Affinage

ADK

Adenosine kinase · UniProt P55263

Length
362 aa
Mass
40.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 12 papers cited in narrative 12 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ADK (adenosine kinase) is the ATP-dependent kinase that phosphorylates adenosine to AMP, serving as the principal metabolic regulator of intracellular and extracellular adenosine and thereby controlling adenosine-dependent signaling and methylation reactions (PMID:15106882). Catalysis is stimulated by pentavalent ions (phosphate, arsenate, vanadate) and phosphorylated compounds that lower the Km for adenosine, with the proposed mechanism being formation of a transient pentavalent phosphate intermediate at the β-phosphate of ATP that facilitates γ-phosphate transfer (PMID:15106882). The enzyme exists as two isoforms with distinct localization: the long isoform carries an N-terminal nuclear localization signal (cluster PKPKKLKVE) directing it to the nucleus where it sustains methylation reactions, while the short isoform is cytoplasmic (PMID:19635462). In the brain, astrocytic ADK acts as a negative regulator of extracellular adenosine: ADK upregulation, rather than astrogliosis itself, drives seizure generation (PMID:19674507), and elevated ADK accompanies tumor-associated epilepsy in human astrocytoma tissue (PMID:22092111). ADK expression in astrocytes is transcriptionally controlled by an NLRP3 inflammasome/Caspase-1 axis acting through CREB and REST (positive) and SP1 (negative) regulators (PMID:34797502). In myeloid cells, ADK governs intracellular adenosine to set DNA methylation of the ABCG1 promoter, with ADK deletion raising adenosine, reducing ABCG1 methylation, enhancing cholesterol efflux, and suppressing atherosclerosis (PMID:30571174). Loss-of-function evidence links ADK to one-carbon metabolism: a homozygous p.Cys143Arg mutation causes adenosine kinase deficiency with hypermethioninemia and severe intellectual disability (PMID:30771478).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 2004 Medium

    Established the catalytic logic of ADK by defining how phosphate transfer to adenosine is achieved, answering how the enzyme couples ATP hydrolysis to adenosine phosphorylation.

    Evidence In vitro enzyme assays with a panel of phosphorylated compounds, Km determination and competitive inhibition analysis

    PMID:15106882

    Open questions at the time
    • Pentavalent intermediate model is interpretive without a crystallographic transition-state structure
    • Single lab characterization
  2. 2009 High

    Resolved why ADK has dual subcellular roles by showing isoform-specific localization, linking the nuclear long isoform to methylation and the cytoplasmic short isoform to bulk adenosine metabolism.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence, c-myc and GFP fusion constructs, and site-directed mutagenesis of the NLS in cells

    PMID:19635462

    Open questions at the time
    • The nuclear methylation role is proposed rather than directly demonstrated by a methylation readout in this study
    • Functional separation of isoform substrate preferences not established
  3. 2009 High

    Demonstrated causality between ADK expression and epilepsy by genetically uncoupling ADK upregulation from astrogliosis, showing ADK level itself drives seizures.

    Evidence Transgenic mouse with endogenous Adk deleted and a ubiquitous transgene, targeted CA3 injury, electrophysiology and histology

    PMID:19674507

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not define the transcriptional drivers of astrocytic ADK upregulation
    • Extracellular adenosine measurements inferred rather than directly tracked
  4. 2011 Medium

    Extended the ADK-seizure model to human pathology by showing elevated ADK in astrocytoma and peritumoral tissue associated with tumor-associated epilepsy.

    Evidence Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and ADK enzymatic activity assays in human surgical specimens

    PMID:22092111

    Open questions at the time
    • Correlative human tissue data without genetic manipulation
    • Causal contribution of ADK to tumor epileptogenesis not directly tested
  5. 2018 High

    Revealed an epigenetic output of ADK metabolism by linking myeloid intracellular adenosine to ABCG1 promoter methylation and cholesterol efflux, establishing ADK as a regulator of foam cell formation and atherosclerosis.

