Affinage

CD5

T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 · UniProt P06127

Length
495 aa
Mass
54.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 20 papers cited in narrative 20 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CD5 is a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) family glycoprotein that functions as a negative regulator of antigen receptor signaling in T and B lymphocytes, calibrating thymocyte selection thresholds and modulating peripheral immune responses. Its inhibitory function requires the cytoplasmic tail, which recruits casein kinase 2 (CK2) via a dedicated C-terminal binding domain and PI3K (p85 subunit) via Lck/Fyn-phosphorylated tyrosines Y429, Y441, and Y463; the CD5–CK2 axis activates AKT, inhibits GSK3, and promotes mTOR-dependent RORγt nuclear translocation to drive Th17 differentiation, while in CLL B cells a cytoplasmic CD5/CK2/BLNK/STAT3 complex constitutively phosphorylates STAT3 on serine 727 (PMID:11313384, PMID:22904299, PMID:24356888, PMID:9079809, PMID:28130399). Extracellularly, CD5 engages in species-specific homophilic interactions through domain 1 that contribute to inhibitory signaling and physically associates with CD6 at the immunological synapse, and a soluble form is released by proteolytic cleavage upon activation (PMID:20952682, PMID:12473675, PMID:10488739). CD5 transcription is controlled by Ets factors at a proximal promoter, while an alternative B-cell-specific promoter (CD5-E1B) is epigenetically regulated by IL-6-dependent suppression of DNMT1-mediated DNA methylation, linking CD5 surface levels to dysregulated BCR signaling in SLE (PMID:15187131, PMID:19380809).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 1989 Medium

    Establishing that CD5 is phosphorylated on B cells similarly to T cells and that its expression is specifically downregulated by IL-4 at the mRNA level revealed that CD5 is subject to lineage-specific transcriptional control beyond T cells.

    Evidence Immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled cells, Northern blot, flow cytometry with IL-4 treatment on activated human B cells

    PMID:2472277

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab observation; mechanism of IL-4-mediated mRNA reduction (transcription vs. stability) not resolved
    • IL-4 effect not tested in vivo
  2. 1993 High

    Identification of a constitutively associated serine kinase activity on CD5 that is rapidly augmented upon TCR stimulation established that CD5 is not merely a passive surface marker but an active signaling scaffold.

    Evidence Immunoprecipitation with in vitro kinase assay, phosphoamino acid analysis upon anti-CD3 or anti-CD5 stimulation

    PMID:7691949

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the associated serine kinase not determined at this point
    • Functional consequence of kinase activation on downstream signaling not tested
  3. 1996 High

    Discovery of an inducible CD5 ligand (CD5L) on activated lymphocytes that is distinct from CD72 and whose blockade prevented antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis in vivo demonstrated that CD5 participates in receptor–ligand interactions with in vivo immunoregulatory consequences.

    Evidence CD5-Ig fusion protein binding, immunoprecipitation, antibody blocking, murine glomerulonephritis model

    PMID:9064341

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular identity of CD5L not cloned
    • Whether CD5L mediates inhibitory or activating signals not resolved
  4. 1997 High

    Mapping PI3K p85 recruitment to phosphorylated Y463 (C-SH2) and Y429/Y441 (N-SH2) on CD5 defined the first specific cytoplasmic signaling axis for CD5, revealing how it couples to the PI3K pathway upon thymocyte activation.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation from pervanadate-stimulated thymocytes, recombinant SH2 domain binding to synthetic phosphopeptides, PI3K activity assay

    PMID:9079809

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of PI3K recruitment (survival, proliferation) not directly tested
    • Kinase(s) responsible for CD5 tyrosine phosphorylation not yet identified
  5. 2001 High

    Two contemporaneous studies established that the CD5 cytoplasmic tail is essential for its inhibitory function during thymocyte development and that Lck and Fyn directly phosphorylate Y429 and Y463, linking the upstream kinases to the PI3K-recruiting tyrosines.

