Affinage

GRK1

Rhodopsin kinase GRK1 · UniProt Q15835

Length
563 aa
Mass
63.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 15 papers cited in narrative 15 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

GRK1 (rhodopsin kinase) is the G protein-coupled receptor kinase that initiates deactivation of visual phototransduction by phosphorylating light-activated rhodopsin and cone opsins at their C-termini (PMID:12853434). It docks on a hydrophobic patch of activated rhodopsin's transmembrane helix 5 (residues L226, V230) that is shared with the transducin Gα C-terminal tail and the visual arrestin finger loop, marking a common cytoplasmic cleft on the activated receptor (PMID:27078130), and receptor monomers are sufficient substrates—oligomerization is not required for phosphorylation (PMID:20966068). In cones, GRK1 is the essential kinase for opsin deactivation, since its loss abolishes both light-dependent S and M opsin phosphorylation and cone arrestin binding (PMID:12853434). GRK1 activity is negatively regulated by PKA, which phosphorylates Ser21 in a cAMP- and dark-dependent manner to reduce rhodopsin phosphorylation (PMID:15946941, PMID:21504899); this modification specifically tunes rod dark-adaptation kinetics without affecting cones (PMID:31908030), a rod-versus-cone regulatory distinction reinforced in zebrafish, where cone Grk1b escapes cAMP-dependent phosphorylation (PMID:36273582). Proper function depends on prenylation-dependent delivery to photoreceptor outer segments via PrBP/delta, whose loss mislocalizes GRK1 and prolongs photoresponses (PMID:17496142). Beyond opsin deactivation, GRK1 also phosphorylates apo-opsin and exerts a neuroprotective role independent of light and transducin, since its deletion drives retinal degeneration (PMID:20164334).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1998 Medium

    Defined the existence of an alternative GRK1 product, establishing isoform diversity in human photoreceptors and the catalytic primacy of the canonical kinase.

    Evidence Molecular cloning from human retina with splice-variant characterization and catalytic activity assay

    PMID:9478965

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological role of the low-activity GRK1b isoform unresolved
    • No in vivo function assigned to the variant
  2. 2003 High

    Resolved whether GRK1 acts in cones as well as rods, showing it is the essential kinase for cone opsin deactivation in mice.

    Evidence Nrl−/−Grk1−/− double-knockout mouse with in situ phosphorylation, isoelectric focusing, and cone-arrestin/opsin immunoprecipitation

    PMID:12853434

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not address kinetic differences from cone-specific GRK7
    • Does not establish whether a backup kinase exists in other species
  3. 2005 High

    Identified PKA-mediated Ser21 phosphorylation as a regulatory brake on GRK1 catalytic activity, linking cAMP signaling to phototransduction shutoff.

    Evidence In vitro PKA kinase assay, mutagenesis site mapping, FLAG-GRK1 in HEK-293 cells, and rod outer segment phosphorylation assay

    PMID:15946941

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo regulation not yet demonstrated in this study
    • Functional consequence for vision not yet established
  4. 2005 Medium

    Mapped the cis-regulatory basis of GRK1's photoreceptor- and pinealocyte-specific expression and its developmental timing.

    Evidence Transgenic mice carrying human GRK1 promoter-GFP constructs with microscopy, RT-PCR, and developmental immunostaining

    PMID:16357827

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific transcription factors driving the enhancer not identified
    • Promoter analysis distinct from endogenous regulation
  5. 2006 Medium

    Quantified why cone shutoff is faster, showing the cone GRK has far higher catalytic velocity than the rod GRK1A.

    Evidence Recombinant GRK in vitro phosphorylation kinetics (Vmax) plus in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in zebrafish

    PMID:16787417

    Open questions at the time
    • In vitro kinetics may not reflect cellular rates
    • No mutagenesis to dissect determinants of the velocity difference
  6. 2007 High

    Established the trafficking requirement for GRK1, identifying PrBP/delta as the carrier delivering farnesylated GRK1 to outer segments.

