Affinage

CRP

C-reactive protein · UniProt P02741

Round 2 corrected
Length
224 aa
Mass
25.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 18 papers cited in narrative 18 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CRP is a liver-derived pentameric acute-phase pentraxin that recognizes phosphocholine-containing ligands through a Ca²⁺-dependent hydrophobic pocket centered on Phe66 and Glu81, enabling opsonization of pathogens and damaged cells and activation of the classical complement pathway via C1q (PMID:265538, PMID:8599761, PMID:17113035). Hepatic CRP transcription is driven principally by IL-6/JAK/STAT signaling, with contributions from IL-1 and IL-17, and is negatively regulated by Sirt1-mediated deacetylation of histone H4K16 at HNF-1α-occupied promoter sites under nutrient restriction (PMID:31654094, PMID:21176092). CRP engages Fcγ receptors on monocytes and neutrophils to promote phagocytic clearance and chemokine secretion (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4) through Mac-1/ICAM-1-dependent signaling, and in vascular and neoplastic cells activates ERK, AKT, and STAT3 pathways that induce IL-6 secretion and p53-dependent GDF15 expression (PMID:18591415, PMID:31234146, PMID:29967567). Pentameric CRP can undergo conformational dissociation to a monomeric form (mCRP) that retains C1q binding but exhibits distinct biological activities (PMID:21725632).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 1977 High

    Establishing the pentameric architecture of CRP resolved its quaternary structure and placed it in the pentraxin superfamily alongside complement C1t, providing the structural framework for all subsequent functional studies.

    Evidence Amino acid sequencing and negative-stain electron microscopy of purified human CRP

    PMID:265538

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-resolution structure not yet available
    • Ligand-binding site unidentified at this resolution
  2. 1986 Medium

    Demonstrating that CRP–C-polysaccharide complexes are taken up by neutrophils in a complement-enhanced manner established CRP as a functional opsonin, linking ligand recognition to phagocytic clearance.

    Evidence Neutrophil uptake assays with CRP–CPS complexes, complement activation, and LDL inhibition experiments

    PMID:3708910

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific neutrophil receptor for CRP not identified
    • In vivo relevance of LDL inhibition of CRP uptake not tested
  3. 1989 High

    Showing that CRP binds laminin through its phosphocholine-binding site in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner extended CRP's ligand repertoire beyond microbial polysaccharides to extracellular matrix components at inflamed sites.

    Evidence Radiolabeled CRP binding assays with laminin, inhibited by soluble phosphocholine and anti-PC-site monoclonal antibodies

    PMID:2745572

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of laminin recognition not resolved
    • Functional consequence of CRP–laminin interaction in tissue inflammation not demonstrated in vivo
  4. 1996 High

    The crystal structure of human CRP revealed the atomic basis of phosphocholine recognition — Ca²⁺ ions and a hydrophobic pocket centered on Phe66 with Glu81 contacting choline — answering how CRP discriminates its primary ligand.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of human CRP

    PMID:8599761

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of the cleft on the opposite pentameric face undefined
    • No co-crystal with C1q or Fcγ receptor available
  5. 2006 Medium

    Discovery that fluid-phase CRP at high concentrations competitively inhibits solid-phase C1q-mediated complement activation revealed a self-limiting mechanism preventing excessive complement damage during severe inflammation.

    Evidence Ellipsometry on PC-KLH surfaces measuring complement protein deposition at varying CRP concentrations

    PMID:17113035

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo validation of the self-limiting threshold not performed
    • Structural basis for differential C1q engagement by soluble versus surface-bound CRP unknown
  6. 2008 High

    Identification of Fcγ receptors CD32a, CD32b, and CD64 as CRP receptors on monocytes, with downstream Mac-1/ICAM-1-dependent chemokine secretion, defined the molecular pathway by which CRP orchestrates innate immune cell recruitment.

    Evidence ELISA, flow cytometry, RT-PCR, Boyden chamber migration, and blocking antibodies in human adherent monocytes

    PMID:18591415

    Open questions at the time
    • Signaling intermediates between Fcγ receptor engagement and Mac-1 upregulation not mapped
    • Contribution of each individual Fcγ receptor isoform not isolated
  7. 2011 High

    Multiple studies in 2011 established that CRP exists in functionally distinct pentameric and monomeric isoforms (mCRP retains C1q binding), that CRP opsonizes secondary necrotic cells to switch macrophage clearance toward pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and that Sirt1 suppresses CRP transcription by deacetylating H4K16 at HNF-1α sites on the CRP promoter under nutrient restriction.

