Affinage

DNAH5

Dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 · UniProt Q8TE73

Length
4624 aa
Mass
529.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 9 papers cited in narrative 9 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

DNAH5 is an outer dynein arm (ODA) heavy chain essential for motile cilia function, left-right body axis determination, and mucociliary clearance. It localizes to the proximal region of the respiratory ciliary axoneme, where it is required for ODA assembly; loss-of-function mutations cause absence of outer dynein arms, mislocalization of DNAH5 to microtubule organizing centers, ciliary immotility, and randomization of left-right asymmetry through failure of nodal flow at the embryonic left-right organizer (PMID:11788826, PMID:15750039, PMID:31638833). Complete axonemal DNAH5 deficiency produces immotile cilia, whereas partial (distal-only) loss permits residual motility, and DNAH5 interacts genetically with other ODA genes such as DNAH6 in an oligogenic manner to regulate cilia-dependent laterality signaling (PMID:15750039, PMID:26918822). Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in DNAH5 are a major cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia with or without situs inversus (PMID:11788826, PMID:16627867).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 5 steps
  1. 2002 High

    Identification of DNAH5 as an outer dynein arm heavy chain whose loss-of-function mutations cause primary ciliary dyskinesia with randomized laterality established the gene's essential role in cilia motility and left-right axis determination.

    Evidence Full-length transcript characterization and mutation screening in PCD families with situs inversus

    PMID:11788826

    Open questions at the time
    • Subcellular localization of DNAH5 along the axoneme not yet resolved
    • Mechanism by which DNAH5 absence leads to laterality defects not directly shown
  2. 2005 High

    Demonstrating that DNAH5 specifically occupies the proximal ciliary axoneme and that its complete axonemal absence causes immotility while distal-only loss permits residual motility resolved how regional ODA composition determines ciliary beat.

    Evidence High-resolution immunofluorescence and high-speed video microscopy of respiratory epithelia and sperm from PCD patients and controls

    PMID:15750039

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis for proximal versus distal ODA targeting unknown
    • Structural arrangement of DNAH5 within the ODA complex not determined
  3. 2006 High

    Large-cohort genotype-phenotype analysis confirmed that DNAH5 mutations invariably produce ODA defects by EM and that mislocalization of DNAH5 to microtubule organizing centers is a specific hallmark of genetic PCD, distinguishing it from secondary (inflammatory) ciliary dysfunction.

    Evidence Haplotype analysis, sequencing, EM, and immunofluorescence in 22 PCD patients; parallel IL-13-induced SCD model and in vivo inflammatory biopsies showing preserved DNAH5 localization

    PMID:16492982 PMID:16627867

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of DNAH5 retention at microtubule organizing centers when axonemal transport fails not characterized
    • Whether DNAH5 mislocalization occurs in all PCD genotypes not established
  4. 2016 Medium

    Trans-heterozygous epistasis experiments in mouse and zebrafish revealed that DNAH5 and DNAH6 interact genetically in an oligogenic manner to regulate cilia-dependent left-right patterning, extending the genetic architecture of laterality defects beyond simple Mendelian inheritance.

    Evidence Subthreshold siRNA knockdown of Dnah6 in heterozygous Dnah5 mutant mouse respiratory epithelia; double-morpholino knockdown in zebrafish causing heterotaxy

    PMID:26918822

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct physical interaction between DNAH5 and DNAH6 proteins not demonstrated
    • Oligogenic thresholds in human patients not quantitatively defined
  5. 2019 High

    Direct demonstration that Dnah5 mutant mouse embryonic node monocilia lack ODA, are immotile, and fail to generate leftward nodal flow—resulting in randomized Nodal expression—closed the mechanistic gap between DNAH5 loss and laterality defects.