    Evidence Pde6d knockout mouse with immunocytochemistry, single-cell rod recordings, and scotopic paired-flash ERG

    PMID:17496142

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of PrBP/delta cargo release at the outer segment not detailed
    • Cone-specific trafficking pathway less fully resolved
  7. 2009 Medium

    Tested whether more GRK1 is protective, finding instead that excess kinase activity sensitizes photoreceptors to light damage.

    Evidence BAC transgenic Grk1-overexpressing mice with activity assay, ERG, morphometry, and apoptosis assay

    PMID:19834036

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular cause of damage from over-deactivation not defined
    • Single overexpression level tested
  8. 2010 High

    Showed receptor oligomerization is dispensable, establishing monomeric rhodopsin as a sufficient GRK1 substrate.

    Evidence Monomeric rhodopsin reconstituted in nanodiscs with in vitro phosphorylation and fluorescence arrestin-binding assays

    PMID:20966068

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not address whether oligomers form physiologically in discs
    • Stoichiometry of GRK1 engagement per receptor not quantified
  9. 2010 High

    Revealed a phototransduction-independent role for GRK1, showing apo-opsin phosphorylation is neuroprotective and GRK1 loss causes degeneration without light or transducin.

    Evidence Rpe65−/−Grk1−/− and Grk1−/−Gnat1−/− double-knockout mice with opsin phosphorylation immunoblots, ERG, and retinal morphology

    PMID:20164334

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream effector of the neuroprotective signal unidentified
    • Link between apo-opsin phosphorylation and survival not mechanistically resolved
  10. 2011 High

    Demonstrated that Ser21 phosphorylation is light-regulated in vivo through AC1-generated cAMP, independent of phototransduction.

    Evidence Wild-type, adenylyl cyclase type 1 KO, and rod transducin α KO mice with phospho-specific immunoblotting and dark/light adaptation

    PMID:21504899

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphatase mediating light-triggered dephosphorylation not identified
    • Signal coupling light to AC1 unresolved
  11. 2015 High

    Characterized a GRK1–NCS-1 interaction structurally, defining the C-lobe binding mode for the GRK1 peptide.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of Ca2+/NCS-1 with GRK1 and D2R peptides and binding stoichiometry analysis

    PMID:25979333

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of NCS-1 binding for GRK1 activity not established
    • Interaction shown with peptide, not full-length GRK1 in cells
  12. 2015 Medium

    Placed GRK1 downstream of RP2, showing RP2 loss reduces GRK1 levels and disrupts its retinal localization.

    Evidence TALEN RP2-knockout zebrafish with immunofluorescence and immunoblotting for GRK1 and transducin

    PMID:26034134

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which RP2 controls GRK1 expression/trafficking unresolved
    • Direct versus indirect effect not distinguished
  13. 2016 Medium

    Localized the GRK1 docking site on rhodopsin to a TM5 hydrophobic patch shared with transducin and arrestin, defining competition at the cytoplasmic cleft.

    Evidence Purified functional GRK1, rhodopsin TM5 mutagenesis, in vitro phosphorylation, and molecular modeling

    PMID:27078130

    Open questions at the time
    • No crystallographic or cryo-EM validation of the docking model
    • Order/competition among GRK1, transducin, and arrestin not directly measured
  14. 2019 High

    Connected Ser21 phosphorylation to physiology, showing the non-phosphorylatable S21A mutation delays rod but not cone dark adaptation.

    Evidence GRK1-S21A knock-in mice with ex vivo/in vivo ERG and dark-adaptation measurements after bleaching

    PMID:31908030

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of rod-specific effect not detailed
    • Why cones are insensitive not explained at the protein level
  15. 2022 High

    Established a cell-type-specific regulatory divergence, showing cone Grk1b escapes cAMP/PKA-dependent phosphorylation unlike rod and Grk7a kinases.

