Affinage

B2M

Beta-2-microglobulin · UniProt P61769

Length
119 aa
Mass
13.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
70 papers in source corpus 16 papers cited in narrative 18 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

B2M (β2-microglobulin) is the obligate light chain required for assembly and surface display of MHC class I complexes, and its availability is the rate-limiting determinant of surface class I expression: in common carp, surface MHC class I falls when B2m transcription is insufficient even while alpha-chain mRNA persists (PMID:9814583), and across diverse systems loss of B2M—whether by spontaneous intronic recombination, gene damage, knockout, or knockdown—abolishes surface class I in human, mouse, and porcine cells and tissues (PMID:3543125, PMID:27982048, PMID:1627535, PMID:39538338). Through this assembly role, B2M governs two opposing arms of immune surveillance: B2M-dependent class I presents peptide to CD8+ T cells, and its loss in tumors redirects anti-tumor immunity to CD4+ T cells and NK cells (PMID:37801341); simultaneously, surface class I delivers an inhibitory signal that restrains NK killing, so restoring B2M-dependent HLA complexes reduces NK lysis while its loss enhances it (PMID:1905328, PMID:36165021). B2M-HLA-E/HLA-G fusion proteins reconstitute the NK-inhibitory signal lost on B2M deletion, exploited to engineer hypoimmunogenic cells and grafts (PMID:34323289). B2M function lies upstream of interferon-responsive antigen presentation and immune checkpoint biology: its loss downregulates PD-L1, abolishes IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 and HLA-I upregulation, and reduces TAP1/2 expression (PMID:28302866, PMID:42046553). Beyond its intracellular chaperone role, secreted B2M acts as a paracrine signaling molecule, activating cardiac fibroblasts after ischemic injury (PMID:33514846) and driving pulmonary vascular endothelial and smooth muscle proliferation in pulmonary hypertension, where B2m deletion attenuates vascular remodeling (PMID:38813697). B2M also serves as a host factor required for Vaccinia virus internalization and early gene expression (PMID:36574441) and physically binds the glycolipid-presenting molecule CD1E (PMID:36460227).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1987 Medium

    Established a genetic mechanism for spontaneous B2M loss-of-function, showing that intrinsic sequence features predispose the locus to inactivation.

    Evidence Immunoselection of spontaneous murine mutants with Southern blot breakpoint mapping of first-intron deletions

    PMID:3543125

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of site-specific recombination not resolved
    • Relevance to human B2M inactivation not addressed
  2. 1991 High

    Demonstrated that B2M-dependent HLA class I assembly directly controls NK cell killing, establishing B2M as a determinant of the NK-inhibitory signal.

    Evidence B2M transfection into HLA-negative melanoma cells with NK cytotoxicity assays and anti-HLA antibody blocking

    PMID:1905328

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the inhibitory receptor engaged
    • Single tumor cell context
  3. 1992 Medium

    Confirmed in a natural tumor variant that B2M is required for surface class I, with gene damage and alpha-chain methylation independently abolishing expression.

    Evidence Southern/Northern blot and cytotoxicity in the H-2-deficient lymphoma LR.4

    PMID:1627535

    Open questions at the time
    • Correlative rather than reconstitution evidence
    • Single cell line
  4. 1998 Medium

    Identified B2M availability as the rate-limiting determinant of surface MHC class I assembly, distinguishing it from alpha-chain expression.

    Evidence Temperature-shift flow cytometry and RT-PCR for B2m vs alpha-chain mRNA in carp leucocytes

    PMID:9814583

    Open questions at the time
    • Ortholog system; quantitative stoichiometry in mammals not addressed
    • Transcriptional control mechanism unresolved
  5. 2000 Medium

    Linked B2M-dependent MHC class I expression to organismal phenotypes beyond immunity, showing it shapes individual odortype during development.

    Evidence B2m disruption mice with olfactory discrimination assays and developmental timing

    PMID:10912502

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis linking MHC to odor not defined
    • Single behavioral readout
  6. 2016 Medium

    Validated B2M as obligate for surface class I in a large-animal in vivo model and demonstrated its role in driving xenograft rejection.

