Affinage

ATE1

Arginyl-tRNA--protein transferase 1 · UniProt O95260

Length
518 aa
Mass
59.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
43 papers in source corpus 22 papers cited in narrative 22 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 9/9 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ATE1 is an evolutionarily conserved arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase that post-translationally conjugates arginine onto acceptor proteins, generating Arg/N-degrons and modulating substrate stability and cytoskeletal behavior across yeast, Dictyostelium, and mammalian systems (PMID:2185248, PMID:30586322). The enzyme transfers Arg from Arg-tRNAArg not only to acidic N-terminal alpha-amino groups but also to internal side-chain carboxylates of Asp and Glu, an unconventional midchain arginylation, and proteome-scale profiling has mapped hundreds of N-terminal and midchain arginylation sites (PMID:24529990, PMID:40855110). Structurally, ATE1 is a bilobed protein with a GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) fold whose active site lies at the interface between the two domains, which together engage both the acidic substrate N-terminus and the Arg-tRNAArg cosubstrate, the tRNA being wrapped by a long unstructured loop; the apo enzyme dimerizes and substrate selectivity arises from multivalent micromolar-affinity interactions (PMID:35878037, PMID:36087779, PMID:40099869). A regulatory oxygen-sensitive [Fe-S] cluster binds the dynamic N-terminal domain and couples ATE1 activity to redox/oxygen state, and hemin inhibits arginylation while driving disulfide-mediated oligomerization (PMID:35878037, PMID:36087779, PMID:37010764). Through arginylation, ATE1 governs actin polymerization and focal-adhesion dynamics, neuronal growth-cone outgrowth coupled to local Ate1 mRNA translation, and myosin II contractility in platelets, where ATE1 loss enhances regulatory light-chain phosphorylation, clot retraction, and thrombus formation (PMID:24293517, PMID:28844905, PMID:30586322). ATE1 controls the proteasomal turnover of regulator-of-G-protein-signaling substrates RGS7 and RGS5, the latter linking ATE1 to Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and liver-cancer suppression (PMID:33931669, PMID:34158395). ATE1 also promotes stress-induced cell death, including oxidative-stress-driven mitochondrial translocation that triggers apoptosis, in a manner requiring its catalytic activity [PMID:27685622, PMID:bio_10.1101_2024.11.22.624728]. In cancer, ATE1 can act as a tumor promoter by stabilizing MYC through the ERK/MAPK axis, a function dependent on its arginyltransferase activity (PMID:40898325). The mammalian Ate1 gene is itself regulated by alternative splicing of mutually exclusive exons 7a/7b governed by long-range intronic RNA structures coupled to RNA Pol II elongation (PMID:33330934).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 17 steps
  1. 1990 High

    Established the molecular identity of ATE1 as the enzyme responsible for N-terminal arginylation, defining a catalytic activity central to N-end rule degradation.

    Evidence Heterologous expression of S. cerevisiae ATE1 in E. coli plus null mutant analysis with enzyme and substrate-degradation readouts

    PMID:2185248

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not reveal the structural basis of catalysis or tRNA engagement
    • Substrate repertoire beyond canonical N-end rule substrates undefined
  2. 2014 Medium

    Expanded the catalytic scope of ATE1 beyond N-terminal alpha-amino groups by showing it arginylates internal Asp/Glu side chains, redefining the chemistry of arginylation.

