Affinage

CXADR

Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor · UniProt P78310

Round 2 corrected
Length
365 aa
Mass
40.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 14 papers cited in narrative 14 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CXADR (CAR) is a transmembrane immunoglobulin superfamily protein that functions as a homophilic cell adhesion molecule at tight junctions and as the primary cell-surface receptor for group B coxsackieviruses and subgroup C adenoviruses. CAR localizes to tight junctions in polarized epithelia, where it recruits ZO-1, maintains paracellular barrier integrity, and mediates neutrophil transepithelial migration through heterophilic interaction with JAML on neutrophils (PMID:11734628, PMID:15800062). Its D1 immunoglobulin domain homodimerizes via the GFCC'C″ face—the same surface hijacked by the adenovirus fiber knob for cell entry—while CVB3 binds the distal tip of D1 in the viral canyon, and adenovirus further exploits CAR by using newly synthesized fiber protein to disrupt junctional integrity and enable apical viral escape (PMID:10567268, PMID:11573093, PMID:12297051). Actomyosin-dependent lateral drifting of CAR on the plasma membrane initiates adenovirus uncoating by promoting fiber shedding and exposure of the membrane-lytic protein VI (PMID:21843868).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 8 steps
  1. 1997 High

    Identification of a shared entry receptor for coxsackieviruses B and adenoviruses 2/5 resolved how two unrelated virus families could target the same cell types, establishing CXADR as a dual-tropism determinant.

    Evidence cDNA cloning and transfection of non-permissive hamster and NIH 3T3 cells conferring viral susceptibility, replicated in two independent laboratories

    PMID:9036860 PMID:9096397

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological (non-viral) function of CAR unknown at this point
    • Binding interface with each virus uncharacterized
    • Tissue-level determinants of infection beyond receptor expression not addressed
  2. 1999 High

    Crystal structures of the adenovirus fiber knob–CAR D1 complex and biophysical demonstration of D1 homodimerization revealed that the GFCC'C″ face of D1 serves a dual role in homophilic adhesion and viral attachment, explaining how adenovirus co-opts a cell adhesion interface.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of fiber knob–CAR D1 (1999) and CAR D1 homodimer at 1.7 Å with analytical ultracentrifugation (2000)

    PMID:10567268 PMID:11080637

    Open questions at the time
    • Full-length CAR structure including transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains not resolved at atomic level
    • Structural basis of CVB3 binding not yet determined at high resolution
  3. 2001 High

    Localization of CAR to tight junctions and demonstration that it recruits ZO-1 and controls paracellular permeability established CAR's physiological role as a junctional adhesion molecule, not merely a viral receptor.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation with ZO-1, transepithelial resistance measurements, and virus infection of polarized epithelial monolayers

    PMID:11734628

    Open questions at the time
    • Cytoplasmic signaling pathways downstream of CAR–ZO-1 interaction not defined
    • Relative contribution of CAR versus other tight junction proteins to barrier integrity unclear
  4. 2001 High

    Cryo-EM of the CVB3–CAR complex showed that CVB3 binds the distal tip of D1 in the canyon—a surface distinct from the adenovirus-binding face—explaining how two unrelated viruses share one receptor without competing for the same epitope.

    Evidence Cryo-EM reconstruction (~22 Å) of full-length CAR complexed with CVB3 virions

    PMID:11573093

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-resolution details of CVB3–CAR interface not available from cryo-EM at this resolution
    • Mechanism by which CVB3 binding triggers capsid conformational changes and RNA release not resolved
  5. 2002 High

    Discovery that adenovirus fiber protein disrupts CAR-mediated tight junctions to enable apical viral escape revealed a second exploitation mechanism: CAR is used not only for entry but also for egress across polarized epithelia.

    Evidence Infection of polarized human airway epithelia with fiber protein binding assays and tight junction integrity measurements

    PMID:12297051

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative threshold of fiber protein needed to disrupt junctions not established
    • Whether other junction-disrupting mechanisms act in parallel during adenovirus exit not tested
  6. 2005 High

    Identification of JAML as a heterophilic ligand for CAR extended CAR's physiological role beyond adhesion to regulation of neutrophil transepithelial migration, linking it to innate immune function.

    Evidence JAML fusion protein binding assays, domain mapping, and transepithelial migration assays with blocking reagents

    PMID:15800062

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of CAR–JAML interaction not determined
    • In vivo validation in CAR-knockout models for neutrophil transmigration not reported in this study
  7. 2009 High

    Demonstration that human erythrocytes present CAR and sequester adenovirus type 5 in the bloodstream revealed a species-specific innate defense mechanism that limits systemic adenoviral spread.

