Affinage

ENHO

Adropin · UniProt Q6UWT2

Length
76 aa
Mass
7.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
60 papers in source corpus 22 papers cited in narrative 22 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ENHO encodes adropin, a secreted peptide hormone (active form adropin34-76) that regulates energy homeostasis and protects against metabolic and inflammatory tissue injury (PMID:19041763, PMID:38536934). Hepatic Enho expression is nutritionally and hormonally gated: it is induced acutely by high-fat diet and reduced by fasting and diet-induced obesity (PMID:19041763), driven rhythmically by the circadian nuclear receptors RORα/γ (activating) and Rev-erb (repressing) (PMID:29331507), and additionally controlled by STAT3 under high glucose (PMID:32636661), by estrogen via ERα binding to Enho (PMID:35364299), and by EOGT in decidualizing endometrium (PMID:29244071); high-cholesterol diet and statin-driven cholesterol efflux suppress it (PMID:29331507, PMID:40578684). Functionally, adropin overexpression or peptide treatment attenuates hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance and reprograms hepatic lipogenic and adipose PPARγ gene expression (PMID:19041763), and liver ENHO co-regulates skeletal-muscle mitochondrial function (PMID:40578684). Adropin signals through the receptor GPR19 (PMID:33133015, PMID:38536934): it deactivates GLI1-dependent profibrotic transcription to block TGFβ-driven fibroblast activation, counteracting JNK-mediated suppression of its own gene (PMID:38536934), suppresses preadipocyte differentiation while stimulating proliferation via ERK1/2 and AKT (PMID:31400396, PMID:32798458), and reprograms macrophage polarization through PPARγ-linked lipid metabolism (PMID:37688913). It is cytoprotective in ischemic stroke, where Enho deletion enlarges infarcts and adropin preserves blood-brain barrier integrity by inhibiting ROCK–MLC2 signaling and reducing MMP-9 (PMID:27020249, PMID:36305313), and in septic cardiomyopathy via the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant axis (PMID:41391279). Loss-of-function in mice produces fatty pancreas, type 2 diabetes, reduced eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation, and immune dysregulation, and ENHO coding mutations were identified in human patients with fatty pancreas/T2DM and with MPO-ANCA vasculitis (PMID:28837146, PMID:27333037).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 2008 High

    Established that ENHO encodes a secreted, nutritionally regulated peptide hormone (adropin) controlling hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity, defining the gene's core physiological role.

    Evidence Transgenic overexpression, systemic peptide treatment, and hepatic/adipose gene expression analysis in diet-induced obese mice

    PMID:19041763

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor and direct signaling mechanism not identified
    • Tissue source of circulating adropin beyond liver not resolved
  2. 2016 Medium

    Identified a vascular-protective mechanism distinct from metabolic action, showing adropin reduces brain endothelial permeability under ischemic conditions via ROCK–MLC2 inhibition.

    Evidence In vitro RBE4 rat brain endothelial BBB model, FITC-dextran permeability, ROCK activity assay, MLC2 phospho-Western blot

    PMID:27020249

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating the effect not defined
    • No in vivo confirmation in this study
    • Did not affect tight junction proteins or VEGF, leaving upstream coupling unclear
  3. 2016 Medium

    Linked adropin deficiency to eNOS/Akt signaling and immune dysregulation, and connected ENHO coding variants to human autoimmune vasculitis.

    Evidence Adropin knockout mice with phospho-eNOS/Akt1 Westerns, Treg analysis, and ENHO sequencing in 152 MPO-ANCA patients

    PMID:27333037

    Open questions at the time
    • Causality of human variants not functionally tested
    • Mechanism linking adropin loss to autoimmunity not defined
  4. 2017 Medium

    Demonstrated that adropin deficiency drives a metabolic-disease phenotype (fatty pancreas, T2DM) and identified a human ENHO mutation in affected patients.

    Evidence AdrKO mice with metabolic phenotyping, phospho-eNOS Western, Treg quantification, and human ENHO sequencing

    PMID:28837146

    Open questions at the time
    • Cys56Trp mutation not functionally characterized
    • Single-lab phenotype
  5. 2017 Medium

    Defined the upstream transcriptional logic of ENHO, placing it under circadian nuclear-receptor control (ROR activation, Rev-erb repression) and sterol/cholesterol regulation.