    Evidence In vitro arginylation with purified ATE1 and MS/MS identification of midchain sites in vivo

    PMID:24529990

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequences of midchain arginylation per site not established
    • Single lab
  3. 2022 High

    Resolved how ATE1 simultaneously recognizes its acidic protein substrate and the Arg-tRNAArg cosubstrate, and identified hemin as a regulatory inhibitor.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of K. lactis Ate1 with mutagenesis and arginylation assays

    PMID:35878037

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not capture the [Fe-S] cluster-bound state
    • Mechanism of hemin-driven oligomerization in vivo unclear
  4. 2022 High

    Defined the ATE1 fold as a bilobed GNAT architecture with the catalytic/tRNA-binding site at the domain interface and revealed the metal-free N-terminal domain as intrinsically dynamic.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of apo S. cerevisiae ATE1 with SEC-SAXS and cryo-EM 2D averaging

    PMID:36087779

    Open questions at the time
    • Apo structure lacks bound substrate and cofactor
    • Dynamics of the N-terminal domain in the active enzyme not directly observed
  5. 2023 Medium

    Demonstrated that ATE1 carries an oxygen-sensitive [Fe-S] cluster in its N-terminal domain, providing a candidate mechanism for redox/oxygen-coupled regulation of arginylation.

    Evidence Anaerobic chemical reconstitution of the cluster in purified yeast and mouse ATE1 with metal analysis

    PMID:37010764

    Open questions at the time
    • Oxygen-sensing role inferred from cluster lability, not demonstrated in cells
    • Effect of cluster occupancy on catalytic rate not quantified
  6. 2025 High

    Captured the human ATE1 ternary recognition mechanism, showing adjacent substrate and tRNA pockets and multivalent micromolar-affinity selectivity, with apo homodimerization.

    Evidence Cryo-EM of human ATE1 with Arg-tRNAArg and an Nt-Asp peptide plus quantitative binding assays

    PMID:40099869

    Open questions at the time
    • Conformational coupling between dimerization and catalysis unresolved
    • Does not address [Fe-S]/redox regulation in human enzyme
  7. 2024 Medium

    Identified a metazoan-specific intrinsically disordered region in ATE1 implicated in tRNAArg complex formation, indicating added regulatory complexity over yeast.

    Evidence SEC, SAXS, HDX-MS, and AlphaFold modeling of mouse ATE1

    PMID:39642180

    Open questions at the time
    • IDR role in tRNA binding is computational/inferential
    • Functional impact of IDR deletion not tested in cells
  8. 2013 High

    Placed ATE1-mediated arginylation upstream of myosin II contractility, establishing a physiological role in platelet function and thrombosis.

    Evidence Platelet-specific conditional knockout mouse, reciprocal co-IP, RLC phosphorylation, clot retraction and in vivo thrombosis assays

    PMID:24293517

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct arginylation site on myosin II machinery not mapped
    • Link from arginylation to RLC Ser19 phosphorylation mechanistically indirect
  9. 2017 High

    Showed ATE1 acts locally at neuronal growth cones via mRNA targeting and arginylated actin, connecting arginylation to neurite outgrowth.

    Evidence Nestin-Cre conditional KO, FISH for Ate1 mRNA zipcodes, live imaging, co-localization with arginylated beta-actin

    PMID:28844905

    Open questions at the time
    • Causal chain from actin arginylation to F-actin levels not isolated
    • Relationship to later negative beta-actin arginylation findings unresolved
  10. 2018 High

    Provided direct evidence that ATE1 arginylates actin and actin-binding proteins to control polymerization and adhesion dynamics.

    Evidence Dictyostelium ate1 KO, MS mapping of four actin arginylation sites, in vitro polymerization assay, GFP-Ate1 live imaging

    PMID:30586322

    Open questions at the time
    • Conservation of these actin sites in mammals not established here
    • Mechanism of Ate1 recruitment to protrusions unknown
  11. 2021 High

    Defined RGS7 and RGS5 as ATE1-dependent degradation substrates, linking arginylation to G-protein signaling and Wnt/beta-catenin pathway control.

    Evidence Conditional nervous-system KO with ERG, MEF proteasome-inhibitor assays (RGS7); knockdown/overexpression with GSK inhibitor and tumor models (RGS5)

    PMID:33931669 PMID:34158395

    Open questions at the time
    • Arginylation site on RGS7/RGS5 not directly mapped
    • RGS5 substrate status (Medium evidence) lacks direct arginylation validation
  12. 2016 Medium

    Established ATE1 as a pro-death, genome-protective stress effector whose activity rises under acute stress and is required for the cell-death response.

