Affinage

AIFM2

Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 · UniProt Q9BRQ8

Length
373 aa
Mass
40.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 20 papers cited in narrative 20 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 9/9 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

AIFM2 (AMID/FSP1) is a flavoprotein NAD(P)H oxidoreductase that couples cytosolic redox metabolism to cell-fate decisions (PMID:15958387, PMID:31952989). As a purified enzyme it binds the unusual cofactor 6-hydroxy-FAD stoichiometrically, possesses NAD(P)H oxidase activity, and catalyzes NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of cytochrome c and molecular oxygen, with NADPH binding more tightly than NADH (PMID:15958387). When reconstituted into membranes it behaves as a rotenone-sensitive NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NDH-2), supporting NADH:O2 activity and NADH-linked proton pumping and rescuing E. coli lacking complex I and NDH-2 (PMID:26063804). Consistent with this enzymology, Aifm2 acts in vivo as a mammalian external NADH dehydrogenase that oxidizes cytosolic NADH to maintain NAD+ for glycolysis and feeds electrons to the electron transport chain; in brown adipose tissue it is lipid-droplet associated and relocates to the outer face of the mitochondrial inner membrane upon cold or β-adrenergic stimulation, and its loss impairs thermogenesis and uncoupled respiration (PMID:31952989). AIFM2 also binds DNA without sequence specificity, and DNA and coenzyme binding are mutually exclusive: DNA binding induces a major conformational change and suppresses redox activity by excluding NAD(P)H (PMID:15958387, PMID:17711848). In ferroptosis, AIFM2/FSP1 acts as a suppressor of lipid-peroxidation-driven death, including through recruitment of ESCRT-III to the plasma membrane to drive membrane repair independently of coenzyme Q10 (PMID:31964528). Independently, AMID can drive caspase-independent apoptosis: it is a mitochondrion-associated flavoprotein that triggers death not inhibited by Bcl-2 (PMID:11980907), and in several cancer contexts adenosine signaling upregulates AMID and promotes its translocation from cytosol to nucleus to execute cell death (PMID:22388174, PMID:21325820). Its expression is controlled transcriptionally — the promoter is a direct p53 target (PMID:15273740), is activated by ATF6 acting via p53 in acute pancreatitis (PMID:32724472), and is driven by USP7-stabilized JunD to confer ferroptosis resistance in melanoma (PMID:40187679) — and post-transcriptionally through IGF2BP1-mediated m6A stabilization of its mRNA, which supports glycolysis and ferroptosis resistance (PMID:39971223). Genetic deletion of Aifm2 in mice is compatible with normal development and is dispensable for p53-mediated tumor suppression (PMID:16186796).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 2002 Medium

    Established AMID as a death-inducing mitochondrion-associated flavoprotein, raising the question of how a protein lacking a mitochondrial targeting sequence executes caspase-independent apoptosis.

    Evidence Overexpression, immunofluorescence, subcellular fractionation and caspase assays in cells

    PMID:11980907

    Open questions at the time
    • Death effector mechanism not defined
    • Overexpression-based; endogenous role unaddressed
  2. 2004 Medium

    Placed AMID under direct transcriptional control of p53, linking its expression to tumor-suppressor signaling.

    Evidence ChIP, luciferase reporter and deletion mutagenesis of the human AMID promoter

    PMID:15273740

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether p53-driven AMID contributes to apoptosis in vivo untested
    • Single cell-context
  3. 2005 High

    Defined AMID as a bona fide oxidoreductase, identifying its 6-hydroxy-FAD cofactor and NAD(P)H oxidase activity, and revealing mutually exclusive DNA and coenzyme binding.

    Evidence Recombinant protein, in vitro enzymatic and binding-kinetics assays, DNA-binding assays

    PMID:15958387

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological electron acceptor in cells not established
    • Functional meaning of DNA binding unresolved
  4. 2006 High

    Genetic knockout showed AMID is dispensable for development and p53-mediated tumor suppression, decoupling its in vitro death activity from an essential physiological requirement.

