Affinage

DST

Dystonin · UniProt Q03001

Round 2 corrected
Length
7570 aa
Mass
860.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
77 papers in source corpus 11 papers cited in narrative 11 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

Dystonin (BPAG1), encoded by DST, is a giant plakin-family cytolinker that cross-bridges actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments to maintain cytoskeletal integrity in epithelial, neural, and muscular tissues. The DST locus produces at least three major tissue-specific isoforms: DST-e is an inner-plaque component of hemidesmosomes essential for epithelial–stromal adhesion via interaction with β4 integrin (PMID:3880796, PMID:16757171, PMID:32482619); DST-a is required for peripheral sensory/autonomic nerve axonogenesis, Schwann cell–dependent nerve maintenance, and neurofilament-dependent axonal transport (PMID:30371979, PMID:38465459, PMID:40993298); and DST-b is required for skeletal and cardiac muscle structural integrity (PMID:40497796). Isoform-specific loss-of-function mutations cause epidermolysis bullosa simplex (DST-e), hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI or neurogenic arthrogryposis (DST-a), and congenital myopathy with dilated cardiomyopathy (DST-b), establishing a four-disease genotype–phenotype framework (PMID:35276021, PMID:37431644, PMID:40497796).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1985 High

    The identity of the 230-kD bullous pemphigoid antigen as an intracellular hemidesmosome-associated cytoskeletal protein was established, placing DST at the epithelial cell–basement membrane attachment site and providing the first subcellular localization.

    Evidence Immunoelectron microscopy of saponin-permeabilized basal keratinocytes with BP patient autoantibodies

    PMID:3880796

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular identity (sequence) of the antigen not yet known
    • Binding partners within the hemidesmosome unresolved
    • Function beyond structural localization uncharacterized
  2. 1988 High

    Molecular cloning of the DST gene product (BPAG1) from keratinocytes provided the primary sequence information needed to define this protein as a distinct gene product, confirming the 230-kD antigen as the encoded polypeptide.

    Evidence cDNA library screening with patient autoantibodies; Northern blot (9-kb mRNA); immunoprecipitation of 230-kD protein from keratinocytes

    PMID:2461961

    Open questions at the time
    • Full-length sequence and domain architecture not yet resolved
    • Isoform diversity not appreciated
    • Cytoskeletal binding activities undefined
  3. 2006 Medium

    The mechanism by which DST-e anchors epithelial cells was clarified: BPAG1-e interacts with α6β4 integrin and this interaction is essential for hemidesmosome assembly, with disruption driving disassembly during keratinocyte differentiation and migration.

    Evidence Synthesis of co-immunoprecipitation, genetic loss-of-function, and cell biological studies across multiple labs

    PMID:16757171

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise binding interface between BPAG1-e and β4 integrin not structurally resolved
    • Signaling events downstream of hemidesmosome disassembly incompletely mapped
  4. 2018 High

    A direct link between DST neuronal isoform mutations and human disease was established when recessive DST variants were shown to cause HSAN-VI through loss of actin binding, demonstrating the molecular basis of cytoskeletal disruption underlying the neuropathy.

    Evidence Whole-exome sequencing; recombinant dystonin actin-binding assay; cell adhesion, spreading, and migration assays in patient-derived cells

    PMID:30371979

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether intermediate filament and microtubule binding are also affected by the variant was untested
    • In vivo neural phenotype not directly examined in this study
  5. 2020 High

    The principle that DST phenotypic heterogeneity is explained by isoform-specific loss of function was demonstrated: distinct mouse mutants losing DST-e showed hemidesmosome ultrastructural disruption in skin, while those losing DST-a showed sensory/autonomic nerve degeneration, with no cross-tissue pathology.