    Evidence Aptamer-based isoform discrimination with C1q binding (mCRP); macrophage phagocytosis assay with CRP-opsonized SNEC (clearance); Co-IP, ChIP, and pharmacological Sirt1 inhibition in primary hepatocytes (transcription)

    PMID:21176092 PMID:21725632 PMID:22566859

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo sites and triggers of pentamer-to-monomer conversion not defined
    • Relative contribution of Sirt1 versus other HNF-1α co-regulators in human hepatocytes not established
    • Receptor(s) mediating mCRP-specific pro-inflammatory signaling unidentified
  8. 2018 Medium

    Demonstrating that CRP induces GDF15 expression through p53 recruitment to the GDF15 promoter in aortic endothelial cells linked CRP to a defined transcriptional output in the vasculature.

    Evidence CRP treatment and plasmid transfection in HAECs, dual-luciferase reporter and ChIP assays for p53 at GDF15 promoter

    PMID:29967567

    Open questions at the time
    • Upstream mechanism by which CRP activates p53 not determined
    • Functional consequence of CRP-induced GDF15 on vascular biology not shown
    • Single study without independent replication
  9. 2019 High

    Pharmacological dissection using ruxolitinib and tocilizumab in human primary hepatocytes definitively placed IL-6/JAK/STAT as the dominant signaling axis for CRP induction, while a parallel study showed that HIF-1α competes with AHR for ARNT binding to modulate CRP transcription in arthritis, adding an alternative transcriptional regulatory node.

    Evidence Ruxolitinib/tocilizumab in primary hepatocytes and HepaRG cells (JAK/STAT); hepatocyte-specific HIF-1α deletion and Co-IP of AHR-ARNT in arthritic rats (HIF-1α/AHR)

    PMID:31594926 PMID:31654094

    Open questions at the time
    • Integration of JAK/STAT, HNF-1α/Sirt1, and AHR/HIF-1α pathways in a unified transcriptional model not achieved
    • Whether HIF-1α/AHR competition operates in human hepatocytes not confirmed
  10. 2019 Medium

    CRP activates ERK, AKT, and STAT3 in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm cells and induces IL-6 secretion and invasion independently of classical Fcγ receptors, suggesting additional CRP uptake mechanisms in non-immune cells.

    Evidence ELISA, Western blot, flow cytometry, and invasion assays in BON1 cells lacking CD16/CD32/CD64

    PMID:31234146

    Open questions at the time
    • Alternative receptor or uptake mechanism for CRP in Fcγ receptor-negative cells not identified
    • In vivo relevance to neuroendocrine tumor progression not established

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the structural basis for CRP–Fcγ receptor and CRP–C1q interactions, the physiological triggers and sites of pentamer-to-monomer conversion in vivo, integration of the multiple transcriptional regulatory inputs (IL-6/JAK/STAT, HNF-1α/Sirt1, AHR/ARNT/HIF-1α) into a unified model, and the identity of the CRP receptor(s) on Fcγ-negative cells.
  • No co-crystal structure of CRP with C1q or any Fcγ receptor
  • In vivo mechanism and kinetics of mCRP generation unknown
  • Receptor mediating CRP effects in Fcγ receptor-negative cells unidentified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 5
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 3
Partners
C1QFCGR1AFCGR2AFCGR2BHNF1AITGAMSIRT1