    Evidence Knockout mouse with tumor-incidence and MEF genotoxin-resistance assays

    PMID:16186796

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not exclude context-specific or redundant functions
    • Metabolic phenotypes not examined
  5. 2007 High

    Resolved the mechanism by which DNA binding regulates AMID enzymology — DNA slows NAD(P)H reduction and a C-terminal domain mediates DNA binding — establishing a redox/DNA switch.

    Evidence Stopped-flow kinetics, redox titrations and deletion mutagenesis

    PMID:17711848

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of DNA-mediated redox suppression unknown
    • DNA-binding domain structure not solved
  6. 2007 Medium

    Localization imaging placed AMID predominantly at cytoplasmic membrane faces (highest at Golgi) and reported no apoptotic nuclear translocation, contesting an AIF-like nuclear death mechanism.

    Evidence Live-cell imaging and time-lapse colocalization during staurosporine-induced apoptosis

    PMID:17347867

    Open questions at the time
    • Negative nuclear-translocation result conflicts with later cancer studies
    • Stimulus- and cell-type-specific behavior not reconciled
  7. 2006 Medium

    The yeast homologue Ndi1p linked NADH dehydrogenase activity to ROS-dependent death and lifespan, framing the redox-versus-death duality conserved across the family.

    Evidence Yeast overexpression/disruption, ROS measurement, chronological lifespan assays

    PMID:16436509

    Open questions at the time
    • Ortholog inference, not direct AIFM2 data
    • Mechanism connecting ROS to death not dissected
  8. 2011 Medium

    Adenosine signaling was shown to upregulate AMID and drive its cytosol-to-nucleus translocation in caspase-independent apoptosis, defining an upstream death-activation pathway.

    Evidence RT-PCR, GFP time-lapse imaging, siRNA and overexpression with TUNEL in hepatoma cells

    PMID:21325820

    Open questions at the time
    • Nuclear targeting mechanism unknown (no NLS reported)
    • Nuclear death effector activity undefined
  9. 2012 Medium

    Extended the adenosine-AMID translocation pathway across breast and renal cancer cells and identified A3 adenosine receptor as an upstream node, generalizing the death mechanism.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence, viability/TUNEL assays and transporter-inhibitor studies

    PMID:22388174 PMID:23174235

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular trigger of translocation unresolved
    • Reconciliation with negative nuclear-translocation report needed
  10. 2015 High

    Reconstitution defined AMID as an NDH-2-type NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase capable of proton pumping and heterologous complementation, anchoring its bioenergetic function.

    Evidence Membrane reconstitution, NADH:O2 and proton-pumping assays, E. coli complementation, site-directed mutagenesis

    PMID:26063804

    Open questions at the time
    • Topology and physiological membrane association in mammalian cells not fully resolved here
    • Connection to apoptotic function unclear
  11. 2020 High

    Identified Aifm2 as a lipid-droplet/mitochondrial external NADH dehydrogenase that sustains cytosolic NAD+ for glycolysis and fuels thermogenesis, defining its core metabolic physiology in vivo.

    Evidence Subcellular fractionation, NAD+/NADH and oxygen-consumption assays, KO mouse and diet-induced obesity models

    PMID:31952989

    Open questions at the time
    • Regulation of stimulus-dependent relocalization mechanistically incomplete
    • Relationship to ferroptosis pool of AIFM2 not addressed
  12. 2020 Medium

    Revealed a CoQ-independent ferroptosis-suppressing mechanism in which AIFM2/FSP1 recruits ESCRT-III for plasma-membrane repair, broadening its anti-ferroptotic role beyond reductase activity.

    Evidence Genetic inhibition, ferroptosis induction assays and xenograft model

    PMID:31964528

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular link between AIFM2 and ESCRT-III recruitment undefined
    • Relative contribution of repair versus reductase activity unquantified
  13. 2020 Medium

    Showed ATF6 transactivates AIFM2 via p53 to drive acinar apoptosis, embedding AIFM2 in an ER-stress transcriptional axis in pancreatitis.

    Evidence ChIP-qPCR, reporter assays, ATF6 KO mouse and shRNA/overexpression epistasis

    PMID:32724472

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct versus p53-dependent contribution of ATF6 not fully separated
    • Single disease context
  14. 2023 Medium

    Characterized species-specific pharmacology of the FSP1 inhibitor iFSP1, identifying an aromatic architecture required for human target engagement, informing therapeutic targeting.

