Affinage

CHRDL1

Chordin-like protein 1 · UniProt Q9BU40

Length
456 aa
Mass
52.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 9 papers cited in narrative 9 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CHRDL1 encodes ventroptin, a secreted BMP antagonist that modulates BMP/SMAD signaling during development and in adult tissues, with established roles in anterior segment morphogenesis, stem cell niche maintenance, and tumor suppression. Loss-of-function mutations in CHRDL1 cause X-linked megalocornea (MGC1), and Xenopus knockdown recapitulates this phenotype through dysregulated BMP4/phospho-SMAD1/5 signaling and reduced BMPR1A expression (PMID:22284829, PMID:25712132). In cancer contexts, CHRDL1 suppresses proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis by inhibiting BMP receptor II–mediated Akt/Erk/β-catenin activation, TGF-β/VEGF signaling, and MAPK/MED29-driven epithelial–mesenchymal transition, while its expression is silenced by promoter hypermethylation (PMID:28423564, PMID:38415870, PMID:39462350). CHRDL1 is post-transcriptionally regulated by miR-200b-3p, which directly targets its 3′ UTR to suppress expression (PMID:32446365).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 7 steps
  1. 2012 High

    Identification of diverse loss-of-function mutations in CHRDL1 across seven families established it as the causal gene for X-linked megalocornea and demonstrated its expression in the developing cornea and anterior segment, answering the long-standing question of the genetic basis of MGC1.

    Evidence Sequencing of seven MGC1 families identifying CNVs, frameshift, missense, splice-site, and nonsense mutations, combined with expression analysis in human fetal ocular tissues

    PMID:22284829

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which CHRDL1 loss enlarges the cornea was not resolved
    • Whether BMP signaling pathway is directly dysregulated in patient tissue was untested
    • Role in adult corneal homeostasis versus embryonic development not distinguished
  2. 2014 Medium

    Additional CHRDL1 missense mutations in further MGC1 families and the association of an intronic variant with central corneal thickness extended the genotype-phenotype relationship, confirming CHRDL1's role in corneal structure.

    Evidence Targeted and whole-exome sequencing of MGC1 families with ultrasonographic corneal measurements and X-chromosome GWAS

    PMID:25093588

    Open questions at the time
    • GWAS association with corneal thickness reached only nominal significance
    • No functional assay for the newly identified missense variants
    • Population-level effect size of common CHRDL1 variants on corneal thickness unknown
  3. 2015 High

    Xenopus morpholino knockdown of CHRDL1 recapitulated the megalocornea phenotype and revealed that loss of BMP antagonism disrupts a negative-feedback loop involving bmp4, phospho-SMAD1/5, and BMPR1A, establishing the mechanistic pathway through which CHRDL1 shapes anterior segment development.

    Evidence Xenopus laevis morpholino knockdown with in vivo phenotyping, immunofluorescence for pSMAD1/5 and BMPR1A in patient corneal tissue, limbal stem cell niche expression analysis

    PMID:25712132

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CHRDL1 binds BMP4 directly or other BMP ligands in the cornea not biochemically resolved
    • Downstream transcriptional targets of altered SMAD signaling in the cornea uncharacterized
    • Whether limbal niche expression reflects a functional role in corneal stem cell maintenance not tested
  4. 2017 Medium

    Demonstration that CHRDL1 suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration by inhibiting BMPRII-mediated Akt/Erk/β-catenin signaling, and that its expression is silenced by promoter hypermethylation, extended CHRDL1's BMP antagonist function into tumor suppression.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, proliferation/migration assays, Western blot for Akt/Erk/β-catenin, methylation analysis, xenograft model in gastric cancer cell lines

    PMID:28423564

    Open questions at the time
    • Which BMP ligand(s) CHRDL1 neutralizes in gastric tissue not identified
    • Single-lab finding without independent replication
    • Whether hypermethylation is a driver or passenger event in gastric tumorigenesis not established
  5. 2020 Medium

    Validation that miR-200b-3p directly targets the CHRDL1 3′ UTR to downregulate its expression established a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism controlling CHRDL1 levels in mesenchymal stromal cells and osteoblasts.

