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Showing GGTA1 — GLYT2 is a alias.

GGTA1

Inactive N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase · UniProt Q4G0N0

Length
100 aa
Mass
11.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
56 papers in source corpus 12 papers cited in narrative 12 extracted findings
Cross-family judge faithfulness: 5/6 claims corpus-supported (83%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

GGTA1 encodes α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT), the enzyme that synthesizes the α-Gal epitope (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) on cell-surface glycolipids and glycoproteins, and is the central determinant of the dominant carbohydrate xenoantigen barrier in pig-to-human transplantation (PMID:25315716, PMID:17038914). The catalytic domain of the enzyme is required for α-Gal epitope synthesis, and its disruption — by targeted deletion, ZFN- or oligonucleotide-directed mutation, or RNAi knockdown — eliminates or reduces α-Gal from porcine cell membranes (PMID:11385461, PMID:24430555, PMID:17038914). Loss of GGTA1 activity translates into reduced human IgM/IgG and complement (C3, C5b-9) binding, decreased complement activation and complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and improved survival of porcine cells exposed to human serum, establishing GGTA1 as the direct enzymatic source of the antigen driving hyperacute antibody- and complement-mediated rejection (PMID:23809180, PMID:24430555). Beyond immune cytotoxicity, α-Gal (together with CMAH-derived Neu5Gc) directly mediates xenogeneic human platelet consumption by porcine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, a non-immune injury mechanism (PMID:26906939). Combined GGTA1/CMAH knockout dramatically lowers preformed antibody binding and complement-dependent hemolysis relative to GGTA1 knockout alone, yet glycomic profiling and antibody studies show residual xenoantigens — including α-fucose and xylosylated and high-mannose N-glycans — persist as continuing immune barriers (PMID:24986655, PMID:24033743, PMID:32697003). In humans the gene is a non-functional locus, mapped to chromosome 9q33-q34 and inactivated in the Old World monkey/ape lineage by frameshift deletions, which accounts for the absence of α-Gal and the abundant anti-Gal antibody in humans (PMID:1559713, PMID:25315716).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1992 Medium

    Established that the α-1,3-galactosyltransferase source gene exists in the human genome as a non-functional locus, explaining why humans do not display α-Gal epitopes.

    Evidence Chromosomal mapping by somatic cell hybridization and in situ hybridization, localizing GGTA1 to 9q33-q34 and a pseudogene to 12q14-q15

    PMID:1559713

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the inactivating mutations
    • No expression or enzymatic comparison to functional orthologs
  2. 2014 Medium

    Defined the evolutionary basis for GGTA1 inactivation, showing that frameshift single-base deletions created premature stop codons in the Old World monkey/ape ancestor, the molecular origin of the human anti-Gal antibody.

    Evidence Comparative genomic/evolutionary sequence analysis across marsupials, placental mammals, lemurs, New World and Old World primates

    PMID:25315716

    Open questions at the time
    • No in vitro reconstitution of enzymatic activity in this work
    • Inference of function from prior biochemistry rather than direct assay
  3. 2001 High

    Demonstrated that GGTA1 function can be ablated in a whole animal without preventing viability, opening genetic engineering of α-Gal-free livestock.

    Evidence Homologous recombination in sheep fetal fibroblasts followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer, yielding viable lambs

    PMID:11385461

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not quantify human antibody/complement consequences
    • Sheep rather than the clinically relevant pig
  4. 2006 Medium

    Localized the functionally essential element of the enzyme to the catalytic domain, showing targeted disruption there abolishes epitope synthesis.

