Affinage

FGL2

Fibroleukin · UniProt Q14314

Length
439 aa
Mass
50.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
99 papers in source corpus 38 papers cited in narrative 38 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

FGL2/fibroleukin is a bifunctional immune effector that links innate coagulation to adaptive immune suppression (PMID:9371581, PMID:18991288). In its membrane-associated form it is a type II integral membrane protein with a C-terminal fibrinogen-related domain that functions as a prothrombinase, directly cleaving prothrombin to thrombin independently of the classical coagulation cascade (PMID:9371581, PMID:11170750); this enzymatic activity requires phosphatidylserine-containing phospholipids and calcium, uses Ser89 as the catalytic residue, and is enhanced ~600-fold by factor Va (PMID:11994472). This prothrombinase drives fibrin deposition and tissue injury across multiple disease models, including MHV-3 viral hepatitis (PMID:9371581, PMID:12840059), acute vascular xenograft rejection (PMID:15100314), collagen-induced arthritis (PMID:21469939), and pulmonary hypertension via a thrombin-PAR1 axis (PMID:31580221). A secreted/oligomeric form acts as an immunosuppressive cytokine that binds FcγRIIB and FcγRIII on antigen-presenting cells, B cells, and T cells (PMID:18991288); through FcγRIIB it suppresses dendritic cell maturation, induces B cell apoptosis, mediates the suppressive effector function of regulatory T cells (PMID:18991288, PMID:18097026), and triggers apoptosis of sinusoidal and venous endothelial cells (PMID:21756857, PMID:39062880). FGL2 is required cell-intrinsically for CD8+ T cell control: secreted FGL2 binds FcγRIIB on the same CD8+ T cell to trigger caspase-3/7-mediated apoptosis, and macrophage-derived FGL2 dampens anti-tumor and anti-viral CD8+ responses by this cell-autonomous route (PMID:38902261, PMID:40125553). Its immunoregulatory activity maps to the C-terminal globular domain, and a homozygous truncating mutation eliminating this domain causes human immune dysregulation with impaired Treg suppression, rescuable by full-length but not truncated protein (PMID:23127799, PMID:36243222). FGL2 transcription is inducible by IFN-γ (via STAT1 with Sp1/Sp3 and GAS/PU.1 elements in macrophages), TNF-α and NF-κB in endothelial cells, and by virulent MHV-3 nucleocapsid protein acting through HNF4α and an Ets-1/Oct-1/Sp1/Sp3 promoter complex (PMID:16709865, PMID:12752447, PMID:12594208).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 19 steps
  1. 1997 High

    Established FGL2 as a virally induced prothrombinase, answering how MHV-3 infection triggers fibrin-mediated hepatocellular necrosis through a host gene rather than the classical cascade.

    Evidence Northern blot, in situ hybridization, immunochemistry, and procoagulant activity assay in MHV-3-infected liver

    PMID:9371581

    Open questions at the time
    • Catalytic residue and cofactor requirements not yet defined
    • Human ortholog not yet characterized
  2. 1998 High

    Defined the signaling and pharmacological controls on viral fgl2 induction, showing transcription is p38 MAPK-dependent and selectively blockable by ribavirin.

    Evidence MAPK inhibitor pharmacology, kinase assays, and Northern blot in MHV-3-infected macrophages

    PMID:9531310 PMID:9822700

    Open questions at the time
    • Transcription factors downstream of p38 not identified here
    • ribavirin (idx 17) is Medium-confidence single-study
  3. 1999 High

    Identified the viral trigger of fgl2 transcription, mapping induction to the virulent MHV-3 nucleocapsid protein acting on a defined promoter region.

    Evidence Luciferase reporter cotransfection with parental and recombinant MHV strain comparison

    PMID:10187767

    Open questions at the time
    • Host transcription factor mediating the N-protein response not yet identified
  4. 2001 High

    Characterized human FGL2 as a single-copy gene encoding a type II membrane protein with a fibrinogen-related domain and reconstituted its prothrombinase activity, confirming the enzyme is conserved in humans.

    Evidence Recombinant expression, functional prothrombinase assay, radiation hybrid mapping, FISH

    PMID:11170750

    Open questions at the time
    • Catalytic mechanism and cofactor dependence still undefined at this stage
  5. 2002 High

    Resolved the enzymatic mechanism, identifying Ser89 as catalytic residue and defining phospholipid, calcium, and factor Va requirements that distinguish FGL2 from canonical serine proteases.

    Evidence Baculovirus expression, phospholipid vesicle reconstitution, kinetics, site-directed mutagenesis, inhibitor panel

    PMID:11994472

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of substrate recognition not determined
    • regulation of membrane vs secreted forms unresolved
  6. 2003 High

    Mapped the cis/trans architecture of fgl2 transcription, defining HNF4α as the N-protein-responsive factor and a constitutive Ets-1/Sp1/Sp3/Oct-1 promoter complex in endothelium.

    Evidence EMSA, promoter deletion, viral protein mutagenesis, heterologous Drosophila expression

    PMID:12594208 PMID:12752447

    Open questions at the time
    • How distinct cell types deploy different factor combinations not fully resolved
  7. 2003 High

    Provided definitive in vivo proof that fgl2 prothrombinase is non-redundant for viral hepatitis pathogenesis using a knockout mouse.

    Evidence Fgl2 knockout mouse in MHV-3 model with procoagulant, histopathology, and survival readouts

    PMID:12840059

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not address any immunomodulatory function of FGL2
  8. 2004 High

    Extended FGL2's procoagulant pathology to transplant rejection and revealed a distinct reproductive role, identifying it as a secretory protein forming sperm-coating oligomeric complexes.

    Evidence fgl2-/- pig-to-rat cardiac xenograft model; cDNA cloning and immunoEM in hamster epididymis

    PMID:15100314 PMID:15377663

    Open questions at the time
    • Function of the epididymal 'death cocoon' relative to prothrombinase activity unclear
    • partner subunits of the oligomer not yet defined
  9. 2006 High

    Defined cytokine-specific, cell-type-restricted transcriptional induction and linked fibrin deposition to cytokine-driven hepatic apoptosis in vivo.

