing radiation-induced MDC1 foci formation, suppresses γ-H2AX-bound MDC1, impairs DSB repair, and causes genomic instability; disruption of the MDC1-ID3 interaction prevents MDC1 accumulation at DNA damage sites. Co-IP, in vitro interaction assay, ATM kinase assay, IR-induced foci assay, γ-H2AX ChIP, comet assay, siRNA knockdown Nature Communications High 29026069
2017 ANGPTL4 binds cadherin-11, releasing membrane-bound β-catenin which translocates to the nucleus and transcriptionally upregulates ID3; ID3 then interacts with scleraxis (a bHLH transcription factor) to inhibit scar-associated collagen type 1α2 and 3α1 production by fibroblasts. ANGPTL4 treatment, β-catenin nuclear fractionation, ID3 promoter reporter, co-IP (ID3-scleraxis), siRNA, collagen gene expression Scientific Reports Medium 28740178
2018 CD5L promotes M2 macrophage polarization through an autophagy-dependent mechanism: CD5L increases LC3-II and lysosome colocalization; siRNA targeting ATG7 blocks CD5L-induced ID3 upregulation (and downstream CD163/MerTK expression/efferocytosis); ID3 silencing reverses CD5L-induced M2 polarization, establishing an autophagy (ATG7)-ID3 axis in macrophage polarization. siRNA (ATG7, ID3), flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, gene expression profiling (THP1), LC3-II immunostaining Frontiers in Immunology Medium 29593730
2019 ID3 interacts with E47 and blocks E47 recruitment to the β-catenin promoter, leading to activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling; this mechanism underlies ID3-promoted stemness in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Co-IP (ID3-E47), ChIP (E47 binding to β-catenin promoter), reporter assay, Wnt/β-catenin pathway analysis, sphere and xenograft assays Hepatology Medium 30520117
2024 The lineage-determining factor ID3 in Kupffer cells controls the macrophage inhibitory/activating receptor balance by buffering binding of transcription factors ELK1 and E2A at the SIRPA locus, shifting phagocytic activity and lymphoid effector recruitment; loss- and gain-of-function experiments demonstrate ID3 is sufficient to confer anti-tumor activity to bone-marrow-derived macrophages and human iPSC-derived macrophages. Loss- and gain-of-function in mouse and human macrophages, ChIP/ATAC at SIRPA locus (ELK1/E2A binding), tumor phagocytosis assay, NK/CD8 T cell recruitment assay Nature High 38326607

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1999 Id1 and Id3 are required for neurogenesis, angiogenesis and vascularization of tumour xenografts. Nature 756 10537105
2011 The transcriptional regulators Id2 and Id3 control the formation of distinct memory CD8+ T cell subsets. Nature immunology 347 22057289
2000 Id2 and Id3 inhibit development of CD34(+) stem cells into predendritic cell (pre-DC)2 but not into pre-DC1. Evidence for a lymphoid origin of pre-DC2. The Journal of experimental medicine 228 11120774
2001 Regulation of the helix-loop-helix proteins, E2A and Id3, by the Ras-ERK MAPK cascade. Nature immunology 220 11175815
2012 ID1 and ID3 regulate the self-renewal capacity of human colon cancer-initiating cells through p21. Cancer cell 187 22698403
2000 Thymocyte selection is regulated by the helix-loop-helix inhibitor protein, Id3. Immunity 173 10661402
2011 Repression of the DNA-binding inhibitor Id3 by Blimp-1 limits the formation of memory CD8+ T cells. Nature immunology 164 22057288
1996 Expression patterns of Id1, Id2, and Id3 are highly related but distinct from that of Id4 during mouse embryogenesis. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 164 8922523
1999 Impaired immune responses and B-cell proliferation in mice lacking the Id3 gene. Molecular and cellular biology 146 10454544
2001 Id3 inhibits B lymphocyte progenitor growth and survival in response to TGF-beta. Nature immunology 137 11224524
2010 Control of the differentiation of regulatory T cells and T(H)17 cells by the DNA-binding inhibitor Id3. Nature immunology 136 21131965
2009 Development of promyelocytic zinc finger and ThPOK-expressing innate gamma delta T cells is controlled by strength of TCR signaling and Id3. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 126 20038637
2011 EGFR-AKT-Smad signaling promotes formation of glioma stem-like cells and tumor angiogenesis by ID3-driven cytokine induction. Cancer research 124 21975932
2014 Id2 and Id3 maintain the regulatory T cell pool to suppress inflammatory disease. Nature immunology 118 24973820