Evidence

Reading pass · 18 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1977 Human C-reactive protein and the complement subcomponent C1t are structurally homologous proteins (pentraxins) composed of five subunits arranged in cyclic pentameric symmetry, as revealed by partial amino acid sequencing and negative-stain electron microscopy. Amino acid sequencing and negative-stain electron microscopy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 265538
1989 Human CRP binds to the basement membrane protein laminin in vitro in a Ca2+-dependent manner via its phosphocholine (PC) binding site, providing a mechanism for selective CRP deposition at inflamed sites. The binding requires Ca2+-induced conformational change in CRP and was inhibitable by soluble PC and anti-PC-site monoclonal antibodies. In vitro binding assay with radiolabeled CRP, inhibition by soluble PC and anti-idiotypic mAbs directed to PC-binding site Journal of cellular biochemistry High 2745572
1993 Mouse CRP (moCRP) gene expression is tissue-specific to liver and induced by IL-1 but not IL-6 in isolated hepatocytes, contrasting with human CRP where IL-6 is the dominant inducer. IL-1 may act post-transcriptionally rather than transcriptionally on the moCRP gene. Isolated mouse hepatocyte culture, cytokine stimulation, gene expression analysis, CAT reporter transfection Cytokine Medium 8260597
1996 The three-dimensional crystal structure of human CRP reveals that phosphocholine binding is mediated through calcium ions and a hydrophobic pocket centered on Phe66, with Glu81 positioned to interact with the choline group. A cleft on the pentameric face opposite the calcium site may have an important functional role. X-ray crystallography Nature structural biology High 8599761
1986 CRP-pneumococcal C-polysaccharide (CPS) complexes are taken up by neutrophils via a specific CRP-dependent mechanism that promotes CPS clearance, further enhanced by complement activation. Physiological concentrations of low-density lipoprotein inhibit entry of complexed CPS but not CRP alone into neutrophils. Pure CRP has no effect on neutrophil chemotaxis or oxidative metabolism. Neutrophil uptake assays, complement activation, LDL inhibition experiments Clinical and experimental immunology Medium 3708910
1983 Human CRP modulates human B cell colony formation stimulated by Staphylococcal protein A: CRP at 10–25 µg/mL augments colony numbers at early stages, while higher concentrations cause focal disintegration of colony clusters at later stages. CRP-binding cells were detectable by flow cytometry after pre-incubation. Semisolid B cell colony assay, flow cytometry Journal of immunology Medium 6600182
2006 CRP-induced classical complement activation on solid-phase phosphocholine-containing surfaces is efficiently down-regulated at CRP concentrations >150 mg/L, through fluid-phase CRP-C1q interaction that competitively inhibits solid-phase complement activation. This constitutes a self-limiting mechanism of complement regulation. Ellipsometry measuring protein deposition on PC-KLH surfaces, radial immunodiffusion for CRP-C1q fluid-phase interaction Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 17113035
2008 CRP induces secretion of chemokines CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 from human adherent monocytes through binding to Fcγ receptors CD32a, CD32b, and CD64. This is accompanied by CRP-induced upregulation of Mac-1 (CD11b) and ICAM-1 on adherent monocytes, and blockade of Mac-1/ICAM-1 interaction inhibits the CRP-induced chemokine secretion. CRP also reduces surface expression of chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 as a consequence of chemokine secretion. ELISA, flow cytometry, real-time RT-PCR, Boyden chamber migration assay, blocking antibodies Journal of leukocyte biology High 18591415
2009 Proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and IL-17 induce CRP production in the liver by signaling through their receptors on hepatic cells, activating kinases and phosphatases that lead to translocation of transcription factors to the CRP gene promoter. Review synthesizing molecular signaling studies in hepatic cells Advances in clinical chemistry Low 19803417