    Evidence Transgenic rescue of CD5−/− mice with truncated CD5; Lck-deficient Jurkat cells and in vitro kinase assays with recombinant Lck/Fyn

    PMID:11298344 PMID:11313384

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Lck vs. Fyn have non-redundant roles at specific phosphosites in vivo not resolved
    • Additional cytoplasmic tail effectors beyond PI3K not yet identified
  6. 2002 High

    Demonstration that a chimeric CD5 lacking its own extracellular domain still rescues inhibitory signaling in CD5−/− mice, combined with identification of a CD5–CD6 physical complex at the immunological synapse, dissociated extracellular ligand engagement from the core inhibitory mechanism and revealed CD5 functions within a multi-receptor signaling unit.

    Evidence Chimeric transgene rescue in CD5−/− mice; co-IP, FRET, co-capping, and synapse imaging for CD5–CD6 association

    PMID:12115665 PMID:12473675

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional significance of CD5–CD6 association for signaling output not tested
    • Whether CD6 modifies CD5 cytoplasmic tail phosphorylation unknown
  7. 2004 High

    Identification of Ets-binding sites driving the constitutive CD5 promoter and a distal enhancer active in both T and B1 cells established the transcriptional architecture governing lineage-specific CD5 expression.

    Evidence DNase I hypersensitivity, luciferase reporters, site-directed mutagenesis, EMSA in human lymphoid cells

    PMID:15187131

    Open questions at the time
    • Which specific Ets family member(s) are functionally dominant in vivo not determined
    • Enhancer mechanism in B cells vs. T cells not separately dissected
  8. 2009 High

    Elucidation of IL-6-driven suppression of DNMT1 leading to demethylation of the CD5-E1B alternative promoter in SLE B cells explained how surface CD5 is downregulated in autoimmunity, linking epigenetic control to BCR signaling dysregulation.

    Evidence Bisulfite sequencing, methylation-sensitive restriction, anti-IL-6R blocking antibody, DNMT1 expression analysis in SLE patient B cells

    PMID:19380809

    Open questions at the time
    • Causal contribution of CD5-E1B isoform to SLE pathogenesis not tested by genetic intervention
    • Whether therapeutic IL-6R blockade restores CD5 surface levels in patients not shown
  9. 2010 High

    Demonstration that CD5 engages in species-specific homophilic interactions via domain 1 that deliver inhibitory signals reconciled conflicting data on CD5 ligands and established a direct extracellular mechanism for CD5-mediated immune dampening.

    Evidence Soluble CD5 binding assays, domain mutagenesis, antibody blocking, antigen-specific T cell activation assays

    PMID:20952682

    Open questions at the time
    • Crystal structure of homophilic interaction not available
    • Relationship between homophilic binding and the previously described CD5L remains unclear
  10. 2012 High

    Creation of CD5ΔCK2BD knock-in mice identified CK2 as the functionally critical serine kinase recruited to the CD5 cytoplasmic tail, resolving the 1993 observation and showing that CD5–CK2 signaling is specifically required for Th2/Th17 differentiation and tolerance induction.

    Evidence Knock-in mice with selective CK2-binding domain microdeletion, T cell proliferation, EAE, Th differentiation assays

    PMID:22904299

    Open questions at the time
    • CK2 substrates downstream of CD5 not fully catalogued at this stage
    • Whether CD5–CK2 axis operates identically in B cells not addressed
  11. 2014 High

    Dissection of the CD5–CK2–AKT–GSK3–mTOR–RORγt signaling cascade provided a complete pathway from receptor to nuclear transcription factor for Th17 commitment, explaining why CD5–CK2 disruption selectively impairs Th17 but not Th1 cells.

    Evidence CD5ΔCK2BD knock-in mice, phosphorylation analysis of AKT/GSK3/mTOR/S6K, RORγt nuclear translocation imaging, IFN-γ sensitivity assays

    PMID:24356888

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CK2 directly phosphorylates AKT or acts through an intermediary not resolved
    • Relevance to human Th17 biology not directly shown
  12. 2017 High

    In CLL, identification of a cytoplasmic CD5/CK2/BLNK/STAT3 complex that constitutively phosphorylates STAT3-S727 revealed a pathological co-option of the CD5–CK2 signaling axis in B-cell malignancy, extending the paradigm from T cells to leukemic B cells.

