Affinage

GSTM1

Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 · UniProt P09488

Length
218 aa
Mass
25.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 10 papers cited in narrative 10 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 5/6 claims corpus-supported (83%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

GSTM1 encodes a glutathione S-transferase that protects cells from electrophilic carcinogens and oxidative stress, and its activity is a major determinant of inter-individual susceptibility to DNA damage (PMID:12507920, PMID:20501762). Functionally, GSTM1 detoxifies reactive metabolites: it conjugates the benzene metabolite hydroquinone, with null-genotype lymphocytes showing elevated genotoxic micronucleus frequency upon hydroquinone exposure (PMID:15141365), and it neutralizes benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) generated by CYP1A1, such that null individuals accumulate higher BPDE-DNA adducts in lung tissue (PMID:12507920). This protective role extends beyond electrophile conjugation to antioxidant defense, as the null genotype is associated with increased oxidative DNA damage markers (8-OHdG) under carcinogen and arsenic exposure (PMID:23394311, PMID:18053222). GSTM1 acts within a network of xenobiotic-metabolizing genes, interacting independently and synergistically with NAT2 to limit carcinogen adduct formation (PMID:20501762) and influencing in vivo CYP1A2 activity (PMID:9202749). GSTM1 expression is shaped by a promoter polymorphism that modulates AP-2alpha binding, producing a non-linear (U-shaped) gene-dosage effect in which both null and high-expression genotypes are disadvantageous (PMID:19228880), and by promoter methylation, with hypomethylation-driven overexpression conferring an anti-apoptotic, pro-survival function in endometrial epithelial cells (PMID:30989213). The common homozygous deletion (null) genotype, whose frequency varies markedly across populations, abolishes enzyme activity (PMID:18948376).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 8 steps
  1. 1997 Low

    Established that GSTM1 genotype is not isolated but influences the activity of other xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, hinting at a coordinated detoxification network.

    Evidence Caffeine phenotyping for CYP1A2 activity with PCR genotyping in human volunteers under controlled exposures

    PMID:9202749

    Open questions at the time
    • Indirect phenotyping assay with small samples
    • Mechanism linking GSTM1 status to CYP1A2 activity not elucidated
  2. 2002 Medium

    Demonstrated that GSTM1 detoxifies CYP1A1-activated benzo[a]pyrene, with null genotype yielding higher BPDE-DNA adducts in lung, defining a concrete carcinogen substrate pathway.

    Evidence Synthesis of human lung tissue (+)-anti-BPDE-DNA adduct immunoassay data stratified by CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genotype

    PMID:12507920

    Open questions at the time
    • Review synthesis rather than single controlled experiment
    • Direct enzymatic conjugation of BPDE by GSTM1 not assayed in vitro here
  3. 2004 Medium

    Provided direct functional evidence that GSTM1 protects against genotoxic damage from a specific substrate, hydroquinone, in primary human cells.

    Evidence Ex vivo hydroquinone treatment of genotyped human lymphocytes with micronucleus and sister-chromatid exchange assays

    PMID:15141365

    Open questions at the time
    • Genotype-based comparison rather than direct enzyme knockdown/rescue
    • Single lab
  4. 2009 Medium

    Resolved the regulatory basis and dosage relationship of GSTM1 expression, identifying an AP-2alpha-binding promoter polymorphism and a non-linear U-shaped risk effect.

    Evidence Case-control copy-number genotyping, meta-analysis, reporter assay, EMSA for AP-2alpha binding, and mRNA measurement

    PMID:19228880

    Open questions at the time
    • Promoter mechanism not independently replicated
    • Why high expression is disadvantageous not mechanistically explained
  5. 2009 Medium

    Defined the population-specific copy-number architecture of GSTM1 and corrected a spurious marker SNP, establishing the deletion as the functional driver of expression differences.