    Evidence Biochemical inhibition, computational modeling and cellular ferroptosis assays

    PMID:37080964

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural binding mode not crystallographically resolved
    • In vivo efficacy across species not tested
  15. 2023 Medium

    Linked AIFM2 to a pro-metastatic program via SIRT1/PGC-1α-driven mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation, connecting its redox role to cancer aggressiveness.

    Evidence shRNA/overexpression, migration/invasion and in vivo metastasis assays in HCC

    PMID:37735151

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which AIFM2 activates SIRT1/PGC-1α unclear
    • Whether reductase activity is required not tested
  16. 2025 Medium

    Defined transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of AIFM2 in ferroptosis resistance — USP7–JunD transactivation and IGF2BP1 m6A mRNA stabilization — coupling AIFM2 expression to glycolysis and cancer cell survival.

    Evidence Co-IP, DUB identification, MeRIP/RIP, mRNA-stability and rescue assays with xenograft models

    PMID:39971223 PMID:40187679

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether these regulators act on the same AIFM2 pool as the metabolic/ferroptosis function unclear
    • Direct binding of JunD to AIFM2 promoter mapped only in melanoma

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • It remains unresolved how a single flavoprotein partitions between its bioenergetic NADH-dehydrogenase role, its membrane-repair/ferroptosis-suppressing role, and its pro-apoptotic nuclear-translocation behavior, and what governs that partitioning.
  • No structural model integrating DNA-binding, membrane-association and reductase states
  • Conflicting nuclear-translocation reports unreconciled
  • Trigger for context-specific functional switching unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016491 oxidoreductase activity 3 GO:0003677 DNA binding 2 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 2 GO:0005739 mitochondrion 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus 1 GO:0005811 lipid droplet 1 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 2 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2
Partners
ESCRT-III

