| 1992 |
VPS1 (yeast ortholog of DNM1L) encodes a GTPase that binds and hydrolyzes GTP; the N-terminal domain provides GTP-binding/hydrolysis activity required for vacuolar protein sorting, while the C-terminal domain mediates association with sorting apparatus components; dominant-negative mutations mapped exclusively to the N-terminal half, and recessive mutations produced truncated/unstable proteins. |
In vitro GTP binding/hydrolysis assay, hydroxylamine mutagenesis, deletion analysis, subcellular fractionation |
The Journal of cell biology |
High |
1429836
|
| 1993 |
Vps1p associates with the membrane fraction in subcellular fractionation experiments; the C-terminal half of Vps1p is important for this membrane association. |
Subcellular fractionation |
Ciba Foundation symposium |
Medium |
8299420
|
| 1995 |
Vps1p (yeast DNM1L ortholog) is an 80-kDa GTPase associated with the Golgi apparatus and is required for retention of late Golgi membrane proteins; in vps1Δ cells, Golgi and vacuolar membrane proteins are re-routed to the plasma membrane via the secretory pathway rather than the prevacuolar compartment, demonstrating Vps1p is required for vesicle formation from the late Golgi toward the prevacuolar compartment. |
Genetic epistasis (vps1Δ sec4-ts and vps1Δ end4-ts double mutants), protease protection assay, temperature-sensitive mutant analysis |
The Journal of cell biology |
High |
7698993
|
| 1995 |
MVP1 genetically interacts with VPS1; overproduction of Mvp1p suppresses multiple dominant vps1 alleles in a wild-type Vps1p-dependent manner, and Mvp1p co-localizes with Vps1p at late Golgi/prevacuolar compartments, indicating they act in concert to promote membrane traffic to the vacuole. |
Multicopy suppressor screen, genetic epistasis, fluorescence co-localization |
Molecular and cellular biology |
Medium |
7862158
|
| 1997 |
A dominant-negative Vps1p A293D point mutation (downstream of the GTP-binding motif) causes missorting of carboxypeptidase Y; expression of wild-type Vps1p partially suppresses this, consistent with competition for a shared sorting factor binding site. |
Point mutagenesis, CPY sorting assay, dominant-negative complementation |
Biological chemistry |
Medium |
9372190
|
| 1998 |
Human DYMPLE (DNM1L/DRP1) was cloned; it encodes an 80-kDa dynamin-family GTPase lacking a proline-rich C-terminal domain; overexpressed wild-type protein shows a punctate perinuclear cytoplasmic pattern, while an N-terminal deletion mutant forms large aggregates bounded by a trans-Golgi network marker; three tissue-specific alternative splice forms produce in-frame deletions. |
cDNA cloning, overexpression with subcellular localization by fluorescence microscopy, Northern blot for splice variants |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
9422767
|
| 2010 |
A C452F missense mutation in the M (middle/stalk) domain of mouse Dnm1l causes dominant dilated cardiomyopathy; heterozygous mutant fibroblasts show abnormal mitochondrial and peroxisomal morphology; hearts show reduced mitochondrial enzyme complexes and ATP depletion; homozygosity is embryonic lethal; the mutation alters protein–protein interactions in a yeast two-hybrid assay, suggesting disrupted intramolecular interactions within the Dnm1l monomer. |
ENU mutagenesis screen, yeast two-hybrid protein interaction assay, mitochondrial morphology (fluorescence microscopy), enzymatic activity assays for respiratory chain complexes, ATP measurement |
PLoS genetics |
High |
20585624
|
| 2010 |
Yeast Vps1 transiently localizes to endocytic sites and facilitates endocytic membrane invagination; the C-terminal self-assembly domain is required for endocytic function but not for other membrane fission events (e.g., Golgi-to-vacuole sorting). |
Live-cell imaging of endocytic reporters, electron microscopy, biochemical approaches, domain-mutant analysis |
Journal of cell science |
High |
20841380
|
| 2010 |
Loss of Vps1 disrupts assembly and maturation of endocytic vesicles at the plasma membrane (increased lifespan of cortical endocytic complexes), impairs directed post-internalization vesicle motility toward the vacuole, and causes severe disruption of actin cables; both the GTPase and GED domains are required for endocytic function. |
Time-lapse fluorescence live-cell imaging with particle tracking, GFP-tagged endocytic markers in vps1 null cells |
European journal of cell biology |
Medium |
20189679
|
| 2011 |