    Evidence Zebrafish ERG ± forskolin, cone-specific dominant-negative PKA, grk1a−/− and grk1b−/− lines, immunoblotting, with Nrl−/− mouse comparison

    PMID:36273582

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural determinant of differential PKA targeting unidentified
    • Generality across mammalian cones not fully resolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How GRK1 trafficking, NCS-1 binding, and the transducin-independent neuroprotective role are mechanistically integrated remains open.
  • No high-resolution structure of GRK1 bound to activated rhodopsin
  • Effector and phosphatase circuitry of the Ser21 regulatory cycle incomplete
  • Mechanism linking apo-opsin phosphorylation to photoreceptor survival unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 6 GO:0016740 transferase activity 3
Localization
GO:0005929 cilium 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-9709957 Sensory Perception 2
Partners
NCS1PDE6DPRKACARHORP2

Evidence

Reading pass · 15 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2010 Monomeric rhodopsin is sufficient for normal GRK1 phosphorylation; GRK1 phosphorylates monomeric light-activated rhodopsin in nanodiscs as efficiently as rhodopsin in native disc membranes, establishing that receptor oligomerization is not required for this kinase activity. Reconstitution of monomeric rhodopsin in nanodiscs, in vitro phosphorylation assay, fluorescence-based arrestin-binding assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 20966068
2003 GRK1 is required for light-dependent phosphorylation of both S and M cone opsins in mouse cones; in Nrl−/−Grk1−/− double-knockout retinas, light-activated cone opsins were neither phosphorylated nor bound by cone arrestin, demonstrating GRK1 as the essential kinase for cone opsin deactivation in mice. Double-knockout mouse model (Nrl−/−Grk1−/−), in situ phosphorylation, isoelectric focusing, immunoprecipitation with anti-cone-arrestin and anti-opsin antibodies The Journal of neuroscience High 12853434
2007 PrBP/delta (encoded by Pde6d) is required for transport of farnesylated GRK1 to photoreceptor outer segments; in Pde6d−/− mice, GRK1 partially mislocalizes from rod outer segments and is nearly absent from cone outer segments, resulting in prolonged flash responses and delayed dark-state recovery. Pde6d knockout mouse, immunocytochemistry, single-cell rod recordings, scotopic paired-flash ERG Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 17496142
2005 cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) phosphorylates GRK1 at Ser21 in vitro and in HEK-293 cells treated with forskolin; phosphorylation of GRK1 by PKA reduces its ability to phosphorylate rhodopsin in vitro, providing a regulatory mechanism whereby elevated dark-phase cAMP attenuates GRK1 activity. In vitro kinase assay with PKA, site-directed mutagenesis to identify phosphorylation sites, FLAG-tagged GRK1 expression in HEK-293 cells, bovine rod outer segment phosphorylation assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 15946941
2011 GRK1 phosphorylation at Ser21 is regulated by light in vivo: dark-adapted mice show elevated phospho-GRK1 compared to light-adapted mice, dependent on adenylyl cyclase type 1-generated cAMP. Dephosphorylation is triggered by light independently of phototransduction (occurs in transducin α-subunit knockout mice). In vivo mouse models (wild-type, adenylyl cyclase type 1 KO, rod transducin α KO), phospho-specific immunoblotting, dark/light adaptation protocols The Journal of biological chemistry High 21504899
2019 Phosphorylation of GRK1 at Ser21 (by PKA in the dark) modulates rod dark adaptation: GRK1-S21A knock-in mice, which cannot be phosphorylated at this site, show significantly delayed rod dark adaptation after bleaching, but normal cone dark adaptation, indicating that cAMP-dependent GRK1 phosphorylation specifically regulates rhodopsin re-activation kinetics in rods. GRK1-S21A knock-in mice, ex vivo and in vivo ERG, dark adaptation measurements after bleaching FASEB journal High 31908030
2010 GRK1 phosphorylates apo-opsin in Rpe65−/− mice, and this phosphorylation is neuroprotective; Rpe65−/−Grk1−/− mice show extensive retinal degeneration and reduced opsin levels relative to Rpe65−/− mice. Additionally, GRK1 deletion triggers retinal degeneration independently of light and independently of transducin activation, revealing a second role for GRK1 beyond opsin deactivation. Rpe65−/−Grk1−/− and Grk1−/−Gnat1−/− double-knockout mice, immunoblotting for opsin phosphorylation, ERG, morphological retinal analysis The Journal of neuroscience High 20164334