    Evidence Myeloid-specific Cre-LoxP ADK knockout in ApoE-/- mice, cholesterol efflux assay, methylation-specific assays, plaque quantification

    PMID:30571174

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic link from adenosine to DNA methyltransferase activity (via SAH) inferred rather than directly demonstrated
    • Specific methyltransferase responsible not identified
  6. 2021 Medium

    Identified the transcriptional control circuit driving astrocytic ADK during epileptogenesis, placing NLRP3/Caspase-1 upstream of CREB/REST/SP1 regulation of ADK.

    Evidence Kainic acid status epilepticus mouse model, siRNA knockdown of NLRP3, Caspase-1, CREB, REST and SP1, with pharmacological inflammasome inhibition

    PMID:34797502

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct promoter occupancy of CREB/REST/SP1 on the ADK gene not shown
    • Single lab study
  7. 2021 Medium

    Showed ADK functions as a signaling node beyond metabolism in an invertebrate, acting as the adenosine target that activates AMPK-FoxO to drive larval settlement.

    Evidence Transcriptomics, pharmacological assays and siRNA interference in the mussel Mytilopsis sallei

    PMID:34254778

    Open questions at the time
    • Ortholog context may not transfer to mammalian ADK signaling
    • Direct biochemical link from ADK product to AMPK not dissected
  8. 2024 Medium

    Connected ADK to AMPK-dependent stress responses by showing its product can drive the AMP/ATP ratio, placing ADK upstream of AMPK/Nrf2 hepatoprotective signaling.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown of ADK in HepG2 and BRL-3A cells, AMP/ATP and ROS measurements, in vivo rat fructose model

    PMID:39243432

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab; direction of ADK effect (increasing AMP) contrasts with its canonical adenosine-consuming role and is not reconciled
    • Tissue specificity unclear
  9. 2024 Medium

    Defined a druggable site on ADK (ASN-312) whose engagement destabilizes the protein and dampens microglial neuroinflammation, providing a chemical handle on ADK function.

    Evidence Network pharmacology, molecular docking, RNA-seq, biochemical readouts in LPS-induced BV-2 microglia and in vivo depression models

    PMID:39019111

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding site identification is largely computational without co-crystal structure
    • Mechanism of protein destabilization not biochemically resolved
  10. 2019 Low

    Provided human genetic evidence that ADK is required for normal one-carbon/methionine metabolism, with loss of function causing hypermethioninemia and neurodevelopmental disease.

    Evidence Whole exome sequencing and clinical phenotyping identifying homozygous p.Cys143Arg

    PMID:30771478

    Open questions at the time
    • No biochemical rescue or enzymatic characterization of the mutant
    • Mechanistic link to methylation cycle inferred from phenotype only

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the nuclear vs cytoplasmic ADK isoforms differentially partition adenosine flux to control DNA/protein methylation across cell types remains unresolved.
  • No direct demonstration that nuclear ADK controls a specific methylation reaction
  • No structural model of substrate-bound human ADK in the corpus
  • Isoform-specific knockouts not reported

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016740 transferase activity 2 GO:0140657 ATP-dependent activity 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 2 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 1

