Affinage

F2RL2

Proteinase-activated receptor 3 · UniProt O00254

Length
374 aa
Mass
42.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 10 papers cited in narrative 10 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

F2RL2 (PAR3) is a protease-activated receptor that serves as a multifunctional cofactor, coreceptor, and autonomous signaling module in hemostasis, vascular biology, and immune regulation. On mouse platelets, PAR3 binds thrombin via its cleaved extracellular domain docking onto thrombin exosite I, allosterically remodeling the 60-loop to widen active-site access and thereby promoting PAR4 cleavage at low thrombin concentrations; Par3-knockout mice are consequently protected from thrombosis (PMID:12384423, PMID:17606903). PAR3 also heterodimerizes with PAR1 to shift G-protein coupling toward Gα13 and regulate endothelial permeability, and with PAR2 to mediate activated protein C signaling in regulatory T cells (PMID:17376866, PMID:28827518). Independent of other PARs, PAR3 signals autonomously through ERK1/2 to drive IL-8 release, and noncanonical cleavage by activated protein C or factor Xa at Arg41 activates a barrier-protective Tie2–ZO-1 pathway in endothelial cells (PMID:18264801, PMID:25320242).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 8 steps
  1. 2001 Medium

    Before PAR3's susceptibility to neutrophil proteases was examined, it was unclear whether inflammatory enzymes could modulate PAR3 cofactor function; cathepsin G and elastase were shown to inactivate human PAR3 signaling and prevent murine PAR3 from facilitating PAR4 activation, establishing that neutrophil proteases can disable PAR3-dependent thrombin signaling.

    Evidence Transfected COS-7 cells, murine platelet aggregation, antibody epitope mapping

    PMID:11307827

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise cleavage sites by cathepsin G and elastase on PAR3 not mapped
    • In vivo relevance of neutrophil-mediated PAR3 inactivation not tested
  2. 2002 High

    The in vivo function of PAR3 in hemostasis was undefined; Par3-knockout mice demonstrated that PAR3 serves as a thrombin cofactor enabling PAR4 activation at low thrombin concentrations, with knockout animals showing prolonged bleeding and protection from thrombosis.

    Evidence Par3-knockout mice, ferric chloride carotid thrombosis and pulmonary embolism models, tail bleeding time

    PMID:12384423

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which PAR3 facilitates PAR4 cleavage not structurally resolved at this point
    • Whether human PAR3 serves the same cofactor role on human platelets (which express PAR1) remained open
  3. 2004 Medium

    Whether PAR3 tethered-ligand peptides activate PAR3 itself was unknown; synthetic PAR3-derived peptides were found to activate PAR1 and PAR2 rather than PAR3, suggesting PAR3 tethered ligands can act in trans on other PARs.

    Evidence PAR-specific agonist peptide stimulation, calcium signaling in Jurkat T cells and PAR-expressing cell lines

    PMID:15147561

    Open questions at the time
    • Cross-reactivity of PAR3 peptides on PAR1/PAR2 not confirmed by receptor-knockout controls
    • Does not address whether PAR3 can be autonomously activated by thrombin
  4. 2007 High

    The structural basis for PAR3's cofactor mechanism and its role in receptor heterodimerization were simultaneously resolved: crystal structures revealed that cleaved PAR3 peptide binds thrombin exosite I to allosterically widen active-site access for PAR4, while BRET studies showed PAR1–PAR3 heterodimerization enhances Gα13 coupling and regulates endothelial permeability.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography at 2.0 Å (murine thrombin–PAR3 complex); BRET-2 dimerization assay, siRNA knockdown, endothelial permeability assay

    PMID:17376866 PMID:17606903

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the allosteric mechanism operates identically with human thrombin–human PAR3 not structurally confirmed
    • Downstream signaling pathways from PAR1/PAR3-Gα13 coupling not fully delineated
  5. 2008 Medium

    Whether PAR3 can signal autonomously was debated; stable PAR3 expression in HEK-293 cells with PAR1 siRNA silencing demonstrated that thrombin activates calcium, ERK1/2, and IL-8 release through PAR3 alone, and similar responses were seen in native vascular smooth muscle cells.

