Affinage

GLMN

Glomulin · UniProt Q92990

Length
594 aa
Mass
68.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
92 papers in source corpus 16 papers cited in narrative 16 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

Glomulin (GLMN) is a HEAT-repeat scaffold protein that acts as a selective inhibitor of RING-domain E3 ubiquitin ligases and, through this activity, governs vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation, inflammasome control, and several signaling outputs (PMID:22405651, PMID:22748924, PMID:29191979). Its best-defined role is as a direct binder of the RING protein RBX1 within Cullin-RING ligase 1 (CRL1/SCF): the GLMN-RBX1-CUL1 crystal structure shows GLMN masking the E2-interacting surface of RBX1, thereby blocking CDC34-mediated ubiquitin chain formation and selectively inhibiting CRL1 over RBX2-containing ligases (PMID:22748924). By restraining CRL1, GLMN limits autoubiquitination and turnover of the substrate receptor Fbw7, so that GLMN loss lowers Fbw7 and elevates Cyclin E and c-Myc (PMID:22405651). GLMN extends this inhibitory logic to other RING ligases, binding the RING domains of cIAP1/cIAP2 to suppress their self-ubiquitination and thereby acting as a negative regulator of cIAP-driven NLRP3/NLRC4/AIM2 inflammasome activation; the Shigella effector IpaH7.8 ubiquitinates and degrades GLMN to unleash inflammasome activation and pyroptosis (PMID:25246571, PMID:29191979). GLMN also interacts with the immunophilins FKBP51/FKBP12.6 (and more weakly FKBP12) through their FK506-binding pocket, an interaction blocked by FKBP ligands (PMID:8955134, PMID:31490997), and associates with the inactive HGF receptor Met to modulate p70S6K signaling (PMID:11571281). Complete biallelic loss of GLMN — an inherited truncating mutation plus a somatic second hit, predominantly through uniparental isodisomy of 1p — causes glomuvenous malformations by disrupting vascular smooth-muscle-like glomus cell differentiation (PMID:11845407, PMID:23375657).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 2002 High

    Established GLMN as a disease gene by showing that loss-of-function mutations cause glomuvenous malformations, linking the protein to vascular smooth muscle differentiation before any molecular function was known.

    Evidence Positional cloning, mutation screening, and identification of a somatic second-hit in lesional tissue across many families

    PMID:11845407

    Open questions at the time
    • No molecular mechanism for how GLMN loss disrupts VSMC differentiation
    • Biochemical activity of the protein unknown at this stage
  2. 1996 Medium

    First identified a GLMN binding partner, showing the short isoform engages FKBP immunophilins at their drug-binding site, hinting at a link to immunosuppressant-sensitive pathways.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid plus in vitro and in vivo co-immunoprecipitation with FKBP59/FKBP12

    PMID:8955134

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of FKBP binding not defined
    • Did not distinguish which FKBPs bind most tightly
  3. 2001 Medium

    Connected GLMN to receptor tyrosine kinase signaling by showing it binds inactive Met and, upon release, stimulates p70S6K, providing a candidate signaling output.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, reciprocal endogenous co-IP, in vitro binding, and kinase activity assay

    PMID:11571281

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct mechanism of p70S6K stimulation by free GLMN unresolved
    • Physiological relevance to vascular disease not established
  4. 2001 Medium

    Mapped the FKBP interaction to a defined residue, refining the molecular basis of immunophilin binding.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid with proline point mutagenesis (P219A) abolishing FKBP12/FKBP52 binding

    PMID:11164950

    Open questions at the time
    • Single interaction readout without structural validation
    • Functional role of the FKBP-GLMN complex still unknown
  5. 2003 Medium

    Placed GLMN within an SCF-like ubiquitin ligase complex and tied that complex to vascular morphogenesis, an early clue that GLMN operates in the ubiquitin system.

    Evidence Co-IP complex purification with CUL7/Skp1/Rbx1/Fbw6 and Cul7-knockout mouse phenotyping

    PMID:12904573

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether GLMN regulates or is merely a passenger of the complex not determined
    • No biochemical role for GLMN in ligase activity yet
  6. 2003 Medium

    Showed cellular consequences of GLMN overexpression on proliferation and IL-2, with candidate downstream effectors, while excluding calcineurin/NFAT and stress kinase pathways.

