Affinage

CPD

Carboxypeptidase D · UniProt O75976

Length
1380 aa
Mass
152.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 1 papers cited in narrative 1 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: UniProt preferred faithfulness: 1/1 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

Human carboxypeptidase D (CPD) was identified as a member of the regulatory B-type carboxypeptidase family bearing three tandem active site domains and mapped to the centromeric region 17p11.1-q11.1/11.2 (PMID:9628828). Beyond this chromosomal localization and sequence-based family classification, no direct mechanistic experiments characterizing its enzymatic activity, substrates, binding partners, or cellular function have been reported in the available corpus.

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 1 step
  1. 1998 Medium

    Established the chromosomal location of human CPD and its membership in the regulatory B-type carboxypeptidase family, providing the genomic anchor and family context for a previously uncharacterized gene.

    Evidence PCR-based somatic cell hybrid mapping with gene-specific primers and a regional mapping panel; sequence-based domain classification

    PMID:9628828

    Open questions at the time
    • Enzymatic activity of the three tandem active site domains was not assayed in vitro
    • No substrates, binding partners, or cellular functions were identified
    • Subcellular localization not determined experimentally

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The catalytic activity, physiological substrates, interaction partners, and cellular role of human CPD remain uncharacterized by direct experiment in the available corpus.
  • No functional enzymatic assay of any of the three active site domains
  • No substrate or pathway assignment
  • No subcellular localization or partner data

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
No controlled-vocabulary terms were assigned to this entry.

Evidence

Reading pass · 1 per-paper finding extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1998 Human carboxypeptidase D (CPD) was chromosomally localized to the centromeric region 17p11.1-q11.1/11.2 by PCR with gene-specific primers and somatic cell hybrid DNAs. The protein was described as having three tandem active site domains and classified as a member of the regulatory B-type carboxypeptidase family (alongside carboxypeptidases M, E/H, and AEBP1). PCR-based somatic cell hybrid mapping; regional mapping panel Genomics Medium 9628828