    Evidence Gene deletion/knockdown in yeast, mouse, human cells; stress viability, enzymatic activity, and UV mutation-frequency assays

    PMID:27685622

    Open questions at the time
    • Substrates mediating stress-induced death not identified
    • Mechanism of activity increase under stress unknown
  13. 2024 Medium

    Proposed a mitochondrial route for ATE1-induced apoptosis dependent on the permeability transition pore and AIF, independent of cytosolic degradation pathways.

    Evidence Budding yeast model, mitochondrial fractionation, genetic epistasis with pore and AIF mutants, live imaging (preprint)

    PMID:bio_10.1101_2024.11.22.624728

    Open questions at the time
    • Preprint, not peer-reviewed
    • Mitochondrial arginylation substrate not identified
    • Conservation in mammalian cells not shown
  14. 2025 Medium

    Scaled arginylation site discovery to the human proteome with isotopic controls, broadening the known ATE1 substrate landscape.

    Evidence Isotopic arginine labeling in ex vivo ATE1 assay on lysates with bottom-up MS and representative functional validation

    PMID:40855110

    Open questions at the time
    • Most of the 235 sites lack individual functional validation
    • Ex vivo assay may not reflect in-cell selectivity
  15. 2021 High

    Revealed that mammalian Ate1 expression itself is regulated by long-range intronic RNA structure-controlled mutually exclusive splicing coupled to transcription elongation.

    Evidence Minigene compensatory mutagenesis, endogenous LNA/DNA mixmer blocking, RNA Pol II slowdown experiments

    PMID:33330934

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional differences between exon 7a- and 7b-containing isoforms not defined
    • Physiological signals driving isoform choice unknown
  16. 2022 Medium

    Linked ATE1 to cancer cell proliferation and stabilization of oncogenic effectors, with both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting roles depending on context.

    Evidence Melanoma knockdown with putative AXIN1 substrate (Low); breast cancer knockdown/xenograft with N-terminomics showing MYC stabilization via ERK Ser62 and catalytic-rescue (Medium)

    PMID:35561126 PMID:40898325

    Open questions at the time
    • AXIN1 arginylation is putative without direct validation
    • Mechanism reconciling tumor-suppressive (RGS5/liver) versus tumor-promoting (MYC/breast) roles unresolved
  17. 2024 Medium

    Demonstrated ATE1 arginylation as an antiviral mechanism by targeting a viral protein for proteasomal degradation.

    Evidence ATE1 knockdown, activity inhibition, Arg supplementation, and ubiquitination assays on Newcastle disease virus HN protein

    PMID:39207120

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance during infection not established
    • Single lab

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the [Fe-S]/oxygen and hemin signals, the metazoan IDR, and dimerization are integrated to control substrate choice in living cells — and how ATE1 switches between cytoprotective, pro-death, tumor-suppressive, and tumor-promoting outputs — remains unresolved.
  • No unified model coupling cofactor state to in-cell substrate selection
  • Context determinants of opposing cancer roles unknown
  • Physiological substrates for most arginylation sites unvalidated

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016740 transferase activity 5 GO:0003723 RNA binding 3 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 3
Localization
GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 2 GO:0005739 mitochondrion 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2 R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 1
Partners
LIAT1MYCMYH9RGS5RGS7