    Evidence Doxycycline-inducible overexpression in Jurkat T cells with proliferation, cytokine, and gene-expression readouts

    PMID:12604780

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism connecting GLMN to ASS/Mxi1 expression unknown
    • Overexpression context may not reflect endogenous function
  7. 2012 High

    Defined GLMN's core biochemical function: direct RBX1 binding that inhibits CRL1 activity and stabilizes the substrate receptor Fbw7, explaining downstream Cyclin E and c-Myc control.

    Evidence Co-IP, in vitro ubiquitination assays, loss-of-function protein-level analysis, and proteasome-inhibitor rescue

    PMID:22405651

    Open questions at the time
    • Full set of CRL1 substrates regulated through GLMN not enumerated
    • How GLMN abundance is controlled in vivo unaddressed
  8. 2012 High

    Provided the structural mechanism, showing GLMN's HEAT-repeat fold masks the E2-binding surface of RBX1 to block CDC34, explaining both its CRL selectivity and how GVM mutations break the interaction.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of GLMN-RBX1-CUL1 with in vitro chain-formation assays, disease-residue mutagenesis, and SAXS

    PMID:22748924

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not address GLMN's RING-binding outside the CRL context
    • Cellular regulation of GLMN-RBX1 association not captured
  9. 2013 High

    Demonstrated that complete biallelic GLMN loss is required for GVM, identifying somatic uniparental isodisomy of 1p as the predominant second-hit mechanism.

    Evidence Allele-specific SNP-chip analysis and direct sequencing of lesional versus blood DNA across multiple lesions

    PMID:23375657

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell type in which GLMN loss initiates the lesion not pinpointed
    • Link from CRL1 dysregulation to glomus cell phenotype not mechanistically traced
  10. 2014 High

    Revealed GLMN as a target of pathogen subversion, with Shigella IpaH7.8 degrading GLMN to activate inflammasomes and pyroptosis, establishing GLMN as a brake on innate immune activation.

    Evidence Bacterial infection with IpaH7.8 mutants, GLMN gain/loss-of-function, GLMN+/- mouse macrophages, caspase-1 and colocalization assays, and an in vivo model

    PMID:25246571

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular target of GLMN in inflammasome control not yet identified in this study
    • Whether the same axis operates in vascular tissue unknown
  11. 2017 High

    Identified the molecular target of GLMN's inflammasome control, showing it binds cIAP1/2 RING domains to inhibit their autoubiquitination, generalizing GLMN's RING-ligase inhibitory mode beyond RBX1.

    Evidence Co-IP of GLMN with cIAP RING domains, in vitro self-ubiquitination assays, siRNA, and broad pathogen/agonist inflammasome panel

    PMID:29191979

    Open questions at the time
    • How GLMN selects among RING E3s in vivo not resolved
    • Quantitative balance between CRL1 and cIAP regulation by endogenous GLMN unclear
  12. 2019 Medium

    Refined the GLMN-immunophilin interaction map, establishing FKBP51 and FKBP12.6 as the tight partners and localizing the contact to the FK506-binding pocket.

    Evidence In vitro binding and affinity measurements with full-length and truncated FKBP variants and FK506-pocket mutagenesis

    PMID:31490997

    Open questions at the time
    • Cellular function of the FKBP51/12.6-GLMN complex not defined
    • No structure of the GLMN-FKBP complex
  13. 2019 Medium

    Extended GLMN's p70S6K-linked function to melanogenesis, showing GLMN knockdown raises melanin, mature melanosomes, MITF and tyrosinase while lowering phospho-p70S6K.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown in MNT-1 melanocytic cells with melanin quantification, imaging, EM, and pathway immunoblotting

    PMID:38489583

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct biochemical link between GLMN and p70S6K phosphorylation in melanocytes unproven
    • Whether ubiquitin-ligase inhibition underlies this phenotype not tested
  14. 2025 Medium

    Positioned GLMN within a stress-responsive transcriptional and calcium-handling axis, showing glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 represses GLMN and that GLMN mediates FKBP12.6 ubiquitination affecting cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis.