    Evidence High-speed video microscopy, immunofluorescence, and in situ hybridization of Nodal in Dnah5 mutant mouse embryos; genotype-phenotype correlation in 132 PCD patients

    PMID:31638833

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether immotile node cilia also lose sensory function is not resolved
    • Contribution of DNAH5 to other motile cilia types (e.g., ependymal, fallopian) not directly tested in this model

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The structural basis of DNAH5 integration into the ODA complex, its mechanism of proximal axonemal targeting, and the full scope of oligogenic interactions modulating DNAH5-dependent ciliopathy remain unresolved.
  • No high-resolution structure of DNAH5 within the human ODA complex
  • Molecular determinants of proximal versus distal axonemal targeting not identified
  • Full network of oligogenic modifiers beyond DNAH6 not mapped

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003774 cytoskeletal motor activity 3
Localization
GO:0005929 cilium 5 GO:0005815 microtubule organizing center 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 2
Partners
DNAH6DNAH9DNAI1
Complex memberships
outer dynein arm (ODA)

Evidence

Reading pass · 9 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2002 DNAH5 encodes a protein highly similar to the Chlamydomonas gamma-dynein heavy chain; loss-of-function mutations in DNAH5 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia with randomization of left-right asymmetry, identifying DNAH5 as a component of the outer dynein arm required for cilia motility and left-right axis establishment. Full-length transcript characterization, mutation identification by sequence analysis in PCD patients with situs inversus Nature genetics High 11788826
2005 DNAH5 shows a specific regional distribution along the ciliary axoneme in normal respiratory epithelium (proximal region), distinct from DNAH9 (distal region), indicating the existence of at least two distinct outer dynein arm (ODA) types. In PCD patients with DNAH5 or DNAI1 mutations, DNAH5 is absent from the ciliary axoneme and accumulates at the microtubule-organizing centers. Cilia with complete axonemal DNAH5 deficiency are immotile, whereas cilia with only distal DNAH5 deficiency retain residual motility. High-resolution immunofluorescence imaging with specific antibodies, high-speed video microscopy, fractionation/localization in respiratory epithelial and sperm cells from PCD patients and controls American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine High 15750039
2006 In PCD patients with DNAH5 mutations, DNAH5 is mislocalized and absent throughout the ciliary axoneme (or only distally absent), with accumulation at the microtubule organizing centers; mutations cluster in five exons. DNAH5 mutations invariably produce outer dynein arm defects by electron microscopy, confirming DNAH5 as an outer dynein arm component essential for axonemal assembly. Haplotype analysis, sequencing, electron microscopy of cilia, high-resolution immunofluorescence imaging of respiratory epithelial cells from 22 patients American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine High 16627867
2006 Axonemal localization of DNAH5 is not altered in secondary ciliary dyskinesia (SCD) induced by IL-13 treatment or in vivo inflammation, distinguishing DNAH5 mislocalization as a specific diagnostic marker for PCD with ODA defects rather than a general consequence of ciliary inflammation. IL-13 treatment of primary human respiratory epithelial cell cultures, transmission electron microscopy, high-speed videomicroscopy, immunofluorescence of nasal brushing biopsies from SCD patients Pediatric research High 16492982
2016 DNAH6 interacts genetically with DNAH5; trans-heterozygous subthreshold siRNA knockdown of Dnah6 in heterozygous Dnah5 mutant mouse respiratory epithelia disrupts motile cilia function, and subthreshold double-morpholino knockdown in zebrafish causes heterotaxy, demonstrating an oligogenic interaction between DNAH5 and DNAH6 in cilia-dependent left-right patterning. siRNA knockdown in mouse respiratory epithelia, zebrafish double-morpholino knockdown (subthreshold epistasis), exome sequencing of heterotaxy patients PLoS genetics Medium 26918822
2019 In Dnah5 mutant mice, embryonic left-right organizer (LRO) monocilia lack outer dynein arms, resulting in immotile cilia, impaired leftward fluid flow at the LRO, and randomization of Nodal signaling (normal, reversed, or bilateral expression), directly demonstrating the disease mechanism for laterality defects caused by DNAH5 deficiency at the molecular level during embryogenesis. High-speed video microscopy, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization in Dnah5 mutant mouse embryos; genotype/phenotype correlation in 132 PCD patients Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine High 31638833
2016 A TRA2B-DNAH5 gene fusion identified in lung squamous cell carcinoma promotes malignant progression through a SIRT6-ERK1/2-MMP1 signaling axis; inhibition of ERK1/2 by selumetinib efficiently inhibits growth of lung SCC with TRA2B-DNAH5 fusion expression. Exon array analysis, molecular cloning, functional studies in cell lines, ERK1/2 inhibitor treatment Cell research Medium 27670699
2022 In a DNAH5-mutated PCD airway organoid model, single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses revealed abnormal ciliary function and a decreased immune response caused by DNAH5 mutation; directed induction of ciliated cells regulated by TGF-β/BMP and Notch pathways also increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, implicating these pathways in DNAH5-dependent epithelial differentiation and immune dysregulation. Airway organoid from bronchoscopic biopsy of DNAH5-mutant PCD patient, single-cell RNA sequencing, proteomics Cells Low 36552777
2017 Absence or mislocalization of DNAH5 from motile cilia is a common pathological phenomenon in nasal polyps with chronic airway inflammation, with DNAH5 scoring positively correlated with Lund-Mackay CT score and eosinophilic NP status, extending the functional relevance of DNAH5 axonemal localization beyond genetic PCD to acquired ciliary dysfunction. Immunofluorescence staining of DNAH5 in paraffin-embedded nasal biopsies and cytospin samples from 120 NP patients and 35 controls with semiquantitative scoring The Laryngoscope Medium 29148098