    Evidence Mass spectrometry co-IP, siRNA knockdown of CD5 and BLNK, in vitro CK2 kinase assay on recombinant STAT3, confocal microscopy and cell fractionation in primary CLL cells

    PMID:28130399

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CD5/CK2/BLNK/STAT3 complex exists in normal B1 cells not tested
    • Therapeutic targeting of this complex in CLL not validated
  13. 2023 High

    Discovery that CD5 expression on CD1c+ dendritic cells is required for optimal T cell priming and that CD5 deletion from T cells impairs checkpoint blockade-mediated tumor elimination expanded CD5 function beyond a purely inhibitory role to one that tunes immune competence in anti-tumor immunity.

    Evidence Human melanoma patient analysis, in vivo mouse tumor models with CD5 conditional deletion, DC differentiation assays, immune checkpoint blockade treatment

    PMID:36795805

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which DC-expressed CD5 enhances T cell priming not molecularly defined
    • Whether CD5 on DCs signals through the same CK2 axis as on T cells unknown
  14. 2024 Medium

    CRISPR knockout of CD5 in CAR T cells enhanced effector function, expansion, and persistence across multiple tumor models, validating CD5 as a druggable immune checkpoint in adoptive cell therapy.

    Evidence CRISPR-Cas9 KO in human CAR T cells, cytotoxicity assays, in vivo mouse models of hematological and solid tumors

    PMID:39028827

    Open questions at the time
    • Single study; long-term safety and autoimmune risk of CD5 deletion not assessed
    • Molecular basis for enhanced persistence (metabolic reprogramming vs. reduced AICD) not defined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the structural basis of homophilic CD5–CD5 interaction, the mechanism by which DC-expressed CD5 promotes T cell priming, whether the CD5–CK2 axis operates identically in normal B1 cells and CLL, and whether soluble CD5 has immunomodulatory signaling activity in vivo.
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of CD5 extracellular domains
  • DC-intrinsic CD5 signaling pathway undefined
  • In vivo function of soluble CD5 not established