    Evidence Mouse restraint stress models, ChIP-qPCR, NR3C1/GLMN siRNA, immunoblotting, EM, and cardiac functional assessment

    PMID:40943170

    Open questions at the time
    • Which E3 ligase GLMN engages to drive FKBP12.6 ubiquitination not identified
    • Direct versus indirect role of GLMN in calcium leak unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How GLMN's distinct molecular activities — CRL1 inhibition, cIAP inhibition, FKBP binding, and Met/p70S6K modulation — are integrated to produce the tissue-specific vascular smooth muscle phenotype of glomuvenous malformation remains unresolved.
  • No causal chain from CRL1/Fbw7 dysregulation to VSMC differentiation failure
  • Relative contribution of each GLMN interaction to disease unknown
  • No in vivo conditional models dissecting individual GLMN activities

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 2
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 3 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2
Partners
BIRC2BIRC3CUL1FBXW7FKBP1BFKBP5METRBX1
Complex memberships
CRL1/SCF (RBX1-CUL1)CUL7 SCF-like complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 16 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2002 Glomulin (GLMN) was identified as the gene responsible for glomuvenous malformations (GVMs). Germline truncating mutations (14 different mutations in 19 exons) cause loss of function, and a somatic 'second hit' mutation was found in affected tissue, consistent with Knudson's two-hit model. The phenotype of abnormal vascular smooth-muscle-like glomus cells in GVMs suggests glomulin plays a role in VSMC differentiation and vascular morphogenesis in cutaneous veins. Positional cloning, mutation analysis, linkage disequilibrium mapping, identification of somatic second-hit mutation in lesional tissue American journal of human genetics High 11845407
1996 FAP48 (GLMN short isoform) was identified as a protein that specifically interacts with immunophilins FKBP59 and FKBP12. The interaction occurs via the drug-binding domain of the FKBPs and is prevented by FK506 and rapamycin in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting FAP48 shares or overlaps the macrolide binding site on these immunophilins. Yeast two-hybrid screen, in vitro binding assay, in vivo co-immunoprecipitation The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 8955134
2001 FAP68 (the full-length GLMN isoform, 68 kDa) was identified as a ligand-regulated binding partner of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met/c-Met). FAP68 binds specifically to the inactive (unphosphorylated) form of Met via its last 30 C-terminal amino acids, is released upon HGF stimulation and receptor phosphorylation, and free FAP68 specifically stimulates p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) activity. Non-phosphorylated Met prevents FAP68 from stimulating p70S6K. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins, in vitro binding, kinase activity assay The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 11571281
2003 p185 (CUL7) forms an SCF-like multiprotein complex with Skp1, Rbx1, Fbw6 (Fbx29), and FAP68/FAP48 (glomulin/GLMN). Targeted disruption of Cul7 in mice results in abnormal vascular morphogenesis and placental defects, linking the complex to vascular development. Co-immunoprecipitation (complex purification), targeted gene disruption (knockout mouse), histopathology Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 12904573
2003 Overexpression of FAP48 (GLMN) in Jurkat T cells inhibits cellular proliferation (similar to FK506 exposure) and increases IL-2 production. FAP48 overexpression modifies expression of argininosuccinate synthetase and the Myc antagonist Mxi1, suggesting these as mediators of the antiproliferative effect. FAP48 does not affect calcineurin/NFAT1 or JNK/p38 pathways. Doxycycline-inducible overexpression in Jurkat T cells, proliferation assay, cytokine measurement, gene expression analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 12604780
2012 Glomulin (GLMN) binds directly to the RING domain of Rbx1 and inhibits CRL1 (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Loss of GLMN results in decreased levels of Fbw7 and increased levels of Cyclin E and c-Myc due to enhanced CRL1(Fbw7)-mediated Fbw7 turnover. GLMN thus modulates the autoubiquitination and stability of the substrate receptor Fbw7. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro ubiquitination assay, protein level analysis in cells/tissues/GVM lesions, proteasome inhibitor experiments Molecular cell High 22405651
2012 Crystal structure of a GLMN–RBX1–CUL1 complex was solved. GLMN adopts a HEAT-like repeat fold and tightly binds the E2-interacting surface of RBX1, thereby inhibiting CRL-mediated ubiquitin chain formation by the E2 CDC34. The structure explains GLMN's selectivity for RBX1 over RBX2, and demonstrates how disease-associated GVM mutations disrupt GLMN–RBX1 interactions. X-ray crystallography, in vitro ubiquitination chain formation assay, mutagenesis of disease-associated residues, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) Molecular cell High 22748924
