Affinage

CGA

Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain · UniProt P01215

Length
116 aa
Mass
13.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 7 papers cited in narrative 7 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 5/6 claims corpus-supported (83%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CGA encodes the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit, whose expression is integrated by multiple signaling and transcriptional inputs in pituitary gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs and is repurposed as a secreted signaling ligand in cancer (PMID:17596563, PMID:35289315). In gonadotrophs, ADCYAP1 (PACAP) drives Cga promoter activity through two parallel and additive routes, cAMP/PKA acting via a CRE and MAPK3/1 (ERK1/2) acting via an SRE (PMID:17596563), while thyroid hormone T3 imposes negative control at several steps by lowering Cga mRNA, reducing its ribosomal loading, and suppressing CGA secretion (PMID:25869399). Transcriptional activation requires DLX3 and ETS2 acting synergistically at the CGA promoter, an output that POU5F1 (OCT4) gates by sequestering ETS2 in a soluble complex away from the promoter until differentiation lowers POU5F1 and frees ETS2 to bind (PMID:22446105); an opposing repressive arm operates through L3MBTL2 of ncPRC1.6, which deposits H2AK119ub1 at the CGA promoter in a manner dependent on MGA/MAX binding an E-box (PMID:35521536). Beyond its classical hormone-subunit role, secreted CGA functions as a direct EGFR ligand: N-glycosylation at Asn52 and Asn78 is required for its stability, secretion, and EGFR binding, and CGA–EGFR engagement activates ERK and AKT signaling within a GATA2/CGA/EGFR positive-feedback circuit that drives chemoresistance in gastric cancer (PMID:35289315, PMID:38960034). In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, glycosylated CGA instead suppresses autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR and TP53INP2 to restrain tumor progression, a function dependent on CGA glycosylation (PMID:35521536). CGA expression is further tuned post-transcriptionally by miRNAs targeting its 3' UTR, including miR-107 (which co-targets GATA2), miR-708-3p/miR-761, and miR-1302, whose binding is reduced by the rs6631 polymorphism associated with idiopathic male infertility (PMID:35289315, PMID:21601192, PMID:38960034).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 7 steps
  1. 2007 Medium

    Established how an upstream neuropeptide signal is transduced into CGA gene activation, defining two convergent kinase pathways rather than a single route.

    Evidence Luciferase reporter assays with Cga promoter constructs, PKA/MEK pharmacological inhibition, and activated kinase constructs in gonadotroph LβT2 cells

    PMID:17596563

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not identify the transcription factors binding the CRE and SRE in vivo
    • Restricted to a single gonadotroph cell line
    • Endogenous Cga transcription not assayed beyond reporter constructs
  2. 2011 Medium

    Showed that CGA is under post-transcriptional miRNA control, with a 3' UTR variant altering miRNA binding and linking CGA dysregulation to a reproductive phenotype.

    Evidence Dual luciferase reporter assay of wild-type/mutant CGA 3'UTR plus case-control association in idiopathic male infertility

    PMID:21601192

    Open questions at the time
    • miR-1302 regulation of endogenous CGA not demonstrated
    • Causal link between the SNP and infertility is associative
    • No in vivo confirmation
  3. 2012 High

    Defined the activating transcription-factor logic of the CGA promoter and how a stem-cell factor gates it, explaining why CGA is silent in pluripotency and induced on differentiation.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP of POU5F1-ETS2, ChIP of ETS2 at the CGA promoter before/after BMP4 differentiation, and reporter mutagenesis with DLX3/ETS2/POU5F1 across cell systems

    PMID:22446105

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not connect the DLX3/ETS2 axis to the CRE/SRE signaling inputs
    • Squelching mechanism studied in ES-cell context only
    • Stoichiometry of the POU5F1-ETS2 complex not resolved
  4. 2015 Medium

    Demonstrated that CGA is negatively regulated by thyroid hormone at transcriptional, translational, and secretory levels, revealing multi-step control rather than simple transcriptional repression.