    Evidence Site-specific and CNV genotyping assays with genome-wide expression association in HapMap lymphoblastoid lines

    PMID:18948376

    Open questions at the time
    • No independent replication cited
    • Functional consequence beyond expression not assessed in this work
  6. 2010 Medium

    Quantified how GSTM1 cooperates with NAT2 to limit carcinogen DNA adduct burden, showing independent and synergistic protective contributions.

    Evidence 32P-postlabeling DNA adduct measurement in human lung tissue with genotype-stratified multiple regression

    PMID:20501762

    Open questions at the time
    • Single study and single adduct quantification method
    • Molecular basis of GSTM1-NAT2 synergy not resolved
  7. 2013 Low

    Extended GSTM1's protective role from electrophile conjugation to antioxidant defense, linking null genotype to elevated oxidative DNA damage in bladder tissue.

    Evidence Enzyme immunoassay for urinary 8-OHdG and 8-epi-PGF2alpha in bladder cancer patients with PCR genotyping

    PMID:23394311

    Open questions at the time
    • Biomarker association without direct enzymatic manipulation
    • Single lab/study
  8. 2019 Medium

    Uncovered a non-detoxification cellular function: methylation-driven GSTM1 overexpression suppresses apoptosis and promotes survival in endometrial epithelial cells.

    Evidence Promoter methylation pyrosequencing, expression analysis, and GSTM1 overexpression in primary endometrial cells with viability and apoptosis assays

    PMID:30989213

    Open questions at the time
    • Anti-apoptotic mechanism (effectors, signaling) not defined
    • No independent replication

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How GSTM1's enzymatic detoxification activity mechanistically connects to its anti-apoptotic, pro-survival role, and why high expression confers risk, remains unresolved.
  • No structural or kinetic model linking conjugation activity to survival signaling
  • Mechanism of the U-shaped dosage effect uncharacterized

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016209 antioxidant activity 2 GO:0016740 transferase activity 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 1