    Evidence Pronuclear injection of DRAP plus mutant oligonucleotides targeting the porcine GGTA1 catalytic domain, with flow cytometry and heritable sequencing

    PMID:17038914

    Open questions at the time
    • No structural characterization of the catalytic domain
    • Residual epitope reduction was incomplete
  5. 2013 Medium

    Linked GGTA1 expression directly to human antibody and complement attack at the cellular level by showing knockdown reduces immunoglobulin/complement binding and improves cell survival.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown in porcine aortic endothelial cells with qPCR, flow cytometry, and complement/apoptosis/proliferation assays in human serum

    PMID:23809180

    Open questions at the time
    • Knockdown rather than complete knockout
    • Single immortalized cell line
  6. 2013 Medium

    Identified that elimination of α-Gal (and Neu5Gc) does not remove all carbohydrate xenoantigens, revealing xylosylated, high-mannose, and fucosylated N-glycans as residual targets.

    Evidence MALDI-TOF-MS glycomic profiling of serum N-glycans from humans, domestic pigs, GGTA1-KO and GGTA1/CMAH-KO pigs

    PMID:24033743

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not test antibody reactivity to the identified glycans
    • Serum proteins only, not membrane glycans
  7. 2014 Medium

    Confirmed in a clean biallelic knockout that GGTA1 enzymatic activity is required for membrane α-Gal display and for complement-mediated xenocytotoxicity.

    Evidence ZFN-mediated GGTA1 knockout in porcine fibroblasts with flow cytometry and complement-dependent cytotoxicity in human serum; knockout pigs by SCNT

    PMID:24430555

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Residual antibody binding after KO not fully quantified
  8. 2014 High

    Quantified the relative contribution of GGTA1-derived α-Gal versus CMAH-derived Neu5Gc, establishing them as the two dominant antigens and showing additive benefit of double knockout.

    Evidence Flow cytometry, hemagglutination, complement-dependent hemolysis and ELISA on GGTA1-KO and GGTA1/CMAH-KO pig erythrocytes

    PMID:24986655

    Open questions at the time
    • Erythrocytes only
    • Residual hemolysis persists after double knockout
  9. 2016 Medium

    Extended GGTA1's role beyond immune cytotoxicity to non-immune injury, showing α-Gal and Neu5Gc mediate hepatic xenogeneic platelet consumption.

    Evidence In vitro platelet-LSEC binding immunohistochemistry and ex vivo perfusion of WT, ASGR1-KO, GGTA1-KO and GGTA1/CMAH-KO pig livers measuring human platelet uptake

    PMID:26906939

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of platelet recognition by the glycans not resolved
    • Single lab
  10. 2020 Medium

    Demonstrated that α-fucose is a functional residual xenoantigen recognized by cytotoxic human antibodies in GGTA1/CMAH-KO pigs, defining a barrier beyond α-Gal and Neu5Gc.

    Evidence Affinity-purified human anti-fucose antibodies tested by dot blot, confocal microscopy, macroarray, and flow-cytometric binding/cytotoxicity on GGTA1/CMAH-KO PBMCs

    PMID:32697003

    Open questions at the time
    • Fucosyltransferase responsible not identified
    • Single lab
  11. 2025 Medium

    Used the GGTA1 locus as a knock-in site to reveal that erythrocyte membrane targeting of transgenic proteins is governed by protein-specific post-transcriptional/post-translational mechanisms during erythropoiesis, independent of GGTA1 locus transcription.

    Evidence CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in of hCD59/hCD47 vs hCD46/hTBM into GGTA1 exon 4, with flow cytometry on pRBCs and mRNA detection in erythroid cells; pigs by SCNT

    PMID:41345428

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism preventing hCD46/hTBM RBC surface display not defined
    • Findings specific to the erythroid lineage

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The complete set of residual carbohydrate xenoantigens and the glycosyltransferases producing them after GGTA1/CMAH knockout remain incompletely defined.
  • No enzyme assigned to residual α-fucose or xylosylated glycans in the corpus
  • No structural model of α1,3GT catalysis in the timeline

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016740 transferase activity 3
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2
Pathway
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 2