    Evidence Flow cytometry, cryo-EM, and xenograft mouse models with human erythrocyte transplantation showing extended Ad5 circulation and reduced hepatic infection

    PMID:19131551

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism controlling CAR surface expression on erythrocytes versus other blood cells not characterized
    • Impact on other adenovirus serotypes beyond Ad5 not systematically tested
  8. 2011 High

    Live-cell imaging showed that actomyosin-2-dependent lateral drifting of CAR on the plasma membrane mechanically initiates adenovirus uncoating by generating opposing forces with immobile integrin contacts, revealing that virus disassembly begins before endocytosis.

    Evidence Single-particle tracking, FRAP, pharmacological inhibition of actomyosin-2 in live cells, and endosomal escape assays

    PMID:21843868

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CAR lateral mobility is regulated in different cell types or polarization states not addressed
    • Precise force magnitude required for fiber shedding not measured

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key open questions include: the full atomic structure of intact CAR (transmembrane + cytoplasmic domain), the signaling cascades downstream of CAR's cytoplasmic tail during junction formation and leukocyte transmigration, the structural basis of CAR–JAML interaction, and the in vivo contribution of CAR to cardiac and neuronal development observed in loss-of-function models.
  • No atomic-resolution structure of full-length CAR available
  • Cytoplasmic signaling cascades downstream of CAR remain uncharacterized
  • In vivo developmental phenotypes from CAR knockout not mechanistically resolved in the primary literature surveyed

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0001618 virus receptor activity 4 GO:0098631 cell adhesion mediator activity 3 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 1
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 5
Pathway
R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2
Partners
ITGAVJAMLZO-1