    Evidence Rat hypothyroidism model with T3 treatment, qRT-PCR, polysome fractionation, and CGA secretion/content assays

    PMID:25869399

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mediators of T3 repression at each step not identified
    • Paradoxical drop in intracellular CGA in hypothyroidism unexplained mechanistically
    • Findings in rat pituitary not validated in human cells
  5. 2022 High

    Reframed secreted CGA as a direct EGFR ligand and uncovered a self-reinforcing transcriptional circuit driving chemoresistance, a function distinct from its classical hormone-subunit role.

    Evidence CGA-EGFR Co-IP, N-glycosylation site mutagenesis (Asn52/Asn78), conditioned media, GATA2 ChIP/reporter assays, miRNA knockdown, and xenografts in gastric cancer

    PMID:35289315

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of CGA-EGFR binding not resolved
    • Whether CGA acts as a monomer or with a beta partner in this context unaddressed
    • Generality across EGFR-driven cancers not established
  6. 2022 Medium

    Identified an epigenetic repressor of CGA and showed a context-dependent tumor-suppressive function, contrasting with the oncogenic gastric-cancer circuit.

    Evidence ChIP for L3MBTL2/H2AK119ub1 at the CGA promoter, MGA/MAX Co-IP, CGA glycosylation mutants, and autophagy/PI3K-Akt-mTOR assays in PDAC cells

    PMID:35521536

    Open questions at the time
    • Why CGA is tumor-suppressive in PDAC yet oncogenic in gastric cancer not reconciled
    • Direct receptor for CGA in the autophagy-suppressing role not identified
    • Single-lab pathway evidence
  7. 2024 Medium

    Confirmed CGA's position upstream of ERK/AKT in the resistance circuit by identifying a single miRNA that co-targets CGA and GATA2 to dismantle the feedback loop.

    Evidence Luciferase validation of miR-107 targeting CGA and GATA2 3'UTRs, western blots for p-ERK/p-AKT, viability assays, and intratumoral miR-107 xenograft injection

    PMID:38960034

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not establish endogenous miR-107 regulation under physiological conditions
    • Clinical translatability of miR-107 delivery not demonstrated
    • Relative contribution of CGA vs GATA2 targeting not dissected

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the divergent CGA functions—classical glycoprotein hormone subunit versus secreted EGFR ligand versus autophagy-modulating tumor suppressor—are partitioned across tissues and what determines this context dependence remains unresolved.
  • No unifying model linking transcriptional inputs to functional output
  • Structural determinants of CGA-EGFR engagement uncharacterized
  • Tissue-specific glycosylation requirements not systematically mapped

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 2 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 1
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 2
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 2
Partners
DLX3EGFRETS2GATA2POU5F1