Evidence

Reading pass · 20 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2002 AMID (AIFM2) is a mitochondrion-associated flavoprotein that induces caspase-independent apoptosis independent of p53 and not inhibited by Bcl-2; it lacks a mitochondrial localization sequence but co-localizes with mitochondria as shown by immunofluorescent staining and biochemical fractionation. Immunofluorescent staining, subcellular fractionation, overexpression in cells, caspase activity assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 11980907
2005 AMID (AIFM2) is a flavoprotein oxidoreductase that binds the unusual modified cofactor 6-hydroxy-FAD (stoichiometrically), possesses NAD(P)H oxidase activity, and catalyzes NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of cytochrome c and molecular oxygen; NADPH binds ~10-fold more tightly than NADH. AMID also binds DNA without apparent sequence specificity, and coenzyme and DNA binding are mutually exclusive, with DNA binding inducing a major conformational change. Recombinant protein purification, in vitro enzymatic assays, spectrophotometric cofactor analysis, binding kinetics (Kd determination), DNA-binding assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 15958387
2006 The yeast AMID homologue Ndi1p (internal NADH dehydrogenase) induces apoptosis-like cell death when overexpressed, an effect suppressed by increased respiration; Ndi1p overexpression increases mitochondrial ROS production, and disruption of NDI1 decreases ROS and extends chronological lifespan. Yeast genetics, overexpression/disruption, ROS measurement, chronological lifespan assay Molecular biology of the cell Medium 16436509
2007 DNA binding to AMID (AIF-M2) suppresses its redox activity by preventing NAD(P)H coenzyme binding; binding of DNA and coenzyme is mutually exclusive. DNA binding does not perturb the reduction potential of the 6-hydroxy-FAD cofactor but significantly slows reduction kinetics by NAD(P)H. The DNA-binding domain resides in the C-terminal deletion mutant AIF-M2-(Δ319-613), distinct from AIF whose DNA binds the C-terminal D3 domain. Solution binding assays, stopped-flow kinetics, redox titrations, deletion mutagenesis, quantitative ligand binding analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 17711848
2007 AMID protein localizes to the cytoplasm, predominantly at the cytoplasmic side of membranes of various organelles with highest concentration at the Golgi; AMID does not translocate to the nucleus during apoptosis (unlike AIF and endonuclease G), and bioinformatic analysis does not detect nuclear localization signals in AMID. Live-cell fluorescence imaging, single-cell colocalization analysis, time-lapse imaging during staurosporine-induced apoptosis, bioinformatic prediction, nuclear translocation analysis Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death Medium 17347867
2004 The human AMID gene promoter is a direct transcriptional target of p53: p53 binds the AMID promoter in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and deletion mutagenesis identified two p53-responsive elements in the promoter. Luciferase reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), deletion mutagenesis, expression arrays Oncogene Medium 15273740
2006 AMID-deficient mice generated by gene targeting are viable and fertile with no spontaneous tumors and similar fibrosarcoma incidence after MCA inoculation compared to wild-type; AMID-/- embryonic fibroblasts show slightly increased resistance to genotoxin-induced growth arrest. These data indicate AMID is not required for normal development or p53-mediated tumor suppression. Gene targeting (knockout mouse), tumor incidence assays, MEF proliferation and genotoxin-resistance assays Oncogene High 16186796
2008 AMID protein is found associated with the plasma membrane fraction of apoptotic cells (identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry from Pisum sativum lectin-affinity chromatography), suggesting possible glycosylation and translocation to the plasma membrane during apoptosis; in Jurkat T-cells, AMID expression increases after apoptosis induction. Lectin-affinity chromatography, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, immunocytochemistry, Western blotting Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death Low 18368494
2015 AMID (AIFM2) functions as a rotenone-sensitive NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NDH-2): when reconstituted into bacterial or mitochondrial membranes, N-terminally tagged AMID displays substantial NADH:O2 activity, supports NADH-linked proton pumping, and rescues growth of E. coli lacking both complex I and NDH-2. C-terminally tagged AMID and NADH-binding site mutants fail to show these activities. Membrane reconstitution, NADH:O2 activity assays, proton pumping assays, E. coli complementation (growth rescue), site-directed mutagenesis The Journal of biological chemistry High 26063804
2012 Intracellularly transported adenosine induces caspase-independent apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by promoting translocation of AMID from the cytosol to the nucleus; AMID knockdown abrogates adenosine-induced cell death. siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence (AMID localization), caspase activity assays, cell viability assays, adenosine transporter inhibitor studies Cancer letters Medium 22388174