    Evidence Dual-luciferase reporter assays in amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, miRNA mimic/inhibitor transfection with proliferation and apoptosis readouts

    PMID:32446365 PMID:33447177

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether miR-200b-3p regulation of CHRDL1 operates in corneal or cancer contexts not tested
    • Low-confidence osteoblast study (PMID:33447177) relies on a single reporter assay with partially defined mechanism
    • Other miRNAs targeting CHRDL1 not systematically surveyed
  6. 2022 Medium

    Showing that CHRDL1 maintains glioma stem-like cell stemness by antagonizing BMP4 revealed a context where CHRDL1 acts as a pro-tumorigenic factor, contrasting with its tumor-suppressive roles in epithelial cancers.

    Evidence Stable shRNA knockdown in GSC spheroid cultures with sphere formation, limiting dilution, radiation sensitivity assays, and BMP4 pathway analysis

    PMID:36497175

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CHRDL1 promotes stemness via direct BMP4 sequestration or indirect mechanisms not biochemically distinguished
    • Single-lab finding; in vivo xenograft validation of GSC stemness not performed
    • Generalizability to other glioma subtypes unknown
  7. 2024 Medium

    Extension of CHRDL1's tumor-suppressive function to colorectal cancer (via TGF-β/VEGF axis inhibition) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (via MAPK/MED29 suppression of EMT) broadened the downstream signaling pathways modulated by CHRDL1 beyond canonical BMP/SMAD.

    Evidence Overexpression/knockdown in CRC and OSCC cell lines with transwell, tube formation, and wound healing assays; tail-vein metastasis models; Western blot for TGF-β/VEGF and MAPK/MED29/EMT markers

    PMID:38415870 PMID:39462350

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether TGF-β/VEGF and MAPK/MED29 inhibition results from direct BMP antagonism or independent mechanisms not resolved
    • Both findings from single labs without independent replication
    • Structural basis of CHRDL1's ligand specificity (BMP vs. TGF-β family members) remains undefined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The structural determinants of CHRDL1's ligand selectivity among BMP/TGF-β superfamily members, and whether its opposing roles in glioma stemness versus epithelial tumor suppression reflect tissue-specific ligand availability or distinct binding partners, remain unresolved.
  • No crystal structure or binding affinity measurements for CHRDL1–ligand interactions
  • No systematic comparison of CHRDL1 function across normal versus malignant tissues of the same origin
  • In vivo genetic models beyond Xenopus (e.g., conditional mouse knockout) not reported

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 4
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 3
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 2
Partners
BMP4BMPR2

Evidence

Reading pass · 9 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2012 Loss-of-function mutations (copy-number variation, frameshift, missense, splice-site, and nonsense) in CHRDL1 (encoding ventroptin, a BMP antagonist) cause X-linked megalocornea (MGC1), establishing CHRDL1 as essential for anterior segment development; CHRDL1 is expressed in the developing human cornea, anterior segment, and retina. Human genetic mutation identification (sequencing of seven MGC1 families) combined with expression analysis in developing human tissues American Journal of Human Genetics High 22284829
2015 CHRDL1 knockdown in Xenopus laevis directly recapitulates the human X-linked megalocornea phenotype; loss of CHRDL1 leads to downregulation of bmp4 in the eye and altered phospho-SMAD1/5 signaling with reduced BMP receptor 1A, consistent with a negative-feedback regulatory loop due to deficient BMP antagonism. CHRDL1 is preferentially expressed in the limbal stem cell niche of adult human cornea. Xenopus laevis morpholino knockdown (in vivo model), immunofluorescence for phospho-SMAD1/5 and BMPR1A in patient tissue, expression analysis Human Molecular Genetics High 25712132
2017 CHRDL1 acts as a secreted BMP antagonist that suppresses tumor cell proliferation and migration in gastric cancer by inhibiting BMPR II-mediated activation of Akt, Erk, and β-catenin; CHRDL1 promoter hypermethylation silences its expression, reducing its secretion. siRNA knockdown in vitro proliferation/migration assays, Western blot for Akt/Erk/β-catenin activation, promoter methylation analysis, in vivo xenograft experiments Oncotarget Medium 28423564
2022 CHRDL1 maintains stemness in glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) by antagonizing BMP4; depletion of CHRDL1 via shRNA reduces functional and molecular stemness traits (sphere formation, limiting dilution, stem cell marker expression) and enhances radiation sensitivity. Stable shRNA knockdown in GSC spheroid cultures, MTT assay, limiting dilution assay, sphere formation assay, Western blot, qRT-PCR, irradiation assay Cells Medium 36497175
2024 CHRDL1 inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis through downregulation of the TGF-β/VEGF signaling axis in vitro and in vivo. Transwell and tube formation assays, Western blot, rescue experiments, in vivo tail-vein metastasis model Molecular Carcinogenesis Medium 38415870
2024 CHRDL1 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) invasion and metastasis by suppressing MED29 expression through inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway, thereby reducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. RT-qPCR, Western blot, scratch/transwell/wound healing assays in OSCC cell lines, tail-vein lung metastasis nude mouse model Molecular Medicine Medium 39462350
2020 miR-200b-3p directly targets the 3' UTR of Chrdl1 (confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay), downregulating CHRDL1 expression to promote proliferation and migration of amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, miRNA mimic/inhibitor transfection, proliferation and migration assays Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Medium 32446365
2020 miR-200b-3p targets Chrdl1 3'-UTR (validated by luciferase reporter assay) in osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells; Chrdl1 overexpression reduces PA-induced apoptosis, and LBP protects osteoblasts partly by decreasing miR-200b-3p to upregulate Chrdl1, with co-expression between Chrdl1 and PPARγ identified. Luciferase reporter gene assay, flow cytometry for apoptosis, CCK-8 assay, RT-PCR, Western blot Food & Nutrition Research Low 33447177
2014 Novel CHRDL1 missense mutations identified in X-linked megalocornea families; MGC1 patients have reduced central corneal thickness, and an intronic CHRDL1 variant (rs149956316) showed nominal association with central corneal thickness on the X-chromosome. Targeted and whole exome sequencing of MGC1 families, ultrasonography, GWAS of X-chromosome SNPs PLoS One Medium 25093588

