| 2013 |
CSF3R mutations segregate into two distinct classes—membrane-proximal (e.g., T618I) and cytoplasmic truncation mutations—that signal through distinct downstream kinases: membrane-proximal mutations preferentially activate JAK kinases, while truncation mutations preferentially signal through SRC family-TNK2 kinases, conferring differential sensitivity to kinase inhibitors. |
In vitro transformation assays, small-molecule kinase inhibitor panels, siRNA screens on primary leukemia cells |
The New England journal of medicine |
High |
23656643
|
| 2014 |
The T618I (membrane-proximal) CSF3R mutation causes ligand-independent receptor activation by preventing O-linked glycosylation at Thr-615/Thr-618 residues, which increases receptor dimerization. In contrast, truncation mutations induce receptor overexpression and ligand hypersensitivity by removing endocytosis/degradation motifs. Combining both mutation types on the same allele leads to enhanced cellular transformation compared to either alone. |
Mutagenesis of O-glycosylation sites, receptor dimerization assays, cell transformation assays (Ba/F3), receptor expression analysis |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
24403076
|
| 1999 |
A critical internalization domain in the G-CSFR cytoplasmic region is deleted in truncation mutants found in SCN/AML patients; deletion of this domain results in impaired ligand internalization, defective receptor downmodulation, and enhanced growth signaling, explaining the dominant-negative hypersensitivity phenotype. |
Ligand internalization assays, receptor downmodulation studies, growth signaling assays in transfected cells |
Blood |
High |
9885205
|
| 2008 |
Expression of truncated mutant Csf3r in mice confers a strong clonal advantage at the HSC level dependent on exogenous G-CSF, mediated through increased G-CSF-induced proliferation and enhanced Stat5 phosphorylation. The proliferative advantage is abrogated in myeloid progenitors lacking both Stat5A and Stat5B, and is reduced in mice expressing a truncated Csf3r engineered to have impaired Stat5 activation. |
Murine bone marrow transplantation, Stat5 knockout epistasis, phosphorylation assays, Stat5 target gene transcription analysis |
The Journal of clinical investigation |
High |
18292815
|
| 2013 |
The CSF3R T618I mutation is sufficient to drive a lethal myeloproliferative disorder (overproduction of granulocytes, spleen/liver infiltration) in a murine bone marrow transplantation model, and disease is sensitive to pharmacologic JAK1/2 inhibition with ruxolitinib (reduced WBC, reduced spleen weight). |
Murine bone marrow transplantation model, ruxolitinib treatment, hematologic and histologic analysis |
Blood |
High |
24081659
|
| 2009 |
A T617N CSF3R transmembrane domain mutation energetically favors receptor dimerization, leading to constitutive receptor activation and hypersensitivity to G-CSF for proliferation and differentiation, causing hereditary chronic neutrophilia. |
Structural/energetic analysis of transmembrane dimerization, xenotransplantation and syngeneic mouse bone marrow engraftment assays, family clinical study |
The Journal of experimental medicine |
Medium |
19620628
|
| 2008 |
The G-CSFR is constitutively ubiquitinated, with ubiquitination increasing after ligand binding. Abrogation of ubiquitin attachment at K762 (the residue deleted in SCN/AML truncation mutants) impairs ligand-induced internalization, prolongs Stat5 and Akt activation after G-CSF withdrawal, and enhances proliferation and survival. |
Site-directed mutagenesis (K762R), ubiquitination assays, internalization assays, signaling (Stat5, Akt phosphorylation), proliferation/survival assays in transfected cells |
PloS one |
High |
18923646
|
| 2008 |
The ubiquitin/proteasome system is required for G-CSFR internalization and degradation: in cells with a temperature-sensitive E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, ligand-induced receptor internalization is inhibited. In primary human neutrophils, proteasome inhibition (but not lysosome inhibition) blocks internalization/degradation of the activated G-CSFR. |