Vps1 and the amphiphysin Rvs167 interact via Vps1's single type I SH3-binding motif and the Rvs167 SH3 domain; this interaction is specifically required for endocytic scission but not for other Vps1 membrane functions; in vitro, the Rvs161/Rvs167 heterodimer can disassemble Vps1 oligomers. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro oligomer disassembly assay, site-directed mutagenesis of SH3-binding motif, live-cell imaging, electron microscopy |
Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) |
High |
22082017
|
| 2011 |
The self-assembly-defective Vps1 I649K mutation causes formation of elongated endocytic invaginations (equivalent to I690K in human Dyn1), demonstrating that Vps1 self-assembly and consequent GTPase stimulation are critical for the vesicle scission/pinching-off step of endocytosis. |
Electron microscopy of endocytic invaginations in cells expressing Vps1-I649K |
Communicative & integrative biology |
Medium |
21509199
|
| 2013 |
Vps1 localizes to late endosomes and is required for efficient late endosome-to-vacuole transport; loss of Vps1 disrupts HOPS tethering complex integrity by mislocalizing Vps39 to the cytoplasm; double mutants of VPS1 with individual ESCRT I, II, or III genes show synthetic lethality. |
Fluorescence microscopy (FM4-64 pulse-chase, GFP-tagged markers), subcellular localization analysis, genetic epistasis (synthetic lethality) |
Journal of biosciences |
Medium |
23385815
|
| 2013 |
Vps1 functions in early endosome-to-late Golgi recycling of GFP-Snc1; the GTPase and GED domains of Vps1 are essential for this recycling function; loss of Vps1 also causes Vps51 (GARP component) mislocalization from the late Golgi and severe disruption of actin cables. |
Fluorescence microscopy of GFP-Snc1, genetic interaction analysis, domain mutant analysis |
Biochemistry and cell biology |
Medium |
24219288
|
| 2014 |
Vps1 promotes fission of retromer SNX-BAR-coated tubules from yeast endosomes; Mvp1 (SNX8 homolog) recruits Vps1 to the endosome in vivo and has potent membrane-remodeling activity in vitro; cargo export completely fails in vps1-null cells but is only delayed in mvp1-null cells. |
In vitro membrane remodeling assay (Mvp1), in vivo Vps1 endosomal localization, cargo export assays in null mutants |
The Journal of cell biology |
High |
24567361
|
| 2014 |
Retromer, Vps1, and the Rab7 GTPase Ypt7 cooperate to retrieve transmembrane receptor Vps10 from vacuoles; retromer and Vps1 leave the vacuole with the cargo while Ypt7 remains, indicating Ypt7 has a regulatory role; both retromer and Vps1 are essential for vacuole membrane organization. |
In vitro vacuole recycling assay, cargo co-fractionation, fluorescence microscopy |
Journal of cell science |
Medium |
25512334
|
| 2014 |
DNM1L (DRP1) interacts with kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1) through KLC1's tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains but not with KIF5; DNM1L and KLC1 co-localize in cultured cells, suggesting KLC1 may participate in post-fission mitochondrial transport. |
Yeast two-hybrid screening, co-localization by fluorescence microscopy in cultured cells |
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry |
Low |
25082190
|
| 2015 |
Vps1 is phosphorylated at serine 599 by the cyclin-associated kinase Pho85 in vivo and in vitro; phosphomimetic (S599D) and non-phosphorylatable (S599V) mutations selectively impair endocytic scission without affecting other Vps1 functions; S599V inhibits the interaction with Rvs167, while both S599 mutations cause defects in vesicle scission visualized by live imaging and EM. |
In vitro kinase assay (Pho85), phosphoproteomics confirmation, site-directed mutagenesis, live-cell imaging, electron microscopy of endocytic invaginations, co-immunoprecipitation |
Molecular and cellular biology |
High |
26711254
|
| 2015 |
In the absence of DNM1L/Drp1, PARK2/Parkin-dependent mitophagy becomes critical for maintaining mitochondrial function and structural integrity in the mouse heart and brain, establishing a synergistic relationship between mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. |
Mouse genetic knockout/epistasis (Dnm1l and Park2 double mutant), mitochondrial functional and structural analysis |
Autophagy |
Medium |
25715097
|
| 2016 |
DNM1L R403C mutation in the middle/assembly domain acts by a dominant-negative mechanism, reducing DRP1 oligomerization, mitochondrial fission activity, and mitochondrial recruitment of DRP1, but to a lesser extent than the A395D lethal variant; this establishes that milder DRP1 oligomerization impairment correlates with later-onset disease. |
Patient fibroblast studies, fluorescence microscopy of mitochondrial morphology, assessment of DRP1 oligomerization, mitochondrial fission assays |
American journal of medical genetics. Part A |