Evidence

Reading pass · 12 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2009 The long isoform of adenosine kinase (ADK-long) localizes to the nucleus, while the short isoform localizes to the cytoplasm. The extra 20-21 amino acid N-terminal sequence (NTS) of ADK-long contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) with the cluster PKPKKLKVE; mutation of KK to AA or AD abolished nuclear localization. Nuclear ADK is proposed to sustain methylation reactions. Immunofluorescence labeling, C-terminal c-myc epitope fusion constructs, GFP fusion with NTS, site-directed mutagenesis of NLS Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 19635462
2009 ADK astrogliosis-driven upregulation contributes to seizure generation. In transgenic Adk-tg mice where the endogenous Adk gene was deleted and replaced by a ubiquitously expressed transgene, astrogliosis could be uncoupled from ADK upregulation; astrogliosis without ADK upregulation did not produce seizures, whereas astrogliosis with ADK upregulation did, demonstrating that ADK expression levels (not astrogliosis per se) drive seizure generation. Transgenic mouse model (endogenous Adk deleted, ubiquitous transgene), targeted CA3 injury, electrophysiological and histological readouts Neuron glia biology High 19674507
2018 ADK in myeloid/macrophage cells regulates intracellular adenosine levels; myeloid-specific ADK deletion increases intracellular adenosine, reduces DNA methylation of the ABCG1 gene promoter, upregulates ABCG1 expression, enhances cholesterol efflux, and reduces foam cell formation, suppressing atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Cre-LoxP myeloid-specific ADK knockout (LysM-Cre × ADKF/F × ApoE-/-), in vitro ADK inhibition, cholesterol efflux assay, DNA methylation (methylation-specific assays), atherosclerotic plaque quantification Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology High 30571174
2004 ADK (adenosine kinase) activity is stimulated by pentavalent ions (phosphate, arsenate, vanadate) and phosphorylated compounds (e.g., phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, phosphoenol pyruvate, creatine phosphate) that lower the Km for adenosine; structurally related compounds (phosphonoacetic acid, 2-carboxyethyl phosphonic acid) competitively inhibit AK. The mechanism proposed is that a bound phosphate forms a transient pentavalent intermediate with the β-phosphate of ATP, facilitating γ-phosphate transfer to adenosine. In vitro enzyme activity assays with a panel of phosphorylated compounds, Km determination, competitive inhibition analysis The protein journal Medium 15106882
2011 Overexpression of ADK in astrocytes within astrocytic brain tumors and peritumoral tissue is associated with tumor-associated epilepsy; ADK activity was significantly elevated in astrocytoma WHO grade III and peritumoral tissue compared to normal cortex, consistent with ADK acting as a negative regulator of extracellular adenosine to promote seizures. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, ADK enzymatic activity assay in surgical specimens Epilepsia Medium 22092111
2021 NLRP3 inflammasome activation upregulates ADK expression in astrocytes via the CREB/REST/SP1 signaling pathway: CREB and REST positively regulate ADK expression while SP1 negatively regulates it; knockdown of NLRP3 or Caspase-1 rescues the KA-induced changes, and CREB or REST silencing reduces ADK expression in KA-treated astrocytes. SE mouse model (kainic acid), siRNA knockdown (NLRP3, Caspase-1, CREB, REST, SP1), Western blot, ELISA, immunofluorescence staining; pharmacological inhibition (MCC950, Z-YVAD-FMK) Neurochemical research Medium 34797502
2021 In the mussel Mytilopsis sallei, adenosine kinase (ADK) is the molecular target of adenosine; ATP-dependent phosphorylation of adenosine by ADK activates the downstream AMPK-FoxO signaling pathway, inducing larval settlement and metamorphosis. Transcriptomic analysis, pharmacological assays, temporal/spatial gene expression analysis, siRNA interference ACS chemical biology Medium 34254778
2024 Hyperibone J binds ADK at the ASN-312 site, reducing ADK protein stability and expression in microglia. Reduced ADK attenuates the ATP/P2X7R/Caspase-1-mediated maturation and release of IL-1β, and inhibits TLR4/NF-κB-driven transcription of Nlrp3, Il-1b, Tnf, and Il-6, producing antidepressant and anti-neuroinflammatory effects. Network pharmacology, molecular docking, RNA-seq, Western blot, qPCR, ELISA; in vitro LPS-induced BV-2 microglia model, in vivo depression models Journal of advanced research Medium 39019111
2024 Berberine promotes ADK expression, increasing AMP levels and the AMP/ATP ratio, which activates AMPK and downstream Nrf2 signaling; siADK knockdown abolishes the hepatoprotective effects of berberine in hepatocytes, placing ADK upstream of AMPK/Nrf2 in a pathway mediating anti-inflammatory and antioxidant hepatic protection. siRNA knockdown of ADK in HepG2 and BRL-3A cells, AMP/ATP measurement, Western blot (p-AMPK, Nrf2, HO-1), ROS and MDA assays; in vivo rat fructose model Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy Medium 39243432
2019 A homozygous missense mutation in ADK (c.427T>C, p.Cys143Arg) causes adenosine kinase deficiency leading to hypermethioninemia and severe intellectual disability in humans, establishing that ADK function is required for normal methionine metabolism. Whole exome sequencing, clinical phenotyping Gene Low 30771478
1999 A nonsense mutation in AK-1 (Arg107Stop) results in a truncated 107-amino acid protein with completely absent adenylate kinase activity and causes chronic haemolytic anaemia with elevated 2,3-DPG in erythrocytes, demonstrating that AK-1 enzymatic activity is required for normal red cell energy metabolism. cDNA sequencing, enzyme activity assay in red cell lysates, clinical phenotyping British journal of haematology Low 10233365
1983 An adenylate kinase-associated protein (Mr ~34,000) co-purifies with both wild-type and temperature-sensitive mutant E. coli adenylate kinase through multiple purification steps, and alters the thermolability of the mutant enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating this protein can regulate adenylate kinase activity. Protein purification, SDS-PAGE, thermolability assay at 40°C, co-purification The Journal of biological chemistry Low 6313692