Evidence

Reading pass · 12 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1992 The human GGTA1 gene (the inactivated remnant of the once-functional α-1,3-galactosyltransferase source gene) was mapped to chromosome 9q33-q34, while a processed pseudogene (GGTA1P) maps to chromosome 12q14-q15. Although transcripts for this enzyme are not detectable in humans, homologous sequences were identified in human genomic DNA, establishing that GGTA1 is a non-functional locus in humans. Chromosomal mapping by somatic cell hybridization and in situ hybridization Genomics Medium 1559713
2001 Targeted deletion of vital regions of the GGTA1 gene (encoding α-1,3-galactosyltransferase, responsible for synthesis of the α-Gal xenoantigen implicated in hyperacute rejection) was achieved in sheep fetal fibroblasts via homologous recombination, and viable lambs were produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer, demonstrating that GGTA1 function can be ablated without preventing live birth. Homologous recombination in fetal fibroblasts followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer; confirmed by genotyping Nature biotechnology High 11385461
2013 RNA interference knockdown of GGTA1 in immortalized porcine aortic endothelial cells reduced expression of α-1,3-galactosyltransferase at both transcript and protein level, leading to decreased human IgM, IgG, complement C3, and C5b-9 binding and reduced complement C3 activation, while improving cell proliferation and reducing apoptosis in the presence of human serum. This established GGTA1 as the direct enzymatic source of the α-Gal xenoantigen mediating human antibody and complement attack. shRNA knockdown; confirmed by qPCR and flow cytometry; functional assays for complement activation, immunoglobulin binding, apoptosis, and proliferation The Journal of surgical research Medium 23809180
2014 GGTA1 encodes α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT), which synthesizes the α-Gal epitope (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) on cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins. The gene is active in marsupials, non-primate placental mammals, lemurs, and New World monkeys, but was inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions creating premature stop codons, explaining why humans lack α-Gal epitopes and instead produce abundant anti-Gal antibody. Comparative genomics/evolutionary analysis of GGTA1 gene sequences across species; synthesis of published biochemical and fossil record data Journal of molecular evolution Medium 25315716
2014 Zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN)-mediated knockout of GGTA1 in porcine fibroblasts completely eliminated Gal epitopes from the cell membrane of GGTA1-null pigs, and GGTA1-null pig cells were protected from complement-mediated immune attack when incubated with human serum, directly linking GGTA1 enzymatic activity to complement-mediated xenocytotoxicity. ZFN-mediated gene knockout; flow cytometry for Gal epitope detection; complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay with human serum; somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate knockout pigs Science China. Life sciences Medium 24430555
2014 Removal of both α-Gal (via GGTA1 KO) and Neu5Gc (via CMAH KO) from pig erythrocytes dramatically reduced human preformed antibody binding (IgM reduced 227-fold, IgG reduced 27-fold) and complement-dependent hemolysis (9-fold) compared to GGTA1 KO alone, demonstrating that GGTA1-encoded α-Gal and CMAH-encoded Neu5Gc are the two dominant xenoantigens for human antibody-mediated cytotoxicity of porcine erythrocytes. Flow cytometry for antigen expression and antibody binding; hemagglutination assay; hemolytic complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay; ELISA for anti-Neu5Gc antibodies; comparative analysis across species Xenotransplantation High 24986655