Evidence

Reading pass · 14 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1997 CXADR (CAR) was isolated and identified as a common receptor shared by group B coxsackieviruses and adenoviruses 2 and 5. Transfection of CAR cDNA into non-permissive hamster cells conferred susceptibility to coxsackievirus B attachment and infection, and enabled fiber-dependent adenovirus binding with a 100-fold increase in adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. cDNA cloning, transfection of non-permissive hamster cells, viral infection assays, adenovirus gene transfer assays Science High 9036860
1997 Human CAR (HCAR) and mouse CAR (MCAR) were independently isolated as 46-kDa glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, containing two extracellular Ig-like domains. Transfection of either cDNA into receptor-negative NIH 3T3 cells conferred susceptibility to CVB infection and enabled adenovirus-mediated beta-galactosidase expression. cDNA isolation, transfection of NIH 3T3 cells, CVB infection assays, recombinant adenovirus gene transfer, Northern blot, Western blot with virus-binding-inhibitory antibodies Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 9096397
1998 The murine CAR homolog (mCAR) functions as a receptor for coxsackieviruses B3 and B4 and increases susceptibility to adenovirus-mediated gene transfer when transfected into non-permissive CHO cells, demonstrating conservation of receptor function between human and murine CXADR. cDNA cloning, transfection of CHO cells, CVB infection assays, adenovirus gene transfer assays Journal of virology High 9420240
1999 The crystal structure of the adenovirus fiber knob domain in complex with domain 1 (D1) of CAR was determined, revealing that surface-exposed loops on the knob contact one face of CAR, forming a high-affinity complex with interfacial solvent-filled cavities. This identified key determinants of binding specificity. X-ray crystallography of recombinant fiber knob–CAR D1 complex Science High 10567268
1999 CAR mRNA expression is highly variable across tissues with highest levels in the liver, and CAR expression does not correlate with actual adenovector gene transfer efficiency after systemic injection, indicating that anatomical barriers (particularly the endothelium) limit adenovirus targeting independent of receptor expression. The adenovirus binding site was localized to amino acids 29–128 of the CAR ectodomain. Northern blot and sequence analysis of CAR across multiple species and tissues; in vivo adenovector injection with tissue expression analysis Gene therapy Medium 10490761
2000 The CAR D1 domain forms homodimers in solution (Kd ~16 µM) and in crystals at 1.7 Å resolution, using the same GFCC'C″ surface that interacts with the adenovirus fiber head. The homodimer is similar to the CD2–CD58 heterodimer, consistent with CAR functioning physiologically as a homophilic cell adhesion molecule. Bacterial expression of CAR D1, X-ray crystallography (1.7 Å), analytical equilibrium ultracentrifugation Structure High 11080637
2001 CAR is a transmembrane component of the tight junction. In non-polarized cells, CAR localizes to homotypic intercellular contacts, mediates homotypic cell aggregation, and recruits ZO-1 to sites of cell–cell contact. In polarized epithelial cells, CAR and ZO-1 co-localize to tight junctions and co-precipitate from cell lysates. CAR expression reduces paracellular passage of macromolecules and ions, and soluble CAR inhibits formation of functional tight junctions. Virus entry into polarized epithelium required disruption of tight junctions. Immunofluorescence localization, co-immunoprecipitation, cell aggregation assays, transepithelial resistance measurements, virus infection of polarized epithelial monolayers Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 11734628
2001 Cryo-EM structure of CVB3 in complex with full-length human CAR (including transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains) at ~22 Å resolution showed that CAR binds with the distal end of domain D1 in the canyon of CVB3, similar to other receptor–enterovirus interactions. Pairs of transmembrane domains of CAR associate with each other in a detergent environment mimicking a plasma membrane. The site of CAR–adenovirus interaction uses a side surface of D1 distinct from the CVB3-binding surface. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstruction of virus–receptor complexes Nature structural biology High 11573093
2001 CAR is colocalized with integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 at the cardiomyocyte sarcolemma and is upregulated at intercalated discs in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) hearts. Human CAR expressed in rat cardiomyocytes was targeted to cell–cell contacts and resulted in a 15-fold increase in adenovirus uptake, demonstrating that CAR subcellular localization directly determines viral susceptibility. Immunohistochemistry with colocalization analysis, transfection of rat cardiomyocytes with human CAR, adenovirus uptake assays Circulation High 11457744
2002 Adenovirus fiber protein, produced during viral replication, binds CAR at the basolateral surface of airway epithelia and disrupts CAR-mediated tight junction integrity, enabling virus to travel between epithelial cells and emerge apically. This demonstrates CAR is used by adenovirus for both cell entry and escape across epithelial barriers via disruption of its junctional adhesion function. Infection of polarized human airway epithelia, fiber protein binding assays, tight junction integrity measurements, viral tracking assays Cell High 12297051
2005 Neutrophil transepithelial migration across tight junctions is mediated by binding of neutrophil-expressed junctional adhesion molecule-like protein (JAML) to epithelial CAR. The interaction is via the membrane-distal Ig loop of CAR and the membrane-proximal Ig loop of JAML, is divalent cation-independent, and is required for neutrophil transmigration as shown by inhibition with JAML/CAR fusion proteins and antibodies. JAML fusion protein binding assays, co-localization by immunofluorescence, transepithelial migration assays with blocking reagents, domain mapping Molecular biology of the cell High 15800062
2009 Human erythrocytes present CAR on their surface, providing an adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) sequestration mechanism. Erythrocytes from mice and rhesus macaques do not present CAR. Ad5 binding to erythrocyte CAR is mediated through the fiber protein, bringing virus into close juxtaposition with the erythrocyte membrane. Transplantation of human erythrocytes into mice extended Ad5 blood circulation but decreased tumor extravasation, demonstrating that erythrocyte CAR sequesters Ad5 and inhibits hepatic infection. Flow cytometry, cryo-electron microscopy, anti-CAR antibody and fiber protein competition assays, xenograft mouse models with human erythrocyte transplantation, transgenic mouse models expressing erythrocyte CAR Blood High 19131551
2011 Adenovirus engagement of CAR at the plasma membrane generates diffusive motions and actomyosin-2-dependent drifts of CAR, while integrin-targeted viruses are spatially more confined. CAR-mediated drifts together with immobile integrin binding support fiber shedding from adenovirus particles, leading to exposure of the membrane-lytic internal virion protein VI and enhanced viral escape from endosomes. Thus, adenovirus uncoating is initiated at the plasma membrane by CAR drifting motion. Single-particle live-cell imaging, FRAP, pharmacological inhibition of actomyosin-2, quantitative tracking of virus and receptor motions, endosomal escape assays Cell host & microbe High 21843868
2017 CAR controls cell–cell adhesion in epithelial cells and plays a key role in co-ordinating neutrophil and leukocyte transmigration during inflammation. CAR also participates in neuronal and cardiac development and cell junction stability, and has been implicated in cancer growth and tumorigenesis through its adhesion functions. Review synthesizing experimental findings including loss-of-function studies, imaging, and transmigration assays The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology Medium 28545889