Medium |
27145208
|
| 2016 |
De novo heterozygous DNM1L G362S mutation (in the assembly/middle domain) acts as a dominant-negative, causing markedly impaired mitochondrial fission, partial respiratory chain defect (complex IV), and normal peroxisomal morphology in patient fibroblasts; human fibroblasts overexpressing the mutant gene recapitulate aberrant mitochondrial morphology. |
Patient fibroblast fluorescence microscopy, respiratory chain activity assay, overexpression of mutant DNM1L |
American journal of medical genetics. Part A |
Medium |
26992161
|
| 2016 |
Biallelic (compound heterozygous) DNM1L variants cause recessive disease with impaired fission of both mitochondria and peroxisomes (abnormally elongated mitochondria and aberrant peroxisomes in patient fibroblasts); pathogenicity validated in a yeast model. |
Fluorescence microscopy of patient fibroblasts, yeast functional complementation model |
Human mutation |
Medium |
27328748
|
| 2017 |
DNM1L knockout neural stem cells (Dnm1l-/- NSCs) show elongated mitochondria, reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity, metabolic shift to glycolysis, impaired self-renewal, and accelerated cellular aging; PARK2/Parkin becomes critical when DNM1L is absent in mouse heart and brain. |
Dnm1l knockout ESC-derived NSCs, mitochondrial morphology assessment, metabolic flux analysis, self-renewal assays |
International journal of molecular sciences (2023) / Autophagy (2015) |
Medium |
25715097 34573276
|
| 2017 |
Dominant mutations in DNM1L in patients with isolated optic atrophy lead to homo-polymerization of DNM1L and formation of cytoplasmic aggregates on highly tubulated mitochondrial networks; Dnm1l+/- mice show increased mitochondrial length in retinal ganglion cell soma and axons, establishing DNM1L as required for mitochondrial fission in the optic nerve. |
Patient fibroblast analysis, fluorescence microscopy of mitochondrial network, mouse retinal ganglion cell analysis (Dnm1l+/- mouse) |
Brain : a journal of neurology |
Medium |
28969390
|
| 2017 |
PRKAA (AMPKα) regulates DNM1L protein levels via autophagy-dependent degradation; loss of PRKAA causes defective autophagy, DNM1L accumulation, and aberrant mitochondrial fragmentation; the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 binds DNM1L and mediates its delivery to autophagosomes for lysosomal degradation. |
Mouse aortic endothelium knockout models, siRNA knockdown, co-immunoprecipitation (SQSTM1-DNM1L), ATG7 overexpression, rapamycin/chloroquine treatment |
Autophagy |
High |
28085543
|
| 2017 |
Mtfp1 (mitochondrial fission protein 1) acts upstream of Dnm1l to promote its accumulation at mitochondria; knockdown of Mtfp1 prevents Dnm1l mitochondrial accumulation and reduces doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial fission and apoptosis in cardiac myocytes; Mtfp1 overexpression enhances fission. |
siRNA knockdown, overexpression, fluorescence microscopy of mitochondrial morphology, cell death assays in HL-1 cardiomyocytes |
Journal of cellular and molecular medicine |
Medium |
28643438
|
| 2017 |
Vps1 associates with clathrin heavy chain (Chc1) via the C-terminal region of Chc1; Vps1 arrives at the Golgi after clathrin; loss of Vps1 shifts clathrin localization to late endosome/vacuole; double vps1Δ chc1Δ cells show more severe CPY sorting defects than either single mutant. |
Yeast two-hybrid, genetic epistasis (double mutant CPY sorting), fluorescence microscopy of clathrin localization |
European journal of cell biology |
Medium |
28256270
|
| 2018 |
Crystal structures of Vps1 GTPase-BSE fusion reveal GTP hydrolysis intermediates and conformational changes; cryo-EM structure of full-length GMPPCP-bound Vps1 shows a more open and flexible helical architecture than dynamin, due to BSE opening away from GTPase domains and formation of a novel inter-GTPase domain interface instead of BSE-stalk contacts; disruption of this novel interface abolishes Vps1 function in vivo. |
X-ray crystallography (GTPase-BSE fusion, multiple nucleotide states), cryo-EM (full-length Vps1), in vivo mutagenesis of novel interface |
The Journal of cell biology |
High |
30087125
|
| 2019 |
In HCC cells under hypoxia, DNM1L translocates to mitochondria (without changing total DNM1L levels), inducing excessive mitochondrial fission; DNM1L interacts with hexokinase 2 (HK2) and is involved in HK2 phosphorylation, causing HK2 detachment from mitochondria and consequent mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. [Note: this paper was subsequently retracted (PMID 33907822) due to use of wrong cell line; the finding should be treated with very low confidence.] |