Temperature-sensitive E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme cell lines, chloroquine/MG132 pharmacological inhibition, flow cytometry/western blot in primary neutrophils |
Cytokine |
High |
18554923
|
| 2013 |
Fbw7 (an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase substrate-recognition subunit) physically associates with G-CSFR and promotes its ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation; Fbw7-mediated G-CSFR downregulation reduces STAT3 phosphorylation. Fbw7 and GSK3β are interdependent in targeting G-CSFR for degradation—neither alone can degrade G-CSFR when the other is knocked down. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays, knockdown experiments, STAT3 phosphorylation assays, granulocytic differentiation assays |
Biochimica et biophysica acta |
Medium |
23820376
|
| 2017 |
E6AP (an E3 ubiquitin ligase) physically associates with G-CSFR and promotes its ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation, reducing STAT3 phosphorylation and inhibiting granulocytic differentiation. E6AP knockdown restores G-CSFR expression and signaling. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays, knockdown experiments, STAT3 phosphorylation and differentiation assays |
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research |
Medium |
28578910
|
| 2010 |
Neutrophil elastase (NE) proteolytically cleaves G-CSFR at its amino-terminus on human PMN in a time-dependent manner, releasing cleavage fragments into conditioned media and reducing receptor surface expression. NE treatment of bone marrow progenitors also inhibits granulocyte-macrophage colony formation (CFU-GM). |
Flow cytometry, western blot, conditioned media analysis for cleavage fragments, CFU-GM colony assay |
Journal of inflammation (London, England) |
Medium |
20205821
|
| 2014 |
A homozygous Arg308Cys CSF3R missense mutation causes perturbed N-glycosylation and aberrant (reduced) surface localization of the receptor, resulting in SCN with full myeloid bone marrow maturation but no response to recombinant G-CSF. |
Genetic analysis of two SCN families, functional analysis of surface expression and N-glycosylation, clinical G-CSF response testing |
Blood |
Medium |
24753537
|
| 1995 |
A point mutation at the SD splice donor site in the G-CSFR gene in a case of AML leads to overexpression of a novel isoform (SD) lacking the distal C-terminal cytoplasmic maturation-signaling region; the SD isoform has high G-CSF affinity but is scarcely capable of activating JAK2 and fails to transduce growth signals in BAF3 cells. |
Splice site mutation identification, G-CSF binding assay (affinity), JAK2 activation assay, BAF3 growth signaling assay |
Blood |
Medium |
7531515
|
| 2019 |
CSF3R T618I mutations cause constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of the O-glycosylated receptor form and constitutive ubiquitination of both the mutant receptor and JAK2; the T618I receptor undergoes enhanced spontaneous internalization and degradation (proteasome-dependent), resulting in markedly decreased surface expression. |
Proteasome inhibitor treatment, immunoprecipitation, phosphotyrosine blotting, surface expression analysis in transfected cells |
Biochemical and biophysical research communications |
Medium |
31848046
|
| 2018 |
Using a cellular transformation screen in Ba/F3 cells, four distinct mechanisms of CSF3R gain-of-function mutations were identified: (1) cysteine/disulfide bond-mediated dimerization (S581C); (2) polar substitution at transmembrane helix dimer interface (T640); (3) increased internalization mimicking low G-CSF dose (E524 substitutions); (4) hydrophobic substitutions in membrane-proximal residues (T612, T615, T618). Additionally, CSF3R-induced STAT3 and ERK activations require receptor internalization, whereas STAT5 activation occurs at the cell surface. |