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2004 Crystal structure of a photolyase bound to a CPD-like DNA lesion after in situ repair. Science (New York, N.Y.) 300 15576622
2007 CPD damage recognition by transcribing RNA polymerase II. Science (New York, N.Y.) 202 17290000
2005 Powerful skin cancer protection by a CPD-photolyase transgene. Current biology : CB 172 15668165
2012 Alterations of red blood cell metabolome during cold liquid storage of erythrocyte concentrates in CPD-SAGM. Journal of proteomics 127 22465715
2005 Differential biologic effects of CPD and 6-4PP UV-induced DNA damage on the induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. BMC cancer 116 16236176
1977 The in vivo survival of red blood cells stored in modified CPD with adenine: report of a multi-institutional cooperative effort. Transfusion 92 878003
2019 RIPK1 inhibitor Cpd-71 attenuates renal dysfunction in cisplatin-treated mice via attenuating necroptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. Clinical science (London, England : 1979) 77 31315969
2014 Sepsis affects most routine and cell population data (CPD) obtained using the Sysmex XN-2000 blood cell analyzer: neutrophil-related CPD NE-SFL and NE-WY provide useful information for detecting sepsis. International journal of laboratory hematology 67 24867378
2009 Continuous venovenous haemodialysis (CVVHD) and continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD) in the acute management of 21 children with inborn errors of metabolism. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 58 19934086
2007 Increase in CPD photolyase activity functions effectively to prevent growth inhibition caused by UVB radiation. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 54 17397507
2020 Reviewing the value of leukocytes cell population data (CPD) in the management of sepsis. Annals of translational medicine 53 32953753
2006 Structure-function analysis of the kinase-CPD domain of yeast tRNA ligase (Trl1) and requirements for complementation of tRNA splicing by a plant Trl1 homolog. Nucleic acids research 52 16428247
1993 Half-strength citrate CPD combined with a new additive solution for improved storage of red blood cells suitable for clinical use. Vox sanguinis 50 8310679
2013 High-resolution characterization of CPD hotspot formation in human fibroblasts. Nucleic acids research 49 24137003
2016 Clinical significance of cell population data (CPD) on Sysmex XN-9000 in septic patients with our without liver impairment. Annals of translational medicine 48 27942509
1979 The storage of hard-packed red blood cells in citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) and CPD-adenine (CPDA-1). Blood 45 444671
2007 Structure and dynamics of poly(T) single-strand DNA: implications toward CPD formation. The journal of physical chemistry. B 44 18052367
1995 Buffy-coat-derived platelet concentrates prepared from half-strength citrate CPD and CPD whole-blood units. Comparison between three additive solutions: in vitro studies. Vox sanguinis 43 7625071
2001 Fowlpox virus encodes a novel DNA repair enzyme, CPD-photolyase, that restores infectivity of UV light-damaged virus. Journal of virology 41 11160666
1995 Evaluation of a new citrate-acetate-NaCl platelet additive solution for the storage of white cell-reduced platelet concentrates obtained from half-strength CPD pooled buffy coats. Transfusion 41 7998070
2019 Improvement in detecting sepsis using leukocyte cell population data (CPD). Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 37 30838839
2004 Investigation of the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyase DNA recognition mechanism by NMR analyses. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 15169780
2002 Diurnal change of cucumber CPD photolyase gene (CsPHR) expression and its physiological role in growth under UV-B irradiation. Plant & cell physiology 36 11917089
1983 Characterization of biochemical changes occurring during storage of red cells. Comparative studies with CPD and CPDA-1 anticoagulant-preservative solutions. Transfusion 35 6649025
1999 Erythrocytes stored in CPD SAG-mannitol: evaluation of their deformability. Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation 29 10711766
1993 Coagulation parameters of CPD fresh-frozen plasma and CPD cryoprecipitate-poor plasma after storage at 4 degrees C for 28 days. Transfusion 29 8212120
2013 Transfection of pseudouridine-modified mRNA encoding CPD-photolyase leads to repair of DNA damage in human keratinocytes: a new approach with future therapeutic potential. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology 28 24211294
2020 Rutaecarpine derivative Cpd-6c alleviates acute kidney injury by targeting PDE4B, a key enzyme mediating inflammation in cisplatin nephropathy. Biochemical pharmacology 27 32622666
2017 Continuing professional development (CPD) in radiography: A collaborative European meta-ethnography literature review. Radiography (London, England : 1995) 27 28780954
1979 Complement components detected on normal red blood cells taken into EDTA and CPD. Vox sanguinis 27 115154
2006 Fluorinated Cpd 5, a pure arylating K-vitamin derivative, inhibits human hepatoma cell growth by inhibiting Cdc25 and activating MAPK. Biochemical pharmacology 26 16930563
2003 DNA polymerase beta can incorporate ribonucleotides during DNA synthesis of undamaged and CPD-damaged DNA. Journal of molecular biology 26 12927538
2014 First characterisation of a CPD-class I photolyase from a UV-resistant extremophile isolated from High-Altitude Andean Lakes. Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology 25 24637630