2016 Silencing both GGTA1 and CMAH genes in pigs reduced human platelet binding to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in vitro and decreased xenogeneic consumption of human platelets in perfused GGTA1/CMAH KO porcine livers compared to GGTA1-KO alone and wild-type livers, establishing that α-Gal and Neu5Gc antigens encoded by GGTA1 and CMAH directly mediate hepatic xenogeneic platelet consumption independent of immune-mediated injury. Immunohistochemistry for platelet-LSEC association in vitro; continuous perfusion and single-pass ex vivo liver perfusion models measuring human platelet uptake; comparison across WT, ASGR1-KO, GGTA1-KO, and GGTA1/CMAH-KO pig livers Transplantation Medium 26906939
2008 Allelic variation analysis of the porcine GGTA1 coding region identified 17 SNPs (11 intronic, 6 in 3'UTR) across 8 commercial pig breeds, with none altering the encoded protein; however, 8 SNPs were found in regions potentially affecting transcriptional regulation and pre-mRNA splicing, indicating that GGTA1 expression may be regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level in a breed-dependent manner. PCR amplification of entire GGTA1 coding region followed by DNA sequencing across 8 pig populations Journal of applied genetics Low 18263972
2013 N-linked glycomic profiling revealed that GGTA1/CMAH double-knockout pig serum has increased relative amounts of high-mannose, incomplete, and xylosylated N-linked glycans, as well as elevated core and antennae fucosylation compared to humans, identifying novel potential carbohydrate xenoantigens beyond α-Gal and Neu5Gc that may account for residual human antibody binding to genetically modified pig cells. MALDI-TOF-MS of permethylated N-linked glycans from serum proteins of humans, domestic pigs, GGTA1-KO, and GGTA1/CMAH-KO pigs; GlycoWorkbench, Cartoonist, and SimGlycan software analysis Xenotransplantation Medium 24033743
2020 Human anti-fucose antibodies (IgA, IgG, and IgM) isolated by affinity chromatography bound to and were cytotoxic toward GGTA1/CMAH double-knockout pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells, establishing α-fucose as a xenoreactive antigen that remains abundant in GGTA1/CMAH-KO pigs and represents a residual immune barrier after elimination of α-Gal and Neu5Gc. Dot blot and confocal microscopy for α-fucose expression; lectin affinity chromatography for antibody isolation; custom macroarray for specificity; flow cytometry for binding and cytotoxicity assays Xenotransplantation Medium 32697003
2006 Pronuclear injection of Drosophila recombination-associated protein (DRAP) with mutant oligonucleotides targeting the catalytic domain of porcine GGTA1 generated piglets with heritable modified GGTA1 alleles and markedly reduced α-1,3-galactosyl sugar epitopes on derived cells, demonstrating that the catalytic domain of GGTA1 is essential for α-Gal epitope synthesis. Pronuclear injection of DRAP + mutant oligonucleotides; flow cytometry for Gal epitope reduction; heritable mutation confirmed by sequencing Transplantation Medium 17038914
2025 Targeted knock-in of human immune-regulatory transgenes (hCD59/hCD47 vs. hCD46/hTBM) into exon 4 of GGTA1 in pigs showed that hCD59 and hCD47 were expressed on porcine red blood cell (pRBC) membranes, whereas hCD46 and hTBM were not detected on pRBCs despite being expressed in other tissues and transcribed in erythroid cells, indicating that protein-specific post-transcriptional or post-translational mechanisms during erythropoiesis determine RBC membrane targeting independent of GGTA1 locus expression. Knock-in via CRISPR/Cas9 into GGTA1 exon 4; flow cytometry for protein expression on pRBCs and other cells; mRNA detection in erythroid cells; somatic cell nuclear transfer for pig generation Scientific reports Medium 41345428