    Evidence HepG2 cells treated with nuclear-receptor ligands, dietary intervention, and nonhuman-primate plasma profiling

    PMID:29331507

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct RORE occupancy at the endogenous locus not shown here
    • Physiological consequence of rhythmicity not tested
  6. 2019 Medium

    Showed adropin acts directly on adipocyte precursors, stimulating proliferation via ERK1/2/AKT while suppressing adipogenic differentiation.

    Evidence 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocyte cultures, BrdU, Oil Red O, ERK1/2/AKT Westerns, adipogenic gene qPCR

    PMID:31400396

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor not identified in these cells
    • In vivo relevance to adipose mass not tested
  7. 2019 Low

    Associated hepatic ENHO with glucose/lipid metabolic gene networks and showed low plasma adropin predicts diet-induced metabolic dysregulation.

    Evidence Bioinformatic expression profiling and dietary intervention in rhesus macaques

    PMID:30988006

    Open questions at the time
    • Correlational/bioinformatic; no direct manipulation of ENHO
    • Causality of plasma adropin as predictor unestablished
  8. 2020 Medium

    Identified GPR19 as the receptor mediating adropin signaling and demonstrated adropin suppresses steroidogenesis via TGF-β transactivation while driving proliferation through ERK1/2/AKT.

    Evidence HAC15 adrenocortical cells, GPR19 expression, steroidogenesis ELISAs, transcriptomics, TGF-β kinase inhibitor and ERK/AKT inhibitor experiments

    PMID:33133015

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct adropin–GPR19 binding not demonstrated
    • Generalizability of receptor coupling to other tissues not shown
  9. 2020 Medium

    Added STAT3 and estrogen/ERα as upstream regulators of hepatic ENHO, linking adropin output to glucose state and hormonal status.

    Evidence HepG2 high-glucose STAT3 inhibition/siRNA with diabetic rats; ovariectomy mice, 17β-estradiol on liver cells, RNA-seq, ERα ChIP datasets

    PMID:32636661 PMID:35364299

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct STAT3 occupancy at ENHO promoter not mapped in first study
    • Integration of competing transcriptional inputs not resolved
  10. 2022 High

    Established a causal protective role for ENHO in ischemic stroke through both loss- and gain-of-function, acting on blood-brain barrier integrity.

    Evidence Enho knockout and overexpression mice in transient MCAO, TTC staining, MMP-9 and tight-junction Westerns, behavioral testing

    PMID:36305313

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating neuroprotection not defined in vivo
    • Relationship to the earlier ROCK–MLC2 mechanism not directly tested
  11. 2023 Medium

    Revealed adropin as an immunometabolic regulator of macrophage polarization, promoting M1→M2 repolarization through PPARγ-linked lipid metabolism with dose-dependent inflammasome effects.

    Evidence Enho-/- colitis and tumor models, RNA-seq/metabolomics in RAW264.7 macrophages, mitochondrial ROS and inflammasome assays, ENHO transfection into MC38 cells

    PMID:37688913 PMID:37904094

    Open questions at the time
    • Dose-dependent opposing effects on M1 vs M2 not mechanistically reconciled
    • Receptor dependence of macrophage effects not tested
  12. 2023 Medium

    Showed adropin restrains TGF-β/Smad2/3-driven endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and atherosclerosis progression.

    Evidence ApoE-/-/Enho-/- mice, HUVEC EndMT model, TGF-β plasmid rescue, Smad2/3 phospho-Westerns

    PMID:37903785

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor not interrogated
    • Single-lab finding
  13. 2024 High

    Defined the antifibrotic mechanism at the transcriptional level, showing GPR19-dependent adropin34-76 deactivates GLI1 profibrotic networks while TGFβ suppresses ENHO via JNK, establishing a feedback circuit.

    Evidence GPR19 siRNA knockdown, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, human fibroblasts, 3D skin equivalents, bleomycin/sclGvHD mouse models, precision-cut human skin slices, JNK inhibitor experiments

    PMID:38536934

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct adropin–GPR19–GLI1 biochemical link not fully resolved
    • Translation to systemic fibrosis beyond skin not shown
  14. 2025 Medium

    Extended adropin's protective repertoire to septic cardiomyopathy via the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway.