    Evidence EMSA, reporter assays, in vivo cytokine infusion, fgl2 knockout, TUNEL

    PMID:16709865

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism restricting IFN-γ response to macrophages and TNF-α to endothelium only partially explained
  10. 2008 High

    Established the second function of FGL2 as an immunosuppressive cytokine, identifying FcγRIIB/FcγRIII as receptors and showing FGL2 mediates Treg suppression and DC/B cell control.

    Evidence Surface plasmon resonance, flow cytometry, FcγRIIB-/- mice, Treg suppression and B cell apoptosis assays, allograft survival

    PMID:18097026 PMID:18991288

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream apoptotic signaling from FcγRIIB not yet defined
    • relationship between membrane prothrombinase and secreted cytokine forms unclear
  11. 2011 High

    Connected FGL2-FcγRIIB signaling to direct endothelial apoptosis in tissue injury and extended pathology to ischemia-reperfusion, using reciprocal ligand and receptor knockouts.

    Evidence Fgl2-/- and FcγRIIB-/- hepatic I/R models with caspase-3, TUNEL, in vitro SEC apoptosis; collagen arthritis KO model

    PMID:21469939 PMID:21756857

    Open questions at the time
    • Apoptotic effector pathway downstream of FcγRIIB not fully mapped
  12. 2012 High

    Defined FGL2 quaternary structure and mapped its immunosuppressive activity to the C-terminal globular domain, while showing monomer-oligomer state tunes binding versus activity.

    Evidence Recombinant expression, cysteine mutagenesis, SDS-PAGE, deglycosylation, peptide blockade, APC binding

    PMID:23127799

    Open questions at the time
    • High-resolution structure not determined
    • in vivo relevance of oligomeric state unclear
  13. 2013 Medium

    Identified upstream signaling and chromatin-level control of FGL2 secretion in distinct contexts, including JNK-dependent secretion from CD4+ T cells and SNF2L-driven expression in granulosa cells.

    Evidence MAPK inhibitor pharmacology and ELISA in primary CD4+ T cells; Snf2l mutant mouse and Co-IP

    PMID:23616592 PMID:23664593

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab pathway studies without independent confirmation
    • SNF2L-FLI-I link to fgl2 chromatin remodeling indirect
  14. 2014 High

    Placed FGL2 within an upstream complement axis, establishing C5a/C5aR→TNF-α→FGL2 regulation in viral fulminant hepatitis.

    Evidence C5aR-/-, Fgl2-/-, Tnfα-/- mouse infection models with epistasis and in vitro pathway inhibition

    PMID:25200905

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct biochemical link between C5aR signaling and fgl2 promoter not shown
  15. 2019 High

    Demonstrated FGL2's pro-tumor immunosuppression in glioma is DC-dependent and extended procoagulant pathology to pulmonary hypertension via a thrombin-PAR1 axis.

    Evidence Tumor CRISPR-KO with immunocompetent vs immunodeficient and DC-deficient mice; Fgl2-/- PH models with PAR1 analysis

    PMID:30683885 PMID:31580221

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether glioma effect is prothrombinase- or cytokine-dependent not separated
  16. 2022 High

    Expanded FGL2's immunosuppressive sources and mechanisms, identifying TFH-derived FGL2 as an IgE suppressor, a human truncating mutation causing immune dysregulation, and novel interactors (MCOLN3, Tyrobp) driving autophagy/NETs.

    Evidence Conditional Fgl2 deletion (TFH/TFR), whole-exome sequencing with Treg rescue, Co-IP of FGL2-MCOLN3 and FGL2-Tyrobp, adoptive transfer

    PMID:34975313 PMID:35767958 PMID:35926777 PMID:36243222

    Open questions at the time
    • MCOLN3 and Tyrobp interactions are single-lab Co-IPs without reciprocal validation
    • how secreted FGL2 reaches intracellular partners unresolved
  17. 2024 High

    Established the cell-autonomous immunosuppressive circuit, showing secreted FGL2 binds FcγRIIB on the same CD8+ T cell to trigger caspase-3/7 apoptosis, dampening anti-tumor immunity.

    Evidence CD8+ T cell-specific conditional Fgl2 deletion and macrophage-source analysis with FcγRIIB-/- adoptive transfer and apoptosis assays

    PMID:38902261 PMID:40125553

    Open questions at the time
    • Intracellular caspase activation pathway downstream of FcγRIIB not fully detailed
  18. 2025 Medium

    Broadened FGL2 signaling into metabolic and developmental contexts, linking it to JAK2-STAT3-driven OXPHOS/ROS apoptosis in enteric neural crest cells and Src/PKCα-dependent CD47 control of tumor immunogenicity.

    Evidence Primary ENCC stimulation with pathway analysis; CRISPR Fgl2-KO with CD47 reconstitution and inhibitor studies

    PMID:40978140 PMID:41380903

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab mechanistic studies
    • receptor mediating these effects not identified
  19. 2026 Medium

    Defined additional context-specific effector mechanisms: exosomal membrane-FGL2 reprogramming MDSCs via FcγRIIB endocytosis, HDAC11/PAD4-driven NET formation in MASLD, and mTORC1-TFEB-mediated PD-L1 stabilization in HCC.