Ba/F3 cellular transformation screen, sequencing of outgrowth clones, receptor localization studies, signaling assays (STAT3, STAT5, ERK) with internalization inhibitors |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
29572350
|
| 2017 |
CSF3R distal cytoplasmic truncation mutations (Q793–Q823) have leukemogenic potential due to markedly decreased receptor degradation, attributed to loss of a de-phosphorylation domain (residues N818–F836). All truncations prior to Q823 increase expression of the higher-molecular-weight (higher-glycosylated) CSF3R band, which is essential for surface expression and oncogenic potential. Sufficient STAT5 activation is required for oncogenic potential. |
Ba/F3 transformation assays, receptor degradation assays, STAT5 activation assays, western blot for receptor glycoforms |
Leukemia |
Medium |
28439110
|
| 2016 |
CSF3R proximal mutations alone are leukemogenic (90-day latency in mice) while truncation mutations alone cannot induce leukemia; compound mutations (proximal + truncation on same allele) are leukemogenic with shorter latency (23 days). Upregulation of MAPK adaptor Ksr1 and enhanced MAPK signaling are critical for leukemogenesis by CSF3R proximal and compound mutants; MEK1/2 inhibition by trametinib suppresses leukemia from both mutation types including ruxolitinib-resistant compound mutations. |
Murine retroviral bone marrow transplantation models, whole-genome expression profiling, biochemical MAPK assays, trametinib pharmacological inhibition |
Leukemia |
High |
28031554
|
| 2017 |
A W341C extracellular domain CSF3R mutation transforms cells via cysteine-mediated intermolecular disulfide bonds leading to receptor dimerization. Disruption of original cysteine pairs in the CSF3R extracellular domain results in either gain- or loss-of-function depending on the specific pair disrupted. |
Ba/F3 transformation assays, disulfide bond/dimerization analysis, JAK inhibitor sensitivity testing |
Cancer research |
Medium |
28652245
|
| 2018 |
The N610 residue of CSF3R is part of a consensus N-linked glycosylation motif and is the primary site of sialylation; mass spectrometry confirmed complex N-glycans at this site. N610 mutations prevent membrane-proximal N-glycosylation and drive ligand-independent cellular expansion, demonstrating that membrane-proximal N-linked glycosylation is critical for maintaining ligand dependence of the receptor. |
Mass spectrometry glycan mapping, mutagenesis of N610, proliferation/transformation assays, JAK inhibitor sensitivity testing |
Cancer research |
High |
30348809
|
| 2023 |
Unbiased mutational screening confirmed that activating CSF3R mutations are enriched at glycosylated residues (asparagine, threonine, serine); mass spectrometry confirmed glycosylation at multiple CSF3R residues including GalNAc and Gal-GalNAc O-glycans at WT Thr618. The single CSF3R domain containing residue 618 is sufficient for ligand-independent activity. |
Protein domain mapping, unbiased mutational screen in Ba/F3 cells, mass spectrometry glycan identification |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
37116708
|
| 2000 |
G-CSF dose-independently downregulates its own receptor (CD114) on neutrophil surfaces by ~75% in humans and induces neutrophil degranulation (CD11b upregulation) and gelatinase B release (~10-fold increase in plasma); endotoxin (LPS) also downmodulates G-CSFR on neutrophils in vivo in humans. |
Randomized controlled human endotoxemia study and G-CSF infusion study with flow cytometry for receptor expression, plasma gelatinase B measurement |
British journal of haematology |
Medium |
10882621 11091218
|
| 2004 |
G-CSF receptor-mediated clearance is an important mechanism for plasma clearance of both filgrastim and pegfilgrastim: G-CSFR knockout mice show significantly greater AUC, longer half-life, longer MRT, and lower clearance compared to wild-type mice for both drugs at both doses tested. |
G-CSFR knockout mice vs. wild-type pharmacokinetic comparison with ELISA-based plasma drug measurement |