2012 A3 adenosine receptor activation mediates apoptosis in RCC4-VHL human renal cancer cells by upregulating AMID mRNA and protein expression and promoting AMID translocation from cytosol to nucleus; knockdown of either A3 receptor or AMID inhibits adenosine-induced apoptosis. siRNA knockdown, RT-PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, MTT assay, TUNEL staining The Journal of urology Medium 23174235
2020 AIFM2/FSP1 blocks ferroptosis through ESCRT-III recruitment to the plasma membrane, activating a membrane repair mechanism involving membrane budding and fission; this mechanism is independent of ubiquinol/coenzyme Q10. Genetic inhibition of the AIFM2-ESCRT-III pathway increases anticancer activity of sorafenib in a xenograft mouse model. Genetic inhibition, xenograft mouse model, ferroptosis induction assays (erastin, sorafenib, RSL3), ESCRT-III pathway analysis Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 31964528
2020 Aifm2 is a lipid droplet-associated NADH oxidoreductase enriched in brown adipose tissue (BAT) that, upon cold or β-adrenergic stimulation, associates with the outer side of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Acting as a mammalian external NADH dehydrogenase (NDE)-like enzyme, Aifm2 oxidizes NADH to maintain high cytosolic NAD+ levels supporting robust glycolysis and transfers electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) to fuel thermogenesis. Knockout of Aifm2 impairs cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis, oxygen consumption, and uncoupled respiration. Subcellular fractionation, lipid droplet isolation, cold/β-adrenergic stimulation experiments, NAD+/NADH measurements, oxygen consumption assays, KO mouse model, diet-induced obesity model Molecular cell High 31952989
2023 FSP1 (AIFM2) inhibition by iFSP1 is species-specific; using cellular, biochemical, and computational methods, a species-specific aromatic architecture was identified as critical for target engagement with the human isoform. Biochemical inhibition assays, computational modeling, cellular ferroptosis assays Cell death & disease Medium 37080964
2020 ATF6 promotes AIFM2 transcription by binding to both the p53 and AIFM2 promoters; the ATF6/p53/AIFM2 pathway drives acinar cell apoptosis in severe acute pancreatitis. ATF6 knockout suppresses AIFM2 expression and reduces apoptosis, while AIFM2 overexpression reestablishes pathological disorder in ATF6-knockout SAP tissues. ChIP-qPCR, luciferase reporter assay, ATF6 knockout mouse model, adenovirus-mediated shRNA knockdown/overexpression, Western blotting, immunofluorescence Theranostics Medium 32724472
2025 USP7 deubiquitinates and stabilizes the transcription factor JunD, which in turn promotes transcription of AIFM2 (FSP1), enhancing ferroptosis resistance in melanoma. USP7 inhibition leads to JunD degradation and reduced AIFM2 levels, sensitizing melanoma cells to ferroptosis in vitro and in murine xenograft models. Deubiquitinase identification, Co-IP, Western blotting, gene knockdown/inhibitor experiments, xenograft mouse model, ferroptosis assays The Journal of investigative dermatology Medium 40187679
2023 AIFM2 promotes HCC metastasis by activating SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation; AIFM2 knockdown impairs HCC metastasis in vitro and in vivo, while overexpression enhances it. shRNA knockdown, overexpression, in vitro migration/invasion assays, in vivo metastasis models, Western blotting for SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway components Oncogenesis Medium 37735151
2025 IGF2BP1 stabilizes AIFM2 mRNA via m6A modification, promoting AIFM2 expression; AIFM2 knockdown suppresses glycolysis and enhances ferroptosis in HCC cells, while overexpression has the opposite effect. IGF2BP1 knockdown effects on glycolysis and ferroptosis are rescued by AIFM2 overexpression. MeRIP assay (m6A detection), mRNA stability assay (Actinomycin D), RIP, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, ferroptosis marker measurement (ROS, iron, MDA/GSH/SOD), glycolysis assays, xenograft/metastasis models Cellular signalling Medium 39971223
2015 HUHS1015 (naftopidil analogue) induces caspase-independent apoptosis in MKN28 gastric cancer cells associated with increased nuclear localization of AMID, without changing AMID mRNA or total protein levels, indicating post-translational redistribution. Immunofluorescence (nuclear AMID localization), caspase activity assays, cell cycle analysis, flow cytometry, RT-PCR, Western blotting Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry Low 25244912
2011 Adenosine upregulates AMID expression and promotes translocation of AMID from cytosol to nucleus in HuH-7 hepatoma cells; AMID knockdown inhibits adenosine-induced caspase-independent apoptosis, and AMID overexpression enhances it. RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, time-lapse GFP imaging, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, TUNEL staining, flow cytometry Cellular physiology and biochemistry Medium 21325820