Evidence

Reading pass · 22 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1990 The ATE1 gene of S. cerevisiae encodes an arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase (R-transferase) that catalyzes post-translational conjugation of Arg to the N-termini of acceptor proteins; expression in E. coli confirmed this catalytic activity, and null ate1 mutants lack Arg-transferase activity and cannot degrade N-end rule substrates requiring Nt-arginylation. Heterologous expression in E. coli (functional complementation), null mutant analysis with enzymatic assay and protein degradation readout The Journal of biological chemistry High 2185248
2014 ATE1 can arginylate internal side-chain carboxylates (Asp and Glu residues) within intact proteins in vivo, in addition to N-terminal alpha-amino groups, demonstrating an unconventional midchain arginylation mechanism. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics (MS/MS), in vitro arginylation assay with purified ATE1 Chemistry & biology Medium 24529990
2022 Crystal structure of Kluyveromyces lactis Ate1 reveals a 58-kDa two-domain R-transferase where both domains together recognize the acidic N-terminal residue of the acceptor substrate and the Arg-tRNAArg cosubstrate (including its 3'-proximal tRNA segment), with the active site located between the two domains; hemin (Fe3+-heme) inhibits Nt-arginylation and induces disulfide-mediated oligomerization of Ate1. X-ray crystallography, in vitro and in vivo arginylation assays, site-directed mutagenesis guided by structural data Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 35878037
2022 Crystal structure of S. cerevisiae ATE1 in the apo form reveals a bilobed protein with a GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) fold; structural and electrostatic analyses identify the domain-domain interface as the catalytic site and tRNA-binding region; the N-terminal domain that binds a regulatory [Fe-S] cluster is dynamic and disordered when metal-free. X-ray crystallography, SEC-SAXS, cryo-EM 2D class averaging, structural superposition Journal of molecular biology High 36087779
2025 Cryo-EM structure of human ATE1 in complex with Arg-tRNAArg and an Nt-Asp peptide reveals two adjacent binding pockets for the substrate and the tRNA cosubstrate, the tRNA being wrapped by a long unstructured loop; in the apo state ATE1 forms a homodimer; substrate selectivity is achieved through multivalent interactions with Kd values in the micromolar range. Cryo-EM structure determination, biochemical binding assays Autophagy High 40099869
2024 Mouse ATE1 contains an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) absent in yeast ATE1; computational and HDX-MS analyses suggest this IDR facilitates complex formation between ATE1 and tRNAArg, adding regulatory complexity not present in the yeast enzyme. SEC, SAXS, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), AlphaFold modeling Biochemistry Medium 39642180
2023 ATE1 binds a regulatory iron-sulfur ([Fe-S]) cluster in its N-terminal domain; the cluster is oxygen-sensitive and functions as an oxygen sensor to regulate ATE1 activity, as it decomposes upon purification in the presence of O2. Anaerobic chemical reconstitution of [Fe-S] cluster in purified ScATE1 and MmATE1, metal analysis Methods in molecular biology Medium 37010764
2013 ATE1 co-immunoprecipitates with myosin II from platelet lysates; platelet-specific ATE1 knockout mice show enhanced myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation at Ser19 (activating myosin), enhanced clot retraction, and enhanced in vivo thrombus formation, placing ATE1-mediated arginylation upstream of myosin II contractility regulation. Conditional knockout mouse model, co-immunoprecipitation, phosphorylation analysis, clot retraction assay, in vivo thrombosis assay Haematologica High 24293517