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1990 The CHL 1 (CTF 1) gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for chromosome transmission and normal cell cycle progression in G2/M. The EMBO journal 137 2265610
1999 Validation study of the in vitro micronucleus test in a Chinese hamster lung cell line (CHL/IU). Mutagenesis 132 10567032
1994 Hypothesis for the evolution of three-helix Chl a/b and Chl a/c light-harvesting antenna proteins from two-helix and four-helix ancestors. Photosynthesis research 109 24311067
1975 Positive selection of mutants with deletions of the gal-chl region of the Salmonella chromosome as a screening procedure for mutagens that cause deletions. Journal of bacteriology 109 1090571
1988 Thermal analysis of CHL V79 cells using differential scanning calorimetry: implications for hyperthermic cell killing and the heat shock response. Journal of cellular physiology 97 3170654
1999 Characterization of p53 in Chinese hamster cell lines CHO-K1, CHO-WBL, and CHL: implications for genotoxicity testing. Mutation research 91 10320750
2002 Chlorophyll biosynthesis. Expression of a second chl I gene of magnesium chelatase in Arabidopsis supports only limited chlorophyll synthesis. Plant physiology 86 11842180
2000 Decreased and increased expression of the subunit CHL I diminishes Mg chelatase activity and reduces chlorophyll synthesis in transgenic tobacco plants. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 84 10792831
1997 Mg-chelatase of tobacco: identification of a Chl D cDNA sequence encoding a third subunit, analysis of the interaction of the three subunits with the yeast two-hybrid system, and reconstitution of the enzyme activity by co-expression of recombinant CHL D, CHL H and CHL I. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 70 9418040
2009 Identification of a single peridinin sensing Chl-a excitation in reconstituted PCP by crystallography and spectroscopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 61 19934052
1990 A comparison of chromosome aberration induction by 25 compounds tested by two Chinese hamster cell (CHL and CHO) systems in culture. Mutation research 59 2345556
1994 Stable expression of human CYP1A2 and N-acetyltransferases in Chinese hamster CHL cells: mutagenic activation of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline. Cancer research 56 8012961
2019 Gray-zone Lymphoma Between cHL and Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Histopathologic Series From the LYSA. The American journal of surgical pathology 54 30540571
1987 Hyperthermia-induced inhibition of respiration and mitochondrial protein denaturation in CHL cells. International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group 53 3036971
2012 X-linked megalocornea caused by mutations in CHRDL1 identifies an essential role for ventroptin in anterior segment development. American journal of human genetics 51 22284829
2012 Overproduction of chl B retards senescence through transcriptional reprogramming in Arabidopsis. Plant & cell physiology 51 22285931
1993 Identification and genetic mapping of CHL genes controlling mitotic chromosome transmission in yeast. Yeast (Chichester, England) 51 8442383
2010 After the primary endosymbiosis: an update on the chromalveolate hypothesis and the origins of algae with Chl c. Photosynthesis research 49 20676772
2006 Ferredoxin limits cyclic electron flow around PSI (CEF-PSI) in higher plants--stimulation of CEF-PSI enhances non-photochemical quenching of Chl fluorescence in transplastomic tobacco. Plant & cell physiology 46 16956929
2022 Precise estimation of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid content by deconvolution of the absorption spectrum and new simultaneous equations for Chl determination. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 45 34932254
1996 Cloning and characterization of a putative cytadhesin gene (mgc1) from Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Infection and immunity 45 8613358
1990 Increased thermostability of thermotolerant CHL V79 cells as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of cellular physiology 45 2312619
2013 Disruption of the ndhF1 gene affects Chl fluorescence through state transition in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, resulting in apparent high efficiency of photosynthesis. Plant & cell physiology 43 23645628
2017 Hypermethylation of the CHRDL1 promoter induces proliferation and metastasis by activating Akt and Erk in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 42 28423564