Evidence

Reading pass · 10 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2009 The GSTM1 promoter contains a functional polymorphism that alters binding of the AP-2alpha transcription factor, resulting in reduced promoter activity and mRNA expression. A U-shaped (non-linear) association was identified: both GSTM1 null (no copies) and GSTM1 homozygous wild-type (+/+, two copies) are risk genotypes for breast cancer compared to heterozygous (+/-), suggesting that approximately 60-70% GSTM1 expression from one allele is sufficient for protection, and that both null activity and overactivity are disadvantageous. Case-control genotyping with copy-number distinction (null/heterozygous/homozygous), meta-analysis of 41 studies, reporter/promoter activity assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (AP-2alpha binding), and mRNA expression measurement FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Medium 19228880
2009 GSTM1 copy number varies in a population-specific manner: more than 75% of Caucasian (CEU) HapMap samples carry a GSTM1 deletion, and none have two copies, whereas up to 25% of African (YRI) samples carry two copies of GSTM1. A previously reported HapMap SNP (rs366631) is a pseudo-SNP arising from sequence homology and the common GSTM1 upstream deletion; the upstream deletion can serve as a marker of GSTM1 gene deletion. Site-specific genotyping assays, copy-number variation (CNV) assays covering three GSTM1 regions, genome-wide association with expression in HapMap lymphoblastoid cell lines Human molecular genetics Medium 18948376
2019 The GSTM1 promoter is significantly hypomethylated in ectopic and eutopic endometrium of ovarian endometriosis patients compared to controls, and this hypomethylation correlates negatively with GSTM1 mRNA expression. In vitro overexpression of GSTM1 in endometrial epithelial cells significantly increased cell viability and inhibited apoptosis following hormone treatment and withdrawal, demonstrating a functional anti-apoptotic role for GSTM1 in endometrial cells. Pyrosequencing of GSTM1 promoter methylation, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry for expression, primary endometrial epithelial cell culture with GSTM1 transfection, Cell Counting Kit-8 viability assay, flow cytometry for apoptosis Human reproduction (Oxford, England) Medium 30989213
2012 GSTM1 (glutathione S-transferase Mu 1) plays a protective role in lung inflammation; its expression is regulated by the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor pathway, and GSTM1 acts through interactions with other genes and environmental factors (especially air pollutants) to modulate pulmonary inflammatory responses. The GSTM1 null polymorphism (high prevalence in the population) is associated with increased risk of inflammatory lung diseases. Review synthesizing epidemiological, clinical, animal, and in vitro studies; no single primary experiment described in the abstract Free radical biology & medicine Low 22683820
2004 GSTM1 is involved in the metabolic detoxification of hydroquinone (a benzene metabolite): human lymphocytes from donors with the GSTM1 null genotype showed significantly higher micronucleus frequency upon hydroquinone treatment compared to GSTM1-present donors, indicating that GSTM1 status determines inter-individual differences in genotoxic DNA damage from hydroquinone exposure. Ex vivo treatment of human lymphocytes from genotyped donors with hydroquinone; micronucleus (MN) and sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) assays; genotyping of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 Environmental and molecular mutagenesis Medium 15141365
2002 GSTM1 genotype modifies benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adduct levels in human lung: GSTM1*0 (null) individuals have higher (+)-anti-BPDE-DNA adduct levels in lung parenchyma than GSTM1-positive individuals. Carriers of the combined CYP1A1*2/GSTM1*0 genotype have the highest adduct levels, consistent with GSTM1 functioning to detoxify BPDE formed by CYP1A1-mediated activation of benzo[a]pyrene. Review and synthesis of published human lung tissue data measuring (+)-anti-BPDE-DNA adducts by immunoassay, stratified by CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genotype Carcinogenesis Medium 12507920
2010 GSTM1 null genotype combined with NAT2 slow acetylator genotype synergistically increases carcinogen DNA adduct levels in human lung tissue by approximately 295% over baseline, compared to 150% for GSTM1 null alone and ~74% for NAT2 slow alone, demonstrating that GSTM1 and NAT2 act independently and interactively in protecting lung tissue from carcinogen adduct formation. (32)P-postlabeling assay for DNA adducts in lung and blood tissue from lung cancer patients; multiple regression analysis adjusting for confounders and other GST variants Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention Medium 20501762
1997 GSTM1 null genotype is associated with higher CYP1A2 activity (measured by caffeine phenotyping) compared to GSTM1*A,B individuals (10.2 vs. 8.5 under unexposed conditions; 15.0 vs. 12.3 under exposed conditions), indicating a gene-gene interaction whereby GSTM1 genotype influences in vivo CYP1A2 function. Caffeine phenotyping for CYP1A2 activity (urinary molar ratio), PCR-based GSTM1 and CYP1A1 genotyping in human volunteers under controlled dietary/smoking exposures Mutation research Low 9202749
2013 GSTM1 null genotype is associated with significantly increased urinary markers of oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) and lipid peroxidation (8-epi-PGF2α) in bladder cancer patients, and GSTM1-null combined with GSTA1-low activity genotype further amplifies oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG), indicating GSTM1 functions as an antioxidant defense enzyme protecting against oxidative damage in bladder tissue. Enzyme immunoassay for 8-OHdG and 8-epi-PGF2α in urine of 80 TCC patients and 60 controls; PCR genotyping for GSTM1 deletion; PCR-RFLP for GSTA1 SNP Redox report : communications in free radical research Low 23394311
2007 In women with GSTM1 null genotype, arsenic exposure (measured by urinary arsenic) was significantly associated with increased urinary 8-OHdG (a marker of oxidative DNA damage), whereas no such association was seen in GSTM1-positive women, demonstrating that GSTM1 protects against arsenic-induced oxidative stress. Repeated-measures cohort study; urinary 8-OHdG measurement; arsenic exposure measured in urine, toenails, and drinking water; Taqman genotyping of GSTM1; random-effects Tobit regression Environmental health : a global access science source Low 18053222