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 4 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 4
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 4 GO:0005576 extracellular region 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 6 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4
Partners
BLNKCD6CSNK2A1FYNLCKPIK3R1STAT3
Complex memberships
CD5/CD6 membrane complexCD5/CK2 signaling complexCD5/CK2/BLNK/STAT3 complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 20 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2001 CD5 functions as a negative regulator of TCR signal transduction during thymocyte development, and the cytoplasmic domain of CD5 is required for its inhibitory function, as demonstrated by the failure of a truncated CD5 transgene (lacking the cytoplasmic tail) to rescue the CD5-/- phenotype. Transgenic mouse overexpression and CD5-/- genetic knockout with truncated cytoplasmic domain mutant; thymocyte selection assays with TCR transgenic mice Journal of immunology High 11313384
1996 CD5 mediates a novel inducible cell-surface ligand (CD5L) expressed on activated B and T lymphocytes upon stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28. CD5L binding to CD5Rg (CD5-Ig fusion protein) is trypsin-resistant, pronase-sensitive, and dependent on N-linked glycosylation of CD5; CD5L is distinct from CD72. In vivo, CD5Rg injection abrogated development of antibody-mediated membranous glomerulonephritis in a murine model. CD5-immunoglobulin fusion protein binding assay, immunoprecipitation, antibody and recombinant protein blocking, in vivo mouse model of glomerulonephritis The Journal of experimental medicine High 9064341
2010 CD5 mediates species-specific homophilic interactions through its domain 1 only. Soluble CD5 (purified at neutral pH) binds CD5 on cell surfaces. CD5 monoclonal antibodies that have functional effects block homophilic binding, and inhibiting CD5 domain 1 engagement enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses in vitro, indicating that homophilic CD5-CD5 interaction results in productive inhibitory signaling. Soluble protein binding assay, domain mutagenesis, antibody blocking, in vitro T cell activation assay Journal of immunology High 20952682
2002 CD5 and CD6 physically associate at the membrane of lymphoid T cells, co-localize at the immunological synapse, and co-immunoprecipitate from Brij 96 (but not NP-40) lysates. The CD5-CD6 association is independent of the CD5 cytoplasmic region. FRET analysis, co-capping, and co-modulation experiments confirmed in vivo physical association. Co-immunoprecipitation, FRET, co-capping, co-modulation, immunological synapse imaging in T cell/APC conjugates The Journal of biological chemistry High 12473675
1997 Thymocyte activation induces association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K, p85 subunit) and a 120-kDa phosphoprotein (pp120) with CD5. PI3K p85 binds preferentially to tyrosine-phosphorylated Y463 of CD5 via the C-SH2 domain, with bivalent interaction involving the N-SH2 domain at the Y429-Y441 ITAM-like sequence. Co-immunoprecipitation with pervanadate-stimulated thymocytes, recombinant SH2 domain binding to phosphopeptides, PI3K activity assay European journal of immunology High 9079809
2001 CD5 tyrosine phosphorylation occurs at residues Y429 and Y463 in vivo following T cell stimulation with anti-CD3 or pervanadate. This phosphorylation requires Lck kinase activity (absent in Lck-deficient Jurkat cells). In vitro kinase assays with purified Lck and Fyn confirmed these sites as direct substrates. Tyrosine-mutated CD5 transfectants in Jurkat T cells, in vivo stimulation, in vitro kinase assay with recombinant Lck and Fyn, Lck-deficient Jurkat cells European journal of immunology High 11298344
1993 A serine kinase activity constitutively associates with CD5 immunoprecipitates and is rapidly and transiently increased (within 1–3 min) upon CD3/TCR stimulation, correlating with increased CD5 phosphorylation. Direct CD5 cross-linking also increases the associated kinase activity with different kinetics (peaking at 10 min, sustained for 1 h), suggesting distinct regulatory mechanisms. Immunoprecipitation with in vitro kinase assay, phosphoamino acid analysis, anti-phosphotyrosine Western blot, cell stimulation with anti-CD3 or anti-CD5 Journal of immunology High 7691949
2012 CD5 activates casein kinase 2 (CK2) through a specific CK2-binding domain at the end of its cytoplasmic tail. Mice expressing CD5 with a microdeletion selectively unable to interact with CK2 (CD5ΔCK2BD) showed hypoproliferating T cells with enhanced activation-induced cell death, impaired Th2 and Th17 (but not Th1) differentiation, reduced EAE severity, and failed high-dose tolerance induction — phenocopying CD5 KO mice. Knock-in mouse with selective CD5-CK2 binding domain deletion, T cell proliferation assay, in vivo EAE model, Th differentiation assays Journal of immunology High 22904299
2014 The CD5-CK2 signaling pathway enhances TCR-induced AKT activation, inhibits GSK3, and activates mTOR, promoting Th17 differentiation. In the absence of CD5-CK2 signaling, increased GSK3 activity renders Th17 cells more sensitive to IFN-γ-mediated inhibition, and S6K activity and nuclear translocation of RORγt are attenuated. CD5ΔCK2BD knock-in mice, AKT/GSK3/mTOR/S6K phosphorylation assays, RORγt nuclear translocation imaging, IFN-γ sensitivity assays, in vitro Th17 differentiation European journal of immunology High 24356888