    Evidence Stable PAR3-transfected HEK-293 cells, PAR-1 siRNA, calcium/ERK1/2/IL-8 assays; native human vascular SMC stimulation with TFRGAP peptide

    PMID:14515192 PMID:18264801

    Open questions at the time
    • G-protein coupling specificity for autonomous PAR3 signaling not identified
    • Whether autonomous PAR3 signaling occurs at physiological thrombin concentrations in vivo is unclear
  6. 2013 Medium

    PAR3's role in activated protein C (APC) signaling beyond coagulation was unknown; APC was shown to drive neuronal differentiation from human neural progenitor cells via a PAR1–PAR3–S1PR1–Akt axis, with siRNA against PAR3 abolishing the neurogenic effect.

    Evidence Systematic siRNA knockdown of PARs 1–4 and S1PRs 1–5, Akt phosphorylation, neuronal differentiation quantification

    PMID:23554499

    Open questions at the time
    • Physical interaction between PAR3 and S1PR1 not demonstrated
    • Whether PAR3 is cleaved by APC at canonical or noncanonical site in neural progenitors not determined
  7. 2014 Medium

    Noncanonical PAR3 cleavage and its functional consequences were uncharacterized; factor Xa was shown to cleave PAR3 at Arg41 (similar to APC), triggering sustained Tie2 activation, ZO-1 upregulation, and tight junction stabilization in endothelial cells in an EPCR-dependent manner.

    Evidence Canonical vs. noncanonical PAR3 tethered-ligand peptide stimulation, Tie2 phosphorylation, ZO-1 immunofluorescence, PAR3 siRNA

    PMID:25320242

    Open questions at the time
    • Signaling intermediates between noncanonical PAR3 cleavage and Tie2 activation not identified
    • Structural basis for EPCR requirement not resolved
  8. 2017 Medium

    PAR3's function in adaptive immunity was unexplored; APC signaling through a PAR2/PAR3 heterodimer on regulatory T cells was shown to expand Tregs and suppress alloreactive T-cell activation, protecting against graft-versus-host disease.

    Evidence PAR2/PAR3 receptor studies in Tregs, APC pretreatment, humanized mouse GvHD model

    PMID:28827518

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct physical evidence for PAR2/PAR3 heterodimer formation (e.g., BRET or co-IP) not provided
    • Downstream signaling pathway from PAR2/PAR3 in Tregs not characterized

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the identity of PAR3's G-protein coupling partners during autonomous signaling, the signaling intermediates linking noncanonical PAR3 cleavage to Tie2 activation, and whether human PAR3 functions as a thrombin cofactor for PAR4 on human platelets analogously to its murine role.
  • G-protein specificity for autonomous PAR3 signaling undetermined
  • Mechanism connecting noncanonical PAR3 cleavage to Tie2 phosphorylation unknown
  • Human platelet cofactor role of PAR3 not directly demonstrated in vivo

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 4 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 6
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-109582 Hemostasis 3
Partners
F2F2RF2RL1F2RL3
Complex memberships
PAR1/PAR3 heterodimerPAR2/PAR3 heterodimer