Pharmacological research |
Medium |
15082029
|
| 2008 |
LRG (leucine-rich alpha2-glycoprotein) expression is induced by G-CSF in myeloid cells; stable LRG expression accelerates G-CSF-mediated neutrophil differentiation and CD11b induction correlating with increased phospho-STAT3, but this acceleration is not seen in cells expressing a chimeric EpoR/G-CSFR (EpoR extracellular + G-CSFR transmembrane/cytoplasmic domains) stimulated with Epo, suggesting LRG acts through G-CSFR-specific extracellular/ligand-binding signals. |
Stable LRG transfection in 32Dcl3 cells, chimeric EpoR/G-CSFR signaling experiments, STAT3 phosphorylation, CD11b flow cytometry |
Journal of leukocyte biology |
Medium |
18272588
|
| 2017 |
A truncated G-CSFR mutant (d715, from SCN patient) inhibits G-CSF-induced NE expression in a dominant-negative manner and suppresses unfolded protein response and apoptosis induced by the SCN-derived NE G185R mutant, associated with sustained AKT and STAT5 activation and augmented BCL-XL expression. |
Dominant-negative expression of G-CSFR d715, NE expression assays, UPR/apoptosis assays, AKT/STAT5 phosphorylation, BCL-XL western blot |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
28073911
|
| 2019 |
Three CSF3R mRNA splice variants exist in hematopoietic cells (V1=wild-type, V3, V4). V3 expression alone confers a hypoproliferative phenotype with defective JAK-STAT activation; coexpression of V1 with V3 rescues proliferative responses. SRSF2 mutations increase the V3/V1 ratio; SRSF2 knockout decreases the V3/V1 ratio. |
Digital PCR splice variant quantitation, functional proliferation assays, JAK-STAT activation assays, SRSF2 knockout in KG-1 and CD34+ cells |
Leukemia |
Medium |
31462738
|
| 2022 |
SRSF2 P95H mutation promotes increased expression of CSF3R Class IV splice isoform by binding to exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) sequences in CSF3R exon 17; deletion of either ESE motif decreases Class IV transcripts. Class IV isoform add-back in Csf3r-null mouse progenitors increases granulocyte progenitors with impaired neutrophil differentiation. Class III isoform produces dysmorphic neutrophils. |
In vitro splicing assays with CSF3R minigene, ESE deletion mutagenesis, Csf3r-null mouse progenitor reconstitution, CD34+ cell G-CSF differentiation assays |
Leukemia |
High |
35941213
|
| 2014 |
Cooperating CSF3R and RUNX1 mutations co-occur in the same malignant clone in CN/AML patients. Hematopoietic CD34+ cells coexpressing mutated RUNX1 and mutated CSF3R show elevated G-CSF-induced proliferation with diminished myeloid differentiation. |
Single-cell analysis confirming co-occurrence in same clone, functional G-CSF proliferation and differentiation assays of CD34+ cells coexpressing both mutants |
Blood |
Medium |
24523240
|
| 2011 |
Truncated G-CSFR cooperates with PML-RARα to induce AML in mice in a G-CSF-dependent fashion, significantly shortening AML latency, demonstrating a causal role for CSF3R truncation mutations in leukemic transformation. |
Murine retroviral co-expression bone marrow transplantation model, G-CSF dependency testing, hematologic/histologic AML characterization |
Experimental hematology |
Medium |
21911095
|
| 2023 |
ALKBH5 (m6A RNA demethylase) directly binds CSF3R mRNA and erases m6A methylation on it, increasing CSF3R mRNA stability and protein expression, thereby upregulating cell surface G-CSFR expression and downstream STAT3 signaling in neutrophils during bacterial infection. |
RIP-qPCR (direct ALKBH5-CSF3R mRNA binding), ALKBH5 knockout mice, mRNA stability assays, surface G-CSFR flow cytometry, STAT3 phosphorylation assays |
Cellular & molecular immunology |
High |
38114747
|
| 2020 |
G-CSF/G-CSFR signaling promotes an IL-10-producing, FoxP3-expressing inhibitory Treg phenotype in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells; G-CSFR-/- T cells exhibit increased IFNγ and IL-17A production and greater cytotoxic activity against tumors. Adoptive transfer of G-CSFR-/- macrophages into tumor-bearing mice also shows higher NOS2/NO production and greater tumor cytotoxicity vs. WT macrophages. |