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1998 Associations of CYP1A1, GSTM1, and CYP2E1 polymorphisms with lung cancer suggest cell type specificities to tobacco carcinogens. Cancer research 211 9809991
1997 Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1, GSTM1, and GSTT1; environmental factors and risk of oral cancer. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 160 9367063
2002 CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genotypes affect benzo[a]pyrene DNA adducts in smokers' lung: comparison with aromatic/hydrophobic adduct formation. Carcinogenesis 132 12507920
2000 Variation in induced CYP1A1 levels: relationship to CYP1A1, Ah receptor and GSTM1 polymorphisms. Pharmacogenetics 126 10739168
2008 Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) polymorphisms and lung cancer: a literature-based systematic HuGE review and meta-analysis. American journal of epidemiology 121 18270371
2002 Polymorphism at GSTM1, GSTM3 and GSTT1 gene loci and susceptibility to oral cancer in an Indian population. Carcinogenesis 106 12016153
1997 Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) polymorphisms and lung cancer risk among Northwestern Mediterraneans. Carcinogenesis 101 9276626
2001 GSTM1 null polymorphism and susceptibility to endometriosis and ovarian cancer. Carcinogenesis 100 11159742
2009 Genetic Polymorphism in Glutathione Transferases (GST): Population distribution of GSTM1, T1, and P1 conjugating activity. Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews 99 20183528
2000 CYP1A1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms affect urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels after PAH exposure. Carcinogenesis 89 10753202
2002 Aromatic DNA adducts and polymorphisms of CYP1A1, NAT2, and GSTM1 in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 76 11872636
2002 GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk. Cancer letters 73 12175548
2000 Lung cancer risk in nonsmokers and GSTM1 and GSTT1 genetic polymorphism. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 73 10952100
2008 Genetic polymorphisms of GSTO2, GSTM1, and GSTT1 and risk of gastric cancer. Molecular biology reports 70 18398695
2010 GSTT1 and GSTM1 gene polymorphisms in European and African populations. Molecular biology reports 68 20563854
1997 Influence of GSTM1 and NAT2 genotypes on placental DNA adducts in an environmentally exposed population. Environmental and molecular mutagenesis 60 9329643
2008 NQO1, MPO, CYP2E1, GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms and biological effects of benzene exposure--a literature review. Toxicology letters 59 18848868
1997 GSTM1 gene polymorphism as a possible marker for susceptibility to head and neck cancers among Japanese smokers. Cancer letters 58 9066737
1997 Polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 influence the in vivo function of CYP1A2. Mutation research 58 9202749
2007 Polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genes and susceptibility to oral cancer. Yonsei medical journal 57 17461521
2003 Genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes and lung cancer risk. Oncology reports 56 14534704
2002 Relationship of tobacco smoking CYP1A1 GSTM1 gene polymorphism and esophageal cancer in Xi'an. World journal of gastroenterology 53 11833070
2007 Association of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, GSTM1 and NAT2 gene polymorphisms with colorectal cancer and smoking. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 52 18159984
1997 DNA adducts in human placenta as related to air pollution and to GSTM1 genotype. Mutation research 50 9150753
2000 GSTM1 and NAT2 polymorphisms in operable and non-operable lung cancer patients. Carcinogenesis 49 10607733
2010 GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms and chemotherapy response in locally advanced breast cancer. Genetics and molecular research : GMR 46 20568049
2012 Relevance of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms to gastric cancer susceptibility and phenotype. Mutagenesis 44 22952149
2009 A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of GSTM1 implies a complex role for GSTM1 in breast cancer. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 44 19228880
2005 GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms and risk of advanced colorectal adenoma. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 44 16030123
2007 Interactions among GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms, cruciferous vegetable intake and breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 42 17693660
2006 GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes as possible heritable factors of rosacea. Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine 40 16869871
2004 Maternal genetic polymorphisms in CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 and the risk of hypospadias. Molecular human reproduction 40 15579657
1999 GSTM1, smoking and lung cancer: a case-control study. International journal of epidemiology 40 10597978
2011 CYP1A1, CYP2E1, and GSTM1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to colorectal and gastric cancer among Lebanese. Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers 39 21385088
2000 GSTM1 and mEPHX polymorphisms in Parkinson's disease and age of onset. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 39 10720475