Evidence

Reading pass · 10 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2007 PAR3 forms heterodimers with PAR1 via receptor dimerization, and this PAR1/PAR3 heterodimer shows increased Gα13 coupling compared to PAR1/PAR1 homodimers, potentiating PAR1 responsiveness to thrombin and regulating endothelial permeability. Bioluminescent resonance energy transfer-2 (BRET-2), siRNA knockdown, endothelial permeability assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 17376866
2002 PAR3 functions as a cofactor on mouse platelets that binds thrombin and promotes productive cleavage of PAR4 at low thrombin concentrations; Par3-knockout mice are protected against thrombosis and show prolonged bleeding times. Par3 knockout mice, ferric chloride thrombosis model, pulmonary embolism model, tail bleeding time Blood High 12384423
2007 Crystal structures of murine thrombin bound to the extracellular fragment of murine PAR3 show that the cleaved form of PAR3 (residues 47-56, FEEFPLSDIE) makes extensive contacts with thrombin exosite I, allosterically changing the 60-loop conformation and widening access to the active site, thus acting as a cofactor that promotes PAR4 substrate diffusion into the active site. X-ray crystallography at 2.0 Å resolution Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 17606903
2004 Tethered-ligand-derived peptides based on human or murine PAR3 sequences (TFRGAP-NH2 or SFNGGP-NH2) do not activate PAR3 itself but instead activate PAR1 and PAR2 in Jurkat T cells and other cell types. PAR-specific agonist peptide stimulation in Jurkat T cells and PAR-expressing cells, calcium signaling assays Immunology Medium 15147561
2001 Neutrophil proteases cathepsin G and elastase inactivate human PAR3 signaling through a mechanism other than amputation of the tethered ligand domain; cathepsin G also prevents murine PAR3 from serving its cofactor role for PAR4 activation at low thrombin concentrations. COS-7 cell transfection, murine platelet aggregation assays, phospholipase C activation assay, monoclonal antibody epitope mapping Thrombosis and haemostasis Medium 11307827
2008 In human vascular smooth muscle cells, PAR-3 is functionally active: thrombin or the synthetic PAR-3 agonist peptide TFRGAP triggers intracellular calcium mobilization, ERK1/2 activation, and increased DNA synthesis; prior thrombin challenge desensitizes the calcium response to TFRGAP, indicating PAR-3 cleavage and desensitization. RT-PCR, calcium mobilization assay, ERK1/2 phosphorylation assay, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, PAR-3 agonist peptide stimulation Thrombosis and haemostasis Medium 14515192
2008 PAR-3 can signal autonomously in HEK-293 cells stably transfected with human PAR3: thrombin induces calcium signaling, ERK1/2 activation, IL-8 gene expression, and IL-8 release independently of PAR-1 (confirmed by PAR-1 siRNA silencing); endogenous PAR-3 in lung epithelial and astrocytoma cells shows similar responses. Stable PAR3 transfection in HEK-293 cells, siRNA PAR-1 silencing, calcium signaling, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, ELISA for IL-8 Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS Medium 18264801
2014 Factor Xa (FXa) cleaves PAR3 at a noncanonical site (Arg41, similar to APC rather than thrombin), and this noncanonical PAR3 activation leads to prolonged Tie2 activation, ZO-1 upregulation, and tight junction stabilization in endothelial cells; this requires PAR3 and EPCR. PAR3 tethered-ligand peptide stimulation (canonical vs. noncanonical), Tie2 phosphorylation assay, ZO-1 immunofluorescence, siRNA knockdown of PAR3 Blood Medium 25320242
2013 Activated protein C (APC) stimulates neuronal differentiation from human neural progenitor cells via a PAR1-PAR3-S1PR1-Akt signaling axis; siRNA silencing of PAR1, PAR3, or S1PR1 each abolishes the neurogenic effect of APC and prevents Akt activation. siRNA knockdown of PARs 1-4 and S1PRs 1-5, Akt phosphorylation assay, neuronal differentiation quantification, adenoviral kinase-defective Akt transduction The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Medium 23554499
2017 Activated protein C (aPC) signals via PAR2/PAR3 heterodimer on regulatory T-cells (CD4+FOXP3+) to restrict allogenic T-cell activation and expand Tregs, protecting from graft-versus-host disease. PAR2/PAR3 receptor biology in Treg cells, aPC pretreatment of T-cells, humanized mouse GvHD model, Treg frequency quantification Nature communications Medium 28827518