2017 ATE1 localizes prominently to neuronal growth cones in addition to cell bodies; Ate1 mRNA contains zipcode-binding sequences that target it to growth cone tips where local translation occurs, co-localizing with arginylated β-actin; Ate1 conditional knockout in the nervous system reduces neurite outgrowth and F-actin levels in growth cones, and decreases doublecortin levels. Conditional knockout mouse (Nestin-Cre), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), live-cell imaging, immunofluorescence, protein synthesis inhibitor treatment Developmental biology High 28844905
2018 In Dictyostelium discoideum, Ate1 knockout eliminates focal actin adhesion sites at the substrate-attached surface, reduces adhesion, and alters chemotaxis; GFP-Ate1 rapidly relocates to newly forming actin-rich protrusions; mass spectrometry identified four arginylation sites in the major actin isoform plus sites on actin-binding proteins; actin purified from ate1-null cells shows diminished in vitro polymerization. Gene knockout, live-cell microscopy, mass spectrometry, in vitro actin polymerization assay, GFP-tagging/live imaging Molecular biology of the cell High 30586322
2021 ATE1 facilitates proteasomal degradation of RGS7 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts; conditional Ate1 knockout in the nervous system elevates RGS7 protein levels in retinal ON-bipolar cells, leading to increased light-evoked response sensitivities; RGS7 degradation is abolished in Ate1 KO MEFs but is rapid via the proteasome in wildtype cells. Conditional nervous system knockout mouse, electroretinography, MEF cell-based proteasome inhibitor experiments, immunoblotting Scientific reports High 33931669
2021 ATE1 inhibits liver cancer progression by regulating turnover of RGS5, which in turn suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling by affecting GSK3-β activity; loss- and gain-of-function assays confirmed RGS5 as a key effector downstream of ATE1. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown/overexpression, loss- and gain-of-function assays, GSK inhibitor treatment, in vitro and in vivo tumor models Molecular cancer research Medium 34158395
2016 ATE1 promotes cell death and growth arrest in response to oxidative, heat, osmotic stress, heavy metals, and radiation; ATE1 protein levels and arginylation activity increase in wild-type cells under acute stress; ATE1-induced cell death requires its arginylation activity; ATE1 is required to suppress mutation frequency under DNA-damaging conditions in yeast and mammalian cells. Gene deletion/knockdown in yeast, mouse, and human cells; stress viability assays; enzymatic activity assays; mutation frequency assays under UV irradiation Cell death & disease Medium 27685622
2024 Mitochondrial translocation of Ate1 is promoted by oxidative stress and is essential for inducing apoptotic cell death; Ate1-induced cell death depends on formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and at least partly on the apoptosis-inducing factor; cytosolic protein degradation pathways (ubiquitin-proteasome, autophagy, ER stress) have negligible impact on Ate1-induced cell death. Budding yeast model, mitochondrial fractionation, genetic epistasis with permeability pore mutants and AIF deletion, live-cell imaging bioRxivpreprint Medium bio_10.1101_2024.11.22.624728