2011 The opposing roles of the transcription factor E2A and its antagonist Id3 that orchestrate and enforce the naive fate of T cells. Nature immunology 117 21857655
2004 A T cell intrinsic role of Id3 in a mouse model for primary Sjogren's syndrome. Immunity 106 15485632
2018 CD5L Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization through Autophagy-Mediated Upregulation of ID3. Frontiers in immunology 103 29593730
2011 B-cell aortic homing and atheroprotection depend on Id3. Circulation research 100 22034493
1997 Regulation of Id3 cell cycle function by Cdk-2-dependent phosphorylation. Molecular and cellular biology 93 9372912
2007 Id1, but not Id3, directs long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem-cell maintenance. Blood 84 17622570
2006 Inhibitors of differentiation (ID1, ID2, ID3 and ID4) genes are neuronal targets of MeCP2 that are elevated in Rett syndrome. Human molecular genetics 79 16682435
2015 The DNA-binding inhibitor Id3 regulates IL-9 production in CD4(+) T cells. Nature immunology 74 26322481
2009 Ebf1-mediated down-regulation of Id2 and Id3 is essential for specification of the B cell lineage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 69 19122139
2002 Identification of a novel redox-sensitive gene, Id3, which mediates angiotensin II-induced cell growth. Circulation 67 12021231
2005 Adenoviral gene transfer of BMP-7, Id2, or Id3 suppresses injury-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelium in mice. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 66 16120655
1999 Genetic modification of human B-cell development: B-cell development is inhibited by the dominant negative helix loop helix factor Id3. Blood 64 10515867
1994 Activation of helix-loop-helix proteins Id1, Id2 and Id3 during neural differentiation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 61 7908517
2008 The helix-loop-helix factors Id3 and E47 are novel regulators of adiponectin. Circulation research 60 18669923
2024 The nuclear factor ID3 endows macrophages with a potent anti-tumour activity. Nature 59 38326607
1996 E2A basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors are negatively regulated by serum growth factors and by the Id3 protein. Nucleic acids research 57 8759016
2016 Dynamic changes in Id3 and E-protein activity orchestrate germinal center and plasma cell development. The Journal of experimental medicine 56 27217539
2007 B-lymphocyte depletion ameliorates Sjögren's syndrome in Id3 knockout mice. Immunology 55 17472721
2004 Inhibitory helix-loop-helix transcription factors Id1/Id3 promote bone formation in vivo. Journal of cellular biochemistry 55 15368360
2001 Hormonal regulation and differential actions of the helix-loop-helix transcriptional inhibitors of differentiation (Id1, Id2, Id3, and Id4) in Sertoli cells. Endocrinology 55 11316735
1996 Muscle cell differentiation is inhibited by the helix-loop-helix protein Id3. Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 54 8853903
2015 The balance of Id3 and E47 determines neural stem/precursor cell differentiation into astrocytes. The EMBO journal 52 26438726
2005 Targeting Id1 and Id3 inhibits peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Cancer science 51 16271072
1996 Regulation of cell differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts by the Id3 helix-loop-helix protein. Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 51 8853902
2015 Inflammation-induced S100A8 activates Id3 and promotes colorectal tumorigenesis. International journal of cancer 50 26135667
1994 Structural organisation and chromosomal mapping of the human Id-3 gene. Gene 49 7828896
2004 Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Id1 and Id3 is mediated by the COP9 signalosome. Journal of molecular biology 48 15451666
2008 Rho/Rho-associated kinase signal regulates myogenic differentiation via myocardin-related transcription factor-A/Smad-dependent transcription of the Id3 gene. The Journal of biological chemistry 47 18477564
2000 Trichostatin A modulates expression of p21waf1/cip1, Bcl-xL, ID1, ID2, ID3, CRAB2, GATA-2, hsp86 and TFIID/TAFII31 mRNA in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Biological chemistry 46 10746741
2016 ITF2357 transactivates Id3 and regulate TGFβ/BMP7 signaling pathways to attenuate corneal fibrosis. Scientific reports 45 26865052
2012 Id1 and Id3 expression is associated with increasing grade of prostate cancer: Id3 preferentially regulates CDKN1B. Cancer medicine 45 23342268