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2000 The cell-polarity protein Par6 links Par3 and atypical protein kinase C to Cdc42. Nature cell biology 760 10934474
1998 An atypical PKC directly associates and colocalizes at the epithelial tight junction with ASIP, a mammalian homologue of Caenorhabditis elegans polarity protein PAR-3. The Journal of cell biology 424 9763423
1995 Asymmetrically distributed PAR-3 protein contributes to cell polarity and spindle alignment in early C. elegans embryos. Cell 367 8521491
1998 Atypical protein kinase C cooperates with PAR-3 to establish embryonic polarity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development (Cambridge, England) 320 9716526
2007 Numb controls integrin endocytosis for directional cell migration with aPKC and PAR-3. Developmental cell 292 17609107
2003 Mammalian Lgl forms a protein complex with PAR-6 and aPKC independently of PAR-3 to regulate epithelial cell polarity. Current biology : CB 289 12725730
2010 Collective cell migration requires suppression of actomyosin at cell-cell contacts mediated by DDR1 and the cell polarity regulators Par3 and Par6. Nature cell biology 285 21170030
2009 Mammalian Par3 regulates progenitor cell asymmetric division via notch signaling in the developing neocortex. Neuron 274 19640478
1999 PAR-6 is a conserved PDZ domain-containing protein that colocalizes with PAR-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Development (Cambridge, England) 252 9834192
1996 par-6, a gene involved in the establishment of asymmetry in early C. elegans embryos, mediates the asymmetric localization of PAR-3. Development (Cambridge, England) 228 8898226
2010 Beta1 integrin establishes endothelial cell polarity and arteriolar lumen formation via a Par3-dependent mechanism. Developmental cell 220 20152176
2005 Downregulation of Par3 and aPKC function directs cells towards the ICM in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Journal of cell science 216 15657073
2012 Loss of the Par3 polarity protein promotes breast tumorigenesis and metastasis. Cancer cell 185 23153534
2006 The polarity protein PAR-3 and TIAM1 cooperate in dendritic spine morphogenesis. Nature cell biology 178 16474385
2008 Cdc42- and Rac1-mediated endothelial lumen formation requires Pak2, Pak4 and Par3, and PKC-dependent signaling. Journal of cell science 164 18319301
2003 C. elegans PAR-3 and PAR-6 are required for apicobasal asymmetries associated with cell adhesion and gastrulation. Development (Cambridge, England) 161 13129846
2009 Par3 and dynein associate to regulate local microtubule dynamics and centrosome orientation during migration. Current biology : CB 152 19540120
2007 Protease-activated receptor-3 (PAR3) regulates PAR1 signaling by receptor dimerization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 150 17376866
2002 Protection against thrombosis in mice lacking PAR3. Blood 150 12384423
2002 Regulated protein-protein interaction between aPKC and PAR-3 plays an essential role in the polarization of epithelial cells. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 145 12390250
2009 Interaction between PAR-3 and the aPKC-PAR-6 complex is indispensable for apical domain development of epithelial cells. Journal of cell science 135 19401335
2003 Phosphorylation-dependent binding of 14-3-3 to the polarity protein Par3 regulates cell polarity in mammalian epithelia. Current biology : CB 134 14653998
2012 Loss of Par3 promotes breast cancer metastasis by compromising cell-cell cohesion. Nature cell biology 131 23263278
2008 Rho-kinase phosphorylates PAR-3 and disrupts PAR complex formation. Developmental cell 130 18267089
2006 The polarity protein Par-3 directly interacts with p75NTR to regulate myelination. Science (New York, N.Y.) 124 17082460
1995 Control of cleavage spindle orientation in Caenorhabditis elegans: the role of the genes par-2 and par-3. Genetics 119 7713417
2013 The adhesion-GPCR BAI1 regulates synaptogenesis by controlling the recruitment of the Par3/Tiam1 polarity complex to synaptic sites. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 118 23595754
2013 The Par3/Par6/aPKC complex and epithelial cell polarity. Experimental cell research 115 23535009
2009 The Par3/aPKC interaction is essential for end bud remodeling and progenitor differentiation during mammary gland morphogenesis. Genes & development 114 19528321
2008 Par3/Par6 polarity complex coordinates apical ectoplasmic specialization and blood-testis barrier restructuring during spermatogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 18621709
2014 Par3-mInsc and Gαi3 cooperate to promote oriented epidermal cell divisions through LGN. Nature cell biology 107 25016959
2012 A role for the centrosome and PAR-3 in the hand-off of MTOC function during epithelial polarization. Current biology : CB 103 22425160
2011 Willin and Par3 cooperatively regulate epithelial apical constriction through aPKC-mediated ROCK phosphorylation. Nature cell biology 100 21685893
2012 Tumor type-dependent function of the par3 polarity protein in skin tumorigenesis. Cancer cell 99 22975380