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1998 HL-1 cells: a cardiac muscle cell line that contracts and retains phenotypic characteristics of the adult cardiomyocyte. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1305 9501201
2002 Mutations in DNAH5 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia and randomization of left-right asymmetry. Nature genetics 403 11788826
2000 Programmed cell death (PCD). Apoptosis, autophagic PCD, or others? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 269 11193023
2006 DNAH5 mutations are a common cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia with outer dynein arm defects. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 251 16627867
2005 Mislocalization of DNAH5 and DNAH9 in respiratory cells from patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 229 15750039
2014 H9c2 and HL-1 cells demonstrate distinct features of energy metabolism, mitochondrial function and sensitivity to hypoxia-reoxygenation. Biochimica et biophysica acta 195 25450968
2002 Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) phenotypes caused by mutations in the axotomy-induced gene, Nna1. Science (New York, N.Y.) 190 11884758
1996 Impaired classical eyeblink conditioning in cerebellar-lesioned and Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mutant mice. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 180 8786457
1978 The development and degeneration of Purkinje cells in pcd mutant mice. The Journal of comparative neurology 175 200636
2006 Altered tapetal PCD and pollen wall development in the Arabidopsis ms1 mutant. Journal of experimental botany 170 16908508
2014 Programmed cell death (PCD): an essential process of cereal seed development and germination. Frontiers in plant science 107 25120551
2019 OsAGO2 controls ROS production and the initiation of tapetal PCD by epigenetically regulating OsHXK1 expression in rice anthers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 30902896
1992 Dissociation of spatial navigation and visual guidance performance in Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mutant mice. Behavioural brain research 96 1590945
2016 DNAH6 and Its Interactions with PCD Genes in Heterotaxy and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. PLoS genetics 95 26918822
2019 Lack of GAS2L2 Causes PCD by Impairing Cilia Orientation and Mucociliary Clearance. American journal of human genetics 73 30665704
2006 The Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mouse: an unexpected molecular link between neuronal degeneration and regeneration. Brain research 69 16942761
2009 Mutations in DNAH5 account for only 15% of a non-preselected cohort of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Journal of medical genetics 60 19357118
2017 Killing colon cancer cells through PCD pathways by a novel hyaluronic acid-modified shell-core nanoparticle loaded with RIP3 in combination with chloroquine. Biomaterials 58 28199887
2020 Programmed cell death (PCD) control in plants: New insights from the Arabidopsis thaliana deathosome. Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology 54 32900441
2016 Ethylene responsive transcription factor ERF109 retards PCD and improves salt tolerance in plant. BMC plant biology 51 27716054
2007 Self-incompatibility in Papaver: signalling to trigger PCD in incompatible pollen. Journal of experimental botany 49 17872920
2012 NOX4-Dependent Hydrogen Peroxide Overproduction in Human Atrial Fibrillation and HL-1 Atrial Cells: Relationship to Hypertension. Frontiers in physiology 46 22679437
1995 Three-dimensional structure of the bifunctional protein PCD/DCoH, a cytoplasmic enzyme interacting with transcription factor HNF1. The EMBO journal 45 7744010
2004 Functional expression of L- and T-type Ca2+ channels in murine HL-1 cells. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 44 14734053
2019 Randomization of Left-right Asymmetry and Congenital Heart Defects: The Role of DNAH5 in Humans and Mice. Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine 42 31638833
2020 Centrality of BAGs in Plant PCD, Stress Responses, and Host Defense. Trends in plant science 40 32467063