    Evidence Tumor exosome isolation with FcγRIIB-/- MDSC assays; Fgl2-KO MASLD and HCC models with molecular pathway dissection

    PMID:41629991 PMID:41875310 PMID:42107082

    Open questions at the time
    • All single-lab, very recent findings
    • HDAC11 interaction inferred rather than directly demonstrated

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How a single protein partitions between membrane prothrombinase and secreted immunosuppressive cytokine functions, and whether the two activities are coupled in vivo, remains unresolved.
  • No structural model distinguishing the two functional forms
  • trafficking/cleavage that generates soluble FGL2 not characterized
  • downstream caspase activation mechanism from FcγRIIB not fully mapped

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 3 GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 3
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 4 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2
Pathway
R-HSA-109582 Hemostasis 4 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 3 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 3
Partners
F2F5FCGR2BFCGR3FGL1HDAC11MCOLN3TYROBP
Complex memberships
sperm-associated 'death cocoon' oligomer (FGL2/FGL1)

Evidence

Reading pass · 38 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1997 FGL2 encodes a novel prothrombinase expressed on endothelial cells and Kupffer cells in the liver following MHV-3 infection; the protein directly cleaves prothrombin to thrombin, leading to fibrin deposition and hepatocellular necrosis. Expression is tissue-specific, detected in liver, spleen, and lungs but not brain or kidney despite equivalent viral titers. Northern blot, in situ hybridization, immunochemistry, functional procoagulant activity assay Journal of virology High 9371581
2001 Human FGL2 encodes a 439-amino-acid type II integral membrane protein with a C-terminal fibrinogen-related domain; recombinant protein expressed in vitro functions as a serine protease that directly cleaves prothrombin to thrombin (prothrombinase activity). The gene is single-copy, located at 7q11.23, with two exons. Recombinant protein expression, functional prothrombinase assay, radiation hybrid mapping, FISH Genomics High 11170750
2002 FGL2 prothrombinase activity requires phosphatidylserine-containing phospholipids and calcium; factor Va enhances catalytic efficiency ~600-fold. Site-directed mutagenesis identified Ser89 as the critical catalytic residue. The enzyme is not inhibited by classical serine protease inhibitors (antithrombin III, aprotinin, PMSF, soybean trypsin inhibitor, 4-aminobenzamidine) but is completely abrogated by diisopropylfluorophosphate. Baculovirus expression, phospholipid vesicle reconstitution, kinetic analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, truncation analysis, inhibitor studies Journal of immunology High 11994472
1999 The nucleocapsid (N) protein of virulent MHV-3 (but not non-pathogenic strains) induces transcription of the fgl2 gene; cotransfection of the N protein construct with an fgl2 promoter-luciferase reporter produced a 6-fold increase in activity. A region from -372 to -306 upstream of the ATG was defined as responsive to the N protein. Luciferase reporter assay, cotransfection, parental and recombinant MHV strain comparison The Journal of biological chemistry High 10187767
2003 Viral N protein-induced fgl2 transcription requires the HNF4α transcription factor binding to a -331/-325 HNF4 cis-element in the fgl2 promoter. HNF4α is present in peritoneal macrophages (unprecedented finding) and binds the fgl2 promoter upon MHV-A59 infection as shown by EMSA. Specific amino acid mutations in domain 1 of the N protein (Gly-12, Pro-38, Asn-40, Gln-41, Asn-42) abrogated fgl2 transcription. EMSA, site-directed mutagenesis of N protein, promoter deletion analysis, cotransfection, Western blot The Journal of biological chemistry High 12594208
1998 MHV-3-induced fgl2 expression in macrophages is controlled by the p38 MAPK pathway; selective p38 inhibition (SB203580) abolished virally stimulated fgl2 mRNA, protein, and functional procoagulant activity. ERK activation also occurs and contributes to fgl2 functional activity but not to its mRNA/protein expression. p38 inhibition increased MHV-3-induced ERK activity, indicating crosstalk. Western blot, immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assay, selective MAPK inhibitors (SB203580, PD98059), mRNA analysis, procoagulant activity assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 9822700
2003 Constitutive fgl2 transcription in endothelial cells is controlled by a 119 bp minimal promoter containing a positive regulatory domain (PRD, -87 to -49). Nucleoprotein complexes on this PRD contain Sp1, Sp3, Oct-1, and Ets-1 transcription factors; Ets-1 controls expression while both Sp1 and Sp3 are required. Viral-induced fgl2 expression also requires this PRD. EMSA, promoter deletion analysis, 5'-RACE, primer extension, heterologous expression in Drosophila Schneider cells European journal of biochemistry High 12752447
2006 IFN-γ induces fgl2 transcription in macrophages via a STAT1-dependent pathway involving composite cis elements Sp1/Sp3 and GAS/PU.1; PU.1 interacts with IFN-γ-activated STAT1 and Sp1/Sp3, and this interaction determines macrophage-specific fgl2 induction. TNF-α induces fgl2 in endothelial cells but not macrophages (and vice versa for IFN-γ). fgl2-dependent fibrin deposition mediates cytokine-induced hepatic apoptosis in vivo, as fgl2-/- mice are protected. Northern blot, EMSA, reporter assay, in vivo cytokine infusion, fgl2 knockout mouse, TUNEL/histopathology Journal of immunology High 16709865