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2005 Axon degeneration mechanisms: commonality amid diversity. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 677 16224497
2008 Biological principles of microRNA-mediated regulation: shared themes amid diversity. Nature reviews. Genetics 646 18852696
2002 AMID, an apoptosis-inducing factor-homologous mitochondrion-associated protein, induces caspase-independent apoptosis. The Journal of biological chemistry 216 11980907
2022 Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, salient features, high global health concerns and strategies to counter it amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental research 194 35093310
2020 AIFM2 blocks ferroptosis independent of ubiquinol metabolism. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 188 31964528
2021 Global Regulation of Genetically Modified Crops Amid the Gene Edited Crop Boom - A Review. Frontiers in plant science 186 33719302
2007 The role of protein synthesis in memory consolidation: progress amid decades of debate. Neurobiology of learning and memory 181 18053752
2000 The mitochondrial cyanide-resistant oxidase: structural conservation amid regulatory diversity. Biochimica et biophysica acta 151 11004460
2017 Adolescence and Reward: Making Sense of Neural and Behavioral Changes Amid the Chaos. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 138 29118215
2017 Effectors of Filamentous Plant Pathogens: Commonalities amid Diversity. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR 137 28356329
2015 Cancer stem cell targeted therapy: progress amid controversies. Oncotarget 122 26496035
2016 The landscape of DNA methylation amid a perfect storm of autism aetiologies. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 120 27150399
2006 Yeast AMID homologue Ndi1p displays respiration-restricted apoptotic activity and is involved in chronological aging. Molecular biology of the cell 118 16436509
2020 Aifm2, a NADH Oxidase, Supports Robust Glycolysis and Is Required for Cold- and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis. Molecular cell 116 31952989
2017 RING-Between-RING E3 Ligases: Emerging Themes amid the Variations. Journal of molecular biology 116 28827147
2018 Plant cell surface receptor-mediated signaling - a common theme amid diversity. Journal of cell science 111 29378836
2005 The human apoptosis-inducing protein AMID is an oxidoreductase with a modified flavin cofactor and DNA binding activity. The Journal of biological chemistry 102 15958387
2015 Apoptosis-inducing Factor (AIF) and Its Family Member Protein, AMID, Are Rotenone-sensitive NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductases (NDH-2). The Journal of biological chemistry 94 26063804
2020 Considerations for Obesity, Vitamin D, and Physical Activity Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 91 32299148
2022 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) and its sublineages: What do we know so far amid the emergence of recombinant variants of SARS-CoV-2? Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 83 36030585
1994 Cytogenetic analysis of 63 non-small cell lung carcinomas: recurrent chromosome alterations amid frequent and widespread genomic upheaval. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 83 7530487
2020 ATF6 aggravates acinar cell apoptosis and injury by regulating p53/AIFM2 transcription in Severe Acute Pancreatitis. Theranostics 78 32724472
2010 Self-recruitment and sweepstakes reproduction amid extensive gene flow in a coral-reef fish. Molecular ecology 69 20089121
2016 TSPO: kaleidoscopic 18-kDa amid biochemical pharmacology, control and targeting of mitochondria. The Biochemical journal 65 26733718
2021 CircGFRA1 facilitates the malignant progression of HER-2-positive breast cancer via acting as a sponge of miR-1228 and enhancing AIFM2 expression. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 61 34668628
2024 Intestinal stem cells: guardians of homeostasis in health and aging amid environmental challenges. Experimental & molecular medicine 59 38424189
2023 Molecular characterization of AIFM2/FSP1 inhibition by iFSP1-like molecules. Cell death & disease 47 37080964
2004 AMID is a p53-inducible gene downregulated in tumors. Oncogene 46 15273740
2007 DNA binding suppresses human AIF-M2 activity and provides a connection between redox chemistry, reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis. The Journal of biological chemistry 45 17711848
2019 Distinct spread of DNA and RNA viruses among mammals amid prominent role of domestic species. Global ecology and biogeography : a journal of macroecology 43 32336945
2016 Activation of AIFM2 enhances apoptosis of human lung cancer cells undergoing toxicological stress. Toxicology letters 43 27392435
2009 Specific structural features of the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase AmiD from Escherichia coli and mechanistic implications for enzymes of this family. Journal of molecular biology 41 20036252
2021 Older adults with non-communicable chronic conditions and their health care access amid COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: Findings from a cross-sectional study. PloS one 36 34324556
2009 Differences amid bone marrow and cord blood hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell division kinetics. Journal of cellular physiology 36 19277981