    Evidence TALEN B2m knockout pigs with protein/flow validation and xenogeneic skin graft survival

    PMID:27982048

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not dissect NK-mediated rejection of the class I-negative grafts
    • Single lab
  7. 2017 Medium

    Placed B2M upstream of interferon-responsive antigen presentation, connecting somatic B2M mutation to loss of HLA-I and altered IFN signaling in cancer.

    Evidence Exome/RNA sequencing and B2M re-expression with expression profiling in lung cancer cells

    PMID:28302866

    Open questions at the time
    • Causal mechanism linking B2M to IFN target induction unresolved
    • Single lab
  8. 2021 High

    Defined the divergent immune consequences of B2M loss—abolition of CD8+ T cell killing with compensatory CD4+/NK responses, and relief of NK inhibition.

    Evidence B2M knockout across three murine tumor models with immune cell depletion epistasis and anti-PD-1; CRISPR KO in NK-like YT cells against glioblastoma

    PMID:36165021 PMID:37801341

    Open questions at the time
    • NK-line study (idx 11) is Low confidence with limited mechanistic detail
    • Receptor-level basis of compensatory immunity not mapped
  9. 2021 Medium

    Identified secreted B2M as a paracrine signaling molecule in cardiac remodeling, expanding its role beyond intracellular chaperoning.

    Evidence Single-cell transcriptomics with secretion and fibroblast-activation follow-up after ischemic injury

    PMID:33514846

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating fibroblast activation unknown
    • Single lab
  10. 2021 Medium

    Showed that B2M-HLA-E/HLA-G fusion proteins can reconstitute the NK-inhibitory signal in B2M-null cells, providing a strategy to engineer hypoimmunogenic cells.

    Evidence B2M-KO CAR-T cells with lentiviral fusion-protein expression and NK/T cytotoxicity assays

    PMID:34323289

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not compare to native B2M-HLA stoichiometry
    • Single lab
  11. 2022 Medium

    Established B2M/MHC-I integrity as a prerequisite for PD-L1 expression and IFN-γ-induced antigen presentation, coupling B2M to checkpoint biology.

    Evidence B2M knockout in DLBCL cells with qRT-PCR, western, flow, IFN-γ stimulation and PBMC co-culture

    PMID:42046553

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism coupling B2M to PD-L1 transcription not defined
    • Single lab
  12. 2022 High

    Revealed a non-immune role for B2M as a host factor required for Vaccinia virus internalization and early gene expression.

    Evidence Genome-wide CRISPR screen with B2M KO in HeLa and HAP1 and binding/internalization/early-gene assays

    PMID:36574441

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular role at the internalization step undefined
    • Direct virus-B2M interaction not shown
  13. 2022 Medium

    Demonstrated a direct physical interaction between B2M and the glycolipid-presenting molecule CD1E, identifying a binding partner beyond classical HLA heavy chains.

    Evidence Cell-free protein synthesis and surface plasmon resonance

    PMID:36460227

    Open questions at the time
    • No mutagenesis or functional validation of the interaction
    • Physiological relevance not established
  14. 2024 High

    Established secreted B2M as directly pathogenic in pulmonary vascular proliferative remodeling, with B2m deletion protecting against pulmonary hypertension.

    Evidence Plasma proteomics, exogenous B2M on vascular cells, B2m knockout PH-HFpEF mice, human cohort validation

    PMID:38813697

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating vascular cell proliferation unknown
    • Signaling pathway downstream of secreted B2M undefined
  15. 2025 Medium

    Confirmed in stem cell systems that B2M governs IFN-γ-inducible HLA-I immunogenicity without affecting cell identity, supporting B2M editing for hypoimmunogenic grafts.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown in dental pulp stem cells with immune assays; CRISPR KO in iPSC-derived cardiac organoids and NK cells (preprints)

    PMID:39538338

    Open questions at the time
    • Organoid and iNK studies (idx 16, 17) are unpeer-reviewed preprints
    • Long-term graft outcomes not established