2003 Fgl2/fibroleukin-deficient mice show markedly reduced procoagulant activity in peritoneal macrophages upon MHV-3 infection, reduced fibrin deposition and liver necrosis, and improved survival, directly establishing a non-redundant in vivo role for fgl2 prothrombinase in viral hepatitis pathogenesis. Fgl2 knockout mouse, MHV-3 infection model, procoagulant activity assay, histopathology, survival analysis The Journal of clinical investigation High 12840059
2008 FGL2 binds specifically to FcγRIIB and FcγRIII receptors on antigen-presenting cells (B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells), as shown by flow cytometry and surface plasmon resonance. FGL2 inhibits DC maturation only in FcγRIIB+/+ but not FcγRIIB-/- mice. FGL2 induces apoptosis in FcγRIIB+ A20 B cells but not in FcγRIIB-deficient A20IIA1.6 cells. Recombinant FGL2 prolonged allograft survival in FcγRIIB+/+ but not FcγRIIB-/- mice. Flow cytometry, surface plasmon resonance, FcγRIIB knockout mouse, B cell apoptosis assay, skin allograft survival European journal of immunology High 18991288
2008 FGL2 produced by CD4+CD25+ Treg cells is required for their suppressive activity; anti-FGL2 antibody completely inhibited Treg activity in vitro. FGL2 deficiency led to impaired Treg suppression, increased T cell proliferation, Th1 polarization, increased DC numbers with enhanced CD80/MHCII expression after LPS, and spontaneous autoimmune glomerulonephritis. FGL2 induces B cell apoptosis via FcγRIIB. Fgl2 knockout mouse, bone marrow reconstitution, T cell proliferation assay, DC maturation assay, B cell apoptosis assay, anti-FGL2 antibody blockade Journal of immunology High 18097026
2004 Porcine fgl2 (pfgl2) expressed on vascular endothelial cells generates thrombin from human prothrombin. In pig-to-Lewis-rat cardiac xenograft model, fgl2+/+ and fgl2+/- hearts developed thrombosis associated with fgl2 induction in graft ECs, while fgl2-/- xenografts were completely devoid of thrombosis, directly demonstrating that endothelial fgl2 is the key procoagulant in acute vascular xenograft rejection. Gene cloning, recombinant protein expression, functional prothrombinase assay, fgl2-/- mouse heterotopic cardiac xenotransplantation model, immunohistochemistry Journal of immunology High 15100314
2011 FGL2 binding to FcγRIIB on sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) induces apoptosis and initiates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. In vitro, FGL2 induced apoptosis of SECs from WT but not FcγRIIB-/- mice. In vivo, deletion of either FGL2 or FcγRIIB markedly reduced SEC and hepatocyte apoptosis (caspase-3 and TUNEL staining) and dramatically improved survival after hepatic ischemia. Fgl2 KO and FcγRIIB KO mouse I/R model, caspase-3 immunostaining, TUNEL, AST/ALT measurement, in vitro SEC apoptosis assay with recombinant FGL2 Journal of hepatology High 21756857
2012 Native FGL2 exists as an oligomer (~260 kDa tetramer of 65 kDa monomers). Cysteines at positions 94, 97, 184, and 187 in the coiled-coil domain are critical for oligomerization (site-directed mutagenesis). Monomeric FGL2 has lower binding affinity to APCs but greater immunosuppressive activity than oligomeric FGL2. Deglycosylation reduces FGL2 solubility. The functional immunosuppressive domain maps to the C-terminal globular domain. COS-7 recombinant expression, site-directed mutagenesis of cysteines, SDS-PAGE/reducing conditions, deglycosylation, peptide blockade assay, SWISS-MODEL structural analysis, APC binding assay The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology High 23127799
2004 FGL2 is the major secretory protein (HEP64) of hamster proximal cauda epididymidis principal cells; it specifically binds nonviable spermatozoa and assembles into a 'death cocoon' complex (~260 and 280 kDa disulfide-linked oligomers of 64 kDa monomers) coating defective sperm. The protein is absent from viable spermatozoa. cDNA library screening, Northern blot, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy, SDS-PAGE, microsequencing The Journal of biological chemistry High 15377663
2011 mFGL2 prothrombinase is markedly up-regulated in joints of mice with collagen-induced arthritis and is associated with fibrin deposition in synovium. fgl2-/- mice injected with anti-collagen II antibody did not develop any clinical or histological manifestations of arthritis, whereas fgl2+/+ mice developed severe arthritis, directly establishing fgl2 as required for fibrin-mediated pathogenesis of experimental arthritis. fgl2-/- mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, clinical arthritis scoring, histopathology Scandinavian journal of rheumatology High 21469939
2019 FGL2 expressed in glioma stem cells inhibits GM-CSF-induced CD103+ DC differentiation by suppressing NF-κB, STAT1/5, and p38 activation. FGL2 KO in tumor cells had no effect on tumor growth in immunodeficient mice but completely impaired GBM progression in immune-competent mice; this impairment was reversed by DC deficiency, establishing a DC-dependent immune mechanism. FGL2 CRISPR/KO in tumor cells, syngeneic GBM mouse models (immunocompetent vs. immunodeficient), DC differentiation assay, NF-κB/STAT/p38 signaling analysis Nature communications High 30683885