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1997 Isolation of a common receptor for Coxsackie B viruses and adenoviruses 2 and 5. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2510 9036860
2005 Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network. Nature 2090 16189514
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2004 Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1159 15302935
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
1997 HCAR and MCAR: the human and mouse cellular receptors for subgroup C adenoviruses and group B coxsackieviruses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1012 9096397
2020 A reference map of the human binary protein interactome. Nature 849 32296183
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2001 The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor is a transmembrane component of the tight junction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 546 11734628
2022 CAR race to cancer immunotherapy: from CAR T, CAR NK to CAR macrophage therapy. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 520 35361234
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2015 A Dynamic Protein Interaction Landscape of the Human Centrosome-Cilium Interface. Cell 433 26638075
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
2019 An introduction to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy for human cancer. American journal of hematology 411 30680780
2019 Killing Mechanisms of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells. International journal of molecular sciences 408 30875739
2017 Engineering CAR-T cells. Biomarker research 408 28652918
2002 PXR, CAR and drug metabolism. Nature reviews. Drug discovery 400 12120277
2020 Side-effect management of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology 385 33098993
1999 Structural analysis of the mechanism of adenovirus binding to its human cellular receptor, CAR. Science (New York, N.Y.) 354 10567268
2021 A proximity-dependent biotinylation map of a human cell. Nature 339 34079125
2021 An NK-like CAR T cell transition in CAR T cell dysfunction. Cell 314 34861191
2002 Adenovirus fiber disrupts CAR-mediated intercellular adhesion allowing virus escape. Cell 309 12297051
2016 Identification of Zika Virus and Dengue Virus Dependency Factors using Functional Genomics. Cell reports 306 27342126
1998 The murine CAR homolog is a receptor for coxsackie B viruses and adenoviruses. Journal of virology 297 9420240
1999 Expression of coxsackie adenovirus receptor and alphav-integrin does not correlate with adenovector targeting in vivo indicating anatomical vector barriers. Gene therapy 262 10490761
2022 Tau interactome maps synaptic and mitochondrial processes associated with neurodegeneration. Cell 256 35063084
2024 CAR-T and CAR-NK as cellular cancer immunotherapy for solid tumors. Cellular & molecular immunology 229 39134804
2022 Post-infusion CAR TReg cells identify patients resistant to CD19-CAR therapy. Nature medicine 204 36097223
2009 PXR and CAR in energy metabolism. Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM 199 19595610
2012 Role of CAR and PXR in xenobiotic sensing and metabolism. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology 190 22554043
2020 Gamma-Delta CAR-T Cells Show CAR-Directed and Independent Activity Against Leukemia. Frontiers in immunology 187 32714329
2001 Interaction of coxsackievirus B3 with the full length coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor. Nature structural biology 176 11573093
2023 CAR-T: What Is Next? Cancers 173 36765623
2009 Human erythrocytes bind and inactivate type 5 adenovirus by presenting Coxsackie virus-adenovirus receptor and complement receptor 1. Blood 171 19131551
2014 E-cadherin interactome complexity and robustness resolved by quantitative proteomics. Science signaling 162 25468996
2019 Target selection for CAR-T therapy. Journal of hematology & oncology 157 31221182
2001 Human coxsackie-adenovirus receptor is colocalized with integrins alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) on the cardiomyocyte sarcolemma and upregulated in dilated cardiomyopathy: implications for cardiotropic viral infections. Circulation 150 11457744
2005 Neutrophil migration across tight junctions is mediated by adhesive interactions between epithelial coxsackie and adenovirus receptor and a junctional adhesion molecule-like protein on neutrophils. Molecular biology of the cell 147 15800062
2011 Drifting motions of the adenovirus receptor CAR and immobile integrins initiate virus uncoating and membrane lytic protein exposure. Cell host & microbe 143 21843868
2009 Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of HuR by heat shock. The EMBO journal 142 19322201
2019 Mapping the proximity interaction network of the Rho-family GTPases reveals signalling pathways and regulatory mechanisms. Nature cell biology 137 31871319
2016 CAR models: next-generation CAR modifications for enhanced T-cell function. Molecular therapy oncolytics 137 27231717
2000 Dimeric structure of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor D1 domain at 1.7 A resolution. Structure (London, England : 1993) 137 11080637