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1981 Clonal analysis of B- and T-cell responses to Ia antigens. I. Topology of epitope regions on I-Ak and I-Ek molecules analyzed with 35 monoclonal alloantibodies. Immunogenetics 251 6976317
1985 Generation of activated killer (AK) cells by recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2) in collaboration with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 206 2984283
2014 Actinic keratosis with atypical basal cells (AK I) is the most common lesion associated with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 195 25428612
1990 Prevention of diabetes in non-obese diabetic I-Ak transgenic mice. Nature 191 1972779
2012 The sirtuin 2 inhibitor AK-7 is neuroprotective in Huntington's disease mouse models. Cell reports 162 23200855
1985 Cloning and sequencing of the adenylate kinase gene (adk) of Escherichia coli. Nucleic acids research 121 2997739
1976 Localisation of the human ABO: Np-1: AK-1 linkage group by regional assignment of AK-1 to 9q34. Human genetics 105 184030
1999 Insertional mutagenesis and cloning of the genes required for biosynthesis of the host-specific AK-toxin in the Japanese pear pathotype of Alternaria alternata. Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI 99 10432635
2007 Anaerobic alkane-degrading strain AK-01 contains two alkylsuccinate synthase genes. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 85 18053803
1989 T cell receptor gene segment usage in a panel of hen-egg white lysozyme specific, I-Ak-restricted T helper hybridomas. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 78 2468715
2020 AK-Score: Accurate Protein-Ligand Binding Affinity Prediction Using an Ensemble of 3D-Convolutional Neural Networks. International journal of molecular sciences 76 33182567
1989 Altered I-A protein-mediated transmembrane signaling in B cells that express truncated I-Ak protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 72 2503831
1983 Expression of I-Ak class II genes in mouse L cells after DNA-mediated gene transfer. Nature 69 6413864
2000 Structural and functional complexity of the genomic region controlling AK-toxin biosynthesis and pathogenicity in the Japanese pear pathotype of Alternaria alternata. Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI 66 10975654
2020 Cultivating Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1 with swine wastewater for simultaneous wastewater treatment and algal biomass production. Bioresource technology 64 32004812
2011 Overexpression of ADK in human astrocytic tumors and peritumoral tissue is related to tumor-associated epilepsy. Epilepsia 63 22092111
2014 AK-1, a specific SIRT2 inhibitor, induces cell cycle arrest by downregulating Snail in HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer letters 60 25312940
2017 Glycybridins A-K, Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Glycyrrhiza glabra. Journal of natural products 58 28140583
1999 Initial reactions in anaerobic alkane degradation by a sulfate reducer, strain AK-01. Applied and environmental microbiology 57 10584014
2009 Subcellular localization of adenosine kinase in mammalian cells: The long isoform of AdK is localized in the nucleus. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 52 19635462
1996 A comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the adk and recA genes of pathogenic and commensal Neisseria species: evidence for extensive interspecies recombination within adk. Journal of molecular evolution 51 8995060
1986 Characterization of cell lines expressing mutant I-Ab and I-Ak molecules allows the definition of distinct serologic epitopes on A alpha and A beta polypeptides. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 51 2420879
1977 Purification and properties of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase from Pseudomonas sp AK 1. Biochemistry 50 861203