2020 ROS-mediated programmed cell death (PCD) of Thalassiosira pseudonana under the stress of BDE-47. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 39 32179226
2014 Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced PCD and caspase-like activities involved. Frontiers in plant science 39 24592269
1999 Syndrome of microcephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation, and Wilms tumor caused by mosaic variegated aneuploidy with premature centromere division (PCD): report of a new case and review of the literature. Journal of human genetics 39 10429359
2023 BOTRYOID POLLEN 1 regulates ROS-triggered PCD and pollen wall development by controlling UDP-sugar homeostasis in rice. The Plant cell 38 37352123
2015 cAMP induces hypertrophy and alters DNA methylation in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 38 26224577
2014 Characterisation of connexin expression and electrophysiological properties in stable clones of the HL-1 myocyte cell line. PloS one 38 24587307
1999 Regional brain distribution of noradrenaline uptake sites, and of alpha1-alpha2- and beta-adrenergic receptors in PCD mutant mice: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Neuroscience 38 10613519
2019 C-reactive protein promotes inflammation through TLR4/NF-κB/TGF-β pathway in HL-1 cells. Bioscience reports 37 31391207
2017 Autophagy contributes to regulate the ROS levels and PCD progress in TMV-infected tomatoes. Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology 35 29606209
2008 Aldosterone induces cardiotrophin-1 expression in HL-1 adult cardiomyocytes. Endocrinology 35 18566129
2018 Tapetal-Delayed Programmed Cell Death (PCD) and Oxidative Stress-Induced Male Sterility of Aegilops uniaristata Cytoplasm in Wheat. International journal of molecular sciences 34 29890696
2016 Glucagon-like peptide-1 regulates calcium homeostasis and electrophysiological activities of HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Peptides 32 26930508
2012 Effectiveness of sequencing selected exons of DNAH5 and DNAI1 in diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Pediatric pulmonology 32 22416021
2024 OsALKBH9-mediated m6A demethylation regulates tapetal PCD and pollen exine accumulation in rice. Plant biotechnology journal 31 38634166
2016 Early oxidative damage induced by doxorubicin: Source of production, protection by GKT137831 and effect on Ca(2+) transporters in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 31 26906075
2014 FGF-23 dysregulates calcium homeostasis and electrophysiological properties in HL-1 atrial cells. European journal of clinical investigation 31 24942561
2001 Preparation, physicochemical properties and biological activity of copper(II) complexes with 6-(2-chlorobenzylamino)purine (HL1) or 6-(3-chlorobenzylamino)purine (HL2). The single-crystal X-ray structure of. Journal of inorganic biochemistry 31 11330478
2006 Axonemal localization of the dynein component DNAH5 is not altered in secondary ciliary dyskinesia. Pediatric research 29 16492982
1996 Chromosomal localization of the neurological mouse mutations tottering (tg), Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd), and nervous (nr). Brain research. Molecular brain research 29 8738138
2010 Population specificity of the DNAI1 gene mutation spectrum in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Respiratory research 28 21143860
2018 CCP1 promotes mitochondrial fusion and motility to prevent Purkinje cell neuron loss in pcd mice. The Journal of cell biology 27 30337352
2016 Identification of TRA2B-DNAH5 fusion as a novel oncogenic driver in human lung squamous cell carcinoma. Cell research 27 27670699
2004 Analysis of premature centromere division (PCD) of the X chromosome in Alzheimer patients through the cell cycle. Experimental gerontology 27 15130680
2024 Natural compounds target programmed cell death (PCD) signaling mechanism to treat ulcerative colitis: a review. Frontiers in pharmacology 26 38405669
2021 Role of the ROS-JNK Signaling Pathway in Hypoxia-Induced Atrial Fibrotic Responses in HL-1 Cardiomyocytes. International journal of molecular sciences 26 33806765