2011 Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) serve as the primary receptors for pentraxins CRP and SAP, mediating their opsonic functions and clearance of apoptotic cells. The crystal structure of SAP in complex with FcγRIIa was solved, revealing structural basis for pentraxin-receptor interaction relevant to CRP function. Crystal structure of SAP-FcγRIIa complex, functional studies of Fcγ receptor-mediated clearance Current opinion in organ transplantation Medium 21150611
2011 CRP bound to the surface of secondary necrotic cells (SNEC) serves as a target for anti-CRP autoantibodies. The ternary complex of CRP, anti-CRP autoantibodies, and SNEC is cleared by macrophages in vitro and induces a pro-inflammatory cytokine response, switching phagocytic clearance toward inflammation. In vitro macrophage phagocytosis assay, cytokine measurement by ELISA Frontiers in immunology Medium 22566859
2011 CRP directly binds leptin in extracellular settings, impairing leptin's biological actions and contributing to leptin resistance. In vitro, leptin promotes CRP production from hepatocytes and endothelial cells. In vitro binding assays, hepatocyte and endothelial cell culture experiments Current pharmaceutical design Low 23688010
2011 Sirt1 physically interacts with HNF-1α in vitro and in vivo under nutrient-restricting conditions to suppress HNF-1α transcriptional activity and the expression of its target gene Crp in mouse primary hepatocytes. Sirt1 and HNF-1α co-localize on two HNF-1α binding sites on the Crp promoter, leading to decreased acetylation of histone H4 lysine 16 at these sites specifically under nutrient restriction. Pharmacological inhibition of Sirt1 blocks nutrient restriction-mediated Crp suppression. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP assay, primary hepatocyte culture, pharmacological Sirt1 inhibition, histone acetylation analysis Aging cell High 21176092
2011 An RNA aptamer binds specifically to monomeric CRP (mCRP) but not to pentameric CRP (pCRP), enabling discrimination between the two isoforms. Monomeric CRP prepared from heated pCRP shows biological activity confirmed by binding to complement protein C1q. Fluorescence anisotropy aptamer binding assay, gel electrophoresis, TIRF microscopy, C1q binding confirmation Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Medium 21725632
2018 CRP induces GDF15 expression in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) through p53. CRP treatment or CRP plasmid transfection into HAECs increases GDF15 promoter activity (confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay), and ChIP assays confirm that p53 is recruited to both p53 binding sites in the GDF15 promoter in response to CRP. In vitro CRP treatment, CRP plasmid transfection, dual-luciferase reporter assay, ChIP assay Mediators of inflammation Medium 29967567
2019 In pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm cells (BON1), CRP stimulation increases IL-6 secretion and invasion, accompanied by activation/phosphorylation of ERK, AKT, and STAT3 pathways. IL-6 exposure upregulates CRP expression and secretion in these cells. CRP is taken up by pNEN cells despite absence of classical CRP receptors CD16, CD32, and CD64. ELISA, Western blot, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, invasion and proliferation assays Endocrine connections Medium 31234146
2019 Leflunomide inhibits hepatic CRP production through an AHR-ARNT interaction pathway. In CRPH (high CRP) arthritic rats, elevated CRP upregulates HIF1α, which competitively displaces AHR from ARNT association, thereby blocking Leflunomide-AHR-CRP signaling. Hepatocyte-specific HIF1α deletion or pharmacological HIF1α inhibition (acriflavine) restores AHR-ARNT interaction and CRP suppression. In vivo rat arthritis model, hepatocyte-specific gene deletion, co-immunoprecipitation of AHR-ARNT, pharmacological HIF1α inhibition, serum CRP measurement Nature communications High 31594926
2019 Ruxolitinib (JAK1/2 inhibitor) potently represses CRP secretion and mRNA expression in inflammatory human hepatocytes (primary hepatocytes and HepaRG cells) induced by LPS, Toll-like receptor agonists, or pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα). The mechanism involves blocking the IL-6/JAK/STAT signaling cascade; anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab similarly prevents CRP induction, placing JAK/STAT downstream of IL-6 receptor in CRP regulation. Primary human hepatocyte and HepaRG cell culture, ruxolitinib and tocilizumab pharmacological inhibition, CRP mRNA and protein measurement Inflammation research High 31654094