2004 Awareness of, knowledge of and attitudes to nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and actinic keratosis (AK) among physicians. International journal of dermatology 49 15357741
2021 Characterization of Bacillus velezensis AK-0 as a biocontrol agent against apple bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Scientific reports 48 33436839
1995 Myelin basic protein peptide complexes with the class II MHC molecules I-Au and I-Ak form and dissociate rapidly at neutral pH. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 48 7537302
1972 Basic and therapeutic trial results obtained in the spontaneous AK leukemia (lymphoma) model-end of 1971. Cancer chemotherapy reports 45 19051488
1983 Complementation mapping in microcell hybrids: localization of Fpgs and Ak-1 on Mus musculus chromosome 2. Somatic cell genetics 43 6687641
2009 Aryl diketoacids (ADK) selectively inhibit duplex DNA-unwinding activity of SARS coronavirus NTPase/helicase. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 41 19233643
2001 Influence of phage population on the phage-mediated bioluminescent adenylate kinase (AK) assay for detection of bacteria. Letters in applied microbiology 41 11559407
1994 Mechanism of antibody-dependent natural killer cell-mediated AK-5 tumor cell death. Experimental cell research 41 8187821
1990 Immune deficiency due to high copy numbers of an Ak beta transgene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 40 2119506
2024 Hyperibone J exerts antidepressant effects by targeting ADK to inhibit microglial P2X7R/TLR4-mediated neuroinflammation. Journal of advanced research 39 39019111
1981 Analysis of the expression of I-Ak-like antigens in murine fetal and adult tissues with the monoclonal antibody 10-2.16. Scandinavian journal of immunology 39 6171869
1983 Large-scale purification of murine I-Ak and I-Ek antigens and characterization of the purified proteins. Molecular immunology 38 6581382
2009 Uncoupling of astrogliosis from epileptogenesis in adenosine kinase (ADK) transgenic mice. Neuron glia biology 37 19674507
2017 First dual AK/GSK-3β inhibitors endowed with antioxidant properties as multifunctional, potential neuroprotective agents. European journal of medicinal chemistry 36 28689095
1997 Natural killer cell as the effector which mediates in vivo apoptosis in AK-5 tumor cells. Cellular immunology 36 9140099
1989 Diversity of the class II (I-Ak/I-Ek)-restricted T cell repertoire for influenza hemagglutinin and antigenic drift. Six nonoverlapping epitopes on the HA1 subunit are defined by synthetic peptides. The Journal of experimental medicine 35 2474053
1984 The structure-function relationship of I-A molecules: correlation of serologic and functional phenotypes of four I-Ak mutant cell lines. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 35 6333456
2015 Aging-related rotenone-induced neurochemical and behavioral deficits: role of SIRT2 and redox imbalance, and neuroprotection by AK-7. Drug design, development and therapy 34 26089639
1995 Isolation and characterization of adenylate kinase (adk) mutations in Salmonella typhimurium which block the ability of glycine betaine to function as an osmoprotectant. Journal of bacteriology 33 7814329
1982 Monoclonal mouse anti-I-Ak and anti-I-Ek antibodies cross-reacting with HLA-DR supertypic and subtypic determinants rather than classical DR allelic specificities. Tissue antigens 33 6179258
2006 AK-2123 (Sanazol) as a radiation sensitizer in the treatment of stage III cervical cancer: results of an IAEA multicentre randomised trial. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 32 17161478
1983 Dissection of the poly(glu60 ala30 tyr10) (GAT)-specific T-cell repertoire in H-2Ik mice. I. GAT plus self-I-Ak-reactive T-cell clones can recognize alloactivating and/or restriction determinants on nonself-Ia molecules. Immunogenetics 31 6196284