2020 Apelin-13 regulates angiotensin ii-induced Cx43 downregulation and autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in HL-1 cells. Physiological research 26 32901500
2018 Deletion of exons encoding carboxypeptidase domain of Nna1 results in Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) phenotype. Journal of neurochemistry 25 30225910
2018 TWEAK/Fn14 mediates atrial-derived HL-1 myocytes hypertrophy via JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 24 29971943
2017 Identification of murine phosphodiesterase 5A isoforms and their functional characterization in HL-1 cardiac cell line. Journal of cellular physiology 24 28247930
2016 Colchicine modulates calcium homeostasis and electrical property of HL-1 cells. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 24 26928894
2013 Unveiling interactions among mitochondria, caspase-like proteases, and the actin cytoskeleton during plant programmed cell death (PCD). PloS one 24 23483897
2012 Regulation of apoptosis in HL-1 cardiomyocytes by phosphorylation of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 and protection by lithocholic acid. British journal of pharmacology 24 22845314
2010 Iron nanoparticles increase 7-ketocholesterol-induced cell death, inflammation, and oxidation on murine cardiac HL1-NB cells. International journal of nanomedicine 23 20463934
2015 The ER stress-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and MAPKs modulate tachypacing-induced apoptosis in HL-1 atrial myocytes. PloS one 22 25689866
2012 Promoter DNA methylation regulates murine SUR1 (Abcc8) and SUR2 (Abcc9) expression in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. PloS one 22 22844491
1996 Structure and function of PCD/DCoH, an enzyme with regulatory properties. FEBS letters 22 8682201
2022 The Beneficial Effect of Carvacrol in HL-1 Cardiomyocytes Treated with LPS-G: Anti-Inflammatory Pathway Investigations. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 21 35204269
2012 A structural and functional analysis of Nna1 in Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mice. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 21 22835831
2022 MYB2 Is Important for Tapetal PCD and Pollen Development by Directly Activating Protease Expression in Arabidopsis. International journal of molecular sciences 19 35408924
2022 Dnah9 mutant mice and organoid models recapitulate the clinical features of patients with PCD and provide an excellent platform for drug screening. Cell death & disease 19 35729109
2019 A small-molecule LF3 abrogates β-catenin/TCF4-mediated suppression of NaV1.5 expression in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 19 31419437
2018 Cork Oak Young and Traumatic Periderms Show PCD Typical Chromatin Patterns but Different Chromatin-Modifying Genes Expression. Frontiers in plant science 19 30210513
2017 The relationship between vacuolation and initiation of PCD in rice (Oryza sativa) aleurone cells. Scientific reports 19 28117452
2023 ROS accumulation-induced tapetal PCD timing changes leads to microspore abortion in cotton CMS lines. BMC plant biology 18 37308826
2022 MicroRNA Let-7a, -7e and -133a Attenuate Hypoxia-Induced Atrial Fibrosis via Targeting Collagen Expression and the JNK Pathway in HL1 Cardiomyocytes. International journal of molecular sciences 18 36077031
2016 Clinical and genetic analysis of a family with Kartagener syndrome caused by novel DNAH5 mutations. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics 18 27988889
2023 Functional coupling between Piezo1 and TRPM4 influences the electrical activity of HL-1 atrial myocytes. The Journal of physiology 17 38098265
2017 Absence or mislocalization of DNAH5 is a characteristic marker for motile ciliary abnormality in nasal polyps. The Laryngoscope 17 29148098
2016 Borneol Dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp. Strain TCU-HL1 Catalyzes the Oxidation of (+)-Borneol and Its Isomers to Camphor. Applied and environmental microbiology 17 27542933
2010 Abnormal sperm development in pcd(3J)-/- mice: the importance of Agtpbp1 in spermatogenesis. Molecules and cells 17 21110128