    Evidence LPS mouse myocardial injury, Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385) rescue, ROS staining/flow cytometry, echocardiography

    PMID:41391279

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor coupling to Nrf2 not defined
    • Single-lab finding
  15. 2025 Medium

    Connected hepatic ENHO to systemic mitochondrial and lipoprotein metabolism, with liver-specific knockout confirming cross-tissue muscle regulation.

    Evidence Cross-tissue transcriptomic correlation (GD-CAT), liver-specific knockout mice, plasma adropin/lipoprotein correlation, statin experiment

    PMID:40578684

    Open questions at the time
    • Mediator of liver-to-muscle communication not identified
    • Correlational human data

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How a single secreted peptide acting through GPR19 produces context- and dose-dependent outcomes across metabolic, vascular, fibrotic, and immune tissues remains unresolved, as does the structural basis of adropin–GPR19 engagement.
  • No structural model of adropin or adropin–GPR19 complex
  • Mechanism reconciling opposing dose-dependent immune effects unknown
  • Whether all downstream pathways (ROCK, Nrf2, PPARγ, GLI1) require GPR19 untested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 2 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2 R-HSA-9909396 Circadian clock 2
Partners
GPR19

Evidence

Reading pass · 22 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2008 ENHO encodes a secreted protein called adropin (76 amino acids) expressed in liver and brain. Liver Enho expression is regulated by nutrition (increased by high-fat diet acutely, decreased by fasting and diet-induced obesity). Transgenic overexpression or systemic adropin treatment in diet-induced obese mice attenuated hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance, and adropin regulated expression of hepatic lipogenic genes and adipose tissue PPARγ. Transgenic overexpression, systemic peptide treatment, gene expression analysis in mouse models Cell metabolism High 19041763
2016 Adropin reduces paracellular permeability of brain endothelial cells exposed to ischemia-like conditions (hypoxia/low glucose) by inhibiting the ROCK–MLC2 signaling pathway. Adropin treatment concentration-dependently reduced MLC2 phosphorylation and attenuated Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) activity without protecting tight junction proteins (occludin, VE-cadherin) or reducing VEGF. In vitro BBB model (RBE4 rat brain endothelial cells), FITC-dextran permeability assay, ROCK activity assay, Western blot for MLC2 phosphorylation Peptides Medium 27020249
2017 Adropin knockout (AdrKO) mice exhibited reduced eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177, impaired glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, adipocyte infiltration, loss of Treg cells, and developed fatty pancreas and type 2 diabetes, establishing that adropin deficiency drives these metabolic and immune phenotypes. A Cys56Trp mutation in ENHO was identified in human patients with fatty pancreas and T2DM. Adropin knockout mice (C57BL/6J), Western blot for phospho-eNOS, metabolic phenotyping, Treg quantification, human ENHO sequencing Cell death & disease Medium 28837146
2017 Hepatic Enho expression is rhythmically controlled by the biological clock, peaking during feeding (dark phase) via transcriptional activation by RORα/γ, and suppressed during the rest phase by Rev-erb. ROR inverse agonists (SR1001), 7-oxygenated sterols (7-β-hydroxysterol, 7-ketocholesterol), and the Rev-erb agonist SR9009 suppress ENHO expression in cultured HepG2 cells. High-cholesterol diets suppress hepatic adropin expression, but adropin overexpression does not prevent hypercholesterolemia. In silico expression analysis, cultured human HepG2 cells treated with nuclear receptor ligands, animal dietary intervention, nonhuman primate plasma adropin profiling Molecular metabolism Medium 29331507
2016 Adropin deficiency (AdrKO mice) leads to reduced eNOS (Ser1177) and Akt1 (Ser473) phosphorylation and loss of Treg cells, and homo- and heterozygous null mice exhibit MPO-ANCA-associated pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage. Six ENHO mutations (p.Ser43Thr, Cys56Trp) were identified in human MPO-ANCA vasculitis patients. Adropin knockout mice, Western blot for phospho-eNOS/Akt1, Treg analysis, human ENHO sequencing in 152 patients EBioMedicine Medium 27333037
2018 EOGT (epidermal growth factor domain-specific O-linked GlcNAc transferase) positively regulates ENHO/adropin expression in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells; EOGT knockdown caused the largest reduction in ENHO among a network of decidual genes. Obesity inversely correlates with both EOGT and ENHO expression in endometrium. EOGT siRNA knockdown in primary human endometrial stromal cells, RNA expression profiling, endometrial biopsy analysis Endocrinology Medium 29244071