2013 Somatic uniparental isodisomy (aUPID) of chromosome 1p, rendering the inherited glomulin mutation homozygous in affected tissue, is the predominant second-hit mechanism in glomuvenous malformation lesions (identified in 16 somatic events). This demonstrates that complete biallelic loss of GLMN function is required to trigger GVM formation. Allele-specific pairwise SNP-chip analysis, direct sequencing of lesional DNA vs. blood DNA American journal of human genetics High 23375657
2014 GLMN (glomulin) is a substrate target of the Shigella E3 ubiquitin ligase effector IpaH7.8. IpaH7.8 ubiquitinates GLMN and promotes its degradation, which activates NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes and caspase-1, leading to macrophage pyroptosis. GLMN overexpression reduced inflammasome activation, while GLMN knockdown or haploinsufficiency (GLMN+/- mice) enhanced it. GLMN puncta colocalize with active caspase-1 upon LPS/ATP stimulation. Bacterial infection assays with IpaH7.8 mutants, overexpression and siRNA knockdown of GLMN, GLMN+/- mouse macrophages, caspase-1 activation assay, co-localization by fluorescence microscopy, in vivo infection model Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 25246571
2017 GLMN specifically binds the RING domains of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins cIAP1 and cIAP2, inhibiting their self-ubiquitination (auto-ubiquitination) E3 ligase activity. Loss of GLMN (via IpaH7.8-mediated degradation or siRNA knockdown) enhances cIAP-mediated inflammasome activation in response to multiple stimuli (Shigella, Salmonella, Pseudomonas infection; NLRP3 activators SiO2, alum, MSU; AIM2 activator poly dA:dT), establishing GLMN as a negative regulator of cIAP-driven inflammasome activation. Co-immunoprecipitation (GLMN with cIAP1/2 RING domains), in vitro self-ubiquitination assay, siRNA knockdown, bacterial infection assays with multiple pathogens, inflammasome activation assays EMBO reports High 29191979
2001 Mutation of proline 219 to alanine in FAP48 (GLMN) abolishes its interaction with FKBP12 and FKBP52, identifying a cysteinyl-prolyl motif at proline 219 as essential for FKBP binding. Yeast two-hybrid with sequential point mutagenesis of proline residues Regulatory peptides Medium 11164950
2019 FKBP51 and FKBP12.6 were identified as novel, tight binding partners of glomulin (GLMN) in vitro; the previously reported FKBP12 interaction was found to be comparatively weak. Two amino acids lining the FK506-binding site of FKBP51 are essential for glomulin binding, and FKBP ligands block the FKBP51–GLMN interaction. In vitro binding analysis, binding affinity measurements of full-length and truncated FKBP mutants, mutagenesis of FK506-binding site residues PloS one Medium 31490997
2019 GLMN knockdown in melanocytic MNT-1 cells increased melanin concentration, increased proportion of mature (stage III/IV) melanosomes, and upregulated microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase while downregulating phosphorylated p70S6K, implicating GLMN in the regulation of melanogenesis via the p70S6K pathway. siRNA knockdown in human MNT-1 melanocytic cells, melanin quantification, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, Western blotting The British journal of dermatology Medium 38489583
2025 Glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 represses GLMN transcription under stress conditions; reduced GLMN prevents FKBP12.6 ubiquitination and degradation, leading to calcium leakage and overload, which impairs mitochondrial quality control and damages cardiomyocytes. ChIP-qPCR and siRNA knockdown confirmed that NR3C1 is an upstream repressor of GLMN, and that GLMN mediates FKBP12.6 ubiquitination. Mouse restraint stress models (acute and chronic), ChIP-qPCR, siRNA knockdown of NR3C1 and GLMN, Western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, cardiac functional assessment International journal of molecular sciences Medium 40943170
2012 FAP48 (GLMN) overexpression in adipocytes alters adipogenesis by acting on both calcineurin and glucocorticoid pathways, and modulates the capacity of certain HIV drugs (Saquinavir and Efavirenz, but not Stavudine, Amprenavir, or Indinavir) to inhibit adipocyte formation. Stable overexpression in cell line, adipogenesis assay, drug treatment experiments Journal of cellular biochemistry Low 22678819
2019 GLMN variants (p.Pro254Arg and p.Glu544*) identified in Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome patients increased phosphorylation of mTOR at Ser-2448 when expressed in HUVECs compared to wild-type GLMN, suggesting that loss-of-function GLMN variants activate mTOR signaling. Overexpression of variant constructs in HUVECs, immunoblotting for phospho-mTOR Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening Low 31793416