Evidence

Reading pass · 7 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2007 ADCYAP1 (PACAP) stimulates Cga promoter activity in gonadotroph LβT2 cells via two parallel pathways: cAMP/PKA (acting through a CRE element) and MAPK3/1 (ERK1/2, acting through an SRE element). Both pathways are required for full Cga induction, as shown by inhibition with H89 (PKA inhibitor) and U0126 (MEK inhibitor) separately and in combination, with additive but not complete inhibition when combined. Luciferase reporter assay with Cga promoter constructs, pharmacological inhibition of PKA (H89, PKI) and MEK (U0126), constitutively active PKA transfection, measurement of cAMP accumulation and MAPK3/1 activation in gonadotroph LβT2 cells Biology of reproduction Medium 17596563
2015 Thyroid hormone T3 negatively regulates CGA at multiple steps: it down-regulates Cga mRNA expression, inhibits association of Cga mRNA with ribosomes, and inhibits CGA secretion from pituitary thyrotrophs and gonadotrophs. Hypothyroidism increased Cga mRNA and its ribosomal association but paradoxically decreased intracellular CGA protein content; all were reversed by acute or chronic T3 treatment. Rat hypothyroidism model with acute and chronic T3 treatment; qRT-PCR for Cga mRNA; polysome fractionation to assess mRNA-ribosome association; measurement of intracellular CGA content and secretion by RIA/ELISA Molecular and cellular endocrinology Medium 25869399
2012 POU5F1 (OCT4) silences the CGA promoter by squelching ETS2: POU5F1 forms a complex with ETS2 that prevents ETS2 from binding the CGA promoter. DLX3 and ETS2 synergistically activate the CGA promoter ~100-fold when both bind the promoter simultaneously. POU5F1 disrupts the DLX3/ETS2 synergy. In human embryonic stem cells, ETS2 is sequestered in a soluble complex with POU5F1 away from the CGA promoter; upon BMP4-induced differentiation, POU5F1 levels fall and ETS2 occupies the CGA promoter. Luciferase reporter assays with CGA promoter mutations; co-immunoprecipitation of POU5F1-ETS2 complex; chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of ETS2 binding to CGA promoter in ES cells before and after BMP4 differentiation; co-transfection of DLX3, ETS2, and POU5F1 expression constructs Molecular endocrinology High 22446105
2022 Secreted CGA protein directly binds EGFR and activates EGFR downstream signaling, conferring chemoresistance in gastric cancer cells. N-glycosylation of CGA at Asn52 and Asn78 is required for CGA stability, secretion, and interaction with EGFR. GATA2 transcriptionally activates CGA, and CGA in turn induces GATA2 expression and phosphorylation in an EGFR-dependent manner, forming a positive feedback circuit. Anti-EGFR therapy or CGA knockdown (via miR-708-3p and miR-761) restored chemotherapy sensitivity. Co-immunoprecipitation of CGA with EGFR; site-directed mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites (Asn52 and Asn78); conditioned media experiments; EGFR phosphorylation assays; ChIP for GATA2 on CGA promoter; luciferase reporter assays; miRNA overexpression; xenograft mouse models The Journal of clinical investigation High 35289315
2022 L3MBTL2 (a component of ncPRC1.6) transcriptionally represses CGA through an H2AK119ub1-dependent mechanism. The MGA/MAX heterodimer binds an E-box on the CGA promoter and is required for selective L3MBTL2-mediated repression of CGA. Glycosylated CGA-T1 (the major CGA transcript product) inhibits pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression partly by suppressing autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and TP53INP2 pathways; this tumor-suppressive function depends on CGA glycosylation. ChIP for L3MBTL2 and H2AK119ub1 at the CGA promoter; L3MBTL2 knockdown/overexpression with CGA expression readout; MGA/MAX complex co-IP; CGA glycosylation mutants; autophagy flux assays; PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway western blotting; PDAC cell proliferation and tumor growth assays iScience Medium 35521536
2011 A SNP (rs6631, T-to-A substitution) in the miR-1302 binding site within the 3' UTR of CGA reduces the binding affinity of miR-1302 and results in overexpression of CGA in vitro, as demonstrated by dual luciferase reporter assay. This SNP is associated with idiopathic male infertility (azoospermia/severe oligozoospermia). Dual luciferase reporter assay with wild-type and mutant CGA 3'UTR; case-control association study; computational miRNA binding site prediction Fertility and sterility Medium 21601192
2024 miR-107 directly targets both CGA and GATA2 mRNAs, as validated by luciferase reporter assays. Overexpression of miR-107 in multidrug-resistant GC cells reduces CGA and GATA2 protein levels, inhibits EGFR downstream signaling (reduced ERK and AKT phosphorylation), and restores chemotherapy sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. This confirms CGA functions as an EGFR ligand upstream of ERK/AKT in the resistance circuit. Luciferase reporter assays with CGA and GATA2 3'UTR constructs; western blot for CGA, GATA2, p-ERK, p-AKT; cell viability assays with chemotherapeutic agents; intratumoral miR-107 injection in xenograft models The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 38960034