Co-immunoprecipitation (DNM1L-HK2), immunofluorescence, mitochondrial membrane potential assay — NOTE: retracted |
Oncology reports |
Low |
31322265 33907822
|
| 2019 |
Inhibition of DNM1L in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes impairs mitochondrial fission, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential, decreases AKT/IKK activation, inhibits NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, and reduces IL-8 and COX-2 production, placing DNM1L upstream of AKT/IKK/NF-κB inflammatory signaling. |
DNM1L siRNA knockdown, mdivi-1 pharmacological inhibition, fluorescence microscopy, western blot for signaling pathway components, cytokine measurement, CIA mouse model |
Journal of cellular and molecular medicine |
Medium |
31755231
|
| 2019 |
Vps1 Insert B region binds directly to lipids, preferentially PI(4,5)P2; mutation of three lysine residues (KKK-AAA) in Insert B reduces lipid binding, selectively disrupts endocytic scission (increased lifetime of endocytic reporter Sla2, defective scission events) without affecting other Vps1 functions. |
In vitro lipid-binding assay, site-directed mutagenesis, live-cell imaging of endocytic reporters, fluorescence localization |
PloS one |
Medium |
31009484
|
| 2020 |
The P-loop K42A mutation in Vps1 abrogates GTPase activity by disrupting organization of the GTPase active site (not nucleotide binding affinity); in cells, Vps1-K42A and Dnm1-K42A become trapped in assembled oligomeric states at their typical sites of action, explaining the dominant-negative mechanism. |
Biophysical nucleotide-binding assays, GTPase activity assays, crystal structure of K42A mutant, in vivo fluorescence microscopy of trapped assemblies |
Protein science |
High |
31981262
|
| 2020 |
DNM1L knockdown in mouse embryonic fibroblasts slows mitochondrial clearance (measured by photoactivatable mito-PAmCherry flow cytometry); impaired DNM1L-Ser616 and MAPK/ERK phosphorylation in LRRK2R1441G mutant cells attenuates mitochondrial fission and downstream mitophagy, placing DNM1L-MAPK/ERK signaling upstream of mitophagy. |
DNM1L siRNA knockdown, flow cytometry of photoactivatable mito-PAmCherry, western blot for DNM1L-pSer616 and MAPK/ERK phosphorylation, FCCP-induced stress |
Autophagy |
Medium |
33300446
|
| 2021 |
Mvp1 (SNX8 homolog) mediates endosomal recycling by deforming endosomal membrane and sorting cargo with a specific motif into tubules, then recruiting Vps1 to catalyze membrane scission and release the recycling tubule; this constitutes a mechanistically distinct pathway from retromer and Snx4 pathways. |
In vivo Vps1 recruitment assay, cargo sorting assays in null mutants, membrane tubulation analysis |
eLife |
Medium |
34524084
|
| 2022 |
Four distinct de novo DNM1L variants in different domains impair DRP1 function by divergent mechanisms: stalk domain variants show greater impairments in oligomerization, peroxisomal recruitment, and hyperfusion than GTPase domain variants; a novel p.Arg710Gly variant uncouples DRP1 assembly from assembly-stimulated GTP hydrolysis, revealing that assembly-state information is transmitted to the GTPase domain. |
In vitro recombinant human DRP1 mutant characterization (oligomerization assays, GTPase activity), patient fibroblast mitochondrial/peroxisomal morphology |
Life science alliance |
High |
35914810
|
| 2023 |
Vps1 interacts with Atg9 at Atg9 reservoirs; in the absence of Vps1 or its GTPase activity, Atg9 fails to reach the phagophore assembly site, severely impairing autophagic flux; Vps1 oligomerization activity is also required for this autophagy function. |
Co-immunoprecipitation (Vps1-Atg9), fluorescence microscopy of Atg9 localization in vps1Δ and GTPase-dead mutants, autophagic flux assays |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
37060997
|
| 2023 |
Pex27 specifically mediates Vps1-dependent peroxisome fission (but not Dnm1-dependent fission); Pex27 physically interacts with Vps1 in vivo, accumulates at constricted peroxisomal regions, and is required for accumulation of GTPase-dead Vps1-K42A on peroxisomes, indicating Pex27 is a Vps1-specific peroxisomal receptor. |
Co-immunoprecipitation (Pex27-Vps1), fluorescence microscopy of peroxisome morphology, genetic epistasis (pex27Δ vs dnm1Δ), GTPase-dead mutant recruitment assay |
Journal of cell science |
High |
36825558
|
| 2023 |
BCL2L13 targets DNM1L at Ser616, promoting mitochondrial fission and elevated mitophagy flux in glioblastoma cells; this mechanism promotes GBM proliferation and invasion. |