2016 GRK1 interacts with rhodopsin through the same 'hydrophobic patch' on TM5 (involving residues L226 and V230) used by the transducin Gα C-terminal tail and visual arrestin finger loop, suggesting a shared docking site on the cytoplasmic cleft of activated rhodopsin for all three proteins. Purification of functional GRK1, mutagenesis of rhodopsin TM5 residues, in vitro phosphorylation assays, molecular modeling Biochemistry Medium 27078130
2015 Neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) binds a GRK1-derived peptide via the C-lobe binding site of NCS-1, with different binding modes compared to its interaction with the D2 dopamine receptor peptide; crystal structures reveal that the GRK1 peptide binds as a single copy in an α-helical conformation, with the flexible C-terminal region of NCS-1 adopting different conformations for different ligands. X-ray crystallography of Ca2+/NCS-1 alone and in complex with GRK1 and D2R peptides, binding stoichiometry analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 25979333
1998 Human photoreceptors express a splice variant of GRK1 (GRK1b) produced by intron retention at the C-terminal region; GRK1b mRNA is exported to the cytosol but the protein is expressed at low levels and has very low catalytic activity compared to the canonical GRK1a isoform. Molecular cloning from human retina, immunolocalization, splice variant characterization, catalytic activity assay The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 9478965
2022 In zebrafish, cone-expressed Grk1b does not undergo cAMP-dependent phosphorylation in vivo (unlike Grk7a); elevated cAMP decreases cone photoresponse recovery via Grk7a but not Grk1b, and PKA is required for Grk7a but not Grk1b phosphorylation in cones, establishing a cell-type-specific regulatory difference for GRK1 in cones versus rods. Electroretinogram of zebrafish larvae ± forskolin, cone-specific dominant negative PKA transgene, rod grk1a−/− and cone grk1b−/− zebrafish, immunoblot analysis, Nrl−/− mouse comparisons The Journal of biological chemistry High 36273582
2006 GRK1 activity in rods (GRK1A subtype) and cones differs markedly between species and GRK subtypes: in zebrafish, the major cone GRK (GRK7-1) has a Vmax 32-fold higher than the rod kinase GRK1A for rhodopsin phosphorylation in vitro, partly explaining the faster cone shutoff kinetics. Recombinant GRK expression, in vitro phosphorylation assay with light-activated rhodopsin, kinetic (Vmax) measurements, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for cellular localization Journal of neurochemistry Medium 16787417
2015 RP2 knockout in zebrafish leads to decreased protein levels and abnormal retinal localization of GRK1 and rod transducin subunits, suggesting RP2 is required upstream of GRK1 for its proper expression and/or trafficking in photoreceptors. TALEN-mediated RP2 knockout zebrafish, immunofluorescence localization, immunoblotting for GRK1 and transducin subunits Human molecular genetics Medium 26034134
2005 A conserved ~0.2 kb enhancer/promoter immediately upstream of the GRK1 transcription start site is sufficient to drive uniform GRK1 expression in rod photoreceptors, cone photoreceptors, and pinealocytes in transgenic mice, with temporal expression rising exponentially in the first 10 postnatal days coinciding with outer segment maturation. Transgenic mice carrying human GRK1 promoter-GFP constructs, fluorescence microscopy, RT-PCR, immunostaining of developing retina Molecular vision Medium 16357827
2009 GRK1 overexpression in transgenic mice (approximately threefold increase) results in increased opsin phosphorylation activity in vitro and in vivo but does not protect against photoreceptor apoptosis; instead, excess GRK1 activity increases susceptibility to light-induced photoreceptor death, suggesting that overactive opsin deactivation is detrimental. BAC transgenic mice overexpressing Grk1, immunoblot, immunostaining, in vitro phosphorylation assay, ERG, morphometry, nucleosome release apoptosis assay Investigative ophthalmology & visual science Medium 19834036