2008 GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions and the risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Han Chinese. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 38 18628429
2005 Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6, GSTM1, and GSTT1 genes and bladder cancer risk in North India. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics 38 15588859
2009 Meta-analysis study of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1) gene polymorphisms and risk of acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia & lymphoma 37 19811334
2002 GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast cancer research and treatment 37 12150456
2000 Susceptibility genes: GSTM1 and GSTM3 as genetic risk factors in bladder cancer. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 37 11173863
2021 Association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms with COVID-19 susceptibility and its outcome. Journal of medical virology 36 33990973
2012 Role of GSTM1 in resistance to lung inflammation. Free radical biology & medicine 36 22683820
2011 Genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 and susceptibility to DNA damage in workers occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Mutation research 36 21736951
2010 GSTT1 and GSTM1 gene deletions are not associated with hepatotoxicity caused by antitubercular drugs. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics 35 20853551
2010 Genetic polymorphisms of metabolic enzymes-CYP1A1, CYP2D6, GSTM1, and GSTT1, and gastric carcinoma susceptibility. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 35 20878561
2004 GSTM1 polymorphism and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral oncology 32 14662415
2004 Polymorphisms at GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene loci and susceptibility to cervical cancer in Indian population. Neoplasma 32 15004652
2006 GSTM1 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms, tobacco, air pollution, and lung cancer: a study in rural Thailand. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 31 16614107
2006 Genetic polymorphism at GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene loci and susceptibility to oral cancer. Neoplasma 31 16830058
2008 Population-specific GSTM1 copy number variation. Human molecular genetics 30 18948376
2004 GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genotypes and the genotoxicity of hydroquinone in human lymphocytes. Environmental and molecular mutagenesis 30 15141365
2017 The Loss of GSTM1 Associates with Kidney Failure and Heart Failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 29 28720685
2015 GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms in progressive myoclonus epilepsy: A Serbian case-control study. Seizure 27 26552558
2003 Interaction between smoking, GSTM1 deletion and colorectal cancer: results from the GSEC study. Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals 27 12944179
2000 Polymorphism in GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 and Susceptibility to Lung Cancer in a Japanese Population. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 27 12716303
2007 GSTM1 and APE1 genotypes affect arsenic-induced oxidative stress: a repeated measures study. Environmental health : a global access science source 26 18053222
2001 Genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 and lung cancer risk. Anticancer research 26 11501853
2009 Genetic variants in GSTM3 gene within GSTM4-GSTM2-GSTM1-GSTM5-GSTM3 cluster influence breast cancer susceptibility depending on GSTM1. Breast cancer research and treatment 25 19856098
2015 Polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, and GSTM3 genes and breast cancer risk in northeastern Mexico. Genetics and molecular research : GMR 24 26125851
2012 Meta-analysis of association between GSTM1 gene polymorphism and cervical cancer. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine 24 22575983
2003 Diet, GSTM1 and GSTT1 and head and neck cancer. Carcinogenesis 24 14688020
2022 Worldwide Systematic Review of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Null Genotypes by Continent, Ethnicity, and Therapeutic Area. Omics : a journal of integrative biology 23 36112350
2009 GSTT1 and GSTM1 null mutations and adverse reactions induced by antituberculosis drugs in Koreans. Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) 23 20036620
2018 Genotoxicity of inhalational anesthetics and its relationship with the polymorphisms of GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 genes. Environmental science and pollution research international 22 30519912
2015 Genetic Polymorphisms of Glutathione-Related Enzymes (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) and Schizophrenia Risk: A Meta-Analysis. International journal of molecular sciences 22 26295386
2010 Synergistic effects of NAT2 slow and GSTM1 null genotypes on carcinogen DNA damage in the lung. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 22 20501762
2011 GSTT1, GSTM1, and CYP1B1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to sporadic renal cell cancer. Urologic oncology 21 21458313
2019 Hypomethylation of the GSTM1 promoter is associated with ovarian endometriosis. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 20 30989213