    Evidence Spontaneous and gene-trap mutant mouse strains; RT-PCR isoform quantification; transmission electron microscopy of hemidesmosomes and neural tissue

    PMID:32482619

    Open questions at the time
    • DST-b muscular isoform function not yet characterized in these models
    • Molecular composition of disrupted hemidesmosomes not fully catalogued
  6. 2022 Medium

    Domain-based genotype–phenotype correlation was established: mutations confined to the DST-e coiled-coil domain cause EBS without systemic involvement, while plakin-domain mutations shared across isoforms cause multi-system HSAN-VI, providing a structural logic for clinical stratification.

    Evidence Next-generation sequencing with domain mapping against known isoform structures

    PMID:35276021

    Open questions at the time
    • No in vitro protein-function assays to validate domain-specific disruption
    • Impact on DST-b not addressed
  7. 2023 Medium

    The developmental requirement for DST in human peripheral nerve axonogenesis was demonstrated when biallelic neuronal-isoform variants were linked to neurogenic arthrogryposis, with fetal sciatic nerve TEM revealing severe hypomyelination and fiber loss.

    Evidence Whole-exome sequencing with arrayCGH; TEM of fetal sciatic nerve

    PMID:37431644

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the myelination defect is axon-intrinsic or Schwann cell–mediated was not resolved
    • Limited to single family
  8. 2024 High

    Cell-type autonomy of DST function in the nervous system was resolved: conditional Schwann cell–specific Dst knockout demonstrated that DST is required within Schwann cells for peripheral nerve maintenance, establishing a non-cell-autonomous contribution to axonal integrity.

    Evidence Schwann cell–specific conditional knockout mice; motor coordination assays; histology of peripheral and central neural tracts

    PMID:38465459

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism by which Schwann cell DST supports axonal integrity undefined
    • Whether DST also acts cell-autonomously in neurons was not excluded
  9. 2025 Medium

    DST was shown to function as a cytoskeletal integrator upstream of neurofilament-dependent axonal transport: in silico modeling predicted and double-knockout mice confirmed that genetic ablation of neurofilament light (Nefl) rescues neurodegeneration in Dst-null mice, positioning neurofilament accumulation as a key downstream pathogenic event.

    Evidence Spatiotemporal computational simulation validated by Dst/Nefl double-knockout mouse phenotypic rescue

    PMID:40993298

    Open questions at the time
    • Computational model awaits independent experimental replication of transport dynamics
    • Whether the rescue extends to sensory function beyond survival is unclear
  10. 2025 Medium

    A non-cytolinker signaling role for DST was identified in colorectal cancer: DST overexpression suppresses PI3K/Akt signaling, inhibits proliferation, invasion, and migration, and reverses cisplatin resistance in vitro and in xenografts.

    Evidence Lentiviral overexpression and shRNA knockdown in CRC cell lines; xenograft models; Western blot for PI3K/Akt

    PMID:39419785

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which a cytolinker modulates PI3K/Akt is unknown
    • Single-lab finding, not independently replicated
    • Endogenous relevance to normal tissues unexamined
  11. 2026 High

    The fourth DST-associated disease—congenital myopathy with cardiomyopathy—was established through biallelic DST-b–specific mutations (exons 40–41) in a large multi-family cohort, completing a four-disease genotype–phenotype framework organized by isoform-specific expression and domain architecture.

    Evidence Exome/genome sequencing of 19 individuals from 14 families; RNA expression analysis; proteomics of patient fibroblasts confirming DST-b absence; muscle biopsy ultrastructure

    PMID:40497796

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism of muscle/cardiac pathology downstream of DST-b loss is uncharacterized
    • No animal model of isolated DST-b ablation with cardiac phenotyping yet reported

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The atomic-level structural basis for DST's multi-filament cross-linking remains unresolved: no high-resolution structure of the full-length protein or of the plakin–integrin interface exists, and the signaling functions of DST outside the cytoskeletal scaffold role are poorly understood.
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of any full-length DST isoform
  • Mechanism by which DST modulates PI3K/Akt signaling unknown
  • Schwann cell–specific molecular interactors of DST-a undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 5 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 4
Localization
GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 4 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3
Pathway
R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 4 R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 1
Partners
ITGB4NEFL
Complex memberships
hemidesmosome