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 92 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2003 Treatment of multiple myeloma. Blood 344 12969978
2004 Glomuvenous malformation (glomangioma) and venous malformation: distinct clinicopathologic and genetic entities. Archives of dermatology 211 15313813
1995 Glucosamine induces insulin resistance in vivo by affecting GLUT 4 translocation in skeletal muscle. Implications for glucose toxicity. The Journal of clinical investigation 211 8675649
2002 Mutations in a novel factor, glomulin, are responsible for glomuvenous malformations ("glomangiomas"). American journal of human genetics 208 11845407
2021 Database Resources of the National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation in 2021. Nucleic acids research 166 33175170
2001 T-cell--depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation followed by donor lymphocyte infusion in patients with multiple myeloma: induction of graft-versus-myeloma effect. Blood 151 11493435
2003 Targeted disruption of p185/Cul7 gene results in abnormal vascular morphogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 122 12904573
2018 Database Resources of the BIG Data Center in 2018. Nucleic acids research 114 29036542
2019 Database Resources of the BIG Data Center in 2019. Nucleic acids research 106 30365034
2014 Shigella IpaH7.8 E3 ubiquitin ligase targets glomulin and activates inflammasomes to demolish macrophages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 25246571
2005 Four common glomulin mutations cause two thirds of glomuvenous malformations ("familial glomangiomas"): evidence for a founder effect. Journal of medical genetics 86 15689436
2012 Structure of a glomulin-RBX1-CUL1 complex: inhibition of a RING E3 ligase through masking of its E2-binding surface. Molecular cell 70 22748924
1996 FAP48, a new protein that forms specific complexes with both immunophilins FKBP59 and FKBP12. Prevention by the immunosuppressant drugs FK506 and rapamycin. The Journal of biological chemistry 63 8955134
2013 Somatic uniparental isodisomy explains multifocality of glomuvenous malformations. American journal of human genetics 60 23375657
1994 Characterization of the coenzyme-B12-dependent glutamate mutase from Clostridium cochlearium produced in Escherichia coli. European journal of biochemistry 56 7880251
2012 The glomuvenous malformation protein Glomulin binds Rbx1 and regulates cullin RING ligase-mediated turnover of Fbw7. Molecular cell 54 22405651
2000 Changes in T cell receptor repertoire associated with graft-versus-tumor effect and graft-versus-host disease in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma after donor lymphocyte infusion. Bone marrow transplantation 52 10734296
2004 Donor lymphocyte infusions for multiple myeloma: clinical results and novel perspectives. Bone marrow transplantation 50 15361911
2013 Genotypes and phenotypes of 162 families with a glomulin mutation. Molecular syndromology 47 23801931
2001 Sperm protein 17 (Sp17) in multiple myeloma: opportunity for myeloma-specific donor T cell infusion to enhance graft-versus-myeloma effect without increasing graft-versus-host disease risk. European journal of immunology 43 11477539
2007 Autologous graft-versus-host disease: harnessing anti-tumor immunity through impaired self-tolerance. Bone marrow transplantation 40 18026144
2002 Donor lymphocyte infusion: the use of alloreactive and tumor-reactive lymphocytes for immunotherapy of malignant and nonmalignant diseases in conjunction with allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Journal of hematotherapy & stem cell research 40 11983098
2006 Congenital plaque-type glomuvenous malformations presenting in childhood. Archives of dermatology 37 16847206
2008 Oocyte maturation: converting the zebrafish oocyte to the fertilizable egg. General and comparative endocrinology 33 19027744
2003 Expansion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cell clones in patients with relapsed myeloma after donor lymphocyte infusion. Cancer research 33 12750280
2001 Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Seminars in hematology 33 11486312
1999 Immunophilins, Refsum disease, and lupus nephritis: the peroxisomal enzyme phytanoyl-COA alpha-hydroxylase is a new FKBP-associated protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 33 10051602
1999 Management of multiple myeloma today. Seminars in hematology 33 9989482
2021 Role of Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers 32 33670709
2012 Increased expression of kisspeptin and GnRH forms in the brain of scombroid fish during final ovarian maturation and ovulation. Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E 32 22925208