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1996 The p38/RK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway regulates interleukin-6 synthesis response to tumor necrosis factor. The EMBO journal 570 8617238
1996 Stimulation of the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamilies in perfused heart. p38/RK mitogen-activated protein kinases and c-Jun N-terminal kinases are activated by ischemia/reperfusion. Circulation research 467 8755992
1996 Differential regulation of the MAP, SAP and RK/p38 kinases by Pyst1, a novel cytosolic dual-specificity phosphatase. The EMBO journal 359 8670865
1996 Role of CSB/p38/RK stress response kinase in LPS and cytokine signaling mechanisms. Journal of leukocyte biology 348 8603987
1997 Activation of stress-activated protein kinase-3 (SAPK3) by cytokines and cellular stresses is mediated via SAPKK3 (MKK6); comparison of the specificities of SAPK3 and SAPK2 (RK/p38). The EMBO journal 327 9029150
1996 MLK-3 activates the SAPK/JNK and p38/RK pathways via SEK1 and MKK3/6. The EMBO journal 281 9003778
1996 p38/RK is essential for stress-induced nuclear responses: JNK/SAPKs and c-Jun/ATF-2 phosphorylation are insufficient. Current biology : CB 205 8805335
1996 Differential activation of ERK, JNK/SAPK and P38/CSBP/RK map kinase family members during the cellular response to arsenite. Free radical biology & medicine 185 8902523
1997 Cdc42Hs, but not Rac1, inhibits serum-stimulated cell cycle progression at G1/S through a mechanism requiring p38/RK. The Journal of biological chemistry 167 9148940
2017 Commentary on "Integrative clinical genomics of advanced prostate cancer". Robinson D, Van Allen EM, Wu YM, Schultz N, Lonigro RJ, Mosquera JM, Montgomery B, Taplin ME, Pritchard CC, Attard G, Beltran H, Abida W, Bradley RK, Vinson J, Cao X, Vats P, Kunju LP, Hussain M, Feng FY, Tomlins SA, Cooney KA, Smith DC, Brennan C, Siddiqui J, Mehra R, Chen Y, Rathkopf DE, Morris MJ, Solomon SB, Durack JC, Reuter VE, Gopalan A, Gao J, Loda M, Lis RT, Bowden M, Balk SP, Gaviola G, Sougnez C, Gupta M, Yu EY, Mostaghel EA, Cheng HH, Mulcahy H, True LD, Plymate SR, Dvinge H, Ferraldeschi R, Flohr P, Miranda S, Zafeiriou Z, Tunariu N, Mateo J, Perez-Lopez R, Demichelis F, Robinson BD, Schiffman M, Nanus DM, Tagawa ST, Sigaras A, Eng KW, Elemento O, Sboner A, Heath EI, Scher HI, Pienta KJ, Kantoff P, de Bono JS, Rubin MA, Nelson PS, Garraway LA, Sawyers CL, Chinnaiyan AM.Cell. 21 May 2015;161(5):1215-1228. Urologic oncology 157 28623072
2010 Monomeric rhodopsin is sufficient for normal rhodopsin kinase (GRK1) phosphorylation and arrestin-1 binding. The Journal of biological chemistry 156 20966068
2015 Between Rho(k) and a hard place: the relation between vessel wall stiffness, endothelial contractility, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation research 152 25722443
1998 Regulation of human involucrin promoter activity by a protein kinase C, Ras, MEKK1, MEK3, p38/RK, AP1 signal transduction pathway. The Journal of biological chemistry 144 9733728
2007 Deletion of PrBP/delta impedes transport of GRK1 and PDE6 catalytic subunits to photoreceptor outer segments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 143 17496142
2014 The plant RWP-RK transcription factors: key regulators of nitrogen responses and of gametophyte development. Journal of experimental botany 135 24987011
1995 RK-682, a potent inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatase, arrested the mammalian cell cycle progression at G1phase. FEBS letters 126 7556642
2008 Adenosine kinase and ribokinase--the RK family of proteins. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 121 18560757
2014 The growth-defense pivot: crisis management in plants mediated by LRR-RK surface receptors. Trends in biochemical sciences 117 25089011
1996 Purification and cDNA cloning of SAPKK3, the major activator of RK/p38 in stress- and cytokine-stimulated monocytes and epithelial cells. The EMBO journal 117 8861944
1997 Involvement of stress-activated protein kinase and p38/RK mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in the enhanced phosphorylation of initiation factor 4E in NIH 3T3 cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 116 9211946