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 Identification of CGA as a novel estrogen receptor-responsive gene in breast cancer: an outstanding candidate marker to predict the response to endocrine therapy. Cancer research 128 11245479
2012 Pilot study of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) in allogeneic transplant: CGA captures a high prevalence of vulnerabilities in older transplant recipients. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 108 23160006
2011 National survey of Escherichia coli causing extraintestinal infections reveals the spread of drug-resistant clonal groups O25b:H4-B2-ST131, O15:H1-D-ST393 and CGA-D-ST69 with high virulence gene content in Spain. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 107 21669946
2013 Translation of CGA codon repeats in yeast involves quality control components and ribosomal protein L1. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 102 23825054
1986 Chromogranin A (CGA) in the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system. I. CGA in the mammalian endocrine pancreas. Histochemistry 90 2877960
1989 Chromogranin A (CgA) in the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system. II. CgA in mammalian entero-endocrine cells. Histochemistry 79 2807986
1985 CGA-7 and HHF, two monoclonal antibodies that recognize muscle actin and react with adherent cells in human long-term bone marrow cultures. Blood 70 3902122
2001 Proteolytic cleavage of chromogranin A (CgA) by plasmin. Selective liberation of a specific bioactive CgA fragment that regulates catecholamine release. The Journal of biological chemistry 68 11342539
2015 Asc1, homolog of human RACK1, prevents frameshifting in yeast by ribosomes stalled at CGA codon repeats. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 63 25792604
2016 Chinese medicine CGA formula ameliorates DMN-induced liver fibrosis in rats via inhibiting MMP2/9, TIMP1/2 and the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 60 27133300
1999 A new human chromogranin A (CgA) immunoradiometric assay involving monoclonal antibodies raised against the unprocessed central domain (145-245). British journal of cancer 55 10408695
1993 5'-CGA sequence is a strong motif for homo base-paired parallel-stranded DNA duplex as revealed by NMR analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 55 8506370
2001 The experimental herbicide CGA 325'615 inhibits synthesis of crystalline cellulose and causes accumulation of non-crystalline beta-1,4-glucan associated with CesA protein. Plant physiology 54 11457949
1989 PTHrP secretion is stimulated by CT and inhibited by CgA peptides. Endocrinology 53 2737164
1987 The gene for human chromogranin A (CgA) is located on chromosome 14. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 53 3814131
1980 Role of the autonomic nervous system in the mediation of LHA electrical stimulation-induced effects on insulinemia and glycemia. Journal of the autonomic nervous system 53 7021651
2012 Tailored therapy in an unselected population of 91 elderly patients with DLBCL prospectively evaluated using a simplified CGA. The oncologist 49 22531362
2004 Chromogranin A N-terminal fragments vasostatin-1 and the synthetic CGA 7-57 peptide act as cardiostatins on the isolated working frog heart. General and comparative endocrinology 49 15028525
2024 Lactylation of NAT10 promotes N4-acetylcytidine modification on tRNASer-CGA-1-1 to boost oncogenic DNA virus KSHV reactivation. Cell death and differentiation 47 38879723
1994 Frequent constitutional C to T mutations in CGA-arginine codons in the RB1 gene produce premature stop codons in patients with bilateral (hereditary) retinoblastoma. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 43 7704558
1999 Ribosomal -1 frameshifting during decoding of Bacillus subtilis cdd occurs at the sequence CGA AAG. Journal of bacteriology 42 10217788
1993 Concerted circadian oscillations in transcript levels of nineteen Lha/b (cab) genes in Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). Molecular & general genetics : MGG 41 7683370
2022 A CGA/EGFR/GATA2 positive feedback circuit confers chemoresistance in gastric cancer. The Journal of clinical investigation 39 35289315
1991 Amino acid and NaCl appetite, and LHA neuron responses of lysine-deficient rat. Physiology & behavior 38 1909441
2010 Chromogranin A (CgA)--the influence of various factors in vivo and in vitro, and existing disorders on it's concentration in blood. Endokrynologia Polska 32 20806183