2001 Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol, induces sister chromatid exchanges in a Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cell line. Mutation research 42 11423350
2011 Evolution of light-harvesting complex proteins from Chl c-containing algae. BMC evolutionary biology 40 21496217
2007 Reflections on the function of IsiA, a cyanobacterial stress-inducible, Chl-binding protein. Photosynthesis research 40 17375369
1999 Mg-chelatase of tobacco: the role of the subunit CHL D in the chelation step of protoporphyrin IX. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 39 10051574
2012 Molecular cloning, characterization and analysis of the intracellular localization of a water-soluble Chl-binding protein from Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera). Plant & cell physiology 38 22419824
1995 Fetus-specific CYP3A7 and adult-specific CYP3A4 expressed in Chinese hamster CHL cells have similar capacity to activate carcinogenic mycotoxins. Cancer research 38 7850790
2020 GREEN STRIPE, encoding methylated TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE 1, regulates chloroplast development and Chl synthesis in fruit. The New phytologist 37 32463946
1991 Mutation induction by okadaic acid, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, in CHL cells, but not in S. typhimurium. Mutation research 35 1658641
1985 Molybdate reduction by Escherichia coli K-12 and its chl mutants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 34 3881754
2015 Molecular mechanism of CHRDL1-mediated X-linked megalocornea in humans and in Xenopus model. Human molecular genetics 28 25712132
1987 Cloning of seven differently complementing DNA fragments with chl functions from Escherichia coli K12. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 27 3035339
1976 Selection of temperature-sensitive CHL asparagyl-tRNA synthetase mutants using the toxic lysine analog, S-2-aminoethyl-L-cysteine. Cell 27 1017011
1975 Membrane reconstitution in chl-r mutants of Escherichia coli K 12. VIII. Purification and properties of the FA factor, the product of the chl B gene. Biochimica et biophysica acta 26 1095060
2001 The rate of folate receptor alpha (FR alpha) synthesis in folate depleted CHL cells is regulated by a translational mechanism sensitive to media folate levels, while stable overexpression of its mRNA is mediated by gene amplification and an increase in transcript half-life. Journal of cellular biochemistry 23 11241661
2021 Primary charge separation within the structurally symmetric tetrameric Chl2APAPBChl2B chlorophyll exciplex in photosystem I. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology 22 33636482
2001 N-nitrosocarbofuran, but not carbofuran, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in CHL cells. Toxicology 22 11718956
2014 Association of CHRDL1 mutations and variants with X-linked megalocornea, Neuhäuser syndrome and central corneal thickness. PloS one 21 25093588
2012 Metabolic engineering of the Chl d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina: production of a novel Chl species by the introduction of the chlorophyllide a oxygenase gene. Plant & cell physiology 20 22302713
2011 Transcript levels of CHL P gene, antioxidants and chlorophylls contents in olive (Olea europaea L.) pericarps: a comparative study on eleven olive cultivars harvested in two ripening stages. Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 20 21253861
2011 Effect of reducing the top concentration used in the in vitro chromosomal aberration test in CHL cells on the evaluation of industrial chemical genotoxicity. Mutation research 20 22020093
2016 Thylakoid membrane model of the Chl a fluorescence transient and P700 induction kinetics in plant leaves. Photosynthesis research 19 27368165
1987 Role of extracellular calcium in the hyperthermic killing of CHL V79 cells. Radiation research 19 3423214
1996 Analysis of micronucleus induction of pyrimethamine in in vitro CHL cells and in in vivo mouse bone marrow cells. Mutagenesis 17 8671721
1992 Stable expression of monkey cytochrome P-450IA1 cDNA in Chinese hamster CHL cells and its application for detection of mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1. Mutation research 17 1370240
2008 Triplet-triplet energy transfer in Peridinin-Chlorophyll a-protein reconstituted with Chl a and Chl d as revealed by optically detected magnetic resonance and pulse EPR: comparison with the native PCP complex from Amphidinium carterae. Biochimica et biophysica acta 16 19150328