2019 Adropin stimulates proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells and rat primary preadipocytes via ERK1/2 and AKT signaling, and reduces lipid accumulation and expression of pro-adipogenic genes, suppressing differentiation of preadipocytes into mature fat cells. 3T3-L1 cell and rat primary preadipocyte cultures, BrdU proliferation assay, Oil Red O lipid staining, Western blot for ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation, real-time PCR for adipogenic gene expression Molecular and cellular endocrinology Medium 31400396
2020 GPR19 is expressed in human HAC15 adrenocortical carcinoma cells and mediates adropin signaling. Adropin decreases expression of steroidogenic genes (StAR, CYP11A1), leading to reduced cortisol and aldosterone biosynthesis via the TGF-β signaling pathway acting through a transactivation mechanism. Adropin stimulates HAC15 cell proliferation via ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways. GPR19 expression is not regulated by ACTH, forskolin, or adropin itself. HAC15 cell culture, GPR19 expression analysis, steroidogenesis assays (ELISA for cortisol/aldosterone), whole transcriptome study, TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitor rescue experiment, specific intracellular inhibitors for ERK1/2 and AKT Frontiers in endocrinology Medium 33133015
2020 STAT3 transcriptionally regulates ENHO/adropin expression in hepatocytes. High glucose increased STAT3 phosphorylation and Enho mRNA in HepG2 cells; pharmacological STAT3 inhibition (Stattic) or STAT3 siRNA knockdown abolished high-glucose-induced Enho upregulation. In diabetic rats, elevated plasma adropin and hepatic Enho expression were reduced by insulin or phloridzin treatment coinciding with reduced STAT3 activity. HepG2 cells under high glucose, STAT3 inhibitor (Stattic), STAT3 siRNA knockdown, real-time PCR for Enho mRNA, Western blot for pSTAT3/STAT3, streptozotocin diabetic rat model Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy Medium 32636661
2020 Adropin stimulates proliferation of rat brown preadipocytes and suppresses their differentiation into mature brown adipocytes, reducing mRNA expression of adipogenic genes (C/ebpα, C/ebpβ, Pgc1α, Pparγ, Prdm16), suppressing UCP1 protein, and reducing intracellular lipid content. Rat primary brown preadipocyte isolation, BrdU incorporation, real-time PCR, Western blot, Oil Red O staining, glycerol/free fatty acid release assays Archives of biochemistry and biophysics Medium 32798458
2022 Genetic deletion of Enho significantly increased infarct volume and worsened neurological function following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in aged mice, while adropin overexpression dramatically reduced stroke volume. Postischemic adropin treatment reduced blood-brain barrier damage by reducing MMP-9 and preserving tight junction proteins. Enho knockout and overexpression mice, transient MCAO model, TTC staining, Western blot for MMP-9 and tight junction proteins, behavioral tests Stroke High 36305313
2022 Hepatic adropin/Enho expression is regulated by estrogen; 17β-estradiol tripled Enho expression in BNL 1 ME liver cells with increased adropin secretion. Ovariectomy reduced hepatic Enho expression in mice, and open-access datasets confirmed estrogen-dependent ERα binding to Enho. Adropin treatment in OVX mice reversed adverse adipokine gene expression in visceral adipose tissue. Ovariectomy mouse model, in vitro 17β-estradiol treatment of liver cells, RNA-seq, ELISA for adropin, open-access ChIP dataset for ERα binding, adropin peptide treatment Molecular metabolism Medium 35364299
2023 Adropin inhibits EndMT (endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition) in HUVECs via the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. In vivo, adropin treatment inhibited atherosclerosis progression in ApoE-/-/Enho-/- mice. Adropin decreased TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 expression and suppressed Smad2/3 phosphorylation; these effects were reversed by TGF-β plasmid transfection. ApoE-/-/Enho-/- double knockout mice, HFD atherosclerosis model, Oil Red O staining, HUVEC culture with H2O2-induced EndMT, TGF-β plasmid transfection rescue, Western blot for Smad2/3 phosphorylation, immunofluorescence Cell death discovery Medium 37903785
2024 TGFβ reduces adropin/ENHO expression in fibroblasts via a JNK-dependent mechanism. Restoration of adropin signaling with bioactive adropin34-76 peptide inhibits TGFβ-induced fibroblast activation and fibrotic remodeling. Knockdown of GPR19 (adropin receptor) abrogates the antifibrotic effects. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq showed adropin34-76 deactivates GLI1-dependent profibrotic transcriptional networks. These mechanisms were confirmed in primary human dermal fibroblasts, 3D skin equivalents, mouse models (bleomycin and sclGvHD), and precision-cut human skin slices. GPR19 siRNA knockdown, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, in vitro fibroblast cultures, 3D skin equivalents, bleomycin and sclGvHD mouse models, precision-cut human skin slices, JNK inhibitor experiments Science translational medicine High 38536934