2007 Bioinformatic and image analyses of the cellular localization of the apoptotic proteins endonuclease G, AIF, and AMID during apoptosis in human cells. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 36 17347867
2023 5-aminolevulinate and CHIL3/CHI3L1 treatment amid ischemia aids liver metabolism and reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury. Theranostics 35 37771779
2017 The inhibitory effect of MEG3/miR-214/AIFM2 axis on the growth of T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. International journal of oncology 35 28534937
2006 The p53-inducible apoptotic protein AMID is not required for normal development and tumor suppression. Oncogene 35 16186796
2012 Intracellularly transported adenosine induces apoptosis in [corrected] MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by accumulating AMID in the nucleus. Cancer letters 32 22388174
2010 Soft tissue sarcoma: from molecular diagnosis to selection of treatment. Pathological diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma amid molecular biology and targeted therapies. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology 31 20943625
2025 Domesticated cannabinoid synthases amid a wild mosaic cannabis pangenome. Nature 30 40437092
2023 Reinforcement amid genetic diversity in the Candida albicans biofilm regulatory network. PLoS pathogens 30 36696432
2015 Physical Limit to Concentration Sensing Amid Spurious Ligands. Physical review letters 30 26230828
2016 Commonality amid diversity: Multi-study proteomic identification of conserved disease mechanisms in spinal muscular atrophy. Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 27 27460344
2008 AMID: new insights on its intracellular localization and expression at apoptosis. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 27 18368494
2006 Modified view of tRNA: stability amid sequence diversity. Molecular cell 24 16427003
2012 A3 adenosine receptor mediates apoptosis in in vitro RCC4-VHL human renal cancer cells by up-regulating AMID expression. The Journal of urology 23 23174235
2009 Substrate-induced inactivation of the Escherichia coli AmiD N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase highlights a new strategy to inhibit this class of enzyme. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 23 19237650
2013 Adaptive genetic markers discriminate migratory runs of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) amid continued gene flow. Evolutionary applications 22 24478800
2006 Accurately quantifying low-abundant targets amid similar sequences by revealing hidden correlations in oligonucleotide microarray data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 22 16950880
1999 Analysis of two cosmid clones from chromosome 4 of Drosophila melanogaster reveals two new genes amid an unusual arrangement of repeated sequences. Genome research 22 10022978
2022 Impedance-based forecasting of lithium-ion battery performance amid uneven usage. Nature communications 20 35974010
2021 Increased Intracranial Hemorrhage Amid Elevated Inflammatory Markers in Those With COVID-19 Supported With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Shock (Augusta, Ga.) 20 33587724
2021 Facing the wrath of enigmatic mutations: a review on the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants amid coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. Environmental microbiology 20 34320263
2019 Brassicaceae flowers: diversity amid uniformity. Journal of experimental botany 20 30824938
2012 Adenosine induces apoptosis in SBC-3 human lung cancer cells through A(3) adenosine receptor-dependent AMID upregulation. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 20 22854535
2011 AMID mediates adenosine-induced caspase-independent HuH-7 cell apoptosis. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 20 21325820
2024 Circ0060467 sponges miR-6805 to promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression through regulating AIFM2 and GPX4 expression. Aging 19 38244593
2015 HUHS1015 induces necroptosis and caspase-independent apoptosis of MKN28 human gastric cancer cells in association with AMID accumulation in the nucleus. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry 18 25244912
2015 Methylene Blue Attenuates iNOS Induction Through Suppression of Transcriptional Factor Binding Amid iNOS mRNA Transcription. Journal of cellular biochemistry 18 25736558
2025 IGF2BP1/AIFM2 axis regulates ferroptosis and glycolysis to drive hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cellular signalling 17 39971223
2023 Lnc-AIFM2-1 promotes HBV immune escape by acting as a ceRNA for miR-330-3p to regulate CD244 expression. Frontiers in immunology 17 36845111
2020 Phase Instability amid Dimensional Crossover in Artificial Oxide Crystal. Physical review letters 17 32004053
2019 Phages amid antimicrobial resistance. Critical reviews in microbiology 16 31775552
2017 Beyond Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma: Navigating Challenges of Differentiating Childhood Lymphoma Diagnoses Amid Limitations in Pathology Resources in Lilongwe, Malawi. Global pediatric health 16 28680947
2011 Hi-Fi transmission of periodic signals amid cell-to-cell variability. Molecular bioSystems 16 21559542
2025 Deubiquitination by USP7 Stabilizes JunD and Activates AIFM2 (FSP1) to Inhibit Ferroptosis in Melanoma. The Journal of investigative dermatology 15 40187679
2023 IMPA2 blocks cervical cancer cell apoptosis and induces paclitaxel resistance through p53-mediated AIFM2 regulation. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica 15 37140233
