| 1990 |
CD79B (Ig-beta/B29) was identified as a component of the IgM B cell antigen receptor complex by N-terminal amino acid sequencing, establishing that the B29 gene product forms a heterodimer with Ig-alpha (mb-1) and is required for surface IgM expression in myeloma transfection experiments. |
N-terminal protein sequencing, transfection/surface expression assay |
European journal of immunology |
High |
2269334
|
| 1992 |
The cytoplasmic tail of CD79B (Ig-beta) associates with PI-3 kinase and unidentified 40- and 42-kDa phosphoproteins, but not with Src-family kinases Lyn or Fyn (which bind Ig-alpha), demonstrating that CD79B and CD79A recruit distinct cytoplasmic effectors through a shared 26-amino acid ITAM-containing motif. |
Cytoplasmic tail binding/pulldown assay, phosphoprotein association |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
High |
1439759
|
| 1992 |
Co-expression of MB-1 (Ig-alpha) and Ig-beta, but not MB-1 alone, is sufficient to promote high-level surface expression of mIgM in a non-lymphoid cell line (AtT20), and the reconstituted receptor mediates tyrosine phosphorylation of MB-1 and Ig-beta and increases PI3K activity upon crosslinking. |
Transfection into non-lymphoid cell line, anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblot, PI3K activity assay |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
High |
1373499
|
| 1993 |
Specific mutations in the IgM transmembrane domain that abolish Ca2+ flux and phosphorylation also uncouple mIg from Ig-alpha/Ig-beta; fusion of the Ig-beta cytoplasmic domain to inactive Ig reconstitutes Ca2+ responses only, while Ig-alpha fusion fully reconstitutes both Ca2+ and phosphorylation, demonstrating that Ig-alpha and Ig-beta are necessary and sufficient for BCR signal transduction but activate different signaling pathways. |
Transmembrane domain mutagenesis, chimeric receptor fusion, Ca2+ flux assay, phosphorylation assay |
The Journal of experimental medicine |
High |
7688784
|
| 1993 |
CD8/Ig-beta chimeric receptors transduce signals (Ca2+ increase, MAP kinase phosphorylation) in B lymphoma cells upon crosslinking, but protein tyrosine kinase activation is only marginal via CD8/Ig-beta compared to CD8/Ig-alpha, providing first direct evidence that Ig-beta cytoplasmic tail has signaling capacity distinct from Ig-alpha. |
Chimeric receptor expression, anti-CD8 antibody crosslinking, intracellular Ca2+ measurement, MAP kinase phosphorylation assay |
European journal of immunology |
High |
7681402
|
| 1993 |
Signaling-defective mutants of mIgM fail to associate with Ig-alpha and Ig-beta, demonstrating complete concordance between the IgM transmembrane region's ability to bind accessory molecules and its ability to transduce signals. |
Co-immunoprecipitation of BCR complex components in signaling vs. non-signaling mIgM mutants |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
8245014
|
| 1993 |
Cross-linkage of Ig-beta on human B cells activates tyrosine kinases, hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositides, and elevates intracellular Ca2+, demonstrating that Ig-beta ligation alone initiates BCR signal transduction pathways. |
Anti-Ig-beta mAb crosslinking, tyrosine kinase activation assay, phosphatidylinositide hydrolysis, intracellular Ca2+ measurement |
International immunology |
Medium |
8268137
|
| 1994 |
Ig-beta cytoplasmic domain activates Ca2+ flux, IL-2 secretion, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation equivalent to TCR signaling when expressed as a chimeric CD8/Ig-beta receptor in T cells; conserved leucine (but not isoleucine) in the ITAM motif of Ig-beta is required for signaling, demonstrating functional homology between BCR and TCR signaling subunits. |
Chimeric receptor expression in T cell hybridoma, alanine substitution mutagenesis, Ca2+ flux, IL-2 ELISA, phosphotyrosine blot |
Molecular and cellular biology / The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
8175787 8289790
|
| 1995 |
Tyrosine-phosphorylated Ig-beta ITAM peptides stimulate Syk kinase activity up to 10-fold in vitro; maximal activation requires both Syk SH2 domains and phosphorylation of both ITAM tyrosines; mechanism involves Syk autophosphorylation, establishing that phospho-Ig-beta ITAM binding to Syk tandem SH2 domains activates Syk by autophosphorylation. |