2011 Cell polarity-determining proteins Par-3 and PP-1 are involved in epithelial tight junction defects in coeliac disease. Gut 99 21865402
2010 PAR-3 mediates the initial clustering and apical localization of junction and polarity proteins during C. elegans intestinal epithelial cell polarization. Development (Cambridge, England) 97 20431121
2010 ASPP2 binds Par-3 and controls the polarity and proliferation of neural progenitors during CNS development. Developmental cell 97 20619750
2006 PAR3 is essential for cyst-mediated epicardial development by establishing apical cortical domains. Development (Cambridge, England) 97 16510507
2006 Role of aPKC isoforms and their binding partners Par3 and Par6 in epidermal barrier formation. The Journal of investigative dermatology 91 17110935
2007 Cooperative roles of Par-3 and afadin in the formation of adherens and tight junctions. Journal of cell science 89 17606991
2009 Defective expression of polarity protein PAR-3 gene (PARD3) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 78 19503097
2013 Par3 controls neural crest migration by promoting microtubule catastrophe during contact inhibition of locomotion. Development (Cambridge, England) 74 24173803
2006 Par-3 mediates the inhibition of LIM kinase 2 to regulate cofilin phosphorylation and tight junction assembly. The Journal of cell biology 74 16505165
2012 Regulation of microtubule stability and organization by mammalian Par3 in specifying neuronal polarity. Developmental cell 69 23273878
2007 Crystal structures of murine thrombin in complex with the extracellular fragments of murine protease-activated receptors PAR3 and PAR4. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 66 17606903
2009 RalA and the exocyst complex influence neuronal polarity through PAR-3 and aPKC. Journal of cell science 65 19383721
2006 Tyrosine phosphorylated Par3 regulates epithelial tight junction assembly promoted by EGFR signaling. The EMBO journal 64 17053785
2002 Multiple splice variants of Par3 and of a novel related gene, Par3L, produce proteins with different binding properties. Gene 63 12234671
1995 An arabinose-inducible expression vector, pAR3, compatible with ColE1-derived plasmids. Gene 61 7789799
2015 Shp2 promotes metastasis of prostate cancer by attenuating the PAR3/PAR6/aPKC polarity protein complex and enhancing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 58 26050620
2017 The Par3 polarity protein is an exocyst receptor essential for mammary cell survival. Nature communications 56 28358000
2013 An activated protein C analog stimulates neuronal production by human neural progenitor cells via a PAR1-PAR3-S1PR1-Akt pathway. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 55 23554499
2016 aPKC Inhibition by Par3 CR3 Flanking Regions Controls Substrate Access and Underpins Apical-Junctional Polarization. Developmental cell 54 27554858
2004 Tethered ligand-derived peptides of proteinase-activated receptor 3 (PAR3) activate PAR1 and PAR2 in Jurkat T cells. Immunology 53 15147561
2002 PAR3beta, a novel homologue of the cell polarity protein PAR3, localizes to tight junctions. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 53 12459187
2007 Downregulation of Par-3 expression and disruption of Par complex integrity by TGF-beta during the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in rat proximal epithelial cells. Biochimica et biophysica acta 52 18070611
2012 Regulation of myosin activation during cell-cell contact formation by Par3-Lgl antagonism: entosis without matrix detachment. Molecular biology of the cell 49 22496418
2002 The fusome and microtubules enrich Par-1 in the oocyte, where it effects polarization in conjunction with Par-3, BicD, Egl, and dynein. Current biology : CB 49 12225669
2011 PAR-3 oligomerization may provide an actin-independent mechanism to maintain distinct par protein domains in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. Biophysical journal 48 21943422
2013 Polycystin-1 binds Par3/aPKC and controls convergent extension during renal tubular morphogenesis. Nature communications 46 24153433
2012 β2-syntrophin and Par-3 promote an apicobasal Rac activity gradient at cell-cell junctions by differentially regulating Tiam1 activity. Nature cell biology 46 23103911
2010 TGF-{beta}-induced MiR-491-5p expression promotes Par-3 degradation in rat proximal tubular epithelial cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 46 20966078
2019 Par3 is essential for the establishment of planar cell polarity of inner ear hair cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 44 30814219
2014 Noncanonical PAR3 activation by factor Xa identifies a novel pathway for Tie2 activation and stabilization of vascular integrity. Blood 43 25320242
2013 Par3/Bazooka and phosphoinositides regulate actin protrusion formation during Drosophila dorsal closure and wound healing. Development (Cambridge, England) 43 23318638
2010 Distal interactions within the par3-VE-cadherin complex. Biochemistry 43 20047332
2004 PAR-3 is required for epithelial cell polarity in the distal spermatheca of C. elegans. Development (Cambridge, England) 43 15151982
2003 Evidence for functionally active protease-activated receptor-3 (PAR-3) in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Thrombosis and haemostasis 43 14515192