1998 Ribavirin inhibits MHV-3-induced macrophage production of fgl2 prothrombinase (procoagulant activity) as well as TNF-α and IL-1β at the level of gene transcription (Northern analysis), without inhibiting LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-α/IL-1β production, demonstrating virus-specific transcriptional regulation of fgl2. Procoagulant activity assay, ELISA, Northern blot, in vitro and in vivo MHV-3 infection with ribavirin treatment Journal of immunology Medium 9531310
2013 TNF-α and IFN-γ induce soluble FGL2 secretion from CD4+ T cells via the JNK MAPK pathway; JNK inhibition (not p38 or ERK) significantly reduced sFGL2 secretion in vitro, and sFGL2/TNF-α/IFN-γ were all elevated in peripheral blood of renal allograft recipients with acute rejection. CD4+ T cell isolation, cytokine stimulation, JNK/p38/ERK inhibitors, ELISA for sFGL2 The Journal of surgical research Medium 23664593
2014 C5a/C5aR signaling promotes FGL2 expression in macrophages and LSECs via ERK1/2 and p38 pathways during viral fulminant hepatitis; C5aR-/- or Fgl2-/- mice had significantly reduced complement activation and coagulation, establishing a C5a→TNF-α→FGL2 regulatory axis in vascular endothelial cells. C5aR-/-, Fgl2-/-, Tnfα-/- mouse infection models, C5a administration in vitro, ERK/p38 inhibitors, immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, ELISA Journal of hepatology High 25200905
2021 FGL2-producing glioma cells recruit macrophages into the tumor microenvironment and induce them to secrete CXCL7 via CD16/SyK/PI3K/HIF1α pathways; CXCL7 in turn enhances stem-like functionality of glioma cells. This FGL2-CXCL7 paracrine loop was blocked by a neutralizing anti-CXCL7 antibody. Mass cytometry, RNA sequencing, immunocompetent mouse GBM model, anti-CXCL7 neutralizing antibody, pathway inhibition Cancer letters Medium 33676940
2022 FGL2 directly interacts with mucolipin 3 (MCOLN3) in neutrophils, regulating calcium influx and initiating autophagy, which leads to neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Neutrophil-specific FGL2 promotes NETs formation in fulminant viral hepatitis; adoptive transfer confirmed the neutrophil-intrinsic mechanism. Single-cell RNA sequencing, whole-transcriptome sequencing, adoptive transfer experiment, DNase 1 NET depletion, co-immunoprecipitation (FGL2-MCOLN3 interaction), mouse MHV-3 model Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology Medium 35926777
2022 FGL2 expressed by T follicular helper (TFH) cells (not only Tregs) represses allergen-specific IgE production. Conditional deletion of Fgl2 specifically in TFH and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, but not TFR cells alone, increased antigen-specific IgE levels and IgE-mediated anaphylactic responses, establishing TFH-derived FGL2 as a suppressor of IgE+ germinal center B cell responses. Conditional Fgl2 deletion (TFH- and TFR-specific), food allergy mouse model, IgE ELISA, flow cytometry of GC B cells, anaphylaxis assay Cell reports High 35767958
2022 A homozygous truncating mutation (c.614_617del:p.V205fs) in human FGL2, which preserves the N-terminal domain but eliminates the C-terminal immunoregulatory domain, causes immune dysregulation with impaired Treg suppressive function. Addition of full-length FGL2 (but not the truncated mutant) rescued the Treg suppressive defect in vitro, demonstrating that the C-terminal domain is required for immunosuppressive function. Whole-exome sequencing, immunoblotting of transfected HEK293 cells, flow cytometry, Treg suppression assay, rescue with recombinant full-length vs. truncated FGL2 The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology High 36243222
2024 CD8+ T cell-intrinsic FGL2 suppresses anti-tumor and anti-viral CD8+ T cell responses via cell-autonomous binding of secreted FGL2 to FcγRIIB expressed on the same CD8+ T cells, triggering caspase 3/7-mediated apoptosis. Conditional deletion of Fgl2 specifically in antigen-specific CD8+ T cells prolonged their persistence, reduced exhaustion signatures, and improved tumor control. Conditional CD8+ T cell-specific Fgl2 deletion, tumor and chronic viral infection mouse models, transcriptomics, caspase 3/7 apoptosis assay, FcγRIIB-/- CD8+ T cell adoptive transfer Nature communications High 38902261
2019 FGL2 prothrombinase participates in pulmonary hypertension pathogenesis; Fgl2 knockout reduced in situ thrombus formation, vascular remodeling, and endothelial apoptosis. FGL2 loss downregulated PAR1 (proteinase-activated receptor 1) expression and decreased platelet overactivation in hypoxia-induced PH, establishing a FGL2-thrombin-PAR1 signaling axis. Fgl2 knockout mouse, monocrotaline rat PH model, hypoxia mouse PH model, immunohistochemistry, PAR1 expression analysis, platelet activation assay Journal of applied physiology High 31580221
2012 FGL2 knockdown in HCCLM6 hepatocellular carcinoma cells decreased tumor growth and angiogenesis in xenografts, and was associated with decreased ERK and JNK phosphorylation. Overexpression of FGL2 or addition of recombinant hFGL2 protein induced phosphorylation of p38-MAPK and ERK1/2 via protease-activated receptor (PAR) activation in vitro. MicroRNA-mediated knockdown, xenograft model in nude mice, cytometric bead array, recombinant FGL2 stimulation, MAPK phosphorylation assay Liver international Medium 22925132