2020 The Ligand of Ate1 (Liat1) physically interacts with Ate1 and undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation in the nucleolus via an intrinsically disordered N-terminal region; Jumonji Domain Containing 6 (Jmjd6) hydroxylates Liat1 at its poly-K region, inhibiting nucleolar targeting of Liat1. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, immunocytochemistry, phase separation assays, Jmjd6 enzymatic modification assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 33443146
2021 The mammalian Ate1 gene undergoes alternative splicing controlled by mutually exclusive exons 7a/7b; five conserved intronic RNA structural elements (R1-R5) regulate this splicing via competing base-pair interactions (R1/R3 vs R4/R3) and an ultra-long-range R2/R5 RNA structure (~30 kb); disrupting these interactions by mutation or LNA/DNA mixmers abolishes MXE splicing; exon 7a inclusion responds to RNA Pol II slowdown in a manner dependent on the R2/R5 interaction, indicating co-transcriptional regulation. Minigene mutagenesis (single, double, compensatory triple mutations), LNA/DNA mixmer blocking in endogenous pre-mRNA, RNA Pol II slowdown experiments Nucleic acids research High 33330934
2021 Targeted proteomics found no evidence of Nt-arginylated β-actin (RDDI-) in wildtype cells or NAA80-knockout cells; only a very minor level of Nt-arginylation of cleaved β-actin (DDDI-) was detectable in NAA80-lacking cells but not in wildtype; the final maturation state of β-actin is Nt-acetylation by NAA80, not arginylation by ATE1 under normal conditions. State-of-the-art targeted proteomics/mass spectrometry in wildtype and NAA80-KO cells Journal of molecular biology Medium 34896361
2024 In vitro, human tRNAArg directly binds the RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) of TDP-43, and the same TDP-43 constructs also bind native fungal tRNAPhe; mouse LIAT1 (Ligand of Ate1) binds human tRNAArg in vitro, identifying LIAT1 as an RNA-binding protein relevant to the arginylation machinery. In vitro binding assays with recombinant proteins and in vitro-transcribed tRNA microPublication biology Low 39081859
2025 Using isotopic arginine labeling in an ex vivo ATE1 assay on biological lysates, 235 unique arginylation sites were identified in human proteomes, including both N-terminal and midchain sites; representative sites were validated for biological function. Isotopic arginine labeling, ex vivo ATE1 enzymatic assay, mass spectrometry (bottom-up proteomics) Nature chemical biology Medium 40855110
2022 ATE1 depletion in melanoma cells reduces viability, migration, and colony formation; AXIN1 is identified as a putative arginylation substrate of ATE1 in melanoma, suggesting ATE1 may regulate AXIN1 function. siRNA/shRNA knockdown, cell viability and migration assays, substrate identification FEBS letters Low 35561126
2025 ATE1 stabilizes MYC protein in breast cancer cells via ERK-mediated phosphorylation at Ser62; ATE1 depletion impairs MAPK-MYC-CDK6 axis activity, reduces cell cycle progression, and promotes apoptosis; rescue experiments confirmed that ATE1's tumor-promoting activity requires its arginyltransferase catalytic function. siRNA/shRNA knockdown, quantitative proteomics, R-catcher-based N-terminomics, flow cytometry, immunoblotting, xenograft mouse model Cell communication and signaling Medium 40898325
2024 ATE1 mediates arginylation of the Newcastle disease virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein at its N-terminus; addition of Arg amplifies arginylation of HN, reducing its stability and promoting ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation; ATE1 knockdown and inhibition of ATE1 activity increase HN protein levels. ATE1 knockdown, enzymatic activity inhibition, Arg supplementation, ubiquitination assay, immunoblotting The Journal of general virology Medium 39207120