2007 Cyclic adenosine 3',5'monophosphate/protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/1 pathways are involved in adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1-induced common alpha-glycoprotein subunit gene (Cga) expression in mouse pituitary gonadotroph LbetaT2 cells. Biology of reproduction 32 17596563
2002 Molecular and biochemical characterization of Ambler class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CGA-1 from Chryseobacterium gleum. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 31 11897576
2018 Elderly patients with advanced NSCLC: The value of geriatric evaluation and the feasibility of CGA alternatives in predicting chemotherapy toxicity. Pulmonology 29 30266308
2018 Chinese medicine CGA formula ameliorates liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride involving inhibition of hepatic apoptosis in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology 28 30471378
2004 tRNASer(CGA) differentially regulates expression of wild-type and codon-modified papillomavirus L1 genes. Nucleic acids research 28 15319446
2018 Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) Isomers Alleviate Interleukin 8 (IL-8) Production in Caco-2 Cells by Decreasing Phosphorylation of p38 and Increasing Cell Integrity. International journal of molecular sciences 26 30518116
1992 PCR detection of a neutral CGA/CGG dimorphism in exon 6 of the human p53 gene. Nucleic acids research 26 1542597
2006 Further insight into the DNA recognition mechanism of trabectedin from the differential affinity of its demethylated analogue ecteinascidin ET729 for the triplet DNA binding site CGA. Journal of medicinal chemistry 25 17154523
1995 Missense mutation in CYP11B1 (CGA[Arg-384]-->GGA[Gly]) causes steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. European journal of endocrinology 25 7889175
1986 A cloned chromogranin A (CgA) cDNA detects a 2.3Kb mRNA in diverse neuroendocrine tissues. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 25 3718511
2019 The preservation effect of CGA-Gel combined with partial freezing on sword prawn (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii). Food chemistry 24 31945699
2020 CGA restrains the apoptosis of Aβ25-35-induced hippocampal neurons. The International journal of neuroscience 23 31902262
2011 A hybrid BPSO-CGA approach for gene selection and classification of microarray data. Journal of computational biology : a journal of computational molecular cell biology 23 21210743
2015 T(3) rapidly regulates several steps of alpha subunit glycoprotein (CGA) synthesis and secretion in the pituitary of male rats: Potential repercussions on TSH, FSH and LH secretion. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 22 25869399
1989 Factor IXPortland: a nonsense mutation (CGA to TGA) resulting in hemophilia B. American journal of human genetics 22 2929599
2020 Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA): A Simple Tool for Guiding the Treatment of Older Adults with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in China. The oncologist 20 32436258
2019 CGA-N9, an antimicrobial peptide derived from chromogranin A: direct cell penetration of and endocytosis by Candida tropicalis. The Biochemical journal 20 30610128
1999 A case of complete adenylate kinase deficiency due to a nonsense mutation in AK-1 gene (Arg 107 --> Stop, CGA --> TGA) associated with chronic haemolytic anaemia. British journal of haematology 20 10233365
2019 The chromogranin A-derived antifungal peptide CGA-N9 induces apoptosis in Candida tropicalis. The Biochemical journal 19 31652303
2011 A single nucleotide polymorphism in a miR-1302 binding site in CGA increases the risk of idiopathic male infertility. Fertility and sterility 19 21601192
2007 An Italian program of External Quality Control for chromogranin A (CgA) assay: performance evaluation of CgA determination. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 19 17663633
2001 The CGA gene as new predictor of the response to endocrine therapy in ER alpha-positive postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Oncogene 19 11687975
2001 (CGA)(4): parallel, anti-parallel, right-handed and left-handed homoduplexes of a trinucleotide repeat DNA. Biochimica et biophysica acta 18 11420145
2018 CGA-N12, a peptide derived from chromogranin A, promotes apoptosis of Candida tropicalis by attenuating mitochondrial functions. The Biochemical journal 17 29559502
2020 Secretagogin, a marker for neuroendocrine cells, is more sensitive and specific in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma compared with the markers CD56, CgA, Syn and Napsin A. Oncology letters 16 32194720