2023 Forks in the road for CAR T and CAR NK cell cancer therapies. Nature immunology 134 38012406
2021 Counteracting CAR T cell dysfunction. Oncogene 129 33168929
2021 Comparative analysis of TCR and CAR signaling informs CAR designs with superior antigen sensitivity and in vivo function. Science signaling 125 34429382
2018 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Treg: A Promising Approach to Inducing Immunological Tolerance. Frontiers in immunology 123 30369931
2012 Targeting xenobiotic receptors PXR and CAR for metabolic diseases. Trends in pharmacological sciences 121 22889594
2022 3D-organoid culture supports differentiation of human CAR+ iPSCs into highly functional CAR T cells. Cell stem cell 116 35278370
2022 CAR-T Regulatory (CAR-Treg) Cells: Engineering and Applications. Biomedicines 100 35203496
2003 Functional and structural comparison of PXR and CAR. Biochimica et biophysica acta 100 12573482
2021 From CAR-T Cells to CAR-NK Cells: A Developing Immunotherapy Method for Hematological Malignancies. Frontiers in oncology 95 34422667
2017 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells: Lessons Learned from Targeting of CD19 in B-Cell Malignancies. Drugs 95 28110394
2014 CD19-CAR trials. Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) 94 24667955
2014 Signaling control of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Protein & cell 88 24474196
2003 IGSF11 gene, frequently up-regulated in intestinal-type gastric cancer, encodes adhesion molecule homologous to CXADR, FLJ22415 and ESAM. International journal of oncology 88 12851705
2022 CAR-Macrophages and CAR-T Cells Synergistically Kill Tumor Cells In Vitro. Cells 79 36429120
2018 Glycan-directed CAR-T cells. Glycobiology 78 29370379
2022 CAR density influences antitumoral efficacy of BCMA CAR T cells and correlates with clinical outcome. Science advances 75 36179026
2017 Regional Delivery of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cells for Cancer Therapy. Cancers 75 28718815
2021 Adoptive Immunotherapy beyond CAR T-Cells. Cancers 72 33670139
2025 The clinical landscape of CAR NK cells. Experimental hematology & oncology 71 40149002
2024 Indolent CD4+ CAR T-Cell Lymphoma after Cilta-cel CAR T-Cell Therapy. The New England journal of medicine 71 38865661
2017 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy for Thoracic Malignancies. Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer 69 29107016
2019 Approval of First CAR-Ts: Have we Solved all Hurdles for ATMPs? Cell medicine 65 32634192
2019 A Metabolism Toolbox for CAR T Therapy. Frontiers in oncology 59 31114756
2016 Small-molecule modulators of PXR and CAR. Biochimica et biophysica acta 59 26921498
2001 Receptor for the group B coxsackieviruses and adenoviruses: CAR. Reviews in medical virology 59 11479928
2019 Driving CAR T cell translation forward. Science translational medicine 58 30814337
2023 Trogocytosis of CAR molecule regulates CAR-T cell dysfunction and tumor antigen escape. Signal transduction and targeted therapy 56 38143263
2023 Harnessing CD3 diversity to optimize CAR T cells. Nature immunology 55 37932456
2023 Non-viral chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells going viral. Immuno-oncology technology 53 37124148
2020 Analysis of CAR-Mediated Tonic Signaling. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 53 31707680
2021 In Situ Programming of CAR T Cells. Annual review of biomedical engineering 52 33863239
2022 Novel insights in CAR-NK cells beyond CAR-T cell technology; promising advantages. International immunopharmacology 51 35149294
2016 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) therapy for multiple myeloma. British journal of haematology 50 26791002
2023 Advancements in CAR-NK therapy: lessons to be learned from CAR-T therapy. Frontiers in immunology 49 37205115
2024 CAR affinity modulates the sensitivity of CAR-T cells to PD-1/PD-L1-mediated inhibition. Nature communications 47 38670972
2025 In vivo CAR engineering for immunotherapy. Nature reviews. Immunology 45 40379910
2019 Treating osteosarcoma with CAR T cells. Scandinavian journal of immunology 44 30549299
2023 ALK inhibitors increase ALK expression and sensitize neuroblastoma cells to ALK.CAR-T cells. Cancer cell 39 38039964
2023 AhR, PXR and CAR: From Xenobiotic Receptors to Metabolic Sensors. Cells 39 38067179
2020 CAR T and CAR NK cells in multiple myeloma: Expanding the targets. Best practice & research. Clinical haematology 38 32139020
2022 Special Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Modifications of T Cells: A Review. Frontiers in oncology 37 35392217
2021 NK Cells Armed with Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CAR): Roadblocks to Successful Development. Cells 37 34943898
2017 CAR: A key regulator of adhesion and inflammation. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 37 28545889
2023 CAR-T-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Promising Development of CAR-T Anti-Tumor Therapy. Cancers 36 36831396
2023 Recognizing, defining, and managing CAR-T hematologic toxicities. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program 36 38066881