Evidence

Reading pass · 11 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1985 The bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG1, encoded by DST) is an intracellular protein associated with the basal cell cytoskeleton and hemidesmosome complex, localized on the inner surface of the dermal pole of the basal cell membrane and on intracytoplasmic vacuoles representing internalized hemidesmosomes, as demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy of permeabilized epidermal cells. Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) of saponin-permeated basal cells and epidermal sheets; indirect immunofluorescence with BP patient autoantibodies The Journal of investigative dermatology High 3880796
1988 A cDNA encoding bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG1/DST gene product) was isolated from a keratinocyte expression library using BP patient autoantibodies; the cDNA hybridizes to a 9-kb keratinocyte mRNA and encodes a 76-kD peptide fragment, and affinity-purified antibodies raised against the clone's product immunoprecipitate the 230-kD BP antigen from keratinocyte extracts and bind the epidermal basement membrane. cDNA library screening with patient autoantibodies (immunoperoxidase), Northern blot, dideoxy sequencing, affinity purification, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence The Journal of clinical investigation High 2461961
2006 BPAG1 (DST gene product) plays a central role in hemidesmosome assembly through its interaction with α6β4 integrin; disruption of the α6β4–plectin/BPAG1 interaction is a crucial event in hemidesmosome disassembly during keratinocyte differentiation and migration, and the α6β4 integrin–BPAG1 axis coordinates epithelial stromal attachment in stratified epithelia. Review integrating biochemical binding studies, genetic loss-of-function, and cell biological assays from multiple laboratories Trends in cell biology Medium 16757171
2018 Recessive mutations in the neuronal isoforms of DST (dystonin) cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI (HSAN-VI); functional studies showed that the p.Ala203Glu variant in an isoform-specific N-terminal region causes defects in actin cytoskeleton organization and that recombinant p.Ala203Glu dystonin loses the ability to bind actin, resulting in delayed cell adhesion, spreading, and migration. Whole-exome sequencing; recombinant protein binding assay (actin binding); cell adhesion and migration assays; actin cytoskeleton imaging Human mutation High 30371979
2020 The DST locus produces at least three major isoforms (DST-a neuronal, DST-b muscular, DST-e epithelial); distinct mutations within Dst differentially affect isoform expression, and loss of Dst-e specifically disrupts hemidesmosome inner plaques and keratin filament invasions in basal keratinocytes as shown by transmission electron microscopy, while loss of Dst-a causes sensory/autonomic nerve degeneration, demonstrating that phenotypic heterogeneity in DST-related disease is determined by isoform-specific loss of function. Spontaneous and gene-trap mutant mouse strains; RT-PCR/mRNA quantification; transmission electron microscopy of hemidesmosomes; immunohistochemistry of skin and neural tissue Disease models & mechanisms High 32482619
2022 Pathogenic DST variants restricted to the coiled-coil domain of the skin-specific isoform BPAG1-e (DST-e) cause epidermolysis bullosa simplex without extracutaneous involvement, while mutations that ablate all isoforms (within the plakin domain shared by all isoforms) cause HSAN-VI with musculoskeletal and neurological malformations, establishing a structural domain-based genotype-phenotype correlation. Next-generation sequencing; identification of homozygous mutations; domain mapping against known isoform structures Experimental dermatology Medium 35276021