2017 In CLL cells, CD5 forms a complex with CK2, BLNK, and STAT3 that mediates constitutive phosphorylation of STAT3 on serine 727. siRNA knockdown of CD5 or BLNK, or treatment with CD5-neutralizing antibodies, significantly reduced serine-phosphorylated STAT3 levels. Fractionation studies showed the CK2/CD5/BLNK/STAT3 complex resides in the cytoplasm while phosphorylated STAT3 is shuttled to the nucleus. Mass spectrometry co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, in vitro CK2 kinase assay with recombinant STAT3, confocal microscopy, cell fractionation Molecular cancer research High 28130399
2011 CD5 costimulation drives stable human Th17 development by inducing prolonged STAT3 activation and enhanced RORγt expression, critically dependent on CD5-induced upregulation of IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) expression, providing more durable Th17 commitment than classical CD28 costimulation. In vitro human naive T cell priming with CD5 or CD28 costimulation, intracellular cytokine staining, STAT3 phosphorylation kinetics, IL-23R expression analysis Blood Medium 21926348
2002 CD5-mediated inhibition of TCR signaling during thymocyte development does not require the CD5 extracellular domain (and thus does not involve ligand binding), as demonstrated by rescue of CD5-/- mice with a chimeric molecule bearing the extracellular domain of human IL-2R p55 (Tac) fused to the CD5 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Chimeric CD5 transgene in CD5-/- mice, thymocyte development analysis European journal of immunology High 12115665
1999 A natural soluble form of human CD5 (nsCD5) is released by proteolytic cleavage of the membrane form upon cell activation (phorbol ester or CD3 stimulation). The nsCD5 is a 52 kDa N-glycosylated molecule present in normal human serum and PBMC supernatants, indistinguishable from a recombinant soluble form composed of the three extracellular SRCR domains. Protein purification, biochemical characterization, immunoprecipitation, in vitro stimulation with proteolytic cleavage demonstration Tissue antigens Medium 10488739
2004 Constitutive CD5 expression in human T cells is driven by Ets transcription factors binding to two conserved Ets-binding sites at positions -239 and -185 upstream of CD5. A DNase I-hypersensitive site at the 5'-flanking region correlates with CD5 expression; a 282-bp region upstream of ATG displays full promoter activity. An inducible DH site 10 kb upstream functions as an enhancer in T and B CD5+ cells. DNase I hypersensitivity assay, 5'-RACE, luciferase reporter assay, site-directed mutagenesis, EMSA, cotransfection Journal of immunology High 15187131
2009 IL-6 produced by SLE B cells abrogates DNMT1 induction, preventing methylation of the CD5-E1B alternative promoter. Demethylation of CpG islands in the CD5-E1B promoter leads to transcription of the cytoplasm-retained CD5-E1B isoform at the expense of membrane-expressed CD5-E1A, reducing surface CD5 levels and thereby dysregulating BCR signaling in SLE. Bisulfite sequencing, methylation-sensitive endonuclease assay, anti-IL-6R blocking antibody, DNMT1 expression analysis, BCR engagement experiments Journal of immunology High 19380809
2005 RAG1 and RAG2 expression in peripheral B cells outside germinal centers is closely associated with CD5 expression. In vitro activation of CD5-negative naive B cells induces CD5 expression on a subset, and RAG1/RAG2 upregulation occurs only in the cells that become CD5+, suggesting CD5 is associated with receptor revision in activated mature B cells. Isolation of CD5+ human tonsil B cells, RAG mRNA and protein detection, CD5 induction in vitro, RAG expression correlated with CD5 acquisition by flow cytometry Journal of immunology Medium 15843554
2023 CD5 expression by CD1c+ dendritic cells (DCs) is required to generate optimally protective CD5hi T helper and CD8+ T cells. Activating CD5 on DCs enhanced T cell priming and improved survival after immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Low IL-6 concentrations promoted de novo differentiation of CD5+ DCs. Deletion of CD5 from T cells dampened tumor elimination in response to immune checkpoint blockade in vivo. Human melanoma patient samples, in vivo mouse tumor models with CD5 deletion from T cells, DC differentiation assays with IL-6 manipulation, immune checkpoint blockade treatment Science High 36795805
2024 CD5 inhibits CAR T cell activation; CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of CD5 enhances CAR T cell cytotoxicity, in vivo expansion, and persistence in multiple hematological and solid cancer models without apparent toxicity. CD5 KO drives increased T cell effector function. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout, CAR T cell cytotoxicity assays, in vivo mouse tumor models Science immunology Medium 39028827
1989 CD5 on activated human B cells is phosphorylated similarly to CD5 on T cells. IL-4 specifically inhibits CD5 expression on activated B cells at the mRNA level, without affecting other B cell activation antigens (CD25, B5, T9, CD23, CD20), indicating a specific transcriptional or mRNA stability mechanism. Immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled cells, Northern blot analysis, flow cytometry, IL-4 treatment European journal of immunology Medium 2472277
2000 The human CD5 gene spans ~24.5 kb, consists of at least 11 exons conserved in size, number, and structure with the mouse homologue, maps to chromosome 11q12.2 (82 kb downstream from CD6 in head-to-tail orientation), and encodes a cytoplasmic tailless isoform via alternative splicing. Genomic cloning, sequencing, FISH mapping, comparative genomics Immunogenetics Medium 11061284