2024 CGA alleviates LPS-induced inflammation and milk fat reduction in BMECs through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Heliyon 15 38317876
2002 CGA gene (coding for the alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones) overexpression in ER alpha-positive prostate tumors. European urology 15 12180238
2023 Rational design, synthesis, antifungal evaluation and docking studies of antifungal peptide CGA-N12 analogues based on the target CtKRE9. Bioorganic chemistry 14 36669359
2004 Effects of a chromogranin-derived peptide (CgA 47-66) in the writhing nociceptive response induced by acetic acid in rats. Regulatory peptides 14 15120481
2001 Development of an ELISA for the detection of serum chromogranin A (CgA) in prostate and non-neuroendocrine carcinomas. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 14 11694235
2017 Characterization of tissue chromogranin A (CgA) immunostaining and clinicohistopathological changes for the 125 Chinese patients with primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus 13 28575250
2018 Effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) supplementation during in vitro maturation culture on the development and quality of porcine embryos with electroporation treatment after in vitro fertilization. Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho 12 29806122
2007 Granulogenesis in non-neuroendocrine COS-7 cells induced by EGFP-tagged chromogranin A gene transfection: identical and distinct distribution of CgA and EGFP. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 12 17242462
1999 Implications of cytosine methylation on (+)-anti-Benzo[a]pyrene 7, 8-dihydrodiol 9,10-epoxide N(2)-dG adduct formation in 5'-d(CGT), 5'-d(CGA), and 5'-d(CGC) sequence contexts of single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides. Chemical research in toxicology 12 10490503
2022 L3MBTL2-mediated CGA transcriptional suppression promotes pancreatic cancer progression through modulating autophagy. iScience 11 35521536
2012 Squelching of ETS2 transactivation by POU5F1 silences the human chorionic gonadotropin CGA subunit gene in human choriocarcinoma and embryonic stem cells. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 11 22446105
2006 Comparative evaluation of neural tissue antigens--neurofilament protein (NF), peripherin (PRP), S100B protein (S100B), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and chromogranin-A (CgA)--in both normal and inflamed human mature dental pulp. Acta histochemica 11 16919707
1998 tRNA(2Gln) mutants that translate the CGA arginine codon as glutamine in Escherichia coli. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 11 9848650
2018 Identification of factors that promote biogenesis of tRNACGASer. RNA biology 10 30269676
2018 Misdecoding of rare CGA codon by translation termination factors, eRF1/eRF3, suggests novel class of ribosome rescue pathway in S. cerevisiae. The FEBS journal 10 30471181
2021 A randomized clinical study on the impact of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) based interventions on the quality of life of elderly, frail, onco-hematologic patients candidate to anticancer therapy: protocol of the ONCO-Aging study. BMC geriatrics 9 34011271
2020 Chromogranin A (CGA)-derived polypeptide (CGA47-66) inhibits TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial hyper-permeability through SOC-related Ca2+ signaling. Peptides 9 32380199
2018 Association of T/A polymorphism in miR-1302 binding site in CGA gene with male infertility in Isfahan population. Molecular biology reports 9 29627965
2014 Osteoprotegerin CGA haplotype protection against cerebrovascular complications in anti-CCP negative patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PloS one 9 25184828
2023 Identification of HQT gene family and their potential function in CGA synthesis and abiotic stresses tolerance in vegetable sweet potato. Physiology and molecular biology of plants : an international journal of functional plant biology 8 37033766
2020 Expression of chromogranin A-derived antifungal peptide CGA-N12 in Pichia pastoris. Bioengineered 8 32163000
2015 Optimization of the Expression Conditions of CGA-N46 in Bacillus subtilis DB1342(p-3N46) by Response Surface Methodology. Interdisciplinary sciences, computational life sciences 8 26341498
2020 The antifungal peptide CGA-N12 inhibits cell wall synthesis of Candida tropicalis by interacting with KRE9. The Biochemical journal 7 31934718