2003 GRK1-dependent phosphorylation of S and M opsins and their binding to cone arrestin during cone phototransduction in the mouse retina. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 103 12853434
2001 Species-specific differences in expression of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 7 and GRK1 in mammalian cone photoreceptor cells: implications for cone cell phototransduction. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 99 11717351
1997 Effects of the inhibition of p38/RK MAP kinase on induction of five fos and jun genes by diverse stimuli. Oncogene 89 9393876
2013 Resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors conferred by an R292K mutation in a human influenza virus H7N9 isolate can be masked by a mixed R/K viral population. mBio 87 23860768
1998 Molecular forms of human rhodopsin kinase (GRK1). The Journal of biological chemistry 75 9478965
2016 RK-33 Radiosensitizes Prostate Cancer Cells by Blocking the RNA Helicase DDX3. Cancer research 74 27634756
1995 Activation of the MAP kinase homologue RK requires the phosphorylation of Thr-180 and Tyr-182 and both residues are phosphorylated in chemically stressed KB cells. FEBS letters 74 7750576
2022 The r/K selection theory and its application in biological wastewater treatment processes. The Science of the total environment 72 35176382
2011 The RWP-RK factor GROUNDED promotes embryonic polarity by facilitating YODA MAP kinase signaling. Current biology : CB 71 21802295
2018 RK-287107, a potent and specific tankyrase inhibitor, blocks colorectal cancer cell growth in a preclinical model. Cancer science 68 30238564
1998 The DNA sequence of the RK strain of human herpesvirus 7. Virology 67 9581785
2009 In vitro reconstruction of tetronate RK-682 biosynthesis. Nature chemical biology 62 20081823
2019 Plant Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase (LRR-RK): Structure, Ligand Perception, and Activation Mechanism. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 60 31450667
2006 GRK1 and GRK7: unique cellular distribution and widely different activities of opsin phosphorylation in the zebrafish rods and cones. Journal of neurochemistry 54 16787417
1975 Fine structural changes at Entamoeba histolytica rabbit kidney cell (RK 13) interface. Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 53 168818
2004 Total synthesis of the polyene-polyol macrolide RK-397, featuring cross-couplings of alkynylepoxide modules. Journal of the American Chemical Society 48 14982459
2007 Integration of CellDesigner and SABIO-RK. In silico biology 45 17822394
2018 MITE insertion-dependent expression of CitRKD1 with a RWP-RK domain regulates somatic embryogenesis in citrus nucellar tissues. BMC plant biology 42 30103701
2005 Phosphorylation of GRK1 and GRK7 by cAMP-dependent protein kinase attenuates their enzymatic activities. The Journal of biological chemistry 41 15946941
2018 Studies of the effects and mechanisms of ginsenoside Re and Rk3 on myelosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide. Journal of ginseng research 40 31695568
2018 Targeting DDX3 in Medulloblastoma Using the Small Molecule Inhibitor RK-33. Translational oncology 39 30292066
2020 RK-33 Is a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agent That Targets DEAD-Box RNA Helicase DDX3X. Cells 38 31936642
2015 Knockout of RP2 decreases GRK1 and rod transducin subunits and leads to photoreceptor degeneration in zebrafish. Human molecular genetics 36 26034134
1992 A new inhibitor of protein kinase C, RK-1409 (7-oxostaurosporine). I. Taxonomy and biological activity. The Journal of antibiotics 35 1556009
2015 Neuronal Calcium Sensor-1 Binds the D2 Dopamine Receptor and G-protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 1 (GRK1) Peptides Using Different Modes of Interactions. The Journal of biological chemistry 34 25979333
2015 A major QTL corresponding to the Rk locus for resistance to root-knot nematodes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik 32 26450274
1984 RK bacterial test for independently measuring chemical toxicity and mutagenicity: short-term forward selection assay. Mutation research 32 6371505
2023 A divergent RWP-RK transcription factor determines mating type in heterothallic Closterium. The New phytologist 30 36533897