In vitro kinase assay with phosphopeptides, SH2 domain binding assay, mutagenesis of ITAM tyrosines |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
7538118
|
| 1995 |
The cytoplasmic domain of Ig-beta is sufficient to induce the pre-B cell transition and allelic exclusion in transgenic mice; these functions require conserved tyrosine residues in the Ig-beta cytoplasmic tail, establishing that Ig-beta ITAM tyrosines mediate antigen-independent developmental signaling. |
Transgenic mouse model, tyrosine mutants, B cell developmental analysis |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
High |
7716544
|
| 1995 |
Tyrosine-phosphorylated Ig-beta is a major ligand for the tandem SH2 domains of Syk in activated B cells, with binding occurring predominantly via Ig-beta rather than Ig-alpha, indicating these two receptor components couple to distinct signaling pathways. |
In vitro SH2 domain binding assay, identification of phosphoproteins from activated B cell lysates |
International immunology |
Medium |
8580068
|
| 1995 |
Ig-beta targets antigen to transferrin receptor-containing recycling endosomes (minor MHC class II population), distinct from Ig-alpha which targets to MHC class II-rich compartments (MIIC), demonstrating that the composition of BCR determines antigen trafficking and presentation kinetics. |
Fc receptor chimera expression, antigen presentation assay, endosomal compartment analysis by fluorescence microscopy |
Immunity |
Medium |
7552998
|
| 1996 |
Mice lacking Ig-beta have a complete block in B cell development at the immature CD43+B220+ stage; VH-to-DJH recombination and IgH mRNA expression are compromised, revealing an early, pre-BCR requirement for Ig-beta in productive V(D)J recombination. |
Ig-beta knockout mouse, flow cytometry, Southern blot/PCR for V(D)J recombination |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
High |
8602530
|
| 1996 |
The signaling capacity of the Ig-beta ITAM is regulated by peptide sequences inside the ITAM (QTAT region before the second conserved tyrosine) and by flanking sequences outside the ITAM; the QTAT vs. DCSM difference between Ig-beta and Ig-alpha determines in vitro Fyn kinase association and in vivo signaling capability. |
FcgammaRII chimeric receptor expression in B cells, cytokine secretion, Ca2+ flux, tyrosine kinase activation assay |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
8798606
|
| 1997 |
Cross-linking of Ig-beta on mu-negative pro-B cells induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Ig-alpha, Syk, PI3K, Vav, SLP-76, and MAP kinase ERK (but not JNK/SAPK or p38); anti-Ig-beta treatment of RAG-2-deficient mice induces pro-B to small pre-B cell differentiation, demonstrating that Ig-beta signals are sufficient to drive early B cell developmental progression. |
Anti-Ig-beta crosslinking on primary pro-B cells, in vivo mAb treatment of RAG-2-deficient mice, phosphorylation assays, flow cytometry |
Immunity |
High |
9354476
|
| 1997 |
Ig-alpha and Ig-beta cytoplasmic domains are independently sufficient to mediate allelic exclusion, rescue B cell development in Ig-mu-deficient mice, and signal B7 upregulation as IgM chimeric transgenic receptors; an IgM/beta with mutant ITAM fails these functions, confirming ITAM dependence. |
Transgenic mouse lines with IgM/Ig-beta chimeric receptors, ITAM tyrosine mutagenesis, flow cytometry of B cell subsets |
The Journal of experimental medicine |
High |
9151700
|
| 1997 |
Heterodimers of Ig-alpha and Ig-beta together efficiently induce apoptosis in WEHI-231 cells upon aggregation, while homodimers of either chain do not; apoptosis is associated with Syk tyrosine phosphorylation, demonstrating that heterodimer cooperativity between Ig-alpha and Ig-beta is required for BCR-induced apoptosis. |
Chimeric dimer aggregation system, apoptosis assay, phosphotyrosine blot for Syk |
Blood |
Medium |
9057631
|
| 1999 |