2020 CGA ameliorates cognitive decline by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and neurotransmitter systems in rats with multi-infarct dementia. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 7 32963600
2020 Stability of the pH-Dependent Parallel-Stranded d(CGA) Motif. Biophysical journal 7 32966760
2011 [Chromogranin A (CgA) - the influence of various factors in vivo and in vitro, and existing disorders on it's concentration in blood]. Endokrynologia Polska 7 22125107
2006 An insight into the mechanism of protein separation by colloidal gas aphrons (CGA) generated from ionic surfactants. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 7 16891165
2023 Reduction in CgA-Derived CST Protein Level in HTR-8/SVneo and BeWo Trophoblastic Cell Lines Caused by the Preeclamptic Environment. International journal of molecular sciences 6 37108287
2020 Assessing the cyto-genotoxic potential of model zinc oxide nanoparticles in the presence of humic-acid-like-polycondensate (HALP) and the leonardite HA (LHA). The Science of the total environment 6 32169638
2020 Effects of CGA-N12 on the membrane structure of Candida tropicalis cells. The Biochemical journal 6 32348458
2019 Molecular modelling and docking of Mus musculus HMGB1 inflammatory protein with CGA. Bioinformation 6 31485132
1992 Delayed changes of chromogranin A immunoreactivity (CgA ir) in human striate cortex during postnatal development. Brain research. Developmental brain research 6 1511524
2025 CGA protects against experimental colitis by modulating host purine metabolism through the gut microbiota. International immunopharmacology 5 40147263
2023 The CGA codon decoding through tRNAArg (ICG) supply governed by Tad2/Tad3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The FEBS journal 5 36806932
2015 Increased plasma CgA levels associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology 5 26215060
2000 Identification of a novel human tRNA(Ser(CGA)) functional in murine leukemia virus replication. Biochimica et biophysica acta 5 11004500
1994 Protein C deficiency found in a patient with acute myocardial infarction: a single base mutation 157 Arg (CGA) to stop codon (TGA). International journal of hematology 5 7894031
1991 Influence of litter size on the RNA content of VMH and LHA in preweaning rats. Physiology & behavior 5 1724699
1987 Effects of some hypolipidemic agents on biochemical values and hepatic peroxisomal enzymes in rats: comparison of probucol, CGA, KCD-232, MLM-160, AL-369 and clinofibrate with clofibrate. Journal of pharmacobio-dynamics 5 3625448
2024 miR-107 reverses the multidrug resistance of gastric cancer by targeting the CGA/EGFR/GATA2 positive feedback circuit. The Journal of biological chemistry 4 38960034
2022 The parallel-stranded d(CGA) duplex is a highly predictable structural motif with two conformationally distinct strands. Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology 4 35234144
2021 Internalization and membrane activity of the antimicrobial peptide CGA-N12. The Biochemical journal 4 33955460
2021 Establishing novel roles of bifidocin LHA, antibacterial, antibiofilm and immunomodulator against Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal infection model. International journal of biological macromolecules 4 34171261
2005 An Italian program of external quality control for chromogranin A (CgA) assay: state of the art of CgA measurement. The International journal of biological markers 4 16398409
2004 Two-triplet CGA repeats impede DNA replication in bacteriophage M13 in Escherichia coli. Microbiological research 4 15293942
1995 Two different isoschizomers of the type-II restriction endonuclease Taq I (T/CGA) within the same Thermus isolate: Tsp32 I, an enzyme with similar heat stability properties to the prototype enzyme Taq I, and Tsp32 II, a hyperthermostable isoschizomer of Taq I. The Biochemical journal 4 8526863
2022 The distribution of Dlx1-2 and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the embryonic and adult hypothalamus reveals three differentiated LHA subdivisions in rodents. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy 3 35283254
2018 5'-(CGA) sequence-assisted pH-controlled assembly of supramolecular DNA nanostructure. Royal Society open science 3 30225006
1996 Isolation of mitochondrial porin of the fly Protophormia: porin modification by the pesticide CGA 140'408 studied in lipid bilayer membranes. Biochimica et biophysica acta 3 8703976
2023 Preparation and characterization of FsHA/FsCol beads: Cell attachment and cytotoxicity studies. Heliyon 2 37206015

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