2023 Adropin deficiency (Enho-/- mice) leads to spontaneous colitis and an imbalance in macrophage polarization (increased M1, decreased M2) in colon and mesenteric tissues. In vitro, adropin regulates lipid metabolism of macrophages through PPARγ, promoting repolarization from M1 to M2. This was demonstrated by combined RNA-seq and metabolomics analysis in RAW264.7 macrophages. Enho-/- (AdrKO) mice, TNBS-induced colitis model, RNA-seq and metabolomics of RAW264.7 macrophages, macrophage polarization assays International immunopharmacology Medium 37688913
2023 Low-dose adropin (<100 ng/mL) directly increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in macrophages to activate the inflammasome, promoting M1 macrophage polarization. High-dose adropin enhances CPT1α expression in macrophages. ENHO-/- mice had fewer M1 macrophages, and ENHO-/- macrophages were resistant to M1 induction. ENHO gene transfection into MC38 colon cancer cells inhibited tumor growth in vivo with increased M1 macrophages. Ex vivo macrophage adropin treatment, mitochondrial ROS measurement, inflammasome activation assays, ENHO-/- mice, ENHO gene transfection into MC38 tumor cells, in vivo tumor models BMC cancer Medium 37904094
2022 Myricetin increases circulating adropin in type-1 diabetic rats through GLP-1 receptor activation leading to β-endorphin secretion that activates peripheral μ-opioid receptors; GLP-1 receptor antagonist blocked myricetin-induced adropin increases. In HepG2 cells, myricetin-induced GLP-1 receptor activation modulated Enho expression. Streptozotocin diabetic rat model, GLP-1 receptor antagonist treatment, adrenalectomy, ELISA for plasma adropin and β-endorphin, qPCR for Enho in HepG2 cells Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Low 35215286
2023 In mouse testis, adropin alone inhibits testosterone synthesis by suppressing P450-SCC, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD expression, while adropin combined with insulin stimulates testicular testosterone synthesis by increasing GPR19, IR, StAR, P450-SCC, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD expression. Adropin promotes germ cell survival and proliferation by upregulating PCNA, Bcl2, and pERK1/2. GPR19 was identified on pachytene spermatocytes and Leydig cells. Immunohistochemistry for adropin/GPR19 in mouse testis, in vitro testicular slice culture, Western blot for steroidogenic enzymes and signaling proteins, Enho mRNA expression Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology Low 37902254
2025 Adropin exerts protective effects in LPS-induced septic cardiomyopathy by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, increasing antioxidant proteins (NQO1, GPX1, Nrf2), reducing ROS, and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and apoptosis (reduced Bax, increased Bcl-2). The Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 blocked adropin's antioxidant effects. LPS mouse model of myocardial injury, Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385) rescue experiment, qRT-PCR, Western blot, DHE staining and flow cytometry for ROS, echocardiography International immunopharmacology Medium 41391279
2025 Adropin promotes macrophage M2 polarization by upregulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and adropin-treated macrophage-conditioned medium induces browning of fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In PCOS model mice, adropin treatment reduced body weight and promoted M2 macrophage phenotype and white adipose tissue browning. RAW264.7 macrophage HO-1 expression analysis, conditioned medium transfer to 3T3-L1 adipocytes, letrozole-induced PCOS mouse model, in vivo adropin injection International immunopharmacology Low 39933360
2025 ENHO/adropin transcriptional co-expression structures across human tissues revealed that liver ENHO expression co-regulates skeletal muscle mitochondrial function (confirmed in liver-specific knockout mice). Within-liver ENHO expression reflects lipoprotein metabolism (APOC1, APOA1). Statin treatment (which increases hepatic cholesterol efflux) reduces plasma adropin levels. The ENHO gene contains RORE elements, linking it to circadian/ROR regulation across tissues. Transcriptomic correlation analysis across human tissues (GD-CAT), liver-specific knockout mice, plasma adropin/lipoprotein correlation, statin-treatment experiment Molecular metabolism Medium 40578684
2019 Hepatic ENHO expression in nonhuman primates associates with genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, and co-regulated genes are enriched for epigenetic silencing by histone H3K27 trimethylation and neural function pathways. Low plasma adropin concentrations predict greater weight gain and metabolic dysregulation (hyperglycemia, elevated APOC3/triglycerides) during high-sugar diet consumption. In silico expression profiling (diurnal transcriptome atlas GSE98965), unsupervised hierarchical clustering, Gene Ontology analysis, dietary intervention in 59 adult male rhesus macaques The Journal of biological chemistry Low 30988006