Antigen stimulation leads to dissociation of Ig-alpha/Ig-beta from mIg (BCR destabilization), temporally correlated with receptor desensitization; destabilization requires tyrosine kinase activation, is not induced by phosphatase inhibitors, and 'dissociated' Ig-alpha/Ig-beta complexes remain responsive to anti-Ig-beta stimulation, indicating mIg-transducer uncoupling as a mechanism of BCR desensitization. |
Co-immunoprecipitation after antigen stimulation, signaling assays, pharmacologic inhibitors |
Immunity |
Medium |
10072076
|
| 1999 |
Both Ig-alpha and Ig-beta are required for BCR trafficking to MHC class II-enriched compartments (MIIC) and enhanced antigen presentation at low antigen concentrations; neither chain alone is sufficient; ITAM tyrosines of Ig-alpha are required for MIIC access. |
Chimeric receptor expression, antigen presentation assay, fluorescence microscopy for MIIC |
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) |
Medium |
10352267
|
| 1999 |
An alternatively spliced CD79B transcript lacking exon 3 (encoding the extracellular Ig-like domain) is increased in CLL B cells and in normal activated B cells; this variant is detectable as protein; its relative expression is significantly higher in CLL vs. normal B cells, suggesting alternative splicing as a mechanism for reduced BCR surface expression in CLL. |
RT-PCR, radioactive PCR quantification, direct sequencing, SSCP analysis |
Blood |
Medium |
10090943
|
| 2000 |
CLL-derived CD79B mutants have defined functional defects: a truncation in the transmembrane domain prevents association with mu and mb-1 at the cell surface; a mutant lacking the C-terminal ITAM tyrosine and distal residues reaches the cell surface but shows significantly impaired MAPK signaling after anti-IgM stimulation, demonstrating that CLL CD79B mutations directly impair BCR assembly and signal transduction. |
Vaccinia virus recombinant expression in Jurkat T cells, co-immunoprecipitation, MAPK activation assay |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
High |
10792036
|
| 2001 |
Ig-alpha ITAM tyrosine mutation combined with Ig-beta cytoplasmic tail truncation completely blocks B cell development at the pro-B stage, while Ig-alpha ITAM mutation alone only partially impairs B cell subsets, demonstrating that Ig-beta cytoplasmic domain is essential when Ig-alpha ITAM signaling is absent and revealing functional redundancy with Ig-alpha in B cell development. |
Gene targeting (knock-in mice with phenylalanine substitutions and Ig-beta truncation), flow cytometry |
The Journal of experimental medicine |
High |
11514602
|
| 2001 |
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is required for CD79b-mediated pro-B to pre-B cell transition: BTK is phosphorylated upon CD79b crosslinking; RAG2/BTK double-KO pro-B cells fail to differentiate after CD79b crosslinking despite normal ERK and PLCgamma2 phosphorylation, placing BTK downstream of CD79b but in a pathway separate from Erk/PLCgamma2. |
RAG2/BTK double-knockout mouse, CD79b crosslinking, Western blot for BTK phosphorylation and downstream kinases |
International immunology |
High |
11282988
|
| 2002 |
The alternatively spliced CD79B variant (DeltaCD79b, lacking exon 3) is overexpressed in CLL and inhibits BCR-mediated apoptosis; when transfected into Ramos-EHRB cells it converts them from sensitive to resistant to anti-Fcmu-induced apoptosis; inhibitory activity requires intact leader sequence (for ER trafficking) and a functional ITAM in its cytoplasmic tail; overexpression does not reduce cell-surface BCR levels. |
Transfection of DeltaCD79b into Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, apoptosis assay, flow cytometry |
Blood |
High |
12384401
|
| 2002 |
Alternatively spliced deltaCD79b protein fails to form heterodimers with full-length Ig-beta, does not mediate IgM transport to the cell surface, and when overexpressed competes with full-length Ig-alpha/Ig-beta to down-modulate surface IgM and cause ER retention, revealing a dominant-negative mechanism for BCR downregulation. |
Transfection in 293T cells, co-immunoprecipitation, surface IgM flow cytometry, ER retention assay |
European journal of immunology |
Medium |
12115635
|
| 2002 |
Igbeta, but not Igalpha, activates PI3K in endocytic compartments; PI3K inhibitors block Igbeta-mediated de novo formation of multivesicular antigen-processing compartments and antigen presentation, but do not block antigen internalization or degradation, placing Igbeta-PI3K signaling specifically at the endosomal sorting step required for antigen presentation. |