G-CSFR knockout mice, adoptive transfer of WT vs G-CSFR-/- T cells and macrophages, cytokine multiplex, flow cytometry, in vitro/in vivo cytotoxicity assays |
Frontiers in immunology |
Medium |
33042110
|
| 2021 |
GCSF binds to GCSFR and activates the SOCS3-JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway in hepatocytes, and GCSF deficiency alleviates HFD-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in mice. |
GCSF knockout mice on HFD, primary hepatocyte treatment, SOCS3/JAK/STAT3 pathway analysis, liver immune cell flow cytometry |
American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology |
Medium |
33470903
|
| 2024 |
Enhanced MAPK signaling in CSF3R-driven leukemia upregulates DUSP1 expression to suppress apoptosis; genetic deletion of Dusp1 confers synthetic lethality to CSF3R-induced leukemia in mice. DUSP1 depletion activates JNK1/2, inducing BIM and P53 expression and suppressing BCL2 to trigger selective apoptosis in leukemic cells. Combined BCI (DUSP1 inhibitor) + MEK inhibitor cures CSF3R-induced leukemia in preclinical mice. |
Genetic Dusp1 deletion in murine CSF3R leukemia model, BIM/P53/BCL2 signaling analysis, pharmacological combination treatment in vivo |
Blood advances |
Medium |
38531054
|
| 1999 |
Src-family kinase Lyn and non-Src kinase Syk associate with the G-CSFR in neutrophils from SCN patients expressing truncated G-CSFR; Syk association is retained because the Syk binding motif (aa 727–747) is upstream of the truncation sites, confirming normal G-CSFR is also expressed in these patients. |
Co-immunoprecipitation of Lyn and Syk with G-CSFR in neutrophils |
International journal of hematology |
Low |
10643150
|
| 2019 |
The T618I CSF3R mutation retains O-glycosylation but the O-glycosylated T618I receptor form is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated and constitutively ubiquitinated along with JAK2; proteasome inhibition markedly increases T618I surface expression, indicating enhanced proteasome-dependent receptor turnover as a mechanism of decreased T618I surface expression. |
Proteasome inhibitor assays, immunoprecipitation/phosphotyrosine blotting, ubiquitination assays in transfected cells |
Biochemical and biophysical research communications |
Medium |
31848046
|
| 2019 |
SETBP1 mutations promote self-renewal of CSF3R-mutated hematopoietic progenitors in vitro, prevent terminal differentiation, and accelerate leukemia progression in vivo through upregulation of Myc and Myc target gene expression programs (reversible by LSD1 inhibitors). |
In vitro progenitor colony replating assays, in vivo mouse leukemia models, transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling, LSD1 inhibitor treatment |
Blood |
Medium |
35482940
|
| 2019 |
Activating CSF3R mutations cooperate with CEBPA loss-of-function mutations at the level of myeloid lineage enhancers: mutant CEBPA prevents activation of a subset of differentiation-associated enhancers, and CEBPA mutations must occur as the initial event before CSF3R mutations for AML initiation. |
Murine AML models with defined mutation order, chromatin profiling (enhancer activation analysis), epistasis experiments |
Nature communications |
Medium |
31784538
|
| 2025 |
Dual Asxl1Y588X and Csf3rT621I mutations cause expansion of myeloid-biased long-term HSCs and enhanced neutrophil differentiation with activation of inflammatory pathways. Asxl1 truncation enhances CSF3RT618I-driven neutrophil differentiation and increases H3K4me1 at neutrophil-associated enhancers. The expected decrease in H2AK119ub in Asxl1-mutant cells is reversed when CSF3R is also mutated. |
Double-mutant mouse model, HSC flow cytometric analysis, ChIP-seq (H3K4me1, H2AK119ub), transcriptomic profiling, myeloid differentiation assays |
Blood advances |
Medium |
39777477
|