2014 RK-1355A and B, novel quinomycin derivatives isolated from a microbial metabolites fraction library based on NPPlot screening. The Journal of antibiotics 30 24496142
2005 Vaccinia virus K1L protein mediates host-range function in RK-13 cells via ankyrin repeat and may interact with a cellular GTPase-activating protein. Virus research 30 16039000
2003 Cone deactivation kinetics and GRK1/GRK7 expression in enhanced S cone syndrome caused by mutations in NR2E3. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 30 12601058
1990 A new inhibitor of protein kinase C, RK-286C (4'-demethylamino-4'-hydroxystaurosporine). I. Screening, taxonomy, fermentation and biological activity. The Journal of antibiotics 30 2312404
2006 Mutation of the Myxoma virus SERP2 P1-site to prevent proteinase inhibition causes apoptosis in cultured RK-13 cells and attenuates disease in rabbits, but mutation to alter specificity causes apoptosis without reducing virulence. Virology 26 16959285
2006 A novel homozygous GRK1 mutation (P391H) in 2 siblings with Oguchi disease with markedly reduced cone responses. Ophthalmology 26 17070587
2002 Loci on chromosomes 14 and 2, distinct from ABCG5/ABCG8, regulate plasma plant sterol levels in a C57BL/6J x CASA/Rk intercross. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 26 12446833
2008 Effect of dimerization of a beta-turn antimicrobial peptide, PST13-RK, on antimicrobial activity and mammalian cell toxicity. Biotechnology letters 25 18815734
1993 Induction of metallothionein synthesis by cadmium and zinc in cultured rabbit kidney cells (RK-13). The Biochemical journal 24 8503893
1990 A new inhibitor of protein kinase C, RK-286C (4'-demethylamino-4'-hydroxystaurosporine). II. Isolation, physico-chemical properties and structure. The Journal of antibiotics 24 2312405
2022 RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor of host RNA helicase DDX3, suppresses multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2. Frontiers in microbiology 23 36090095
2005 A variant form of Oguchi disease mapped to 13q34 associated with partial deletion of GRK1 gene. Molecular vision 22 16319817
2004 Identification of Epstein-Barr virus RK-BARF0-interacting proteins and characterization of expression pattern. Journal of virology 22 15542637
2022 RWP-RK domain-containing transcription factors in the Viridiplantae: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Journal of experimental botany 19 35605260
2002 Cloning of the maltose phosphorylase gene from Bacillus sp. strain RK-1 and efficient production of the cloned gene and the trehalose phosphorylase gene from Bacillus stearothermophilus SK-1 in Bacillus subtilis. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 19 12596853
2001 Asymmetric synthesis of a 3-acyltetronic acid derivative, RK-682, and formation of its calcium salt during silica gel column chromatography. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 19 11217111
1998 Mapping the Root-Knot Nematode Resistance Gene (Rk) in Tobacco with RAPD Markers. Plant disease 19 30845463
1992 A new inhibitor of protein kinase C, RK-1409 (7-oxostaurosporine). II. Fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and structure. The Journal of antibiotics 19 1556010
1995 Cytokinesis by a contractile ring in the primitive red alga Cyanidium caldarium RK-1. European journal of cell biology 18 7664758
2015 Functional interplay between the RK motif and linker segment dictates Oct4-DNA recognition. Nucleic acids research 17 25870414
2010 Deletion of GRK1 causes retina degeneration through a transducin-independent mechanism. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 17 20164334
1994 The trpA gene on the plastid genome of Cyanidium caldarium strain RK-1. Current genetics 17 8082179
2009 A novel mutation in GRK1 causes Oguchi disease in a consanguineous Pakistani family. Molecular vision 16 19753316
2011 Phosphorylation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 (GRK1) is regulated by light but independent of phototransduction in rod photoreceptors. The Journal of biological chemistry 15 21504899
2010 Neovascularization, enhanced inflammatory response, and age-related cone dystrophy in the Nrl-/-Grk1-/- mouse retina. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 15 20688726