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2009 Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosomatic medicine 2179 19188531
2020 A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian journal of pediatrics 1485 32166607
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2008 Genome-wide association scan of tag SNPs identifies a susceptibility locus for lung cancer at 15q25.1. Nature genetics 994 18385676
2014 A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network. Cell 977 25416956
2015 Childhood trauma and adulthood inflammation: a meta-analysis of peripheral C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. Molecular psychiatry 836 26033244
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2008 Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease. The New England journal of medicine 665 18971492
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2008 C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation 632 18997194
2008 Genome-wide association analysis of metabolic traits in a birth cohort from a founder population. Nature genetics 569 19060910
2009 The early disease stage in axial spondylarthritis: results from the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort. Arthritis and rheumatism 532 19248087
2011 Association between C reactive protein and coronary heart disease: mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 524 21325005
2009 Genetic Loci associated with C-reactive protein levels and risk of coronary heart disease. JAMA 502 19567438
2009 A new dietary inflammatory index predicts interval changes in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. The Journal of nutrition 498 19864399
2011 Complement factor H binds malondialdehyde epitopes and protects from oxidative stress. Nature 445 21979047
2011 Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in >80 000 subjects identifies multiple loci for C-reactive protein levels. Circulation 426 21300955
2008 A genome-wide association study identifies protein quantitative trait loci (pQTLs). PLoS genetics 390 18464913
1977 Characterization of C-reactive protein and the complement subcomponent C1t as homologous proteins displaying cyclic pentameric symmetry (pentraxins). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 390 265538
2014 The C-reactive protein/albumin ratio, a novel inflammation-based prognostic score, predicts outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Annals of surgical oncology 355 25190127
2009 Sleep restriction increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by augmenting proinflammatory responses through IL-17 and CRP. PloS one 355 19240794
2018 What does plasma CRP tell us about peripheral and central inflammation in depression? Molecular psychiatry 344 29895893
1996 Ptx1, a bicoid-related homeo box transcription factor involved in transcription of the pro-opiomelanocortin gene. Genes & development 337 8675014
2009 Hepatic insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Clinical biochemistry 334 19501581
2020 C-reactive protein correlates with computed tomographic findings and predicts severe COVID-19 early. Journal of medical virology 330 32281668
2008 C-reactive protein: a predictive factor and marker of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Results from a prospective population-based study. Gut 329 18566104
2006 C-reactive protein levels, variation in the C-reactive protein gene, and cancer risk: the Rotterdam Study. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 295 17114654
1989 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein opsonizes LPS-bearing particles for recognition by a novel receptor on macrophages. The Journal of experimental medicine 295 2477488
1996 Three dimensional structure of human C-reactive protein. Nature structural biology 288 8599761
2008 Loci related to metabolic-syndrome pathways including LEPR,HNF1A, IL6R, and GCKR associate with plasma C-reactive protein: the Women's Genome Health Study. American journal of human genetics 275 18439548
2011 Higher levels of CRP, D-dimer, IL-6, and hyaluronic acid before initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with increased risk of AIDS or death. The Journal of infectious diseases 271 21592994
2012 Circulating IL-6 and CRP are associated with MRI findings in the elderly: the 3C-Dijon Study. Neurology 252 22357713
1999 Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and risk of death in chronic dialysis patients. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 252 10462277
1999 Hindlimb patterning and mandible development require the Ptx1 gene. Development (Cambridge, England) 234 10101115
2006 C-reactive protein (CRP)-lowering agents. Cardiovascular drug reviews 219 16939632
2017 Association between C-reactive protein (CRP) with depression symptom severity and specific depressive symptoms in major depression. Brain, behavior, and immunity 209 28257825
2007 S100B in neuropathologic states: the CRP of the brain? Journal of neuroscience research 201 17348038
2009 Proinflammatory cytokines in CRP baseline regulation. Advances in clinical chemistry 188 19803417
1997 The bicoid-related homeoprotein Ptx1 defines the most anterior domain of the embryo and differentiates posterior from anterior lateral mesoderm. Development (Cambridge, England) 186 9226452
1987 C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum phospholipase A2 in the assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis. Gut 154 3623221
2001 Functional versatility in the CRP-FNR superfamily of transcription factors: FNR and FLP. Advances in microbial physiology 134 11407111
1979 C-reactive protein (CRP) in early diagnosis of neonatal septicemia. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica 127 395815
2004 Association of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and lung function with C-reactive protein (CRP): a population based study. Thorax 115 15454657