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 56 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2015 Evaluation of human and non-human primate antibody binding to pig cells lacking GGTA1/CMAH/β4GalNT2 genes. Xenotransplantation 345 25728481
2017 Humoral Reactivity of Renal Transplant-Waitlisted Patients to Cells From GGTA1/CMAH/B4GalNT2, and SLA Class I Knockout Pigs. Transplantation 191 28114170
2001 Deletion of the alpha(1,3)galactosyl transferase (GGTA1) gene and the prion protein (PrP) gene in sheep. Nature biotechnology 178 11385461
2016 Efficient production of biallelic GGTA1 knockout pigs by cytoplasmic microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 into zygotes. Xenotransplantation 84 27610605
2019 Viable pigs after simultaneous inactivation of porcine MHC class I and three xenoreactive antigen genes GGTA1, CMAH and B4GALNT2. Xenotransplantation 80 31591751
2018 Reducing immunoreactivity of porcine bioprosthetic heart valves by genetically-deleting three major glycan antigens, GGTA1/β4GalNT2/CMAH. Acta biomaterialia 74 29631050
2013 Highly efficient generation of GGTA1 biallelic knockout inbred mini-pigs with TALENs. PloS one 59 24358349
2014 Erythrocytes from GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs: implications for xenotransfusion and testing in non-human primates. Xenotransplantation 50 24986655
2014 Significance of the evolutionary α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) gene inactivation in preventing extinction of apes and old world monkeys. Journal of molecular evolution 45 25315716
1997 The ggtA gene encodes a subunit of the transport system for the osmoprotective compound glucosylglycerol in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Journal of bacteriology 43 9006025
2013 N-linked glycan profiling of GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs identifies new potential carbohydrate xenoantigens. Xenotransplantation 41 24033743
2018 Antigenicity of tissues and organs from GGTA1/CMAH/β4GalNT2 triple gene knockout pigs. Journal of biomedical research 40 30007952
2016 Generation of GGTA1 Mutant Pigs by Direct Pronuclear Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 Plasmid Vectors. Animal biotechnology 38 27834588
2020 Generation of GGTA1-/-β2M-/-CIITA-/- Pigs Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology to Alleviate Xenogeneic Immune Reactions. Transplantation 37 32732833
2020 Efficient generation of GGTA1-deficient pigs by electroporation of the CRISPR/Cas9 system into in vitro-fertilized zygotes. BMC biotechnology 34 32811500
2019 Triple (GGTA1, CMAH, B2M) modified pigs expressing an SLA class Ilow phenotype-Effects on immune status and susceptibility to human immune responses. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 34 31733031
2017 Targeted insertion of an anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody transgene into the GGTA1 locus in pigs using FokI-dCas9. Scientific reports 34 28814758
1992 Assignment of two human alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene sequences (GGTA1 and GGTA1P) to chromosomes 9q33-q34 and 12q14-q15. Genomics 33 1559713
1996 Localization of ZNF164, ZNF146, GGTA1, SOX2, PRLR and EEF2 on homoeologous cattle, sheep and goat chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization and comparison with the human gene map. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 32 8641144
2016 Silencing Porcine CMAH and GGTA1 Genes Significantly Reduces Xenogeneic Consumption of Human Platelets by Porcine Livers. Transplantation 31 26906939
2014 Generation of GGTA1 biallelic knockout pigs via zinc-finger nucleases and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Science China. Life sciences 28 24430555
2021 Human immune reactivity of GGTA1/CMAH/A3GALT2 triple knockout Yucatan miniature pigs. Transgenic research 27 34232440
2019 Optimizing sgRNA length to improve target specificity and efficiency for the GGTA1 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system. PloS one 24 31821359
2016 Production of heterozygous alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) knock-out transgenic miniature pigs expressing human CD39. Transgenic research 22 27830476
2022 A desirable transgenic strategy using GGTA1 endogenous promoter-mediated knock-in for xenotransplantation model. Scientific reports 18 35688851
2021 Immunological and functional features of decellularized xenogeneic heart valves after transplantation into GGTA1-KO pigs. Regenerative biomaterials 18 35928180
2016 Efficient generation of GGTA1-null Diannan miniature pigs using TALENs combined with somatic cell nuclear transfer. Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E 16 27821126
2017 Potential Antigens Involved in Delayed Xenograft Rejection in a Ggta1/Cmah Dko Pig-to-Monkey Model. Scientific reports 14 28855711