2015 Relevance of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 Gene Polymorphism to Breast Cancer Susceptibility in Mizoram Population, Northeast India. Biochemical genetics 20 26407578
2013 GSTM1-null and GSTA1-low activity genotypes are associated with enhanced oxidative damage in bladder cancer. Redox report : communications in free radical research 20 23394311
2013 Deletion of GSTM1 and T1 genes as a risk factor for development of acute leukemia. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 20 23725116
2010 Association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions with susceptibility to DNA damage in the pesticide-exposed workers of Punjab. Rejuvenation research 20 20370484
2015 Distributions of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes worldwide are characterized by latitudinal clines. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 19 25640380
2014 Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and GSTM1 loci and susceptibility to anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 19 24903797
2008 Glutathione S-transferase GSTT1 and GSTM1 allozymes: beyond null alleles. Pharmacogenomics 19 18303971
2014 Association of DCC, MLH1, GSTT1, GSTM1, and TP53 gene polymorphisms with colorectal cancer in Kazakhstan. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 18 25249451
2006 Relation of glutathione S-transferase genotypes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma risk. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics 18 16938565
2018 GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk in Polish nonsmokers. Oncotarget 17 29765533
2012 Correlation of CYP1A1, GSTP1 and GSTM1 gene polymorphisms and lung cancer risk among smokers. Oncology letters 17 22783438
2010 GSTM1, GSTP1, and NQO1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to atopy and airway hyperresponsiveness among South African schoolchildren. Lung 17 20526719
2010 GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes analysis in head and neck cancer patients. Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) 17 20676536
2010 Polymorphic deletions of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes and susceptibility to bladder cancer. BJU international 17 20942828
2008 CYP1A1, mEH, and GSTM1 Polymophisms and Risk of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer: A Spanish Case-Control Study. Journal of oncology 17 19259333
2017 Polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 genes and chromosomal aberrations in lung cancer patients. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 16 28770368
2013 Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) and their susceptibility to renal cell carcinoma: an evidence-based meta-analysis. PloS one 16 23717494
2009 Polymorphism in CYP17, GSTM1 and the progesterone receptor genes and its relationship with mammographic density. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas 16 19330259
2006 GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphism in cigarette smokers with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology 16 17221058
2017 Association between GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk, and their interactions with environmental factors. Genetics and molecular research : GMR 15 28198496
2014 Glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphisms (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) in Egyptian pediatric patients with sickle cell disease. Pediatric and developmental pathology : the official journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society 15 24840051
2013 CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and NQO1 polymorphisms and colorectal adenomas in Japanese men. World journal of gastroenterology 15 23840148
2010 Analysis of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms in circulating plasma DNA of lung cancer patients. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 15 20049629
2010 CYP1A2*1F and GSTM1 alleles are associated with susceptibility to porphyria cutanea tarda. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) 15 20957336
2009 GSTM1, GSTM3 and GSTT1 gene variants and risk of benign prostate hyperplasia in North India. Disease markers 15 19407363
2009 Effect of polymorphisms in XRCC1, CCND1 and GSTM1 and tobacco exposure as risk modifier for oral leukoplakia. The International journal of biological markers 15 19634112
2009 Genetic polymorphism of GSTT1 and GSTM1 and susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Journal of critical care 15 19664521
2006 GSTT1 and GSTM1 allelic polymorphisms in head and neck cancer patients from Italian Lazio Region. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 15 17005168
2012 The glutathione-S-transferase gene polymorphisms (GSTM1 and GSTT1) and idiopathic male infertility risk: a meta-analysis. Gene 14 23026209
2012 Association between GSTM1 and GSTT1 allelic variants and head and neck squamous cell cancinoma. PloS one 14 23077643
2011 Age-related macular degeneration and genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1). Molecular biology reports 14 21701824
2022 GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms in healthy volunteers - a worldwide systematic review. Drug metabolism reviews 13 35103568

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