2011 The Potorous CPD photolyase rescues a cryptochrome-deficient mammalian circadian clock. PloS one 25 21858120
2020 The DASH-type Cryptochrome from the Fungus Mucor circinelloides Is a Canonical CPD-Photolyase. Current biology : CB 24 32946746
1983 Storage of red cell concentrates in CPD-A2 for 42 and 49 days. The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine 22 6854134
2024 Cpd-A1 alleviates acute kidney injury by inhibiting ferroptosis. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 21 38641746
2022 Cpd-42 protects against calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis-induced renal injury and inflammation by targeting RIPK3-mediated necroptosis. Frontiers in pharmacology 21 36408256
2018 Circulating programmed death ligand-1 (cPD-L1) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Oncotarget 20 29707129
2003 Antitumor and anticarcinogenic actions of Cpd 5: a new class of protein phosphatase inhibitor. Carcinogenesis 20 12663499
1986 In vitro effect on stored red blood cells and platelets after a 15-hour delayed refrigeration of whole blood prior to component preparation in CPD-AD. Vox sanguinis 20 3716287
1980 The in vitro evaluation of modifications in CPD-adenine anticoagulated-preserved blood at various hematocrits. Transfusion 20 7404640
2022 Photorepair of Either CPD or 6-4PP DNA Lesions in Basal Keratinocytes Attenuates Ultraviolet-Induced Skin Effects in Nucleotide Excision Repair Deficient Mice. Frontiers in immunology 19 35422806
2020 A two-photon fluorescence, carbonized polymer dot (CPD)-based, wide range pH nanosensor: a view from the surface state. Nanoscale 19 32286603
2020 Genome-Wide Mapping of UV-Induced DNA Damage with CPD-Seq. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 19 32681485
2019 Fluorescently-labelled CPD and 6-4PP photolyases: new tools for live-cell DNA damage quantification and laser-assisted repair. Nucleic acids research 19 30698791
2019 Chrysanthemum Morifolium Extract And Ascorbic Acid-2-Glucoside (AA2G) Blend Inhibits UVA-Induced Delayed Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer (CPD) Production In Melanocytes. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology 19 32009811
2017 New ligation independent cloning vectors for expression of recombinant proteins with a self-cleaving CPD/6xHis-tag. BMC biotechnology 18 28056928
2010 Investigation of excess-electron transfer in DNA double-duplex systems allows estimation of absolute excess-electron transfer and CPD cleavage rates. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 17 21207617
2021 Intradermal co-inoculation of codon pair deoptimization (CPD)-attenuated chimeric porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) with Toll like receptor (TLR) agonists enhanced the protective effects in pigs against heterologous challenge. Veterinary microbiology 15 33845333
2016 Functional Conversion of CPD and (6-4) Photolyases by Mutation. Biochemistry 15 27431478
2000 Refined mapping of the human serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) gene within 17q11 adjacent to the CPD and NF1 genes. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 15 10713891
2020 A natural occurring bifunctional CPD/(6-4)-photolyase from the Antarctic bacterium Sphingomonas sp. UV9. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 32572574
2014 Characterization and differential expression of CPD and 6-4 DNA photolyases in Xiphophorus species and interspecies hybrids. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP 14 24496042
1976 Blood preservation XVI packed red cell storage in CPD-adenine. Transfusion 14 1251460
2022 Recombinant Photolyase-Thymine Alleviated UVB-Induced Photodamage in Mice by Repairing CPD Photoproducts and Ameliorating Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 13 36552521
2020 Targeting c-Met in triple negative breast cancer: preclinical studies using the c-Met inhibitor, Cpd A. Investigational new drugs 13 32318883
2004 CPD-photolyase adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in normal and DNA-repair-deficient human cells. Journal of cell science 13 15252127
2001 CPD-Education and self-assessment: Epilepsy and pregnancy. Seizure 13 11437622
1993 Half-strength citrate CPD and new additive solutions for improved blood preservation. I. Studies of six experimental solutions. Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England) 13 8038896
1976 Blood storage XXII. Improvement in red blood cell 2,3-DPG levels at six weeks by 20 mM PO4 in CPD-adenine-inosine. Transfusion 13 982537
2012 Augmentation of CPD photolyase activity in japonica and indica rice increases their UVB resistance but still leaves the difference in their sensitivities. Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology 12 22362193
2012 Analysis of CPD ultraviolet lesion bypass in chicken DT40 cells: polymerase η and PCNA ubiquitylation play identical roles. PloS one 12 23272247
2011 Evidence from thermodynamics that DNA photolyase recognizes a solvent-exposed CPD lesion. The journal of physical chemistry. B 12 22017645
2005 CPD photolyase gene from Spinacia oleracea: repair of UV-damaged DNA and expression in plant organs. Journal of radiation research 12 15988133
2023 Principles for Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Programs: A Statement by the ACPE CPD Advisory Committee. American journal of pharmaceutical education 11 37524261
1982 Complement in CPD-stored blood. Vox sanguinis 11 7090334