PI3K inhibitor treatment, antigen presentation assay, fluorescent PI3K lipid probes in endocytic compartments, electron microscopy |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
12459553
|
| 2005 |
Antigen stimulation physically separates Ig-alpha/Ig-beta from mu heavy chain; after separation, Ig-alpha/Ig-beta localizes to GM1-containing lipid microdomains while unsheathed mu heavy chain colocalizes with clathrin-coated vesicles; preventing receptor destabilization blocks mu association with clathrin vesicles, demonstrating that BCR dissociation enables concomitant signaling (through Ig-alpha/Ig-beta in rafts) and antigen delivery (through mIg via clathrin endocytosis). |
Sucrose gradient fractionation, confocal and electron microscopy, clathrin colocalization assay |
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) |
Medium |
15972641
|
| 2006 |
Cysteines 113 of Ig-alpha and 135 of Ig-beta form the intermolecular disulfide bond stabilizing the Ig-alpha/Ig-beta heterodimer; Ig-beta contains additional intramolecular disulfide bonds (C65-C120 canonical Ig fold; C43-C124); Ig-alpha C113S mutation reduces mIgM surface expression in B cells, indicating the intermolecular disulfide is required for efficient BCR assembly. |
Drosophila S2 cell reconstitution, cysteine-to-serine mutagenesis, non-reducing SDS-PAGE, surface IgM flow cytometry |
International immunology |
High |
16877534
|
| 2006 |
Ig-beta ITAM tyrosine residues are required for steady-state and ligand-mediated BCR internalization in mature B cells in vivo; Igbeta(AA) knock-in mice show decreased BCR internalization, higher surface IgM/IgD, decreased Src and Syk activation but paradoxically enhanced and prolonged BCR signaling (Ca2+ flux, AKT, ERK), and enhanced T-independent antigen response, establishing that Ig-beta ITAM tyrosines set BCR signaling threshold by regulating receptor internalization. |
Gene targeting (Igbeta ITAM tyrosine-to-alanine knock-in), BCR internalization assay, flow cytometry, Ca2+ flux, Western blot for kinase activation |
The Journal of experimental medicine |
High |
16818674
|
| 2007 |
Ig-beta is diubiquitinylated in a process dependent on the E3 ligase Itch; Itch-/- B cells show defective ligand-induced BCR internalization and failure to traffic to late endosomal antigen-processing compartments; ubiquitin attachment to Ig-beta is dispensable for internalization but required for endosomal sorting and antigen presentation to T cells. |
Itch-/- B lymphocytes, ubiquitinylation-defective receptor mutants, BCR internalization assay, antigen presentation assay, endocytic trafficking by confocal microscopy |
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) |
High |
17878339
|
| 2007 |
A homozygous nonsense mutation in Igbeta causes agammaglobulinemia in a human patient with a complete block at the pro-B to pre-B transition; transfection in Drosophila S2 cells shows the mutant Igbeta can no longer associate with Igalpha and BCR complex assembly on the cell surface is abrogated. |
Patient bone marrow immunofluorescence, Drosophila S2 cell transfection/co-IP, sequencing |
The Journal of experimental medicine |
High |
17709424
|
| 2007 |
A hypomorphic Igbeta G137S mutation (adjacent to the cysteine required for Igalpha-Igbeta disulfide bond) in a patient with immunodeficiency results in inefficient disulfide-linked complex formation and reduced mIgM surface expression; this minor inefficiency in BCR surface delivery profoundly impairs B cell development. |
Expression vectors in 293T and Jurkat cells, co-IP, surface IgM flow cytometry, patient B cell analysis |
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) |
Medium |
17675462
|
| 2011 |
In anergic B cells, biased BCR ITAM monophosphorylation (on both CD79A and CD79B ITAMs) constitutively activates SHIP-1 and its adaptor Dok-1; B cell-specific SHIP-1 deletion restores BCR signaling and breaks anergy, demonstrating that partial (mono)phosphorylation of CD79B ITAM engages an inhibitory SHIP-1/Dok-1 circuit required to maintain B cell anergy. |