2004 Intron retention generates a novel Id3 isoform that inhibits vascular lesion formation. The Journal of biological chemistry 44 15159391
2012 BMP9 induces EphrinB2 expression in endothelial cells through an Alk1-BMPRII/ActRII-ID1/ID3-dependent pathway: implications for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type II. Angiogenesis 43 22622516
2017 Relevance of ID3-TCF3-CCND3 pathway mutations in pediatric aggressive B-cell lymphoma treated according to the non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster protocols. Haematologica 42 28209658
2006 BMP-6 inhibits human bone marrow B lymphopoiesis--upregulation of Id1 and Id3. Experimental hematology 42 16413393
2009 DeltaNp63alpha-dependent expression of Id-3 distinctively suppresses the invasiveness of human squamous cell carcinoma. International journal of cancer 41 19267405
1995 Expression of the helix-loop-helix gene Id3 during murine embryonic development. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 41 7655079
2002 Notch signaling is involved in the regulation of Id3 gene transcription during Xenopus embryogenesis. Differentiation; research in biological diversity 39 11841478
1995 Repression of the immunoglobulin heavy chain 3' enhancer by helix-loop-helix protein Id3 via a functionally important E47/E12 binding site: implications for developmental control of enhancer function. European journal of immunology 38 7615006
2011 Modeling Sjögren's syndrome with Id3 conditional knockout mice. Immunology letters 37 20932862
2019 ID3 Promotes Stem Cell Features and Predicts Chemotherapeutic Response of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 36 30520117
2018 Cutting Edge: Dynamic Expression of Id3 Defines the Stepwise Differentiation of Tissue-Resident Regulatory T Cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 36 30518568
1998 Lymphoid-specific expression of the Id3 gene in hematopoietic cells. Selective antagonism of E2A basic helix-loop-helix protein associated with Id3-induced differentiation of erythroleukemia cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 33 9525934
2021 Heme Oxygenase-1 (HMOX-1) and inhibitor of differentiation proteins (ID1, ID3) are key response mechanisms against iron-overload in pancreatic β-cells. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 29 34547407
2021 EGF stimulates human trophoblast cell invasion by downregulating ID3-mediated KISS1 expression. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 29 34620174
2016 Id3 Maintains Foxp3 Expression in Regulatory T Cells by Controlling a Transcriptional Network of E47, Spi-B, and SOCS3. Cell reports 29 27974197
2007 Id3 is a novel regulator of p27kip1 mRNA in early G1 phase and is required for cell-cycle progression. Oncogene 29 17404577
2010 Mutation of inhibitory helix-loop-helix protein Id3 causes γδ T-cell lymphoma in mice. Blood 28 20852128
2013 Id2, Id3 and Id4 overcome a Smad7-mediated block in tumorigenesis, generating TGF-β-independent melanoma. Carcinogenesis 27 24343358
2013 Id3 and Id2 act as a dual safety mechanism in regulating the development and population size of innate-like γδ T cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 26 24379125
2010 Mechanisms of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) stimulated inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (Id3) transcription. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 26 21056086
2008 Estrogen-induced redox sensitive Id3 signaling controls the growth of vascular cells. Atherosclerosis 26 18281048
2004 Phosphorylation regulates Id3 function in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation research 26 15321928
2017 ID3 regulates the MDC1-mediated DNA damage response in order to maintain genome stability. Nature communications 25 29026069
2017 New role of ID3 in melanoma adaptive drug-resistance. Oncotarget 25 29299138
2016 Id3 Orchestrates Germinal Center B Cell Development. Molecular and cellular biology 25 27457619
2011 The Id3/E47 axis mediates cell-cycle control in human pancreatic ducts and adenocarcinoma. Molecular cancer research : MCR 25 21498546
1995 Expression of Id2 and Id3 mRNA in human lymphocytes. Leukemia research 25 8632670
2011 Id3 upregulates BrdU incorporation associated with a DNA damage response, not replication, in human pancreatic β-cells. Islets 24 21964314