2003 The FKBP-associated protein FAP48 is an antiproliferative molecule and a player in T cell activation that increases IL2 synthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 32 12604780
2017 Donor Lymphocyte Infusions Used to Treat Mixed-Chimeric and High-Risk Patient Populations in the Relapsed and Nonrelapsed Settings after Allogeneic Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies Are Associated with High Five-Year Survival if Persistent Full Donor Chimerism Is Obtained or Maintained. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 31 28712934
2016 Multiparametric detection of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 31 27252257
2001 Ligand-regulated binding of FAP68 to the hepatocyte growth factor receptor. The Journal of biological chemistry 27 11571281
2019 Using synthetic peptides and recombinant collagen to understand DDR-collagen interactions. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research 26 30880148
2009 The role of missing killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor ligands in T cell replete peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from HLA-identical siblings. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 26 19857587
2021 Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers 25 35008228
2017 Shigella hijacks the glomulin-cIAPs-inflammasome axis to promote inflammation. EMBO reports 25 29191979
2015 Pushing the envelope-nonmyeloablative and reduced intensity preparative regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation 24 25985053
2019 Exploiting autoimmunity unleashed by low-dose immune checkpoint blockade to treat advanced cancer. Scandinavian journal of immunology 22 31589347
2004 Nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation (NST) after truly nonmyeloablative and reduced intensity conditioning regimens. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology 20 15331077
2019 Development of a stable single-vial liposomal formulation for vincristine. International journal of nanomedicine 17 31296986
2012 Microcephaly, intellectual impairment, bilateral vesicoureteral reflux, distichiasis, and glomuvenous malformations associated with a 16q24.3 contiguous gene deletion and a Glomulin mutation. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 16 22407726
2023 Relapse after allogeneic transplantation with post-transplant cyclophosphamide: Shattering myths and evolving insight. Blood reviews 15 37198064
2000 Adoptive allogeneic immunotherapy--history and future perspectives. Transfusion science 15 11035275
2002 Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Reviews in clinical and experimental hematology 12 12616696
2001 Myeloma-reactive allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes lyse target cells via the granule exocytosis pathway. British journal of haematology 12 11167840
2011 A novel mutation of the glomulin gene in an Italian family with autosomal dominant cutaneous glomuvenous malformations. Experimental dermatology 11 22092580
2006 Mutation analysis in Irish families with glomuvenous malformations. The British journal of dermatology 11 16445774
2019 A super-SILAC based proteomics analysis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma-NOS patient samples to identify new proteins that discriminate GCB and non-GCB lymphomas. PloS one 10 31603917
2014 Establishment of a murine graft-versus-myeloma model using allogeneic stem cell transplantation. PloS one 10 25415267
2012 Novel myeloma-associated antigens revealed in the context of syngeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 10 22267603
2007 Glomuvenous malformations. Dermatology online journal 10 17511950
2006 Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: reducing transplant-related mortality while harnessing the graft-versus-myeloma effect. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 10 16759847
2001 [Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for hematological malignancies]. Bulletin du cancer 10 11604365
2001 Allogeneic transplantation using non-myeloablative transplant regimens. Best practice & research. Clinical haematology 10 11924917
2023 Plant-Derived Proteins and Peptides as Potential Immunomodulators. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 9 38202792
2020 MET somatic activating mutations are responsible for lymphovenous malformation and can be identified using cell-free DNA next generation sequencing liquid biopsy. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 9 32858245
2003 Current concepts in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Anticancer research 9 14981967
2012 Role of FAP48 in HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Journal of cellular biochemistry 8 22678819
2011 Myeloma-induced alloreactive T cells arising in myeloma-infiltrated bones include double-positive CD8+CD4+ T cells: evidence from myeloma-bearing mouse model. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 8 21908738