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The receptors and downstream signaling pathways mediating secreted B2M's paracrine effects in cardiac and pulmonary vascular tissue remain unidentified.
  • No receptor for extracellular B2M defined
  • Mechanism linking B2M to fibroblast and vascular cell proliferation unknown
  • Whether secreted B2M acts as monomer or in complex unresolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 4 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0005576 extracellular region 2
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3
Partners
CD1EHLA-EHLA-G
Complex memberships
MHC class I complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 18 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1991 Transfection of B2M into HLA class I-negative melanoma cells (FO-1) restored surface HLA class I antigen expression and significantly reduced susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis; anti-HLA class I antibodies restored NK lysis of transfected cells, establishing that B2M-dependent HLA class I complex formation directly modulates NK cell killing. B2M gene transfection into melanoma cells, NK cell cytotoxicity assays, anti-HLA class I monoclonal antibody blocking The Journal of Clinical Investigation High 1905328
2017 Somatic mutations in B2M in lung cancer impair correct formation of the HLA class I complex, abolishing surface HLA-I expression; restitution of B2M in B2M-deficient lung cancer cells upregulated targets of IFNα/IFNγ signaling, placing B2M upstream of interferon-responsive antigen presentation. Whole-exome sequencing, RNA sequencing, B2M re-expression in cancer cells, gene expression microarrays, immunohistochemistry for HLA-I and B2M Clinical Cancer Research Medium 28302866
2021 Cardiomyocytes express and secrete elevated levels of B2M in response to ischemic injury, and secreted B2M activates cardiac fibroblasts in a paracrine manner, identifying B2M as an intercellular signaling molecule in cardiac remodeling. Single-cell transcriptomics, follow-up experiments confirming B2M secretion by cardiomyocytes and paracrine fibroblast activation Communications Biology Medium 33514846
2022 B2M (β2-microglobulin) was identified as a host factor required for Vaccinia virus infection; B2M knockout reduced VV infection efficiency by 54–91% without affecting virus binding, but impairing virus internalization and early gene expression, placing B2M at the virus entry/internalization step. Genome-wide CRISPR screen, B2M knockout in HeLa and HAP1 cells, virus binding and internalization assays, early gene expression assay PLoS Pathogens High 36574441
2024 Plasma and skeletal muscle B2M levels are elevated in PH-HFpEF; exogenous B2M promotes migration and proliferation of pulmonary arterial vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells; B2m deletion in mice reduced pulmonary vascular remodeling, lowered pulmonary hypertension, and attenuated right ventricular hypertrophy, establishing a direct pathogenic role for secreted B2M in pulmonary vascular proliferative remodeling. Plasma proteomics, in vitro cell culture with exogenous B2M, in vivo B2m knockout mouse model (high-fat diet PH-HFpEF), human cohort validation Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology High 38813697
2021 B2M knockout in murine tumor models (MC38, YUMMER2.1, B16) results in loss of surface MHC class I; in B2M-KO tumors, anti-tumor immune responses are mediated by CD4+ T cells and NK cells rather than CD8+ T cells, demonstrating that B2M-dependent MHC class I presentation is specifically required for CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor killing. B2M gene knockout in murine tumor cell lines, anti-PD-1 therapy, immune cell depletion experiments, analysis of human melanoma biopsies for B2M LOH Cancer Immunology Research High 37801341
2022 B2M knockout in DLBCL cells significantly downregulated both PD-L1 mRNA and protein, abolished IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 upregulation, and impaired MHC-I complex assembly with reduced TAP1/2 expression; B2M-deficient cells failed to activate CD8+ T cells, establishing that intact B2M/MHC-I functionality is a prerequisite for PD-L1 expression and antigen presentation. B2M knockout cell line, qRT-PCR, western blot, flow cytometry, PBMC co-culture cytotoxicity assays, IFN-γ stimulation, MHC-I inhibitor experiments Open Life Sciences Medium 42046553
2022 Cell-free synthesis of B2M and CD1E proteins followed by Surface Plasmon Resonance confirmed direct physical interaction between B2M and CD1E, a glycolipid antigen-presenting molecule, identifying B2M as a binding partner of CD1E. Cell-free protein synthesis (E. coli CFPS), Ni2+ affinity purification, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Protein Expression and Purification Medium 36460227