2010 Developmental ablation of Id1 and Id3 genes in the vasculature leads to postnatal cardiac phenotypes. Developmental biology 24 20937270
1995 Phosphorylation of helix-loop-helix proteins ID1, ID2 and ID3. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 24 7864897
2025 Stem-like memory and precursors of exhausted T cells share a common progenitor defined by ID3 expression. Science immunology 23 39888981
2018 The microRNA-10a/ID3/RUNX2 axis modulates the development of Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament. Scientific reports 23 29907859
2017 Regulatory Axis of miR-195/497 and HMGA1-Id3 Governs Muscle Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. International journal of biological sciences 23 28255268
2020 Id1 and Id3 Maintain Steady-State Hematopoiesis by Promoting Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell Survival and Regeneration. Cell reports 22 32348770
2017 Angiopoietin-like 4 induces a β-catenin-mediated upregulation of ID3 in fibroblasts to reduce scar collagen expression. Scientific reports 22 28740178
2013 ID3 mutations are recurrent events in double-hit B-cell lymphomas. Anticancer research 22 24222112
2010 Id1, Id2 and Id3 are induced in rat melanotrophs of the pituitary gland by dopamine suppression under continuous stress. Neuroscience 22 20600660
2001 The transcriptional regulator Id3 is expressed in cranial sensory placodes during early avian embryonic development. Mechanisms of development 22 11731246
2021 Prosurvival IL-7-Stimulated Weak Strength of mTORC1-S6K Controls T Cell Memory via Transcriptional FOXO1-TCF1-Id3 and Metabolic AMPKα1-ULK1-ATG7 Pathways. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 21 34872976
2006 Id3 induces a caspase-3- and -9-dependent apoptosis and mediates UVB sensitization of HPV16 E6/7 immortalized human keratinocytes. Oncogene 21 16449966
2005 Id3 induces growth arrest and caspase-2-dependent apoptosis in B lymphocyte progenitors. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 21 16177095
2005 Hyperlipemia and oxidation of LDL induce vascular smooth muscle cell growth: an effect mediated by the HLH factor Id3. Journal of vascular research 21 16340216
2021 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 Alleviates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis Through Activating Intestinal Stem Cell by Target ID3. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 20 34692671
2012 Loss of Id3 increases VCAM-1 expression, macrophage accumulation, and atherogenesis in Ldlr-/- mice. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 20 23042815
2022 Id3 expression identifies CD4+ memory Th1 cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 19 35858332
2020 miR-212-5p exerts tumor promoter function by regulating the Id3/PI3K/Akt axis in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Journal of cellular physiology 19 32039486
2015 ID3 contributes to the acquisition of molecular stem cell-like signature in microvascular endothelial cells: its implication for understanding microvascular diseases. Microvascular research 19 25665868
2015 BTG/Tob family members Tob1 and Tob2 inhibit proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cells via Id3 mRNA degradation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 19 25951976
2004 E2A/HEB and Id3 proteins control the sensitivity to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in thymocytes by regulating the SRG3 expression. The Journal of biological chemistry 19 15016815
2021 Circ-SKA3 upregulates ID3 expression by decoying miR-326 to accelerate the development of medulloblastoma. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 18 33775353
2017 Aberrant expressions of endometrial Id3 and CTLA-4 are associated with unexplained repeated implantation failure and recurrent miscarriage. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) 18 28224680
2012 Wnt/β-catenin signaling changes C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation by inducing Id3 expression. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 18 22326917
2012 FHL2 inhibits the Id3-promoted proliferation and invasive growth of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Chinese medical journal 18 22882857
2004 The role of BMP signalling in the control of ID3 expression in the hair follicle. Experimental dermatology 18 15447722
2014 PCB153-induced overexpression of ID3 contributes to the development of microvascular lesions. PloS one 17 25090023