2016 Aging-related 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurochemial and behavioral deficits and redox dysfunction: improvement by AK-7. Experimental gerontology 29 27235848
2016 M. tuberculosis ferritin (Rv3841): Potential involvement in Amikacin (AK) & Kanamycin (KM) resistance. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 29 27521892
2016 Biological characteristics of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AK-0 and suppression of ginseng root rot caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans. Journal of applied microbiology 29 27727491
1999 Mechanisms and consequences of peptide selection by the I-Ak class II molecule. Immunological reviews 28 10631948
2023 GC-MS Based Characterization, Antibacterial, Antifungal and Anti-Oncogenic Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Aspergillus niger Strain AK-6 Isolated from Rhizospheric Soil. Current issues in molecular biology 26 37232710
2021 NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Enhances ADK Expression to Accelerate Epilepsy in Mice. Neurochemical research 26 34797502
1996 An overview of the initial experience with AK-2123 as a hypoxic cell sensitizer with radiation in the treatment of advanced head and neck cancers. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 26 8600096
1995 AK-5 tumor-induced expression of interleukin-12: role of IL-12 in NK-mediated AK-5 regression. Cellular immunology 26 7743551
1989 I-Ak polymorphisms define a functionally dominant region for the presentation of hen egg lysozyme peptides. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 26 2786533
1999 Selective modulation of B-cell activation markers CD86 and I-Ak on murine draining lymph node cells following allergen or irritant treatment. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 25 10495778
2018 Ablation of Myeloid ADK (Adenosine Kinase) Epigenetically Suppresses Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- (Apolipoprotein E Deficient) Mice. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 24 30571174
1988 Signaling to a B-cell clone by Ek, but not Ak, does not reflect alteration of Ak genes. Immunogenetics 24 3137158
2021 Semi-batch cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1 with dual carriers for the effective treatment of full strength piggery wastewater treatment. Bioresource technology 23 33548816
1989 Epitopic analysis by anti-I-Ak monoclonal antibodies of I-Ak-restricted presentation of lysozyme peptides. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 23 2470818
2020 Amomutsaokols A-K, diarylheptanoids from Amomum tsao-ko and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Phytochemistry 22 32679346
2012 Stem cell grafting improves both motor and cognitive impairments in a genetic model of Parkinson's disease, the aphakia (ak) mouse. Cell transplantation 22 23031199
1999 Effect of cis-unsaturated fatty acids on the activity of protein kinases and protein phosphorylation in macrophage tumor (AK-5) cells in vitro. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids 22 10319918
1996 AK-5 tumor-induced modulation of host immune function: upregulation of Th-1-type cytokine response mediates early tumor regression. Cytokines and molecular therapy 22 9384688
2021 Alamandine, a derivative of angiotensin-(1-7), alleviates sepsis-associated renal inflammation and apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/Ak and MAPK pathways. Peptides 21 34400214
2018 Hebecarposides A-K, antiproliferative lanostane-type triterpene glycosides from the leaves of Lyonia ovalifolia var. hebecarpa. Phytochemistry 20 29660562
1999 A case of complete adenylate kinase deficiency due to a nonsense mutation in AK-1 gene (Arg 107 --> Stop, CGA --> TGA) associated with chronic haemolytic anaemia. British journal of haematology 20 10233365
1990 The sites in the I-Ak histocompatibility molecule photoaffinity labeled by an immunogenic lysozyme peptide. The Journal of biological chemistry 20 2358457