1998 In common carp, temperature-dependent downregulation of surface MHC class I expression at 6°C results from insufficient B2m gene transcription, while MHC class I alpha chain (Cyca-UA) mRNA remains present at normal levels, demonstrating that B2M availability is the rate-limiting determinant of surface MHC class I assembly. Polyclonal antibody staining, flow cytometry of peripheral blood leucocytes at different temperatures, RT-PCR for Cyca-B2m and Cyca-UA mRNA Developmental Immunology Medium 9814583
2000 MHC-determined individual odor identity (odortype) requires functional B2M: mice homozygous for B2m disruption (unable to express surface MHC class I) are distinguishable by scent from otherwise genetically identical B2m-intact mice, and this odortype disparity appears at 9–12 days of gestational age when MHC is first expressed. B2m gene disruption in mice, olfactory discrimination behavioral assays, developmental timing analysis Immunogenetics Medium 10912502
1987 The first intron of the B2m gene contains sequences highly susceptible to site-specific recombination: spontaneous deletions at the B2mb allele in a murine cell line map to a breakpoint within 39 bp of a first-intron sequence, and independent clones show indistinguishable deletions, indicating site-specific genetic rearrangement drives B2m loss-of-function mutations. Immunoselection of spontaneous mutants, Southern blot analysis with oligonucleotide probes mapping deletion breakpoints Journal of Immunology Medium 3543125
2021 B2M knockout in NK-like YT cells removes surface MHC class I; YT-VAV1+-B2M-/- cells show increased cytotoxic activity against primary glioblastoma cultures compared to wild-type, demonstrating that B2M-mediated MHC class I expression restrains NK cell cytotoxicity. CRISPR/Cas9 B2M knockout, flow cytometry validation, cell impedance-based cytotoxicity assay against primary glioblastoma monolayers Molekuliarnaia biologiia Low 36165021
2021 Constitutive expression of mutant B2M-HLA-E (mBE) and B2M-HLA-G (mBG) fusion proteins in B2M-knockout CAR-T cells restored protection against allogeneic NK cell-mediated lysis, demonstrating that B2M-HLA fusion proteins functionally reconstitute the NK-inhibitory signal lost upon B2M deletion. Gene editing to generate B2M-KO CAR-T cells, lentiviral expression of B2M-HLA fusion proteins, NK cell cytotoxicity assays, allogeneic T cell recognition assays European Journal of Immunology Medium 34323289
2016 TALEN-mediated biallelic disruption of B2m in pigs resulted in complete absence of B2M protein across tissues from all three germ layers and absence of surface MHC class I on lymphocytes; skin grafts from B2M-deficient pigs showed prolonged survival on xenogeneic wounds compared to wild-type littermates, establishing that B2M is required for surface MHC class I expression and donor MHC class I drives xenograft rejection. TALEN-mediated B2m knockout in porcine zygotes, Western blot/flow cytometry for B2M and MHC I expression, xenogeneic skin graft survival assay Scientific Reports Medium 27982048
1992 In the H-2-deficient T-cell lymphoma derivative LR.4, B2m genes were found to be severely damaged by Southern blot analysis, and B2m mRNA was absent, while class I H-2 genes were extensively methylated; together these two independent mechanisms eliminated MHC class I surface expression, demonstrating that B2M is required for surface class I complex expression. Southern blot of genomic B2m DNA, RT-PCR/Northern blot for mRNA, complement-mediated cytotoxicity for surface antigen detection, anti-H-2 antibody staining European Journal of Immunogenetics Medium 1627535
2025 B2M knockdown in dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) impaired IFN-γ-inducible HLA class I surface expression, reduced leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, and significantly inhibited T cell proliferation, without affecting stemness or differentiation capacity, establishing a direct mechanistic role for B2M in regulating HLA-I-dependent immunogenicity. Lentiviral shRNA knockdown of B2M, western blot, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry for HLA-I, leukocyte cytotoxicity assay, T cell proliferation assay Stem Cell Research & Therapy Medium 39538338
2025 B2M knockout in iPSC-derived NK (iNK) cells did not impair acquisition of NKG2A or functional potency, demonstrating that HLA-E interactions mediated by B2M in cis or trans are not required for education-independent functional maturation of iNK cells. CRISPR B2M knockout in iNK cells, transcriptional profiling, functional cytotoxicity assays, NKG2A surface expression analysis bioRxivpreprint Low
2025 B2M knockout in iPSC-derived cardiac organoids (combined with HLA-E/HLA-G knock-in) eliminated surface HLA class I expression; these hypoimmunogenic organoids resisted T cell and NK cell cytotoxicity in vitro, restored contractile function in infarcted rat hearts in vivo, and showed superior graft retention in humanized mice, establishing B2M as the key determinant of HLA class I-mediated cardiac graft rejection. CRISPR-Cas9 B2M knockout, HLA-E/G knock-in, T and NK cell cytotoxicity assays, rat myocardial infarction model, humanized mouse engraftment bioRxivpreprint Low