2016 FGL2 oligomers in the hamster cauda epididymis are composed of two disulfide-linked subunits: 64 kDa FGL2 and 33 kDa FGL1. Both proteins are present in soluble epididymal fluid and in the sperm-associated death cocoon complex. Co-immunoprecipitation with anti-FGL2 antibody demonstrated that FGL1 and FGL2 associate in soluble form as well. Proteomics, PCR-based cloning, co-immunoprecipitation, immunocytochemistry, Northern blot, in situ hybridization The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology Medium 27732889
2013 SNF2L (imitation switch ATPase) directly regulates Fgl2 expression in granulosa cells; Snf2l mutant mice fail to induce Fgl2 in response to hCG stimulation, while SNF2L overexpression drives Fgl2 expression. SNF2L interacts with the nuclear receptor co-activator flightless I (FLI-I) as shown by immunoprecipitation. Snf2l mutant mouse, hCG stimulation, granulosa cell overexpression, immunoprecipitation (SNF2L-FLI-I interaction), superovulation assay Biology of reproduction Medium 23616592
2022 FGL2 interacts with Tyrobp in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells, promoting ERK-dependent autophagy and cell proliferation. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence colocalization confirmed the FGL2-Tyrobp interaction; knockdown of FGL2 reduced autophagy and proliferation while gain-of-function rescued Tyrobp-dependent effects. Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence colocalization, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, xenograft mouse model, ERK phosphorylation assay International journal of medical sciences Medium 34975313
2024 Macrophage-secreted FGL2 dampens CD8+ T cell responses through direct binding to FcγRIIB expressed on CD8+ T cells, inducing T cell apoptosis in a CD8+ T cell-autonomous manner (not via APC intermediary). Absence of FcγRIIB from CD8+ T cells rendered them insensitive to FGL2-mediated regulation; macrophages are the dominant FGL2-producing cell in the tumor microenvironment across 10 cancer types. Melanoma mouse model, macrophage-specific Fgl2 analysis, FcγRIIB-/- CD8+ T cell adoptive transfer, apoptosis assay, scRNA-seq of human cancer data JCI insight High 40125553
2026 Tumor-derived exosomes deliver membrane-bound FGL2 (mFgl2) to MDSCs via FcγRIIB-mediated endocytosis, enhancing their immunosuppressive function (upregulated Arg-1 and iNOS, increased suppression of CD8+ T cells). Genetic ablation of FcγRIIB or antibody-mediated neutralization of FGL2 abolished exosome-mediated MDSC programming. Tumor-derived exosome isolation, FcγRIIB-/- MDSC functional assay, anti-Fgl2 neutralizing antibody, CD8+ T cell suppression assay, in vivo tumor model Advanced science Medium 41875310
2024 Arterial fluid shear stress (FSS) on venous endothelial cells increases FGL2 secretion via NF-κB signaling; secreted FGL2 promotes endothelial apoptosis via FcγRIIB. FcγRIIB blocking antibody reduced FGL2-induced caspase-3 activation in HUVECs exposed to arterial FSS. Tandem Mass Tagging proteomics of HUVEC secretome, Western blot, NF-κB inhibitor (BAY 11-7085), recombinant FGL2 treatment, FcγRIIB blocking antibody, caspase-3 immunocytochemistry International journal of molecular sciences Medium 39062880
2026 FGL2 in MASLD regulates NETs formation through direct interaction with HDAC11, promoting histone H3 deacetylation and facilitating PAD4-mediated citrullination to drive NET release. Genetic disruption of FGL2 or NETs inhibition restores LSEC fenestration, improves microvascular hemodynamics, and attenuates fibrosis. FGL2 KO mouse MASLD model, FGL2-HDAC11 interaction (implied by mechanistic studies), PAD4 citrullination assay, LSEC fenestration imaging, DNase 1 NET depletion Advanced science Medium 42107082
2026 FGL2 promotes PD-L1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by activating mTORC1 signaling, which phosphorylates and prevents nuclear translocation of TFEB, thereby inhibiting lysosome biosynthesis and lysosomal degradation of PD-L1. FGL2 KO in mice reduced tumor PD-L1 expression and synergized with anti-PD1 therapy. Fgl2 KO mouse HCC models, TFEB phosphorylation/nuclear translocation assay, mTORC1 signaling analysis, lysosome function assay, anti-PD1 combination treatment Cell communication and signaling Medium 41629991
2025 FGL2 stimulation of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) increases apoptosis by enhancing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) through activation of JAK2-STAT3 signaling, leading to ROS accumulation. FGL2 is upregulated in aganglionic colon tissues from Hirschsprung disease patients. Primary ENCC isolation, FGL2 stimulation in vitro, JAK2-STAT3 pathway analysis, OXPHOS/ROS measurement, apoptosis assay, patient tissue immunostaining iScience Medium 40978140
2025 FGL2-KO in tumor cells suppresses CD47 expression through the Src and PKCα pathways; reconstitution of CD47 in Fgl2-KO tumor cells reversed immune protection. This Fgl2-CD47 circuit controls tumor immunogenicity and ability to induce brain-resident memory T cells. CRISPR/Cas9 Fgl2-KO in multiple tumor cell lines, CD47 reconstitution experiment, Src/PKCα inhibition, proteomic analysis, adoptive transfer of brain immune cells Cancer letters Medium 41380903
2009 SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) protein does NOT modulate FGL2 promoter activity or FGL2 mRNA/protein expression in human cells (including SARS-CoV-infected cells), in contrast to MHV-3 N protein, despite SARS-CoV N protein being able to repress interferon-stimulated response elements. Transfection of SARS-CoV N protein into human cell lines, luciferase reporter assay with FGL2 promoter, Northern blot, SARS-CoV infection experiment The Journal of general virology Medium 19423547