1975 Deletion of the Escherichia coli crp gene. Journal of bacteriology 109 164435
2012 CRP and suPAR are differently related to anthropometry and subclinical organ damage. International journal of cardiology 97 22459389
2014 C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and its Association with Periodontal Disease: A Brief Review. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR 96 25177663
2007 ESR or CRP? A comparison of their clinical utility. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 93 17654065
1999 Pituitary homeobox 1 (Ptx1) is differentially expressed during pituitary development. Endocrinology 88 10067870
2004 CRP after 2004. Molecular immunology 81 15829284
2009 Lipids, atherosclerosis and CVD risk: is CRP an innocent bystander? Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD 80 19695857
2007 Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as severe systemic infection markers in febrile neutropenic adults. BMC infectious diseases 80 18034890
2000 Transcriptional properties of Ptx1 and Ptx2 isoforms. Neuroendocrinology 75 10859489
2014 Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with schizophrenia, unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Nordic journal of psychiatry 74 25495587
2010 The connection between C-reactive protein (CRP) and diabetic vasculopathy. Focus on preclinical findings. Current diabetes reviews 73 20034371
2016 C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement in geriatric patients hospitalized for acute infection. European journal of internal medicine 69 27594414
1998 Autoantibodies to C-reactive protein (CRP) and other acute-phase proteins in systemic autoimmune diseases. Clinical and experimental immunology 67 9737658
2015 Transcriptomic profiling of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis reveals reprogramming of the Crp regulon by temperature and uncovers Crp as a master regulator of small RNAs. PLoS genetics 60 25816203
2018 C-reactive protein (CRP) and long-term air pollution with a focus on ultrafine particles. International journal of hygiene and environmental health 58 29428699
2014 Role of C reactive protein (CRP) in leptin resistance. Current pharmaceutical design 56 23688010
1996 Regulation of HU alpha and HU beta by CRP and FIS in Escherichia coli. Journal of molecular biology 56 8913296
1998 Regulation of crp transcription by oscillation between distinct nucleoprotein complexes. The EMBO journal 53 9582281
2016 Evaluation of IL-6, CRP and hs-CRP as Early Markers of Neonatal Sepsis. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR 52 27437213
1997 Embryonic expression and characterization of a Ptx1 homolog in Drosophila. Mechanisms of development 49 9431811
2011 Pentraxins (CRP, SAP) in the process of complement activation and clearance of apoptotic bodies through Fcγ receptors. Current opinion in organ transplantation 47 21150611
2008 C-reactive protein (CRP) induces chemokine secretion via CD11b/ICAM-1 interaction in human adherent monocytes. Journal of leukocyte biology 47 18591415
2001 CRP modulates fis transcription by alternate formation of activating and repressing nucleoprotein complexes. The Journal of biological chemistry 46 11279109
2009 Transcriptional effects of CRP* expression in Escherichia coli. Journal of biological engineering 45 19703305
2008 C-reactive protein (CRP): more than just an innocent bystander? Current medical research and opinion 44 18021498
2013 Improving acetate tolerance of Escherichia coli by rewiring its global regulator cAMP receptor protein (CRP). PloS one 43 24124618
2019 HIF1α inhibition facilitates Leflunomide-AHR-CRP signaling to attenuate bone erosion in CRP-aberrant rheumatoid arthritis. Nature communications 42 31594926
2016 Why cellular communication during plant reproduction is particularly mediated by CRP signalling. Journal of experimental botany 40 27382112
2013 Improving ethanol tolerance of Escherichia coli by rewiring its global regulator cAMP receptor protein (CRP). PloS one 40 23469036
2009 Profound asymmetry in the structure of the cAMP-free cAMP Receptor Protein (CRP) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Journal of biological chemistry 40 19193643
2009 Is there a relationship between high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and dementia? Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 39 19836632
2018 CRP Stimulates GDF15 Expression in Endothelial Cells through p53. Mediators of inflammation 38 29967567
2013 Enhancing E. coli isobutanol tolerance through engineering its global transcription factor cAMP receptor protein (CRP). Biotechnology and bioengineering 38 24203355
2009 Sxy induces a CRP-S regulon in Escherichia coli. Journal of bacteriology 38 19502395
2007 Genome scale portrait of cAMP-receptor protein (CRP) regulons in mycobacteria points to their role in pathogenesis. Gene 37 18022770
2011 CRP/anti-CRP antibodies assembly on the surfaces of cell remnants switches their phagocytic clearance toward inflammation. Frontiers in immunology 34 22566859
1991 Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in horses: the effect of aging, sex, delivery and inflammations on its concentration. The Journal of veterinary medical science 34 1790210
2014 Rewiring global regulator cAMP receptor protein (CRP) to improve E. coli tolerance towards low pH. Journal of biotechnology 33 24452100
2007 C-reactive protein (CRP) as a marker in peripheral vascular disease. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 33 17296319
2001 C-reactive protein (CRP), a comparison of pre- and post-mortem blood levels. Forensic science international 33 11741757
2010 Usefulness of CRP and ESR in predicting septic joints. Southern medical journal 32 20710134
2006 Solid-phase classical complement activation by C-reactive protein (CRP) is inhibited by fluid-phase CRP-C1q interaction. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 32 17113035