2023 Biallelic loss-of-function variants in the neuronal isoform of DST cause neurogenic arthrogryposis multiplex congenita; transmission electron microscopy of fetal sciatic nerve revealed severe hypomyelination and dramatic reduction of fiber density, demonstrating a critical role for DST in peripheral nerve axonogenesis during human development. Whole-exome sequencing combined with arrayCGH; transmission electron microscopy of sciatic nerve from affected fetus Clinical genetics Medium 37431644
2024 DST-a (neuronal isoform) is required for integrity of spinocerebellar tracts, peripheral sensory nerves, dorsal root ganglia, and cranial nerve ganglia; conditional Schwann cell-specific Dst knockout mice demonstrate that DST function in Schwann cells is specifically required for peripheral nerve maintenance; DST-b (muscular isoform) knockout mice show a distinct phenotype, establishing isoform-specific roles in the nervous system. Multiple genetically modified mouse lines: spontaneous mutants, targeted knockouts, conditional (Schwann cell-specific) knockouts, transgenic lines; motor coordination quantification; histological analysis Journal of neurogenetics High 38465459
2025 DST regulates cisplatin resistance in colorectal cancer cells via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; overexpression of DST suppressed PI3K/Akt signaling, inhibited cell viability, proliferation, invasion, and migration, and promoted apoptosis, while reducing tumor growth and DDP resistance in xenograft models. Lentiviral overexpression and shRNA knockdown in CRC cell lines; xenograft mouse models; cell viability, apoptosis, invasion/migration assays; Western blotting for PI3K/Akt pathway components The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology Medium 39419785
2025 In silico modeling combined with Dst/Nefl double-knockout mouse validation demonstrated that dystonin (DST) interacts with microtubules, neurofilaments, and actin filaments to maintain axonal cytoskeletal integrity; loss of Dst causes significant structural deformations and mitochondrial transport disruptions in axons, and ablation of Nefl (NF-L) alleviates neurodegeneration in Dst-deficient mice, placing DST upstream of neurofilament-dependent axonal transport regulation. In silico spatiotemporal simulation (iGCPs model); Dst knockout and Dst/Nefl double-knockout mouse models; multi-modal imaging; phenotypic rescue assessment Communications biology Medium 40993298
2026 Biallelic variants exclusively in exons 40-41 of DST, specific to the DST-b (muscular) isoform, cause autosomal recessive congenital myopathy with arthrogryposis, hypotonia, and dilated cardiomyopathy; RNA analysis confirmed DST-b transcripts are predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and fibroblasts but not brain; proteomic analysis of patient-derived fibroblasts confirmed absence of DST-b protein; variants additionally affecting DST-a cause a more severe lethal congenital contracture syndrome, establishing a four-disease genotype-phenotype framework for DST. Exome/genome sequencing of 19 individuals from 14 families; RNA expression analysis across tissues; proteomic analysis of patient fibroblasts; muscle biopsy histology and ultrastructural analysis (electron microscopy) Brain : a journal of neurology High 40497796