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 43 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1990 Cloning and functional analysis of the arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase gene ATE1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Journal of biological chemistry 140 2185248
2014 Arginyltransferase ATE1 catalyzes midchain arginylation of proteins at side chain carboxylates in vivo. Chemistry & biology 78 24529990
2016 Posttranslational arginylation enzyme Ate1 affects DNA mutagenesis by regulating stress response. Cell death & disease 38 27685622
2017 Arginyltransferase ATE1 is targeted to the neuronal growth cones and regulates neurite outgrowth during brain development. Developmental biology 34 28844905
2013 Loss of ATE1-mediated arginylation leads to impaired platelet myosin phosphorylation, clot retraction, and in vivo thrombosis formation. Haematologica 27 24293517
2022 Crystal structure of the Ate1 arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase and arginylation of N-degron substrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 25 35878037
2021 Multiple competing RNA structures dynamically control alternative splicing in the human ATE1 gene. Nucleic acids research 24 33330934
2020 ATE1-Mediated Post-Translational Arginylation Is an Essential Regulator of Eukaryotic Cellular Homeostasis. ACS chemical biology 24 33228359
2021 ATE1 Inhibits Liver Cancer Progression through RGS5-Mediated Suppression of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Molecular cancer research : MCR 19 34158395
1991 Physical, transcriptional and genetical mapping of a 24 kb DNA fragment located between the PMA1 and ATE1 loci on chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast (Chichester, England) 17 1882552
2021 The Final Maturation State of β-actin Involves N-terminal Acetylation by NAA80, not N-terminal Arginylation by ATE1. Journal of molecular biology 16 34896361
2018 Ate1-mediated posttranslational arginylation affects substrate adhesion and cell migration in Dictyostelium discoideum. Molecular biology of the cell 16 30586322
2022 The Structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Arginyltransferase 1 (ATE1). Journal of molecular biology 9 36087779
2021 Arginyltransferase (Ate1) regulates the RGS7 protein level and the sensitivity of light-evoked ON-bipolar responses. Scientific reports 9 33931669
2025 An unbiased proteomic platform for ATE1-based arginylation profiling. Nature chemical biology 7 40855110
2020 The Ligand of Ate1 is intrinsically disordered and participates in nucleolar phase separation regulated by Jumonji Domain Containing 6. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 6 33443146
2013 Disruption of the ATE1 and SLC12A1 Genes by Balanced Translocation in a Boy with Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss. Molecular syndromology 6 24550759
2022 Arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase 1 (ATE1) promotes melanoma cell growth and migration. FEBS letters 5 35561126
2015 Assaying ATE1 Activity In Vitro. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 4 26285883
2025 An Unbiased Proteomic Platform for ATE1-based Arginylation Profiling. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 3 38854050
2024 tRNA Arg binds in vitro TDP-43 RNA recognition motifs and ligand of Ate1 protein LIAT1. microPublication biology 3 39081859
2022 Liquiritin Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy via ATE1/TAK1-JNK1/2 Pathway. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM 3 35341136
2015 Bacterial Expression and Purification of Recombinant Arginyltransferase (ATE1) and Arg-tRNA Synthetase (RRS) for Arginylation Assays. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 3 26285882
2025 The structure-function relationship of ATE1 R-transferase of the autophagic Arg/N-degron pathway. Autophagy 2 40099869
2025 ATE1 promotes breast cancer progression via arginylation-dependent regulation of MAPK-MYC signaling. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 2 40898325
2024 Identification of an Intrinsically Disordered Region (IDR) in Arginyltransferase 1 (ATE1). Biochemistry 2 39642180
2015 Correlated Measurement of Endogenous ATE1 Activity on Native Acceptor Proteins in Tissues and Cultured Cells to Detect Cellular Aging. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2 26285879
2015 Assaying ATE1 Activity in Yeast by β-Gal Degradation. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2 26285881
2025 Method Overview for Discovering ATE1 Substrates and their Arginylation Sites. Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology 1 41147131
2024 Arginyltransferase 1 (ATE1)-mediated proteasomal degradation of viral haemagglutinin protein: a unique host defence mechanism. The Journal of general virology 1 39207120
2023 Reconstitution of the Arginyltransferase (ATE1) Iron-Sulfur Cluster. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 1 37010764
2023 Structural analysis of human ATE1 isoforms and their interactions with Arg-tRNAArg. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics 1 37505085
2022 The preparation of recombinant arginyltransferase 1 (ATE1) for biophysical characterization. Methods in enzymology 1 36682863
2025 Erratum: Corrigendum: tRNA Arg binds in vitro TDP-43 RNA recognition motifs and ligand of Ate1 protein LIAT1. microPublication biology 0 39897169
2025 Cell based high-throughput screening for small molecule inhibitors of ATE1. SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D 0 40816642
2025 Recombinant expression, purification, and characterization of human ATE1 arginyltransferase. Methods in enzymology 0 40887163
2024 Identification of an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) in arginyltransferase 1 (ATE1). bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 0 39229138
2023 Preparation of ATE1 Enzyme from Native Mammalian Tissues. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 0 37010746
2023 Correlated Measurement of Endogenous ATE1 Activity on Native Acceptor Proteins in Tissues and Cultured Cells to Detect Cellular Aging. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 0 37010747
2023 Assaying ATE1 Activity in Yeast by β-Gal Degradation. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 0 37010749
2023 Bacterial Expression and Purification of Recombinant Arginyltransferase (ATE1) and Arg-tRNA Synthetase (RRS) for Arginylation Assays. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 0 37010752
2023 Assaying ATE1 Activity In Vitro. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 0 37010756
2015 Preparation of ATE1 Enzyme from Native Mammalian Tissues. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 0 26285878

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for ATE1? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

No submissions yet.