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1994 Efficient targeted integration at leu1-32 and ura4-294 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 356 8005439
2001 Fine tuning of TCR signaling by CD5. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 225 11313384
1988 Normal mouse peritoneum contains a large population of Ly-1+ (CD5) B cells that recognize phosphatidyl choline. Relationship to cells that secrete hemolytic antibody specific for autologous erythrocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine 216 3045250
1988 B cells expressing CD5 are increased in Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis and rheumatism 216 3259883
1991 The development and repertoire of B-1 cells (CD5 B cells). Immunology today 202 1723875
1997 Signal transduction mediated by the truncated trkB receptor isoforms, trkB.T1 and trkB.T2. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 196 9092589
2003 Monoclonal CD5+ and CD5- B-lymphocyte expansions are frequent in the peripheral blood of the elderly. Blood 190 14630808
2013 Egress of CD19(+)CD5(+) cells into peripheral blood following treatment with the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib in mantle cell lymphoma patients. Blood 176 23940282
2019 Astrocyte morphogenesis is dependent on BDNF signaling via astrocytic TrkB.T1. eLife 145 31433295
1999 CD5 expression in human B-cell populations. Immunology today 135 10379049
2009 IL-6 modulates CD5 expression in B cells from patients with lupus by regulating DNA methylation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 132 19380809
1994 Distinctive developmental origins and specificities of murine CD5+ B cells. Immunological reviews 124 7518415
1986 Phenotypic and functional characterization of human Leu1 (CD5) B cells. Immunological reviews 123 3096877
2001 Truncated trkB.T1 is dominant negative inhibitor of trkB.TK+-mediated cell survival. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 113 11162678
1983 Expression of a T-cell antigen (Leu-1) by B-cell lymphomas. The American journal of pathology 107 6605688
2008 CD5: a safeguard against autoimmunity and a shield for cancer cells. Autoimmunity reviews 104 19041428
2023 CD5 expression by dendritic cells directs T cell immunity and sustains immunotherapy responses. Science (New York, N.Y.) 99 36795805
2012 CD19(+)CD1d(+)CD5(+) B cell frequencies are increased in patients with tuberculosis and suppress Th17 responses. Cellular immunology 94 22361174
1994 Lymphocyte populations and immune responses in CD5-deficient mice. European journal of immunology 89 7517879
1996 Identification of a novel inducible cell-surface ligand of CD5 on activated lymphocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine 88 9064341
2003 B cells in the aged: CD27, CD5, and CD40 expression. Mechanisms of ageing and development 85 12714244
2018 CD5, an Undercover Regulator of TCR Signaling. Frontiers in immunology 79 30581443
2004 The genome and proteome of coliphage T1. Virology 78 14972552
2020 Function and Mechanisms of Truncated BDNF Receptor TrkB.T1 in Neuropathic Pain. Cells 75 32403409
2011 The immunomodulatory properties of the CD5 lymphocyte receptor in health and disease. Current opinion in immunology 75 21482089
1990 The peritoneal Ly-1 (CD5) B cell repertoire is unique among murine B cell repertoires. European journal of immunology 74 1690657
1990 Possible immunoregulatory role for CD5 + B cells. Clinical immunology and immunopathology 74 1696187
2003 B-cell lymphomas with coexpression of CD5 and CD10. American journal of clinical pathology 70 12579992
1989 Expression and regulation of CD5 on in vitro activated human B cells. European journal of immunology 69 2472277
2019 The multiple faces of CD5. Journal of leukocyte biology 68 30676652
1991 CD5+ B cells in autoimmune disease and lymphoid malignancy. Clinical immunology and immunopathology 67 1706969
1984 Yeast LEU1. Repression of mRNA levels by leucine and relationship of 5'-noncoding region to that of LEU2. The Journal of biological chemistry 67 6323436