2014 The Par3-like polarity protein Par3L is essential for mammary stem cell maintenance. Nature cell biology 42 24859006
2012 Substrate recognition mechanism of atypical protein kinase Cs revealed by the structure of PKCι in complex with a substrate peptide from Par-3. Structure (London, England : 1993) 42 22579248
2007 Cell polarity protein Par3 complexes with DNA-PK via Ku70 and regulates DNA double-strand break repair. Cell research 41 17287830
2017 Elevated expression of Par3 promotes prostate cancer metastasis by forming a Par3/aPKC/KIBRA complex and inactivating the hippo pathway. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 40 29017577
2008 The protease-activated receptor-3 (PAR-3) can signal autonomously to induce interleukin-8 release. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 39 18264801
2017 The epidermal polarity protein Par3 is a non-cell autonomous suppressor of malignant melanoma. The Journal of experimental medicine 38 28096290
2017 Activated protein C protects from GvHD via PAR2/PAR3 signalling in regulatory T-cells. Nature communications 38 28827518
2011 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induces polarized signaling of small GTPase (Rac1) protein at the onset of Schwann cell myelination through partitioning-defective 3 (Par3) protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 38 22128191
2001 Neutrophil proteases can inactivate human PAR3 and abolish the co-receptor function of PAR3 on murine platelets. Thrombosis and haemostasis 38 11307827
2015 Huntingtin Is Required for Epithelial Polarity through RAB11A-Mediated Apical Trafficking of PAR3-aPKC. PLoS biology 37 25942483
2018 Loss of Par3 promotes prostatic tumorigenesis by enhancing cell growth and changing cell division modes. Oncogene 36 30467379
2014 Human papillomavirus (HPV)-18 E6 oncoprotein interferes with the epithelial cell polarity Par3 protein. Molecular oncology 36 24462519
2014 Oncogenic suppression of apoptosis uncovers a Rac1/JNK proliferation pathway activated by loss of Par3. Oncogene 36 25109337
2009 Phosphorylation of the par polarity complex protein Par3 at serine 962 is mediated by aurora a and regulates its function in neuronal polarity. The Journal of biological chemistry 36 19812038
2015 Polarity protein Par3 controls B-cell receptor dynamics and antigen extraction at the immune synapse. Molecular biology of the cell 35 25631815
2010 Binding to PKC-3, but not to PAR-3 or to a conventional PDZ domain ligand, is required for PAR-6 function in C. elegans. Developmental biology 35 20122916
2018 PAR-3 controls endothelial planar polarity and vascular inflammation under laminar flow. EMBO reports 34 30018153
2018 PAR3-PAR6-atypical PKC polarity complex proteins in neuronal polarization. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 33 29696344
2018 Par3 interacts with Prickle3 to generate apical PCP complexes in the vertebrate neural plate. eLife 33 30256191
2015 Regulation of epithelial cell polarity by PAR-3 depends on Girdin transcription and Girdin-Gαi3 signaling. Journal of cell science 33 25977476
2013 Copy number variation-based polymorphism in a new pseudoautosomal region 3 (PAR3) of a human X-chromosome-transposed region (XTR) in the Y chromosome. Functional & integrative genomics 32 23708688
2018 Structural basis for the interaction between the cell polarity proteins Par3 and Par6. Science signaling 30 29440511
2013 ERK2-mediated phosphorylation of Par3 regulates neuronal polarization. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 30 23946386
2013 Atp6ap2/(pro)renin receptor interacts with Par3 as a cell polarity determinant required for laminar formation during retinal development in mice. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 30 24305829
2015 Loss of the polarity protein PAR3 activates STAT3 signaling via an atypical protein kinase C (aPKC)/NF-κB/interleukin-6 (IL-6) axis in mouse mammary cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 29 25657002
2008 Differential expression of the tight junction proteins, claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin, ZO-1, and PAR3, in the ameloblasts of rat upper incisors. Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) 29 18384062
2017 Polarity protein Par3/Bazooka follows myosin-dependent junction repositioning. Developmental biology 28 28063874
2007 PAR-3 and PAR-1 inhibit LET-99 localization to generate a cortical band important for spindle positioning in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Molecular biology of the cell 28 17761536
2006 Two forms of human Inscuteable-related protein that links Par3 to the Pins homologues LGN and AGS3. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 28 16458856
2006 Expression of JAM-A, AF-6, PAR-3 and PAR-6 during the assembly and remodeling of RPE tight junctions. Brain research 28 16859655
2022 A particle size threshold governs diffusion and segregation of PAR-3 during cell polarization. Cell reports 26 35417695
2016 KSHV-Mediated Regulation of Par3 and SNAIL Contributes to B-Cell Proliferation. PLoS pathogens 26 27463802