2023 An updated review on pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs) amid the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants: A look into the repercussions and possible solutions. Journal of infection and public health 15 37839310
2018 Neuron-specific regulation of superoxide dismutase amid pathogen-induced gut dysbiosis. Redox biology 15 29857312
2023 AIFM2 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis through activation of SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling. Oncogenesis 14 37735151
1998 An evaluation of rectal mucosal proliferation measure variability sources in the polyp prevention trial: can we detect informative differences among individuals' proliferation measures amid the noise? Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 14 9681529
2025 Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus: Rushing toward "type 5" amid unresolved questions and limited evidence. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome 13 40544552
2021 Plastid phylogenomics of the Gynoxoid group (Senecioneae, Asteraceae) highlights the importance of motif-based sequence alignment amid low genetic distances. American journal of botany 12 34636417
2013 Cell therapy companies make strong progress from October 2012 to March 2013 amid mixed stock market sentiment. Cell stem cell 12 23746973
2025 Cardiovascular-Endocrine-Metabolic Medicine: Proposing a New Clinical Sub-Specialty Amid the Cardiometabolic Pandemic. Biomolecules 10 40149908
2021 Adaptive markers distinguish North and South Pacific Albacore amid low population differentiation. Evolutionary applications 10 34025772
2016 N-acetylcysteine amid reduces pancreatic damage in a rat model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. The Journal of surgical research 10 27363647
2024 Modulation of α-synuclein aggregation amid diverse environmental perturbation. eLife 9 39087984
2022 Inhibition of Hippocampal Neurogenesis Starting in Adolescence Increases Anxiodepressive Behaviors Amid Stress. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience 9 35864848
2021 Concerted evolution of ribosomal DNA: Somatic peace amid germinal strife: Intranuclear and cellular selection maintain the quality of rRNA. BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology 9 34704616
2017 AmiD Is a Novel Peptidoglycan Amidase in Wolbachia Endosymbionts of Drosophila melanogaster. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 9 28824885
2024 Brown Tumors: The Hidden Face of Primary and Renal Hyperparathyroidism Amid Real-Life Settings. Journal of clinical medicine 8 38999413
2019 Nucleus-localized adiponectin is survival gatekeeper through miR-214-mediated AIFM2 regulation. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 8 30474186
2012 UniProtKB amid the turmoil of plant proteomics research. Frontiers in plant science 8 23230445
2024 An evolutionary optimum amid moderate heritability in prokaryotic cell size. Cell reports 7 38776226
2024 Chaperone-mediated autophagy in fish: A key function amid a changing environment. Autophagy reports 7 40395523
2023 Fingolimod mitigates memory loss in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness amid decreasing the activation of microglia, protein kinase R, and NFκB. Neurotoxicology 7 37160207
2023 Salivary miR-150-5p as an indicator of periodontitis severity and regulator of human periodontal ligament fibroblast behavior by targeting AIFM2. Journal of periodontal research 6 37965810
2021 Tailoring nutrition therapy amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Does it work? Clinical nutrition ESPEN 6 34620344
2019 Navigating to the most promising directions amid complex fields of vaccine development: a chlamydial case study. Expert review of vaccines 6 31773996
2024 Recognizing facial expressions of emotion amid noise: A dynamic advantage. Journal of vision 5 38197738
2024 Molecular characterization of gliomas and glioneuronal tumors amid Noonan syndrome: cancer predisposition examined. Frontiers in oncology 5 39309743
2022 The Gallus gallus RJF reference genome reveals an MHCY haplotype organized in gene blocks that contain 107 loci including 45 specialized, polymorphic MHC class I loci, 41 C-type lectin-like loci, and other loci amid hundreds of transposable elements. G3 (Bethesda, Md.) 5 35997588
2021 Nasopharyngeal diffuse large B-cells lymphoma causing acute airway obstruction amid COVID-19 crisis: an anaesthetist's nightmare. BMJ case reports 5 33509897
2021 Malian adults maintain serologic responses to virulent PfEMP1s amid seasonal patterns of fluctuation. Scientific reports 5 34257318
2019 The Impact of Morphine on Reproductive Activity in Male Rats Is Regulated by Rf-Amid-Related Peptide-3 and Substance P Adjusting Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Expression. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 5 31290091
2015 Phosphatidylinositol Derivatives Induce Gastric Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Accumulating AIF and AMID in the Nucleus. Anticancer research 5 26637870
2025 Human CD4+ T cells recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages amid broader responses. The Journal of experimental medicine 4 40990918
2024 Dynamic transition of Tregs to cytotoxic phenotype amid systemic inflammation in Graves' ophthalmopathy. JCI insight 4 39365735

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