1993 Autoimmunity-prone B-1 (CD5 B) cells, natural antibodies and self recognition. Autoimmunity 63 7511005
2009 Adult BM generates CD5+ B1 cells containing abundant N-region additions. European journal of immunology 62 19714574
1996 Loss of the CD5+ and CD45RAhi B cell subsets in alcoholics. Clinical and experimental immunology 61 8565316
1990 Relationship between CD5+ B lymphocytes and the activity of systemic autoimmunity. Clinical immunology and immunopathology 60 1696188
2002 The accessory molecules CD5 and CD6 associate on the membrane of lymphoid T cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 59 12473675
1989 Marked increase of CD5 + B cells in hyperthyroid Graves' disease. Clinical and experimental immunology 58 12412748
2004 The CD5+ B-cell. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 56 15313456
1988 The primary structure of the leu1+ gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Current genetics 56 3063400
1994 Expression of p53 in early (T1) gastric carcinoma and precancerous adjacent mucosa. Gut 55 7829004
2000 CD5 signal transduction: positive or negative modulation of antigen receptor signaling. Critical reviews in immunology 54 11100806
2010 Neurotrophin receptors TrkB.T1 and p75NTR cooperate in modulating both functional and structural plasticity in mature hippocampal neurons. The European journal of neuroscience 51 20955473
2012 CD5-dependent CK2 activation pathway regulates threshold for T cell anergy. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 50 22904299
2002 CD5, an important regulator of lymphocyte selection and immune tolerance. Immunologic research 50 12403363
1999 Quantitative analysis of CD79b, CD5 and CD19 in mature B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Haematologica 49 10329919
2015 Perspectives on fetal derived CD5+ B1 B cells. European journal of immunology 48 26339791
2010 A ligand for CD5 is CD5. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 48 20952682
2013 T-cell modulatory properties of CD5 and its role in antitumor immune responses. Oncoimmunology 47 23483035
2024 Antitumor efficacy and safety of unedited autologous CD5.CAR T cells in relapsed/refractory mature T-cell lymphomas. Blood 46 38145560
1999 Theileria annulata in CD5(+) macrophages and B1 B cells. Infection and immunity 46 10569790
2005 CD5, CD10, and CD23 expression in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Clinical lymphoma 45 15794857
1992 Variable gene usage, physiology and development of Ly-1+ (CD5+) B cells. Current opinion in immunology 45 1376603
2011 CD5 costimulation induces stable Th17 development by promoting IL-23R expression and sustained STAT3 activation. Blood 43 21926348
2005 Expression of RAGs in peripheral B cells outside germinal centers is associated with the expression of CD5. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 42 15843554
1992 Analysis of the expression of CD5 by human B cells and correlation with functional activity. Cellular immunology 41 1370255
2007 The paradox of CD5-expressing B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity reviews 40 18035326
2001 CD5 expression by B lymphocytes and its regulation upon Epstein-Barr virus transformation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 40 11707593
1997 Thymocyte activation induces the association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and pp120 with CD5. European journal of immunology 40 9079809
2024 CD5 deletion enhances the antitumor activity of adoptive T cell therapies. Science immunology 39 39028827
1994 Bovine leukemia virus induces CD5- B cell lymphoma in sheep despite temporarily increasing CD5+ B cells in asymptomatic stage. Virology 39 7516599
2002 CD5-mediated inhibition of TCR signaling during intrathymic selection and development does not require the CD5 extracellular domain. European journal of immunology 38 12115665
1999 Elevation of CD5+ B lymphocytes in schizophrenia. Biological psychiatry 38 10394480