B cell-specific SHIP-1 knockout, phosphoprotein analysis, BCR signaling assays, autoantibody measurement, flow cytometry for anergic phenotype |
Immunity |
High |
22078222
|
| 2013 |
IL-4 markedly upregulates Ig-beta protein expression (requiring STAT6) in primary B cells that otherwise have abundant mRNA but little protein; elevated Ig-beta forms heterodimers with Ig-alpha, promotes IgM maturation and surface expression, and amplifies BCR signaling in a Lyn-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. |
Primary B cell culture with IL-4, Western blot, co-IP, surface IgM flow cytometry, in vivo anti-IL-4 neutralization, ERK phosphorylation assay |
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) |
Medium |
23776171
|
| 2017 |
CD79B mutations alone increase surface IgM but do not enhance B cell survival, proliferation, or NF-kB markers; MYD88 mutation decreases surface IgM via intracellular retention; CD79B mutation counteracts MYD88-mediated IgM intracellular retention; in B cells chronically stimulated by self-antigen, combined CD79B and MYD88 mutations block peripheral deletion and trigger plasmablast differentiation, while each mutation alone does not—revealing synergistic cooperation requiring both mutations. |
Retroviral gene transfer into primary mouse B cells, flow cytometry, in vivo chronic antigen stimulation model, immunofluorescence for IgM glycosylation state |
The Journal of experimental medicine |
High |
28701369
|
| 2018 |
CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of CD79B in Burkitt lymphoma (Ramos) cells impairs cell fitness and competitive growth; Ig-beta can be expressed on the B cell surface in the absence of other BCR components, where it is found in proximity to CD19 and signals in an ITAM-dependent manner, constituting an alternative signaling module with CD19 that supports B cell survival via ITAM/PI3K signaling. |
CRISPR/Cas9 knockout, competitive growth assay, proximity ligation assay, ITAM mutagenesis, PI3K signaling assay |
The EMBO journal |
High |
29669863
|
| 2022 |
CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of CD79B in human B lymphoma lines causes loss of surface IgM, a block in N-glycan maturation (accumulation of endoglycosidase H-sensitive immature proteins), and retention of BCR components in the ER; rescue with wild-type CD79B restores surface IgM with mature glycosylation, while the naturally occurring CD79B G137S mutant (which disrupts Igalpha/Igbeta heterodimerization) does not restore surface expression. |
CRISPR/Cas9 knockout in human B cell lines, endoglycosidase H assay, flow cytometry, rescue with wild-type or mutant CD79B |
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) |
High |
36426942
|
| 2015 |
CD79B Y196 mutations in the ITAM domain are hallmark mutations of primary CNS DLBCL (found in up to 83% of cases); these mutations, together with MYD88 mutations, constitutively activate the NF-kB pathway in immune-privileged site lymphomas, substituting for the lack of antigen stimuli in the CNS. |
Systematic sequencing of 21 NF-kB pathway genes in 71 PCNSL cases, pyrosequencing validation in additional cohorts |
Neuropathology and applied neurobiology |
Medium |
26111727
|
| 2015 |
CD79B overexpression in ABC-DLBCL is sufficient to induce resistance to ibrutinib and enhances AKT and MAPK activation; depletion of CD79B sensitizes resistant cells to ibrutinib and reduces AKT/MAPK phosphorylation; combination of AKT or MAPK inhibitors with ibrutinib circumvents CD79B-mediated resistance. |
cDNA microarray, Western blot, cDNA overexpression, shRNA knockdown, cell viability assay, kinase inhibitor combination |
Leukemia & lymphoma |
Medium |
26699656
|
| 2002 |
Bob1 (OCA-B/OBF-1) transactivates the B29 (CD79b) promoter but not the mb-1 (CD79a) promoter; differential transactivation is determined solely by the octamer sequence: the B29 octamer (ATGCAAAT) supports Bob1 binding while the mb-1 octamer does not; octamer swapping transfers Bob1 responsiveness, explaining why CD79b (but not CD79a) is expressed in plasma cells. |
Promoter-reporter cotransfection, octamer swap mutagenesis, silencer mutagenesis |
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) |
Medium |
11907094
|