2002 Chiral reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography for determining propranolol enantiomers in transgenic Chinese hamster CHL cell lines expressing human cytochrome P450. Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods 16 12543512
1997 Multilaboratory comparison of in vitro tests for chromosome aberrations in CHO and CHL cells tested under the same protocols. Environmental and molecular mutagenesis 16 9118971
1982 Involvement of a gene of the chl E locus in the regulation of the nitrate reductase operon. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 16 7045588
2018 Fine-tuning of FOXO3A in cHL as a survival mechanism and a hallmark of abortive plasma cell differentiation. Blood 15 29439954
1994 Induction of chromosome aberrations by pyrimethamine in cultured Chinese hamster (CHL) cells. Mutation research 15 7512690
1988 Anthocyanin production in chl-rich and chl-poor seedlings. Plant physiology 15 16665964
1983 Membrane cytochromes of Escherichia coli chl mutants. Journal of bacteriology 15 6302081
2018 Three phases of energy-dependent induction of [Formula: see text] and Chl a fluorescence in Tradescantia fluminensis leaves. Photosynthesis research 14 29516232
2011 CHL-1 provides an essential function affecting cell proliferation and chromosome stability in Caenorhabditis elegans. DNA repair 14 21968058
2011 Altered turnover of β-carotene and Chl a in Arabidopsis leaves treated with lincomycin or norflurazon. Plant & cell physiology 13 21632655
2010 Etoposide; colchicine; mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide tested in the in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test (MNvit) in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells at Covance laboratories; Harrogate UK in support of OECD draft Test Guideline 487. Mutation research 13 20226265
1997 Stable expression of human cytochrome CYP2B6 and CYP1A1 in Chinese hamster CHL cells: their use in micronucleus assays. Chinese medical sciences journal = Chung-kuo i hsueh k'o hsueh tsa chih 13 11360624
1975 Membrane reconstitution in chl-r mutants of Escherichia coli K 12. IX. Part played by phospholipids in the complementation process. Biochimica et biophysica acta 13 1095061
2019 New insights on ChlD1 function in Photosystem II from site-directed mutants of D1/T179 in Thermosynechococcus elongatus. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Bioenergetics 12 30703365
2013 X-linked Megalocornea Associated with the Novel CHRDL1 Gene Mutation p.(Pro56Leu*8). Ophthalmic genetics 12 24073597
2001 Cloning of UGT1A9 cDNA from liver tissues and its expression in CHL cells. World journal of gastroenterology 12 11854913
2000 Characterization of the Porphyridium cruentum Chl a-binding LHC by in vitro reconstitution: LHCaR1 binds 8 Chl a molecules and proportionately more carotenoids than CAB proteins. Photosynthesis research 12 16252167
1975 Membrane reconstitution in chl-r mutants of Escherichia coli K 12. VII. Purification of the soluble ATPase of supernatant extracts and kinetics of incorporation into reconstituted particles. Biochimica et biophysica acta 12 124590
2020 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) inhibits palmitic acid (PA)-induced MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis by regulating miR-200b-3p/Chrdl1/PPARγ. Food & nutrition research 11 33447177
2011 Isolation and purification of the major photosynthetic antenna, fucoxanthin-Chl a/c protein, from cultured discoid germilings of the brown Alga, Cladosiphon okamuranus TOKIDA (Okinawa Mozuku). Photosynthesis research 11 21948618
2011 An overview of cancer/testis antigens expression in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL) identifies MAGE-A family and MAGE-C1 as the most frequently expressed antigens in a set of Brazilian cHL patients. BMC cancer 11 21951388
2003 Origin and evolution of transmembrane Chl-binding proteins: hydrophobic cluster analysis suggests a common one-helix ancestor for prokaryotic (Pcb) and eukaryotic (LHC) antenna protein superfamilies. FEMS microbiology letters 11 12757947
2024 Effect of CHRDL1 on angiogenesis and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells via TGF-β/VEGF pathway. Molecular carcinogenesis 10 38415870
2022 Impact of Tumour Epstein-Barr Virus Status on Clinical Outcome in Patients with Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL): A Review of the Literature and Analysis of a Clinical Trial Cohort of Children with cHL. Cancers 10 36077832