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 77 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2006 Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell 2861 17081983
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2016 ATPase-Modulated Stress Granules Contain a Diverse Proteome and Substructure. Cell 1233 26777405
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
2018 VIRMA mediates preferential m6A mRNA methylation in 3'UTR and near stop codon and associates with alternative polyadenylation. Cell discovery 829 29507755
2003 Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nature genetics 754 14702039
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2016 An improved smaller biotin ligase for BioID proximity labeling. Molecular biology of the cell 665 26912792
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2009 An EB1-binding motif acts as a microtubule tip localization signal. Cell 516 19632184
2011 Analysis of the myosin-II-responsive focal adhesion proteome reveals a role for β-Pix in negative regulation of focal adhesion maturation. Nature cell biology 490 21423176
2014 Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche. Nature 445 25231870
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2015 A Dynamic Protein Interaction Landscape of the Human Centrosome-Cilium Interface. Cell 433 26638075
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
2015 Extension of the Dermal Sensitisation Threshold (DST) approach to incorporate chemicals classified as reactive. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP 412 25934255
2005 Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. Genome research 409 16344560
1996 Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery. Genome research 401 8889548
2013 Protein interaction network of the mammalian Hippo pathway reveals mechanisms of kinase-phosphatase interactions. Science signaling 383 24255178
1996 Generation and analysis of 280,000 human expressed sequence tags. Genome research 376 8889549
2009 A previously unknown zinc finger protein, DST, regulates drought and salt tolerance in rice via stomatal aperture control. Genes & development 354 19651988
2006 Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 Interactome: evidence for the close connectivity of risk genes and a potential synaptic basis for schizophrenia. Molecular psychiatry 345 17043677
2021 A proximity-dependent biotinylation map of a human cell. Nature 339 34079125
1988 Isolation of complementary DNA for bullous pemphigoid antigen by use of patients' autoantibodies. The Journal of clinical investigation 327 2461961
2016 The cell proliferation antigen Ki-67 organises heterochromatin. eLife 265 26949251
2004 Functional proteomics mapping of a human signaling pathway. Genome research 247 15231748
2006 Current insights into the formation and breakdown of hemidesmosomes. Trends in cell biology 246 16757171
2003 The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. Nature 242 14574404
1985 A pool of bullous pemphigoid antigen(s) is intracellular and associated with the basal cell cytoskeleton-hemidesmosome complex. The Journal of investigative dermatology 234 3880796
2013 Rice zinc finger protein DST enhances grain production through controlling Gn1a/OsCKX2 expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 198 23382237
1993 DST sequences, highly conserved among plant SAUR genes, target reporter transcripts for rapid decay in tobacco. The Plant cell 161 8329900
2015 DCA1 Acts as a Transcriptional Co-activator of DST and Contributes to Drought and Salt Tolerance in Rice. PLoS genetics 78 26496194
2021 Decreasing nitrogen assimilation under drought stress by suppressing DST-mediated activation of Nitrate Reductase 1.2 in rice. Molecular plant 71 34530166
2006 The dex/CRH test--is it better than the DST? Psychoneuroendocrinology 67 16701957
2004 Earlier low-dose TBI or DST overcomes CD8+ T-cell-mediated alloresistance to allogeneic marrow in recipients of anti-CD40L. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 52 14678032
2006 Clinical evaluation of chemosensitivity testing for patients with unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug sensitivity test (CD-DST). Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 42 16896928
2016 HT-SPOTi: A Rapid Drug Susceptibility Test (DST) to Evaluate Antibiotic Resistance Profiles and Novel Chemicals for Anti-Infective Drug Discovery. Current protocols in microbiology 29 26855282
1996 Mutational analysis of the DST element in tobacco cells and transgenic plants: identification of residues critical for mRNA instability. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 29 8634911
2018 Recessive mutations in the neuronal isoforms of DST, encoding dystonin, lead to abnormal actin cytoskeleton organization and HSAN type VI. Human mutation 28 30371979
2017 Expanding the phenotype of DST-related disorder: A case report suggesting a genotype/phenotype correlation. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 26 28767192
1991 The impact of dexamethasone pharmacokinetics on the DST: a review. Psychopharmacology bulletin 25 1813902
2022 Test performance data demonstrates utility of a cattle DIVA skin test reagent (DST-F) compatible with BCG vaccination. Scientific reports 21 35835806
1987 Improved renal allograft survival following donor-specific transfusions. II. In vitro correlates of early (DST-type) rejection episodes. Transplantation 19 2948309