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 60 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2008 Identification of adropin as a secreted factor linking dietary macronutrient intake with energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Cell metabolism 378 19041763
2020 Adropin as A Fat-Burning Hormone with Multiple Functions-Review of a Decade of Research. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 77 32012786
2017 Adropin: An endocrine link between the biological clock and cholesterol homeostasis. Molecular metabolism 73 29331507
2022 Adropin's Role in Energy Homeostasis and Metabolic Disorders. International journal of molecular sciences 67 35955453
2019 Low plasma adropin concentrations increase risks of weight gain and metabolic dysregulation in response to a high-sugar diet in male nonhuman primates. The Journal of biological chemistry 54 30988006
2017 Adropin deficiency worsens HFD-induced metabolic defects. Cell death & disease 48 28837146
2018 Age-Dependent Decrease in Adropin is Associated with Reduced Levels of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Increased Oxidative Stress in the Rat Brain. Aging and disease 47 29896421
2019 Effects of adropin on proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and rat primary preadipocytes. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 45 31400396
2016 Adropin reduces paracellular permeability of rat brain endothelial cells exposed to ischemia-like conditions. Peptides 40 27020249
2016 Association of Serum Adropin Concentrations with Diabetic Nephropathy. Mediators of inflammation 38 27546995
2019 Acute suppression of insulin resistance-associated hepatic miR-29 in vivo improves glycemic control in adult mice. Physiological genomics 34 31251698
2015 Differential Responses of Plasma Adropin Concentrations To Dietary Glucose or Fructose Consumption In Humans. Scientific reports 34 26435060
2022 Therapeutic Benefits of Adropin in Aged Mice After Transient Ischemic Stroke via Reduction of Blood-Brain Barrier Damage. Stroke 32 36305313
2022 Recognition of a Novel Gene Signature for Human Glioblastoma. International journal of molecular sciences 29 35456975
2016 Enho Mutations Causing Low Adropin: A Possible Pathomechanism of MPO-ANCA Associated Lung Injury. EBioMedicine 29 27333037
2016 Adropin - physiological and pathophysiological role. Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online) 29 27668650
2018 The Glycosyltransferase EOGT Regulates Adropin Expression in Decidualizing Human Endometrium. Endocrinology 26 29244071
2020 Adropin Stimulates Proliferation and Inhibits Adrenocortical Steroidogenesis in the Human Adrenal Carcinoma (HAC15) Cell Line. Frontiers in endocrinology 24 33133015
2019 The association of serum and vitreous adropin concentrations with diabetic retinopathy. Annals of clinical biochemistry 24 30514096
2024 Attenuation of fibroblast activation and fibrosis by adropin in systemic sclerosis. Science translational medicine 22 38536934
2021 Serum Adropin as a Potential Biomarker for Predicting the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Individuals With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Frontiers in physiology 19 34366886
2016 New peptides players in metabolic disorders. Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online) 19 27594563
2022 Hepatic adropin is regulated by estrogen and contributes to adverse metabolic phenotypes in ovariectomized mice. Molecular metabolism 17 35364299
2023 Adropin inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/-/Enho-/- mice by regulating endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cell death discovery 16 37903785
2020 Promotion of Adropin Expression by Hyperglycemia Is Associated with STAT3 Activation in Diabetic Rats. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy 16 32636661
2022 Myricetin Increases Circulating Adropin Level after Activation of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor in Type-1 Diabetic Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) 15 35215286
2021 Bacteriophages PɸEn-CL and PɸEn-HO can eliminate MDR Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter hormaechei isolated from burn wound infections without toxicity for human skin cells. FEMS microbiology letters 13 34849758
2020 Swim therapy-induced tissue specific metabolic responses in male rats. Life sciences 13 33011220
2023 Protective roles of adropin in neurological disease. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 12 36717106
2018 Association of serum adropin with the presence of atrial fibrillation and atrial remodeling. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis 12 30239031
2018 ENHO, RXRA, and LXRA polymorphisms and dyslipidaemia, related comorbidities and survival in haemodialysis patients. BMC medical genetics 12 30413149