2025 Production and Functional Verification of 8-Gene (GGTA1, CMAH, β4GalNT2, hCD46, hCD55, hCD59, hTBM, hCD39)-Edited Donor Pigs for Xenotransplantation. Cell proliferation 12 40190036
2022 Production of Triple-Gene (GGTA1, B2M and CIITA)-Modified Donor Pigs for Xenotransplantation. Frontiers in veterinary science 12 35573408
2022 An Efficacious Transgenic Strategy for Triple Knockout of Xeno-Reactive Antigen Genes GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2 from Jeju Native Pigs. Vaccines 12 36146581
2018 Generation by somatic cell nuclear transfer of GGTA1 knockout pigs expressing soluble human TNFRI-Fc and human HO-1. Transgenic research 11 30552552
2021 Kcnk3, Ggta1, and Gpr84 are involved in hyperbaric oxygenation preconditioning protection on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Experimental brain research 7 34591125
2024 Elimination of GGTA1, CMAH, β4GalNT2 and CIITA genes in pigs compromises human versus pig xenogeneic immune reactions. Animal models and experimental medicine 6 38962826
2014 γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GgtA) of Aspergillus nidulans is not necessary for bulk degradation of glutathione. Archives of microbiology 5 25519188
2024 Generation and characterization of genetically modified pigs with GGTA1/β4GalNT2/CMAH knockout and human CD55/CD47 expression for xenotransfusion studies. Scientific reports 4 39622959
2020 GGTA1/iGb3S Double Knockout Mice: Immunological Properties and Immunogenicity Response to Xenogeneic Bone Matrix. BioMed research international 4 32596401
2019 Production of ZFN-mediated GGTA1 knock-out pigs by microinjection of gene constructs into pronuclei of zygotes. Polish journal of veterinary sciences 4 30997769
2019 Efficient production of GGTA1 knockout porcine embryos using a modified handmade cloning (HMC) method. Research in veterinary science 4 31722267
2012 Porcine Knock-in Fibroblasts Expressing hDAF on α-1,3-Galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) Gene Locus. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences 4 25049505
2023 Alteration of γδ T cell subsets in non-human primates transplanted with GGTA1 gene-deficient porcine blood vessels. Xenotransplantation 3 38112053
2022 α-Gal antigen-deficient rabbits with GGTA1 gene disruption via CRISPR/Cas9. BMC genomic data 3 35820824
2020 Human anti-α-fucose antibodies are xenoreactive toward GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs. Xenotransplantation 3 32697003
2013 RNA interference of GGTA1 physiological and immune functions in immortalized porcine aortic endothelial cells. The Journal of surgical research 3 23809180
2006 Direct and rapid modification of a porcine xenoantigen gene (GGTA1). Transplantation 3 17038914
2024 Large-Scale Formation and Long-Term Culture of Hepatocyte Organoids From Streamlined In Vivo Genome-Edited GGTA1-/- Pigs for Bioartificial Liver Applications. Xenotransplantation 2 39166823
2021 Biological Equivalence of GGTA-1 Glycosyltransferase Knockout and Standard Porcine Pericardial Tissue Using 90-Day Mitral Valve Implantation in Adolescent Sheep. Cardiovascular engineering and technology 2 34820778
2026 Potential induction of protective anti-tumor immune response in cancer patients by oncolytic viruses containing the GGTA1 gene. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 1 41707512
2022 [Generation of genetic modified pigs devoid of GGTA1 and expressing the human leukocyte antigen-G5]. Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology 1 35355477
2013 Use of single stranded targeting DNA or negative selection does not further increase the efficiency of a GGTA1 promoter trap. Journal of molecular cloning & genetic recombination 1 25309937
2008 Allelic variation of the porcine alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase 1 (GGTA1) gene. Journal of applied genetics 1 18263972
2026 CMAH-Targeted Knock-In of Inducible Heme Oxygenase-1 and Constitutive CD47 in GGTA1-Knockout Pigs for Xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 0 41910456
2026 Population-genomic stability of a closed-herd GGTA1-knock-out miniature pig line for xenotransplantation. Laboratory animals 0 41947624
2025 [Preliminary study on preparation of decellularized nerve grafts from GGTA1 gene-edited pigs and their immune rejection in xenotransplantation]. Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery 0 39971369
2025 Development of stromal corneal grafts using a novel decellularization method with sodium cocoyl glutamate on GGTA1/CMAH/β4GalNT2 knock-out porcine corneas. Annals of translational medicine 0 40689077
2025 Targeted knock-in of human immune-regulatory genes into the porcine GGTA1 exon 4 reveals divergent expression on red blood cell membranes. Scientific reports 0 41345428

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