Co-immunoprecipitation-like target identification, fluorescence microscopy of mitochondrial morphology, mitophagy flux assays, in vitro and in vivo proliferation/invasion assays |
Cell death & disease |
Low |
37660127
|
| 2023 |
DNM1L knockout in mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells causes elongated mitochondria, reduced respiratory capacity, metabolic shift to glycolysis, impaired self-renewal, accelerated cellular aging, elevated inflammation markers, and increased cell death. |
Dnm1l knockout ESC-derived NSCs, mitochondrial morphology fluorescence microscopy, metabolic flux (Seahorse), self-renewal and proliferation assays |
International journal of molecular sciences |
Medium |
37762596
|
| 2025 |
PPA2 interacts with MTFP1 (inner mitochondrial membrane protein) to activate DNM1L Ser616 phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation; MTFP1 knockdown abolishes PPA2-induced DNM1L activation; in physiological conditions PPA2 directs midzone fission via MFF-DNM1L, while under mitochondrial stress PPA2 drives peripheral fission via FIS1-DNM1L for mitophagy. |
Co-immunoprecipitation (PPA2-MTFP1), siRNA knockdown of MTFP1, phospho-DNM1L western blot, fluorescence microscopy of mitochondrial morphology, CCCP stress assays |
Autophagy |
Medium |
40873007
|
| 2025 |
USP3, a deubiquitinating enzyme, directly interacts with DNM1L and specifically cleaves K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, deubiquitinating and stabilizing DNM1L protein; elevated USP3-mediated DNM1L stabilization promotes mitochondrial fission and GBC progression. |
Co-immunoprecipitation (USP3-DNM1L), ubiquitin chain linkage analysis, cell-derived xenograft assays |
Biology direct |
Medium |
40197257
|
| 2025 |
DNM1L mutations impair mitochondrial fission in hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, causing elongated mitochondria, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased oxygen consumption and ATP production, prolonged Ca2+ decay time, and impaired contractile/diastolic function under isoproterenol stimulation. |
hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from DNM1L-mutant patients, mitochondrial morphology fluorescence microscopy, Seahorse metabolic flux, Ca2+ imaging, high-precision live contractility imaging |
Pediatric research |
Medium |
40269254
|
| 2025 |
DNM1L-isoforms lacking the A-insert (exon 3) robustly rescue mitochondrial fission in Drp1-knockout fibroblasts, while isoforms containing exon 3 show only partial rescue, indicating that the B-insert (exon 2/3) region negatively regulates DNM1L fission activity; isoform abundance does not predict enzymatic activity. |
Functional rescue in Drp1-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, long-read targeted sequencing for isoform characterization, GTPase/fission activity assays |
The FEBS journal |
Medium |
42053410
|
| 2025 |
Liver-specific Dnm1l knockout mice develop hepatic fibrosis, DNA damage, senescence, and spontaneous hepatocellular adenomas by 12–18 months; activated cGAS-STING-interferon pathway and increased pyrimidine synthesis were identified as downstream consequences; additional deletion of Mfn1/Mfn2 in Dnm1l-KO mice abolished liver injury, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis, showing that liver pathology requires mitochondrial fusion in the absence of fission. |
Liver-specific Dnm1l knockout mouse model, triple KO (Dnm1l/Mfn1/Mfn2), RNA sequencing, metabolomics, histology |
bioRxivpreprint |
Medium |
|
| 2024 |
A DNM1L splice variant lacking exon 16 of the variable domain decreases DRP1 association with mitochondrial fission sites, promotes fused mitochondrial networks and enhanced respiration, abrogates mitochondrial fission in response to pro-apoptotic stimuli, and reduces chemotherapy sensitivity; specific siRNA targeting this transcript reverses these pro-tumorigenic effects. |
siRNA-mediated selective knockdown of exon-16-lacking transcript, live-cell mitochondrial morphology imaging, Seahorse metabolic assays, in vitro and in vivo tumor models |
bioRxivpreprint |
Medium |
37790404
|
| 2024 |
Patient-derived iPSC cortical neurons with DRP1 mutations show mutation-specific changes in mitochondrial motility (axonal transport of hyperfused mitochondria), altered synaptic development gene expression, disrupted calcium dynamics, and deficits in pre/post-synaptic marker colocalization, indicating that DRP1 function is required for normal synaptic maturation. |
iPSC-derived cortical neurons, high-resolution time-lapse axonal transport imaging, transcriptional profiling, live calcium imaging, super-resolution microscopy of synaptic markers |
bioRxivpreprint |
Medium |
|