2017 Rapid and Low-Cost CRP Measurement by Integrating a Paper-Based Microfluidic Immunoassay with Smartphone (CRP-Chip). Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 31 28346363
2012 C-reactive protein (CRP) promoter polymorphisms influence circulating CRP levels in a genome-wide association study of African Americans. Human molecular genetics 31 22492993
2021 The association of anxiety and stress-related disorders with C-reactive protein (CRP) within UK Biobank. Brain, behavior, & immunity - health 30 35028602
2002 MetR and CRP bind to the Vibrio harveyi lux promoters and regulate luminescence. Molecular microbiology 30 12366834
1994 Androgen-dependent expression of cystatin-related protein (CRP) in the exorbital lacrimal gland of the rat. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 30 8142291
1989 Characteristics of the binding of human C-reactive protein (CRP) to laminin. Journal of cellular biochemistry 30 2745572
2009 CA-125 and CRP are elevated in preeclampsia. Hypertension in pregnancy 27 19437230
2008 CRP binding and transcription activation at CRP-S sites. Journal of molecular biology 27 18761017
1997 Transcriptional activation by FNR and CRP: reciprocity of binding-site recognition. Molecular microbiology 27 9157253
1997 Human and murine PTX1/Ptx1 gene maps to the region for Treacher Collins syndrome. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 27 9337397
2017 An acetylatable lysine controls CRP function in E. coli. Molecular microbiology 26 29105190
2008 Comparison of procalcitonin and CrP in the postoperative course after lung decortication. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 26 18374593
2008 C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm is independent of the most important CRP genetic polymorphism. Journal of vascular surgery 26 18829218
2011 C-reactive protein (CRP) aptamer binds to monomeric but not pentameric form of CRP. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 25 21725632
2009 Computational prediction of cAMP receptor protein (CRP) binding sites in cyanobacterial genomes. BMC genomics 25 19146659
2016 Associations of Trauma Severity with Mean Platelet Volume and Levels of Systemic Inflammatory Markers (IL1β, IL6, TNFα, and CRP). Mediators of inflammation 24 27127347
1997 Flagellar photoresponses of ptx1, a nonphototactic mutant of Chlamydomonas. Cell motility and the cytoskeleton 24 9186008
2011 Comparison of Serum CRP and Procalcitonin in Patients after Spine Surgery. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 23 21494362
2006 A multitude of CRP/FNR-like transcription proteins in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Biochemical Society transactions 23 16417509
1993 The C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with long bone fractures and after arthroplasty. International orthopaedics 23 8340178
2023 C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is Associated With Chronic Pain Independently of Biopsychosocial Factors. The journal of pain 22 37741522
2021 Pronounced Diurnal Pattern of Salivary C-Reactive Protein (CRP) With Modest Associations to Circulating CRP Levels. Frontiers in immunology 22 33488610
2021 C-reactive protein (CRP) as a biomarker of pulmonary exacerbation presentation and treatment response. Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society 22 34933824
2015 Engineering of global regulator cAMP receptor protein (CRP) in Escherichia coli for improved lycopene production. Journal of biotechnology 22 25687103
1993 The mouse C-reactive protein (CRP) gene is expressed in response to IL-1 but not IL-6. Cytokine 22 8260597
1986 CRP and neutrophils: functional effects and complex uptake. Clinical and experimental immunology 21 3708910
2019 C-reactive protein (CRP) promotes malignant properties in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocrine connections 20 31234146
2016 Predictive Value of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in Identifying Fatal Outcome and Deep Infections in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. PloS one 20 27182730
2011 A nutrient-sensitive interaction between Sirt1 and HNF-1α regulates Crp expression. Aging cell 20 21176092
2019 Potent repression of C-reactive protein (CRP) expression by the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in inflammatory human hepatocytes. Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] 19 31654094
2017 The Global Regulatory Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein (CRP) Controls Multifactorial Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 19 28874380
2012 C-reactive protein (CRP) in different types of minimally invasive knee arthroplasty. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA 19 23274268
2011 Pentraxins: CRP and PTX3 and cardiovascular disease. Inflammation & allergy drug targets 19 21539513
2006 Effect of the crp mutation on the utilization of transferrin-bound iron by Vibrio vulnificus. FEMS microbiology letters 19 16553865
2023 Biosensors; noninvasive method in detection of C-reactive protein (CRP). Biomedical microdevices 18 37498420
2021 Temporal evolution of master regulator Crp identifies pyrimidines as catabolite modulator factors. Nature communications 18 34620864
2007 Dynamics of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level and cosmophysical activity. European journal of internal medicine 18 17338964
2011 Serum CRP in patients with gout and effects of benzbromarone. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 17 21329621
2005 The antimicrobial properties of C-reactive protein (CRP). Journal of endotoxin research 17 16176663
2000 Repression of virus-induced interferon A promoters by homeodomain transcription factor Ptx1. Molecular and cellular biology 17 11003649
1983 C-reactive protein- (CRP) mediated modulation of human B cell colony development. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 17 6600182
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