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 70 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 The essential roles of the chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 in human stem cell homing and repopulation of transplanted immune-deficient NOD/SCID and NOD/SCID/B2m(null) mice. Leukemia 362 12357350
2001 Rapid and efficient homing of human CD34(+)CD38(-/low)CXCR4(+) stem and progenitor cells to the bone marrow and spleen of NOD/SCID and NOD/SCID/B2m(null) mice. Blood 231 11342460
2021 Beta2-microglobulin(B2M) in cancer immunotherapies: Biological function, resistance and remedy. Cancer letters 145 34129878
2000 beta2 microglobulin-deficient (B2m(null)) NOD/SCID mice are excellent recipients for studying human stem cell function. Blood 142 10807775
2019 Majority of B2M-Mutant and -Deficient Colorectal Carcinomas Achieve Clinical Benefit From Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy and Are Microsatellite Instability-High. JCO precision oncology 104 31008436
2017 Genomic Profiling of Patient-Derived Xenografts for Lung Cancer Identifies B2M Inactivation Impairing Immunorecognition. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 87 28302866
2019 Elevated neoantigen levels in tumors with somatic mutations in the HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C and B2M genes. BMC medical genomics 71 31345234
1991 Reduction in susceptibility to natural killer cell-mediated lysis of human FO-1 melanoma cells after induction of HLA class I antigen expression by transfection with B2m gene. The Journal of clinical investigation 65 1905328
2021 Single-cell transcriptomics following ischemic injury identifies a role for B2M in cardiac repair. Communications biology 63 33514846
2021 B2M overexpression correlates with malignancy and immune signatures in human gliomas. Scientific reports 62 33658560
2017 High numbers of PDCD1 (PD-1)-positive T cells and B2M mutations in microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 54 29308317
2021 Mutant B2M-HLA-E and B2M-HLA-G fusion proteins protects universal chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells from allogeneic NK cell-mediated lysis. European journal of immunology 36 34323289
2023 Antitumor Immune Responses in B2M-Deficient Cancers. Cancer immunology research 35 37801341
2019 Triple (GGTA1, CMAH, B2M) modified pigs expressing an SLA class Ilow phenotype-Effects on immune status and susceptibility to human immune responses. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 34 31733031
2018 Immune checkpoint blockade resistance-related B2M hotspot mutations in microsatellite-unstable colorectal carcinoma. Pathology, research and practice 33 30503610
1993 The tight skin (Tsk) mutation in the mouse, a model for human fibrotic diseases, is tightly linked to the beta 2-microglobulin (B2m) gene on chromosome 2. Genomics 32 7902327
1993 Sequence divergence of B2m alleles of wild Mus musculus and Mus spretus implies positive selection. Immunogenetics 32 8482575
1982 Assignment of the gene for beta 2-microglobulin (B2m) to mouse chromosome 2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 30 6177004
2016 Generation of Pediatric Leukemia Xenograft Models in NSG-B2m Mice: Comparison with NOD/SCID Mice. Frontiers in oncology 29 27446808
1998 Expression and temperature-dependent regulation of the beta2-microglobulin (Cyca-B2m) gene in a cold-blooded vertebrate, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Developmental immunology 29 9814583
2022 B2M and JAK1/2-mutated MSI-H Colorectal Carcinomas Can Benefit From Anti-PD-1 Therapy. Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997) 28 35343934
2016 Efficient generation of B2m-null pigs via injection of zygote with TALENs. Scientific reports 28 27982048
1985 CTL and serologically defined antigens of B2m,H-3 region. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 28 2411816
2021 Frequent mutated B2M, EZH2, IRF8, and TNFRSF14 in primary bone diffuse large B-cell lymphoma reflect a GCB phenotype. Blood advances 25 34478526