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 99 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1998 Ribavirin inhibits viral-induced macrophage production of TNF, IL-1, the procoagulant fgl2 prothrombinase and preserves Th1 cytokine production but inhibits Th2 cytokine response. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 251 9531310
2003 The Fgl2/fibroleukin prothrombinase contributes to immunologically mediated thrombosis in experimental and human viral hepatitis. The Journal of clinical investigation 160 12840059
2008 Targeted deletion of fgl2 leads to impaired regulatory T cell activity and development of autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 132 18097026
2019 FGL2 promotes tumor progression in the CNS by suppressing CD103+ dendritic cell differentiation. Nature communications 105 30683885
2008 The FGL2-FcgammaRIIB pathway: a novel mechanism leading to immunosuppression. European journal of immunology 89 18991288
2015 FGL2 as a Multimodality Regulator of Tumor-Mediated Immune Suppression and Therapeutic Target in Gliomas. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 88 25971300
2001 Fgl2 prothrombinase expression in mouse trophoblast and decidua triggers abortion but may be countered by OX-2. Molecular human reproduction 85 11160845
1997 Fulminant hepatic failure in murine hepatitis virus strain 3 infection: tissue-specific expression of a novel fgl2 prothrombinase. Journal of virology 85 9371581
2004 Endothelial induction of fgl2 contributes to thrombosis during acute vascular xenograft rejection. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 79 15100314
1999 The emerging role of immunoregulation of fibrinogen-related procoagulant Fgl2 in the success or spontaneous abortion of early pregnancy in mice and humans. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) 69 10429765
2001 Genomic characterization, localization, and functional expression of FGL2, the human gene encoding fibroleukin: a novel human procoagulant. Genomics 66 11170750
2002 Kinetic analysis of a unique direct prothrombinase, fgl2, and identification of a serine residue critical for the prothrombinase activity. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 65 11994472
2014 The Duality of Fgl2 - Secreted Immune Checkpoint Regulator Versus Membrane-Associated Procoagulant: Therapeutic Potential and Implications. International reviews of immunology 61 25259408
2010 The novel immunoregulatory molecule FGL2: a potential biomarker for severity of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of hepatology 54 20615566
2006 Cytokine-induced hepatic apoptosis is dependent on FGL2/fibroleukin: the role of Sp1/Sp3 and STAT1/PU.1 composite cis elements. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 51 16709865
2014 C5aR, TNF-α, and FGL2 contribute to coagulation and complement activation in virus-induced fulminant hepatitis. Journal of hepatology 50 25200905
2004 The fgl2 prothrombinase/fibroleukin gene is required for lipopolysaccharide-triggered abortions and for normal mouse reproduction. Molecular human reproduction 50 14742694
2012 Downregulation of FGL2/prothrombinase delays HCCLM6 xenograft tumour growth and decreases tumour angiogenesis. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 46 22925132
2011 FGL2/fibroleukin mediates hepatic reperfusion injury by induction of sinusoidal endothelial cell and hepatocyte apoptosis in mice. Journal of hepatology 46 21756857
2003 Th1 cytokines and the prothrombinase fgl2 in stress-triggered and inflammatory abortion. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) 45 12852495
1998 Murine hepatitis virus strain 3 induces the macrophage prothrombinase fgl-2 through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. The Journal of biological chemistry 44 9822700
2021 FGL2-wired macrophages secrete CXCL7 to regulate the stem-like functionality of glioma cells. Cancer letters 43 33676940
2015 Deletion of Fibrinogen-like Protein 2 (FGL-2), a Novel CD4+ CD25+ Treg Effector Molecule, Leads to Improved Control of Echinococcus multilocularis Infection in Mice. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 43 25955764
1999 The nucleocapsid protein of murine hepatitis virus type 3 induces transcription of the novel fgl2 prothrombinase gene. The Journal of biological chemistry 41 10187767
2022 FGL2-MCOLN3-Autophagy Axis-Triggered Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Exacerbate Liver Injury in Fulminant Viral Hepatitis. Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology 40 35926777
2014 C5a/C5aR pathway is essential for the pathogenesis of murine viral fulminant hepatitis by way of potentiating Fgl2/fibroleukin expression. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 39 24604562
2003 Induction of prothrombinase fgl2 by the nucleocapsid protein of virulent mouse hepatitis virus is dependent on host hepatic nuclear factor-4 alpha. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 12594208
2006 Novel mfgl2 antisense plasmid inhibits murine fgl2 expression and ameliorates murine hepatitis virus type 3-induced fulminant hepatitis in BALB/cJ mice. Human gene therapy 37 16776568
2004 Region-specific expression and secretion of the fibrinogen-related protein, fgl2, by epithelial cells of the hamster epididymis and its role in disposal of defective spermatozoa. The Journal of biological chemistry 34 15377663
1998 Expression of the fgl2 and its protein product (prothrombinase) in tissues during murine hepatitis virus strain-3 (MHV-3) infection. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 33 9782336
2016 C5a/C5aR Pathway Plays a Vital Role in Brain Inflammatory Injury via Initiating Fgl-2 in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Molecular neurobiology 31 27709492
2010 The FGL2/fibroleukin prothrombinase is involved in alveolar macrophage activation in COPD through the MAPK pathway. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 31 20438701
2011 The prothrombinase activity of FGL2 contributes to the pathogenesis of experimental arthritis. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology 30 21469939
2023 FGL2-targeting T cells exhibit antitumor effects on glioblastoma and recruit tumor-specific brain-resident memory T cells. Nature communications 27 36759517
2014 Soluble FGL2, a novel effector molecule of activated hepatic stellate cells, regulates T-cell function in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology international 27 25298849
2012 The significance of microthrombosis and fgl2 in no-reflow phenomenon of rats with acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 27 22387586
2012 Characterization of fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2): monomeric FGL2 has enhanced immunosuppressive activity in comparison to oligomeric FGL2. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 26 23127799
2003 Gene transcription of fgl2 in endothelial cells is controlled by Ets-1 and Oct-1 and requires the presence of both Sp1 and Sp3. European journal of biochemistry 26 12752447
2013 TNF-α upregulates Fgl2 expression in rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994) 25 23432784
2007 Fgl2 deficiency causes neonatal death and cardiac dysfunction during embryonic and postnatal development in mice. Physiological genomics 23 17550996
2013 Targeted deletion of FGL2 leads to increased early viral replication and enhanced adaptive immunity in a murine model of acute viral hepatitis caused by LCMV WE. PloS one 22 24146739
2015 Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate ameliorates experimental coronary no-reflow phenomenon through down-regulation of FGL2. Life sciences 21 26482204
2022 Development of allergen-specific IgE in a food-allergy model requires precisely timed B cell stimulation and is inhibited by Fgl2. Cell reports 19 35767958
2020 FGL2 is positively correlated with enhanced antitumor responses mediated by T cells in lung adenocarcinoma. PeerJ 19 32206449
2007 LPS-induced occult loss in mice requires FGL2. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) 19 17997751
2018 FGL2 prothrombinase contributes to the early stage of coronary microvascular obstruction through a fibrin-dependent pathway. International journal of cardiology 18 30279004
2013 Soluble FGL2 induced by tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ in CD4+ T cells through MAPK pathway in human renal allograft acute rejection. The Journal of surgical research 18 23664593
2022 miR-146b suppresses LPS-induced M1 macrophage polarization via inhibiting the FGL2-activated NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway in inflammatory bowel disease. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 17 35749999