2002 Horizontal vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) head velocity estimation in Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd/pcd) mutant mice. Journal of neurophysiology 17 11826084
2002 Roles of protein kinase C and alpha-tocopherol in regulation of signal transduction for GATA-4 phosphorylation in HL-1 cardiac muscle cells. Free radical biology & medicine 17 11841924
1988 Serotonin concentration and turnover in cerebellum and other brain regions of pcd mutant mice. Brain research 17 2463052
2022 OsSPLs Regulate Male Fertility in Response to Different Temperatures by Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Tapetum PCD in PTGMS Rice. International journal of molecular sciences 16 35409103
2022 Multiomics Analysis of a DNAH5-Mutated PCD Organoid Model Revealed the Key Role of the TGF-β/BMP and Notch Pathways in Epithelial Differentiation and the Immune Response in DNAH5-Mutated Patients. Cells 16 36552777
2021 Cardiotoxicity of sanguinarine via regulating apoptosis and MAPK pathways in zebrafish and HL1 cardiomyocytes. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP 16 34744004
2008 The N protein of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is associated with the induction of programmed cell death (PCD) in Capsicum chinense plants, a hypersensitive host to TSWV infection. Virus research 16 18722487
2022 TTLL1 and TTLL4 polyglutamylases are required for the neurodegenerative phenotypes in pcd mice. PLoS genetics 15 35404950
2021 RtNAC100 involved in the regulation of ROS, Na+ accumulation and induced salt-related PCD through MeJA signal pathways in recretohalophyte Reaumuria trigyna. Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology 15 34315592
2016 Critical Role of COI1-Dependent Jasmonate Pathway in AAL toxin induced PCD in Tomato Revealed by Comparative Proteomics. Scientific reports 15 27324416
2016 Whole-exome sequencing identification of novel DNAH5 mutations in a young patient with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Molecular medicine reports 15 27779714
1998 The bifunctional protein DCoH/PCD, a transcription factor with a cytoplasmic enzymatic activity, is a maternal factor in the rat egg and expressed tissue specifically during embryogenesis. The International journal of developmental biology 15 9496786
2015 Nanostructured cavity devices for extracellular stimulation of HL-1 cells. Nanoscale 14 25939765
2011 The retina of the PCD/PCD mouse as a model of photoreceptor degeneration. A structural and functional study. Experimental eye research 14 21824473
2020 Hypoxia-induced alterations of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility in HL-1 cells. IUBMB life 13 32351020
2023 Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Aided Structure Optimization for Enhanced Gene Delivery: The Effect of the Polymer Component Distribution (PCD). ACS applied materials & interfaces 12 37477432
2020 LRP1-Mediated AggLDL Endocytosis Promotes Cholesteryl Ester Accumulation and Impairs Insulin Response in HL-1 Cells. Cells 12 31936892
2019 Nucleolin reorganization and nucleolar stress in Purkinje cells of mutant PCD mice. Neurobiology of disease 12 30905767
2018 Characterisation of re-entrant circuit (or rotational activity) in vitro using the HL1-6 myocyte cell line. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 12 29746849
1997 Spontaneous programmed cell death (PCD) process of lymphocytes of FIV-infected cats: cellular targets and modulation. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 12 9336878
2024 WRKY47 transcription factor modulates leaf senescence through regulating PCD-associated genes in Arabidopsis. Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB 11 38861819
2022 PCD Genes-From Patients to Model Organisms and Back to Humans. International journal of molecular sciences 11 35163666
2020 Chitosan/Polycyclodextrin (CHT/PCD)-Based Sponges Delivering VEGF to Enhance Angiogenesis for Bone Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 11 32825081
2020 Sounds Stimulation on In Vitro HL1 Cells: A Pilot Study and a Theoretical Physical Model. International journal of molecular sciences 11 33375749