2012 Differences in chemosensitivity between primary and paired metastatic lung cancer tissues: In vitro analysis based on the collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug test (CD-DST). Journal of thoracic disease 18 22295166
2002 Redox regulation of stress signals: possible roles of dendritic stellate TRX producer cells (DST cell types). Biological chemistry 17 12033447
2022 Mediator complex subunit MED25 physically interacts with DST to regulate spikelet number in rice. Journal of integrative plant biology 16 35212455
2022 Pathogenic DST sequence variants result in either epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 (HSAN-VI). Experimental dermatology 13 35276021
2020 Novel Compound Heterozygous DST Variants Causing Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies VI in Twins of a Chinese Family. Frontiers in genetics 13 32528525
2021 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex due to bi-allelic DST mutations: Case series and review of the literature. Pediatric dermatology 12 33471381
2004 Critical role for CD8 T cells in allograft acceptance induced by DST and CD40/CD154 costimulatory blockade. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 11 15196062
2020 Diverse dystonin gene mutations cause distinct patterns of Dst isoform deficiency and phenotypic heterogeneity in Dystonia musculorum mice. Disease models & mechanisms 10 32482619
2011 Acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain of dystonia musculorum (Dst(dt-J)) mutant mice. Neuroscience research 9 21978551
1989 "Anti-idiotypic" antibodies to HLA in transiently sensitized DST patients. Human immunology 8 2674072
2023 DST variants are responsible for neurogenic arthrogryposis multiplex congenita enlarging the spectrum of type VI hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy. Clinical genetics 5 37431644
2006 Stability of canine distemper virus (CDV) after 20 passages in Vero-DST cells expressing the receptor protein for CDV. Veterinary microbiology 5 16982161
2001 [Correlation between 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) sensitivity as measured by collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug sensitivity test (CD-DST) and expression of orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT), thymidylate synthase (TS), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in colorectal cancer]. Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy 4 11383215
2022 Implementation of a dermal sensitization threshold (DST) concept for risk assessment: structure-based DST and in vitro data-based DST. Critical reviews in toxicology 3 35416118
2018 Temporal organization of magnetospheric fluctuations unveiled by recurrence patterns in the Dst index. Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.) 3 30180615
2025 DST regulates cisplatin resistance in colorectal cancer via PI3K/Akt pathway. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology 2 39419785
2024 The DST gene in neurobiology. Journal of neurogenetics 2 38465459
2022 A PDX model combined with CD-DST assay to evaluate the antitumor properties of KRpep-2d and oxaliplatin in KRAS (G12D) mutant colorectal cancer. Heliyon 2 36590511
2017 A Novel Model on DST-Induced Transplantation Tolerance by the Transfer of Self-Specific Donor tTregs to a Haplotype-Matched Organ Recipient. Frontiers in immunology 2 28270810
2004 Genetics of the DST-mediated mRNA decay pathway using a transgene-based selection. Biochemical Society transactions 2 15270679
1989 DST in chronic pain patients not suffering from major depression. Pharmacopsychiatry 2 2710810
1986 Role of MLC serum inhibitory factors in high MLC-reactive kidney transplant recipients pretreated with donor-specific blood transfusion (DST). The Japanese journal of surgery 2 2948045
2025 Rare autosomal recessive hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI in a Pakistani family caused by a novel DST variant. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 1 40938507
1992 Analysis of suppressor T cells induced by donor-specific transfusion (DST): establishment of a human T cell hybridoma producing an antigen-nonspecific suppressor factor. Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation 1 14621901
2026 Deciphering DST-associated disorders: biallelic variants affecting DST-b cause a congenital myopathy. Brain : a journal of neurology 0 40497796
2025 Autosomal recessive epidermolysis bullosa simplex due to compound heterozygous mutations in the DST gene: the first Italian case and literature review. Dermatology reports 0 40371845
2025 DST-3, a novel cryptotanshinone derivate, attenuates glutamate excitotoxicity after ischemic stroke via CREB-Homer1 axis activation. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 0 40929882
2025 In silico reconstructions underpin aberrant trafficking dynamics in deficient axons of Dst knockout and Dst/Nefl double-knockout mice. Communications biology 0 40993298
2025 DST-3, a Novel Modified Cryptotanshinone, Protects Against Pulmonary Fibrosis via Inhibiting STAT3/Smad Signaling Pathway and Improves Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 0 41155944
2001 [Evaluation of chemosensitivity testing by CD-DST, and TS and DPD activity in cases of colorectal liver]. Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy 0 11707970
1991 [Induction of suppressor T cells by donor-specific blood transfusion (DST): establishment of a human T cell hybridoma producing an MLR suppressing factor]. Nihon Geka Gakkai zasshi 0 1831242