2005 Isolation and characterization of visual pigment kinase-related genes in carp retina: polyphyly in GRK1 subtypes, GRK1A and 1B. Molecular vision 15 16402022
2003 Loci controlling plasma non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels in a C57BL /6J x CASA /Rk intercross. Journal of lipid research 15 12810823
1990 New pyrrolobenzodiazepine antibiotics, RK-1441A and B. I. Biological properties. Agricultural and biological chemistry 15 1369312
2020 Drug Synergism: Studies of Combination of RK-52 and Curcumin against Rhodesain of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. ACS medicinal chemistry letters 13 32435388
2020 Conserved Subgroups of the Plant-Specific RWP-RK Transcription Factor Family Are Present in Oomycete Pathogens. Frontiers in microbiology 13 32849368
2020 New variants and in silico analyses in GRK1 associated Oguchi disease. Human mutation 13 33252155
1992 A new inhibitor of protein kinase C, RK-1409B (4'-demethylamino-4'-hydroxy-3'-epistaurosporine). The Journal of antibiotics 13 1429228
2023 r/K selection of GC content in prokaryotes. Environmental microbiology 12 37813828
2006 RK-95113, a new angiogenesis inhibitor produced by Aspergillus fumigatus. The Journal of antibiotics 12 17256472
2005 Conserved structure and spatiotemporal function of the compact rhodopsin kinase (GRK1) enhancer/promoter. Molecular vision 12 16357827
1991 Evaluation of a new 2-nitroimidazole nucleoside analogue, RK-28 as a radiosensitizer for clinical use. International journal of radiation biology 12 1671058
2023 RWP-RK Domain 3 (OsRKD3) induces somatic embryogenesis in black rice. BMC plant biology 11 37076789
2022 Transcriptional dynamics of gametogenesis in the green seaweed Ulva mutabilis identifies an RWP-RK transcription factor linked to reproduction. BMC plant biology 11 34991492
2022 Grk7 but not Grk1 undergoes cAMP-dependent phosphorylation in zebrafish cone photoreceptors and mediates cone photoresponse recovery to elevated cAMP. The Journal of biological chemistry 11 36273582
2020 Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Regulation of RWP-RK Gene Family in the Nitrogen-Fixing Clade. Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 11 32932820
2015 PLGA nanoparticle formulation of RK-33: an RNA helicase inhibitor against DDX3. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 11 26330329
2015 TIMP-1 couples RhoK activation to IL-1β-induced astrocyte responses. Neuroscience letters 11 26484505
2007 Novel mutations in the GRK1 gene in Japanese patients With Oguchi disease. American journal of ophthalmology 11 17765441
2005 Solution-phase and solid-phase syntheses of enzyme inhibitor RK-682 and antibiotic agglomerins. The Journal of organic chemistry 11 16018718
2023 Identification and Molecular Characterization of RWP-RK Transcription Factors in Soybean. Genes 10 36833296
2023 Calcium handling coupled to the endothelin ETA and ETB receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in resistance arteries: Differential regulation by PI3K, PKC and RhoK. European journal of pharmacology 10 37541372
2023 The evolution and expansion of RWP-RK gene family improve the heat adaptability of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.). BMC genomics 10 37653366
2019 Phosphorylation at Serine 21 in G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 (GRK1) is required for normal kinetics of dark adaption in rod but not cone photoreceptors. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 10 31908030
2016 A novel missense mutation of the GRK1 gene in Oguchi disease. Molecular medicine reports 10 27511724
2009 Effect of g protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 (Grk1) overexpression on rod photoreceptor cell viability. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 10 19834036
2006 Dynamics of Meloidogyne incognita Virulence to Resistance Genes Rk and Rk in Cowpea. Journal of nematology 10 19259435
2016 Evidence that the Rhodopsin Kinase (GRK1) N-Terminus and the Transducin Gα C-Terminus Interact with the Same "Hydrophobic Patch" on Rhodopsin TM5. Biochemistry 9 27078130

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