2016 Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) expression in the urinary sediment correlates with clinical markers of kidney disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Metabolism: clinical and experimental 24 27173460
2006 The effect of total-ABL, GUS and B2M control genes on BCR-ABL monitoring by real-time RT-PCR. Leukemia research 24 16945414
2011 Analysis of RNA from brush cytology detects changes in B2M, CYP1B1 and KRT17 levels with OSCC in tobacco users. Oral oncology 23 21549635
2025 The role of B2M in cancer immunotherapy resistance: function, resistance mechanism, and reversal strategies. Frontiers in immunology 22 40191187
2021 Histo-molecular characterization of pancreatic cancer with microsatellite instability: intra-tumor heterogeneity, B2M inactivation, and the importance of metastatic sites. Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 20 34613461
2020 Whole blood ACTB, B2M and GAPDH expression reflects activity of inflammatory bowel disease, advancement of colorectal cancer, and correlates with circulating inflammatory and angiogenic factors: Relevance for real-time quantitative PCR. Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University 19 32424999
1985 Allograft rejection-defined antigens of the B2m,H-3 region. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 19 3928758
2022 Circ_0058063 contributes to cisplatin-resistance of bladder cancer cells by upregulating B2M through acting as RNA sponges for miR-335-5p. BMC cancer 17 35321689
2000 Effect of B2m gene disruption on MHC-determined odortypes. Immunogenetics 17 10912502
1987 Spontaneous deletion at the B2m locus: evidence for site-specific genetic rearrangement. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 16 3543125
2023 CRISPR-Cas9-mediated disruption of B2M and CIITA genes eliminates HLA class I and II expression in human induced pluripotent stem cells (MUSIi001-A-2). Stem cell research 14 37343428
2022 CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complex-Mediated Efficient B2M Knockout in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs). Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 14 33945142
2020 Durable response to combination radiotherapy and immunotherapy in EP-resistant lung large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with B2M and STK11 mutations: a case report. Immunotherapy 13 32156177
2022 Production of Triple-Gene (GGTA1, B2M and CIITA)-Modified Donor Pigs for Xenotransplantation. Frontiers in veterinary science 12 35573408
2023 Generation of antigen-specific mature T cells from RAG1-/-RAG2-/-B2M-/- stem cells by engineering their microenvironment. Nature biomedical engineering 10 38062131
2020 Successful administration of sequential TVEC and pembrolizumab followed by Temozolomide in immunotherapy refractory intracranial metastatic melanoma with acquired B2M mutation. Oncotarget 9 33447351
2022 Identification of β2 microglobulin, the product of B2M gene, as a Host Factor for Vaccinia Virus Infection by Genome-Wide CRISPR genetic screens. PLoS pathogens 8 36574441
2022 B2M mutation paves the way for immune tolerance in pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus positive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Journal of Cancer 8 36606194
2008 Strong correlation of B2-microglobulin (B2-m) with procalcitonin (PCT) in the serum of chronic hemodialysis patients: a role for infections in the dialysis-related amyloidosis? Renal failure 8 18350445
2021 Generation of B2M bi-allelic knockout human induced pluripotent stem cells (MUSIi001-A-1) using a CRISPR/Cas9 system. Stem cell research 7 34628247
2007 Monitoring BCR-ABL transcript levels by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction: a linear regression equation to convert from BCR-ABL/B2M ratio to estimated BCR-ABL/ABL ratio. Haematologica 7 17339200
1997 Assignment of TCF1, TGM1, CALM1, CKB, THBS1, B2M, and FES in Ateles paniscus chamek (Platyrrhini, Primates). Cytogenetics and cell genetics 7 9533020
1994 Baboon and cotton-top tamarin B2m cDNA sequences and the evolution of primate beta 2-microglobulin. Human immunology 6 8026986