2020 Challenges of CAR- and TCR-T cell-based therapy for chronic infections. The Journal of experimental medicine 36 32163104
2017 Building a Safer and Faster CAR: Seatbelts, Airbags, and CRISPR. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 36 29032264
2013 An update on the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Drug metabolism and drug interactions 34 23729557
2023 Site-specific transgene integration in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies. Biomarker research 32 37403182
2018 The development of CAR design for tumor CAR-T cell therapy. Oncotarget 32 29568411
2011 Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a xenosensor and target for therapy. Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 31 22098234
2025 Engineering sonogenetic EchoBack-CAR T cells. Cell 30 40179881
2020 Revving the CAR - Combination strategies to enhance CAR T cell effectiveness. Blood reviews 29 32402724
2024 A CAR enhancer increases the activity and persistence of CAR T cells. Nature biotechnology 28 39079964
2020 CAR T-Cells. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 28 32301017
2022 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Regulatory T-Cells in Solid Organ Transplantation. Frontiers in immunology 27 35720402
2020 Potential of Glioblastoma-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy. CNS drugs 27 31916100
2020 CAR-T Cell Therapy. International journal of molecular sciences 27 32560285
2025 CAR T cells, CAR NK cells, and CAR macrophages exhibit distinct traits in glioma models but are similarly enhanced when combined with cytokines. Cell reports. Medicine 26 39889712
2024 CAR-macrophage versus CAR-T for solid tumors: The race between a rising star and a superstar. Biomolecules & biomedicine 26 37877819
2020 CXADR-like membrane protein protects against heart injury by preventing excessive pyroptosis after myocardial infarction. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 26 33084169
2012 Variants in CXADR and F2RL1 are associated with blood pressure and obesity in African-Americans in regions identified through admixture mapping. Journal of hypertension 26 22914544
2024 Redirecting B7-H3.CAR T Cells to Chemokines Expressed in Osteosarcoma Enhances Homing and Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Models. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 25 39101835
2020 CAR T-cells profiling in carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis: An overview of CAR T-cells cancer therapy. International immunopharmacology 24 33249047
2019 The making and function of CAR cells. Immunology letters 24 31181279
2023 Advancing CAR-based immunotherapies in solid tumors: CAR- macrophages and neutrophils. Frontiers in immunology 23 38090576
2005 Beyond CAR and PXR. Current drug metabolism 23 16101576
2023 CAR T cell therapy becomes CHIC: "cytokine help intensified CAR" T cells. Frontiers in immunology 22 36700225
2022 Lenalidomide enhances CD23.CAR T cell therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia & lymphoma 22 35259043
2024 CAR T cells outperform CAR NK cells in CAR-mediated effector functions in head-to-head comparison. Experimental hematology & oncology 21 38745250
2022 Synthetic Biology in Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR T) Cell Engineering. ACS synthetic biology 20 35005887
2021 Role of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in human liver cancer. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer 20 33529650
2023 Infectious complications of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies. Seminars in hematology 19 37080711
2023 The physical landscape of CAR-T synapse. Biophysical journal 19 37715447
2021 Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for multiple myeloma. Pharmacology & therapeutics 19 34582835
2016 Minicircle-Based Engineering of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells. Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer 19 28101686
2024 Universal CAR cell therapy: Challenges and expanding applications. Translational oncology 18 39413693
2021 Novel progresses of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in multiple myeloma. Stem cell investigation 18 33575314
2021 Engineering Metabolism of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Cells for Developing Efficient Immunotherapies. Cancers 18 33807867
2023 Rational Protein Design Yields a CD20 CAR with Superior Antitumor Efficacy Compared with CD19 CAR. Cancer immunology research 17 36409926
2021 The Race of CAR Therapies: CAR-NK Cells for Fighting B-Cell Hematological Cancers. Cancers 17 34771581
2019 The promise of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in multiple myeloma. Cellular immunology 17 31492448
2024 Beyond CAR T cells: exploring alternative cell sources for CAR-like cellular therapies. Biological chemistry 16 38766710
2024 CAR immunotherapy in autoimmune diseases: promises and challenges. Frontiers in immunology 16 39411714
2022 Joining Forces for Cancer Treatment: From "TCR versus CAR" to "TCR and CAR". International journal of molecular sciences 16 36498890