1999 Interlaboratory validation of the in vitro eye irritation tests for cosmetic ingredients. (10) Evaluation of cytotoxicity test on CHL cells. Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA 10 20654477
2022 CHRDL1 Regulates Stemness in Glioma Stem-like Cells. Cells 9 36497175
2020 The miR-532-3p/Chrdl1 axis regulates the proliferation and migration of amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 9 32446365
2019 Impact assessment of barge trafficking on phytoplankton abundance and Chl a concentration, in River Ganga, India. PloS one 9 31483812
2004 N-nitroso metabolite of carbofuran induces apoptosis in CHL cells by cytochrome c-mediated activation of caspases. Toxicology 9 15297019
2002 Cloning of cytochrome P-450 2C9 cDNA from human liver and its expression in CHL cells. World journal of gastroenterology 9 11925616
1995 Simultaneous expression of human CYP3A7 and N-acetyltransferase in Chinese hamster CHL cells results in high cytotoxicity for carcinogenic heterocyclic amines. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 9 7625840
1994 A genetic polymorphism within the third poly(A) signal of the DHFR gene alters the polyadenylation pattern of DHFR transcripts in CHL cells. Nucleic acids research 9 8041633
1992 Differential utilization of poly (A) signals between DHFR alleles in CHL cells. Nucleic acids research 9 1480480
1980 A gamma l heavy-chain disease protein *EST) lacking the entire VH and CHl domains. Scandinavian journal of immunology 9 6777865
2023 CHRDL1, NEFH, TAGLN and SYNM as novel diagnostic biomarkers of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers 8 37781794
2011 Spectroscopic studies on interaction and sonodynamic damage of metallochlorophyllin (Chl-M (M=Fe, Zn and Cu)) to protein under ultrasonic irradiation. Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 8 21680231
2005 The formation of Zn-Chl a in Chlorella heterotrophically grown in the dark with an excessive amount of Zn2+. Plant & cell physiology 8 15753102
2000 Concurrent detection of gene mutations and chromosome aberrations induced by five chemicals in a CHL/IU cell line incorporating a gpt shuttle vector. Mutation research 8 11080658
1998 Sequence and functional characterization of RNase P RNA from the chl alb containing cyanobacterium Prochlorothrix hollandica. FEBS letters 8 9654127
1991 Isolation of a menadione-resistant subclone from Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells in culture. Mutation research 8 1648663
2024 CHL-DTI: A Novel High-Low Order Information Convergence Framework for Effective Drug-Target Interaction Prediction. Interdisciplinary sciences, computational life sciences 7 38483753
2024 CHRDL1 inhibits OSCC metastasis via MAPK signaling-mediated inhibition of MED29. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) 7 39462350
2023 Food Group, Macronutrient Intake, and Metabolic Status in the US-Affiliated Pacific's Children's Healthy Living (CHL) Program. The Journal of nutrition 7 35927738
2015 Novel Mutation in the CHRDL1 Gene Detected in Patients With Megalocornea. Cornea 7 26020825
1989 Protein degradation in CHL V79 cells during and after exposure to 43 degrees C. Radiation research 7 2756111
1987 Mutagenic evaluation of etintidine (BL-5641), a novel histamine H2-receptor antagonist, using the chromosome aberration test in CHL cells and the micronucleus test in mice. Mutation research 7 2889140
2018 Potential role of mitochondrial damage and S9 mixture including metabolic enzymes in ZnO nanoparticles-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in Chinese hamster lung (CHL/IU) cells. Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis 6 30173861
2013 Reactive oxygen production induced by near-infrared radiation in three strains of the Chl d-containing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. F1000Research 6 24555034
2004 [CHL prevent colon neoplasms in mice and its selective inhibition on COX-2]. Ai zheng = Aizheng = Chinese journal of cancer 6 15566646
1998 [Establishment of transgenic cell line CHL-3A4 and its metabolic activation]. Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine] 6 10322772
1995 Prolonged incubation with low concentrations of mercury alters energy transfer and chlorophyll (Chl) a protein complexes in Synechococcus 6301: changes in Chl a absorption and emission characteristics and loss of the F695 emission band. Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine 6 7647520