1977 Blood storage XXIV: red blood cell 2,3-DPG and ATP maintenance for six weeks in CPD-adenine with higher phosphate, pyruvate, and dihydroxyacetone. Transfusion 11 867465
2022 Preparation of CPD Photolyase Nanoliposomes Derived from Antarctic Microalgae and Their Effect on UVB-Induced Skin Damage in Mice. International journal of molecular sciences 10 36499473
2019 The complete genome of Rachiplusia nu nucleopolyhedrovirus (RanuNPV) and the identification of a baculoviral CPD-photolyase homolog. Virology 10 31200103
2014 Investigation of CPD and HMDS sample preparation techniques for cervical cells in developing computer-aided screening system based on FE-SEM/EDX. TheScientificWorldJournal 10 25610902
2002 [Chromosome CPD(PI/DAPI)- and CMA/DAPI-banding patterns in Allium cepa L]. Genetika 10 12018166
1979 Plasma adenine and cellular ATP in red cell concentrates collected and stored in modified CPD at 4 C. Transfusion 10 432914
2024 CPD-002, a novel VEGFR2 inhibitor, relieves rheumatoid arthritis by reducing angiogenesis through the suppression of the VEGFR2/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. International immunopharmacology 9 38479157
2021 A CPD photolyase gene PnPHR1 from Antarctic moss Pohlia nutans is involved in the resistance to UV-B radiation and salinity stress. Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB 9 34385002
2021 Ability of the Putative Decomposition Products of 2,3-dioxetanes of Indoles to Photosensitize Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer (CPD) Formation and its Implications for the "Dark" (Chemisensitized) Pathway to CPDs in Melanocytes†. Photochemistry and photobiology 9 34558720
2005 The DNA repair enzyme, CPD-photolyase restores the infectivity of UV-damaged fowlpox virus isolated from infected scabs of chickens. Veterinary microbiology 9 15936904
2000 In vitro properties of red cells prepared from half-strength citrate CPD/RAS-2 (Erythro-sol) donations in PL-146 plastic. Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England) 9 10760201
1994 Higher KT/V urea associated with greater protein catabolic rate and dietary protein intake in children treated with CCPD compared to CAPD. Mid-European Pediatric CPD Study Group (MPCS). Advances in peritoneal dialysis. Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis 9 7999855
2023 UVA causes specific mutagenic DNA damage through ROS production, rather than CPD formation, in Drosophila larvae. Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis 8 37003653
2019 X-ray driven reduction of Cpd I of Catalase-3 from N. crassa reveals differential sensitivity of active sites and formation of ferrous state. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 8 30940570
2015 FTIR study of CPD photolyase with substrate in single strand DNA. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi, Japan) 8 27493513
2005 Modulation of bcl-2 family proteins in MAPK independent apoptosis induced by a cdc25 phosphatase inhibitor Cpd 5 in renal cancer cells. Oncology reports 8 16077967
1981 Red cell ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations as a function of dihydroxyacetone supplementation of CPD adenine. Vox sanguinis 8 7324438
1980 Blood preservation. XXIX. Pyruvate maintains normal red cell 2,3-DPG for six weeks of storage in CPD-adenine. Transfusion 8 7368270
2023 Genome-wide impact of cytosine methylation and DNA sequence context on UV-induced CPD formation. Environmental and molecular mutagenesis 7 37554110
2022 Mechanistic Aspects of the Effect of Flanking Nucleotide Sequence on CPD Formation and CPD Self-Repair in DNA. The journal of physical chemistry. B 7 36574488
2021 Cell Population Data (CPD) for Early Recognition of Sepsis and Septic Shock in Children: A Pilot Study. Frontiers in pediatrics 7 33777867
2018 Twist and turn: a revised structural view on the unpaired bubble of class II CPD photolyase in complex with damaged DNA. IUCrJ 7 30224964
2007 Identification and expression of the gene product encoding a CPD photolyase from Dunaliella salina. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology 7 17383890
2006 CPD staining: an effective technique for detection of NORs and other GC-rich chromosomal regions in plants. Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission 7 16760123
1995 Shall red cell units stand upright, lie flat or be mixed during storage? In vitro studies of red cells collected in 0.5 CPD and stored in RAS2 (Erythrosol). Transfusion science 7 10155740
1990 Chlorophyll derivatives (CpD) extracted from silk worm excreta are specifically cytotoxic to tumor cells in vitro. Yonsei medical journal 7 2149230
2025 Conservation of dark CPD photolyase function in blind cavefish. Nature communications 6 40790130
2019 Detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance by colistin pre-diffusion and inhibition with EDTA test (CPD-E) in Enterobactereaceae. Journal of microbiological methods 6 31669654
2010 Cpd-1 null mice display a subtle neurological phenotype. PloS one 6 20844742
1998 Chromosomal localization of the genes for human carboxypeptidase D (CPD) and the active 50-kilodalton subunit of human carboxypeptidase N (CPN1). Genomics 6 9628828
2023 Codon Pair Deoptimization (CPD)-Attenuated PRRSV-1 Vaccination Exhibit Immunity to Virulent PRRSV Challenge in Pigs. Vaccines 5 37112689
2023 Coupling of conformation and CPD damage in nucleosomal DNA. Biophysical chemistry 5 37327725
2021 Two class II CPD photolyases, PiPhr1 and PiPhr2, with CPD repair activity from the Antarctic diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum ICE-H. 3 Biotech 5 34367869

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