2014 Glomuvenous malformations with smooth muscle and eccrine glands: unusual histopathologic features in a familial setting. Journal of cutaneous pathology 7 24345188
2021 Governor Vessel Moxibustion Therapy Improves Microbiota Structure in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients. Disease markers 6 34966466
2019 FKBP51 and FKBP12.6-Novel and tight interactors of Glomulin. PloS one 6 31490997
2004 Graft vs. host disease and graft vs. myeloma effect after non-myeloablative allogeneic transplantation. Leukemia & lymphoma 6 15223629
2022 A rapidly growing cutaneous malignant glomus tumor with a CCND3 mutation. Journal of cutaneous pathology 5 36059094
2011 Allogeneic transplantation in multiple myeloma. Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer 5 21509689
2001 Mutation of FKBP associated protein 48 (FAP48) at proline 219 disrupts the interaction with FKBP12 and FKBP52. Regulatory peptides 5 11164950
2024 Loss-of-function variants in GLMN are associated with generalized skin hyperpigmentation with or without glomuvenous malformation. The British journal of dermatology 4 38489583
2024 Graph topological transformations in space-filling cell aggregates. PLoS computational biology 4 38743660
2023 Maintenance therapy after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with multiple myeloma. International journal of hematology 4 37060508
2019 Long-term survival without graft-versus-host-disease following infusion of allogeneic myeloma-specific Vβ T cell families. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 4 31727148
2022 Vulvar glomangioma: A case report and literature review. Gynecologic oncology reports 3 35800986
2021 The Role of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Cureus 3 34725596
2020 Development of a universal RT-PCR assay for grapevine vitiviruses. PloS one 3 32960934
2019 Rare Germline GLMN Variants Identified from Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome Might Impact mTOR Signaling. Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening 3 31793416
2017 The Effect of Phototherapy on Cancer Predisposition Genes of Diabetic and Normal Human Skin Fibroblasts. BioMed research international 3 28386563
2017 Donor T-cell responses and disease progression patterns of multiple myeloma. Bone marrow transplantation 3 28967897
2025 Beneath the surface: delineating the subtypes of Dowling-Degos disease. The British journal of dermatology 2 40674458
2014 Incomplete penetrance of GLMN gene c.395-1G>C mutation in a family with glomuvenous malformations. International journal of dermatology 2 24961656
2025 Reduced-intensity conditioning for allogeneic transplantation in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Expert review of hematology 1 40767562
2025 Genome Reconstruction of Grapevine Virus M and In Silico miRNA Prediction for Sequence-Specific Gene Silencing. Current microbiology 1 41021044
2024 Predictive modeling of outcomes in acute leukemia patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using machine learning techniques. Leukemia research 1 39591832
2023 Intense multicycle THz pulse generation from laser-produced nanoplasmas. Scientific reports 1 36918732
2025 Symptomatic Glomuvenous Malformation of the Anterior Chest: Clinical Presentation, Surgical Management, and Genetic Considerations. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 0 40372364
2025 [Donor lymphocyte infusion after allogeneic stem cell transplantation]. Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) 0 40593182
2025 NR3C1/GLMN-Mediated FKBP12.6 Ubiquitination Disrupts Calcium Homeostasis and Impairs Mitochondrial Quality Control in Stress-Induced Myocardial Damage. International journal of molecular sciences 0 40943170
2025 NADH supplementation improves human oocyte maturation and developmental competence of resulting embryos in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycles: a pilot study implicating the CDK2/GAS6 signaling pathway. Frontiers in endocrinology 0 40969372
2025 Pathogenic Glomulin Gene Variant in a Patient with Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Novel Association Case Report. Reports (MDPI) 0 41133550
2024 Treatment of familial glomangiomatosis with Nd:YAG laser: a case report. Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy : official publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology 0 39171935
2023 [Glomuvenous malformation: a clinicopathological analysis of 31 cases]. Zhonghua bing li xue za zhi = Chinese journal of pathology 0 37805390
2018 [The BIG Data Center's database resources]. Yi chuan = Hereditas 0 30465537

Missed literature

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