2025 Adropin: a key player in immune cell homeostasis and regulation of inflammation in several diseases. Frontiers in immunology 11 39906123
2020 Adropin stimulates proliferation but suppresses differentiation in rat primary brown preadipocytes. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 11 32798458
2016 Involvement of adropin and adropin-associated genes in metabolic abnormalities of hemodialysis patients. Life sciences 11 27449397
2017 Chemotherapy can induce weight normalization of morbidly obese mice despite undiminished ingestion of high fat diet. Oncotarget 9 28076839
2024 Meiotic transcriptional reprogramming mediated by cell-cell communications in humans and mice revealed by scATAC-seq and scRNA-seq. Zoological research 8 38766744
2023 Low-dose adropin stimulates inflammasome activation of macrophage via mitochondrial ROS involved in colorectal cancer progression. BMC cancer 8 37904094
2015 Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of the energy homeostasis-associated gene in piglet. Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B 8 26055914
2019 Calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR) polymorphisms and CASR transcript level concerning dyslipidemia in hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study. BMC nephrology 7 31775661
2021 Effect of Long-Term Continuous Light Exposure and Western Diet on Adropin Expression, Lipid Metabolism, and Energy Homeostasis in Rats. Biology 6 34066943
2021 Optimal therapeutic adropin dose intervention in mice and rat animal models: A systematic review. Veterinary world 6 34316188
2025 Isoform-resolution single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the transcriptional panorama of adult Baoshan pig testis cells. BMC genomics 5 40340725
2024 Adropin a candidate diagnostic biomarker for cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology 5 39674635
2023 Energy Homeostasis-Associated (Enho) mRNA Expression and Energy Homeostasis in the Acute Stress Versus Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Rat Models. Biomedicines 5 36830976
2023 Adropin may promote insulin stimulated steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in adult mice testes. Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology 5 37902254
2025 Adropin: A cardio-metabolic hormone in the periphery, a neurohormone in the brain? Peptides 4 40097041
2024 Development and validation of a new diagnostic prediction model of ENHO and NOX4 for early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis. Frontiers in immunology 4 38348042
2023 Adropin deficiency worsens TNBS-induced colitis. International immunopharmacology 4 37688913
2022 Evaluation of the relationship between vitamin D level and adropin, IL-1β, IL-6, and oxidative status in women. Turkish journal of medical sciences 4 36326375
2024 Protective effect of ellagic acid against high-glucose-induced injury in human umbilical venous endothelial cells. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine 3 38948172
2025 Adropin-Driven Browning: Targeting M2 Macrophages to Combat PCOS. International immunopharmacology 2 39933360
2025 Adropin expression reflects circadian, lipoprotein, and mitochondrial processes in human tissues. Molecular metabolism 2 40578684
2025 The Role of ENHO in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Bioinformatics Approach. Cancers 1 40647442
2025 Single-cell transcriptomics reveals apolipoprotein A4-mediated metabolic-immune reprogramming in lymphocytes during early obesity-related chronic kidney disease. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica 1 40999903
2026 Correlation between some hormones, interleukins and molecular parameters in rheumatoid arthritis patients with and without metabolic syndrome. The Egyptian journal of immunology 0 41546878
2025 Time to broaden pharmacological treatment of cardiovascular disorders with physiological dimensions of Adropin. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 0 39948789
2025 The potential of ARL4C and its-mediated genes in atherosclerosis and agent development. Frontiers in pharmacology 0 40176913
2025 Development of a Specific Competitive ELISA for Plasma Adropin Levels and Its Application to Investigating Energy Homeostasis in Mice. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 0 40903283
2025 Expression of adropin in the reproductive organs of healthy female dogs and those with cystic endometrial hyperplasia, pyometra, and ovarian cysts. Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997) 0 41197826
2025 Protective effect of Adropin on sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. International immunopharmacology 0 41391279

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