2019 FGL2 regulates IKK/NF-κB signaling in intestinal epithelial cells and lamina propria dendritic cells to attenuate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Molecular immunology 17 31743856
2016 Programmed death (PD)-1 attenuates macrophage activation and brain inflammation via regulation of fibrinogen-like protein 2 (Fgl-2) after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Immunology letters 17 27717876
2024 FGL2 promotes tumour growth and attenuates infiltration of activated immune cells in melanoma and ovarian cancer models. Scientific reports 16 38191799
2024 FGL1 and FGL2: emerging regulators of liver health and disease. Biomarker research 16 38816776
2020 Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2 (FGL2) is a Novel Biomarker for Clinical Prediction of Human Breast Cancer. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 16 32716910
2010 The Role of FGL2 in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Rambam Maimonides medical journal 16 23908776
2014 Increased peripheral and local soluble FGL2 in the recovery of renal ischemia reperfusion injury in a porcine kidney auto-transplantation model. Journal of translational medicine 15 24559374
2023 FGL2 deficiency alleviates maternal inflammation-induced blood-brain barrier damage by blocking PI3K/NF-κB mediated endothelial oxidative stress. Frontiers in immunology 13 37051251
2003 Cloning and tissue expression of the tissue prothrombinase Fgl-2 in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation 13 12593995
2022 Stat4 rs7574865 polymorphism promotes the occurrence and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via the Stat4/CYP2E1/FGL2 pathway. Cell death & disease 12 35136014
2018 Soluble Fgl2 restricts autoimmune hepatitis progression via suppressing Tc17 and conventional CD8+ T cell function. The journal of gene medicine 12 29756667
2013 The imitation switch ATPase Snf2l is required for superovulation and regulates Fgl2 in differentiating mouse granulosa cells. Biology of reproduction 12 23616592
2010 Expression and significance of fgl2 prothrombinase in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells of rats with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban 12 21063837
2022 Targeting FGL2 in glioma immunosuppression and malignant progression. Frontiers in oncology 11 36313679
2016 Two fibrinogen-like proteins, FGL1 and FGL2 are disulfide-linked subunits of oligomers that specifically bind nonviable spermatozoa. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 11 27732889
2024 FGL2172-220 peptides improve the antitumor effect of HCMV-IE1mut vaccine against glioblastoma by modulating immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology 10 39508842
2017 IL-33 protects murine viral fulminant hepatitis by targeting coagulation hallmark protein FGL2/fibroleukin expression. Molecular immunology 10 28494352
2009 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein does not modulate transcription of the human FGL2 gene. The Journal of general virology 10 19423547
2022 The Fgl2 interaction with Tyrobp promotes the proliferation of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by regulating ERK-dependent autophagy. International journal of medical sciences 9 34975313
2019 The FGL2 prothrombinase contributes to the pathological process of experimental pulmonary hypertension. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 9 31580221
2018 FGL2 knockdown improves heart function through regulation of TLR9 signaling in the experimental autoimmune myocarditis rats. Immunologic research 8 29128901
2012 Fgl2 prothrombinase is involved in severe acute pancreatitis-associated liver injury. Hepato-gastroenterology 8 22456282
2024 CD8+ T cell-derived Fgl2 regulates immunity in a cell-autonomous manner via ligation of FcγRIIB. Nature communications 7 38902261
2019 Author Correction: FGL2 promotes tumor progression in the CNS by suppressing CD103+ dendritic cell differentiation. Nature communications 7 30770835
2003 FGL2 prothrombinase messenger RNA expression in gravid and nongravid human myometrium. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 7 12712110
2024 FGL2 improves experimental colitis related to gut microbiota structure and bile acid metabolism by regulating macrophage autophagy and apoptosis. Heliyon 6 39104498
2022 Assessment of Fibrinogen-like 2 (FGL2) in Human Chronic Kidney Disease through Transcriptomics Data Analysis. Biomolecules 6 36671474
2003 Fgl2: link between hepatitis B and SARS? Drug discovery today 6 12946632
2022 A homozygous truncating mutation of FGL2 is associated with immune dysregulation. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 5 36243222
2025 Macrophage-derived Fgl2 dampens antitumor immunity through regulation of FcγRIIB+CD8+ T cells in melanoma. JCI insight 4 40125553
2020 Fibrinogen-related protein, FGL2, of hamster cauda epididymal fluid: Purification, kinetic analysis of its prothrombinase activity, and its role in segregation of nonviable spermatozoa. Molecular reproduction and development 4 33216420
2012 Inhibitory function of Tregs via soluble FGL2 in chronic hepatitis B. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban 4 22886967
2022 Expression of fibrinogen-like protein 2 (Fgl2) on Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expression in autoimmune myelitis. International immunopharmacology 3 36508913
2021 Targeting FGL2, a molecular drug target for glioblastoma, with natural compounds through virtual screening method. Future medicinal chemistry 3 33821685
2025 The Maternal-Fetal Interface Fibrin Deposition and Expression of FGL2 in the Placenta of Preeclampsia and Fetal Growth Restriction. International journal of gynecological pathology : official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists 2 40388520
2024 FGL2/FcγRIIB Signalling Mediates Arterial Shear Stress-Mediated Endothelial Cell Apoptosis: Implications for Coronary Artery Bypass Vein Graft Pathogenesis. International journal of molecular sciences 2 39062880
2024 FGL2: A new target molecule for coagulation and immune regulation in infectious disease. International immunopharmacology 2 39488038
2022 Proteinase-activated Receptor-1 Antagonist Attenuates Brain Injury via Regulation of FGL2 and TLR4 after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Neuroscience 2 35182700
2025 Fgl2 regulates FcγRIIB+CD8+ T cell responses during infection. JCI insight 1 40197366
2025 Association of Serum FGL2 Levels with Asthma Severity and Airway Remodeling. International archives of allergy and immunology 1 41468316
2023 Fibrinogen-Related Protein, Fgl2, of Hamster Cauda Epididymal Fluid: Enzymatic Characterization, and Identification of Fgl2-Binding Proteins and Ligand of Defective Hamster Sperm Organelles. International journal of biochemistry & physiology 1 39135670
2026 Disruption of FGL2 induces TFEB-dependent lysosomal degradation of PD-L1 and enhances the efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 0 41629991
2026 Novel FGL2::PDGFD and TGFBI::PDGFB Fusions Expand the Molecular Spectrum of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 0 41711154
2026 Knockdown of FGL2 ameliorates retinal microvascular endothelial cell injury and oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy. Microvascular research 0 41794280
2026 Tumor-Derived Exosomes Deliver Membrane-Bound Fgl2 to Activate FcγRIIB-Mediated Immunosuppression in Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 0 41875310
2026 FGL2-HDAC11 Drives Immunothrombosis via NETs-Mediated Endothelial Capillarization in MASLD Fibrosis. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 0 42107082
2026 Serum FGL2 is correlated with the severity and psychological status of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Frontiers in medicine 0 42131612
2025 Role of fibrinogen-like 2 (FGL2) proteins in implantation: Potential implications and mechanism. Gene 0 39884406
2025 FGL2-induced metabolic dysregulation in enteric neural crest cells provides insight into Hirschsprung disease pathogenesis. iScience 0 40978140
2025 Fgl2-knockout tumor cells serve as a vaccine inducing long-duration brain-resident memory T cells that reject subsequent intracranial tumor cell challenges. Cancer letters 0 41380903
2025 Hypoxia-preconditioned cardiomyocyte-derived extracellular vesicles alleviate myocardial ischemic injury by reprogramming macrophage polarization via the Fgl2/NF-κB pathway. International immunopharmacology 0 41421228

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for FGL2? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

No submissions yet.