1999 Identification of a natural soluble form of human CD5. Tissue antigens 37 10488739
2000 Genomic organization of the human CD5 gene. Immunogenetics 35 11061284
1996 Isotype and antibody specificity of spontaneously formed immunoglobulins in pig fetuses and germ-free piglets: production by CD5- B cells. Immunology 34 8881765
2005 Characterization of the human CD5 endogenous retrovirus-E in B lymphocytes. Genes and immunity 31 16107871
1991 CD5+ B cells and CD4-8-T cells in neuroimmunological diseases. Journal of neuroimmunology 31 1826505
2015 CD5-positive follicular lymphoma: clinicopathologic correlations and outcome in 88 cases. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 30 25743023
1997 Blood group antibodies are made by CD5+ and by CD5- B cells. Immunology and cell biology 30 9429896
1992 Heterologous transformation of Mucor circinelloides with the Phycomyces blakesleeanus leu1 gene. Current genetics 30 1563047
1987 Multiple myeloma: an immunologic profile. IV. The EA rosette-forming cell is a Leu-1 positive immunoregulatory B cell. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 30 2953812
2014 Leu1 plays a role in iron metabolism and is required for virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B 29 25554701
2021 Inhibiting BDNF/TrkB.T1 receptor improves resiniferatoxin-induced postherpetic neuralgia through decreasing ASIC3 signaling in dorsal root ganglia. Journal of neuroinflammation 27 33874962
2017 Exploiting scavenger receptors in cancer immunotherapy: Lessons from CD5 and SR-B1. European journal of immunology 27 28504304
1999 CD5- small B-cell leukemias are rarely classifiable as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. American journal of clinical pathology 27 9894463
2020 De Novo CD5+ Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Biology, Mechanism, and Treatment Advances. Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia 26 32694049
2020 Soluble CD5 and CD6: Lymphocytic Class I Scavenger Receptors as Immunotherapeutic Agents. Cells 26 33287301
2018 T Cell Calcium Signaling Regulation by the Co-Receptor CD5. International journal of molecular sciences 25 29701673
1992 CD20 and CD5 expression in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 25 1376065
2001 Clinical characteristics of B-cell lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (B-LAHS): comparison of CD5+ with CD5- B-LAHS. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 24 11579948
2017 TLR4 supports the expansion of FasL+CD5+CD1dhi regulatory B cells, which decreases in contact hypersensitivity. Molecular immunology 23 28505514
2018 Reappraisal of nodal Epstein-Barr Virus-negative cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma: Identification of indolent CD5+ diseases. Cancer science 22 29845715
2017 Constitutive Phosphorylation of STAT3 by the CK2-BLNK-CD5 Complex. Molecular cancer research : MCR 22 28130399
2014 CD5 enhances Th17-cell differentiation by regulating IFN-γ response and RORγt localization. European journal of immunology 22 24356888
2013 Clinicopathologic features of CD5-positive nodal marginal zone lymphoma. American journal of clinical pathology 22 24124149
2008 Role of CD5+ B-1 cells in EAE pathogenesis. Autoimmunity 22 18568640
1996 Anti-CD5 extends the proliferative response of human CD5+ B cells activated with anti-IgM and interleukin-2. European journal of immunology 22 8566084
1998 Characterization of porcine CD5 and CD5+ B cells. Clinical and experimental immunology 21 9472686
1993 Association of an activation inducible serine kinase activity with CD5. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 21 7691949
2005 A Sordaria macrospora mutant lacking the leu1 gene shows a developmental arrest during fruiting body formation. Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG 20 16133166
2004 Transcriptional regulation of human CD5: important role of Ets transcription factors in CD5 expression in T cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 20 15187131
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