1992 Damage in B2m genes and DNA methylation of H-2 genes are involved in loss of expression of class I MHC products on the membrane of LR.4, a cell line derivative of the T-cell lymphoma L5178Y. European journal of immunogenetics : official journal of the British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics 6 1627535
1984 The use of murine monoclonal antibody B2M-01 for detection and purification of human beta 2-microglobulin. Folia biologica 6 6394369
2022 [Enhanced Natural Killers with CISH and B2M Gene Knockouts Reveal Increased Cytotoxicity in Glioblastoma Primary Cultures]. Molekuliarnaia biologiia 5 36165021
2016 Can the new CKD-EPI BTP-B2M formula be applied in children? Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 5 27647182
2024 Plasma Proteomics Identifies B2M as a Regulator of Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 4 38813697
2024 B2M or CIITA knockdown decreased the alloimmune response of dental pulp stem cells: an in vitro study. Stem cell research & therapy 4 39538338
2024 Knockout of B2M in combination with PD-L1 overexpression protects MSC-derived new islet β cells from graft rejection in the treatment of canine diabetes mellitus. Stem cell research & therapy 4 39623490
2023 Cell Surface B2m-Free Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Monomers and Dimers: Are They Neo-HLA Class and Proto-HLA? Biomolecules 4 37627243
2022 Cell-free protein synthesis of CD1E and B2M protein and in vitro interaction. Protein expression and purification 4 36460227
2021 Generation of a B2M homozygous knockout human somatic cell nuclear transfer-derived embryonic stem cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Stem cell research 4 34971932
2025 Efficacy Evaluation of "Enhanced" Natural Killers with CISH and B2M Knockouts on Viability and Metabolic Status of 3D Glioblastoma Spheroid Cells in Patients. Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine 3 40071076
2025 Generation of transchromosomic mice harboring HLA-A/B/C and human B2M via mouse artificial chromosome and triple BAC integration. Scientific reports 2 40739281
2025 Establishment of Immune-Evasive iPSCs from PBMCs Using B2M Knockout and CD47/HLA-E Overexpression. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 1 40682609
2025 Generation of two B2M knockout induced pluripotent stem cell lines (DHMi005-A-8 and DHMi005-A-9) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Stem cell research 1 40784045
2025 Single-Cell Multi-Omics Reveals B2M-Mediated Myeloid Reprogramming and Constructs a Predictive Model for Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 1 41427790
2026 Effect of storage conditions on NSE, S100, and B2M stability in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 0 41591274
2026 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated B2m knockout paves the way for allogeneic basal cell transplantation. Respiratory research 0 41764471
2026 B2M drives PD-1 inhibitor resistance in DLBCL through independent dual immune escape mechanisms. Open life sciences 0 42046553
2025 The Oncologist, 2025, Vol, XX, Issue XX Predictive role of ARID1A and B2M mutations and the antigen presentation pathway in the efficacy of definitive chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer. The oncologist 0 40536270
2025 Acute Non-Promyelocytic Leukemia with Complex Karyotype and Novel t (15;17) (q21; p11.2)/B2M: RARA Fusion: A Case Report. Cardiovascular & hematological disorders drug targets 0 40873181
2025 Multi-omics reveals immune features in immune and non-immune cells, an IFN-γ/IFN-α-B2M positive feedback loop, and targeted metabolic therapy in multiple myeloma. Frontiers in immunology 0 40990011
2025 Multi-Omics discovery and clinical validation of IGFBP2, B2M, and CST3 as a serum biomarker panel for diabetic kidney disease progression. Gene 0 41167578
2002 [High density fed-batch culture of Escherichia coli DH5 alpha/pDH-B2m with DO feed-back control of nutrient feeding]. Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology 0 12674643

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