1987 DNA sequence analysis of I-Ak beta mutants reveals serologically immunodominant region. The Journal of experimental medicine 20 2439643
1983 Identification and purification of an adenylate kinase-associated protein that influences the thermolability of adenylate kinase from a temperature-sensitive adk mutant of Escherichia coli. The Journal of biological chemistry 20 6313692
2024 Discovery of AK-1690: A Potent and Highly Selective STAT6 PROTAC Degrader. Journal of medicinal chemistry 19 39311434
2016 AK-1, a SIRT2 inhibitor, destabilizes HIF-1α and diminishes its transcriptional activity during hypoxia. Cancer letters 19 26808575
2004 Agrobacterium tumefaciens AK-6b gene modulates phenolic compound metabolism in tobacco. Phytochemistry 19 14732276
1983 Chromosome localization of the genes for ENO1, HK1, ADK, ACP2, MPI, ITPA, ACON1 and α-GAL in the American mink (Mustela vison). TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik 19 24258481
2007 Genetic distribution of 295 Bacillus cereus group members based on adk-screening in combination with MLST (Multilocus Sequence Typing) used for validating a primer targeting a chromosomal locus in B. anthracis. Journal of microbiological methods 18 17997177
2024 Berberine alleviates fructose-induced hepatic injury via ADK/AMPK/Nrf2 pathway: A novel insight. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 16 39243432
2021 Adenosine Triggers Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis in the Mussel Mytilopsis sallei through the ADK-AMPK-FoxO Pathway. ACS chemical biology 16 34254778
2019 Alkaline serine protease from the new halotolerant alkaliphilic Salipaludibacillus agaradhaerens strain AK-R: purification and properties. 3 Biotech 16 31656729
1990 Purification and photoaffinity labeling of the I-Ak histocompatibility molecule. Journal of immunological methods 16 2177076
2022 The Sirtuin 2 Inhibitor AK-7 Leads to an Antidepressant-Like Effect in Mice via Upregulation of CREB1, BDNF, and NTRK2 Pathways. Molecular neurobiology 15 36074231
2019 Antcamphorols A-K, Cytotoxic and ROS Scavenging Triterpenoids from Antrodia camphorata. Journal of natural products 15 31891260
2010 Identification and characterization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) granzyme A/K, a cytotoxic cell granule-associated serine protease. Fish & shellfish immunology 15 20451619
2009 Calpain inhibitor AK 295 inhibits calpain-induced apoptosis and improves neurologic function after traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. Neurocirugia (Asturias, Spain) 15 19575128
2003 Protection conferred by Bcl-2 expression involves reduced oxidative stress and increased glutathione production during hypothermia-induced apoptosis in AK-5 tumor cells. Free radical biology & medicine 15 14556859
2000 Purification and characterization of Ak.1 protease, a thermostable subtilisin with a disulphide bond in the substrate-binding cleft. The Biochemical journal 15 10926860
1986 Ek beta mutant antigen-presenting cell lines expressing altered Ak alpha molecules. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 15 3082986
1986 Involvement of the T cell antigen receptor and of Lyt-2 in the cytotoxic function of aged killer (AK) T cells. The Journal of experimental medicine 15 3086482
1985 L3T4 but not LFA-1 participates in antigen presentation by Ak-positive L-cell transformants. Immunogenetics 15 2931359
2019 Whole exome sequencing revealed mutations in FBXL4, UNC80, and ADK in Thai patients with severe intellectual disabilities. Gene 14 30771478
2009 Amurensiosides A-K, 11 new pregnane glycosides from the roots of Adonis amurensis. Steroids 14 19883671
2023 Exosome-derived miR-182-5p promoted cholangiocarcinoma progression and vasculogenesis by regulating ADK/SEMA5a/PI3K pathway. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 13 37950359
2004 Phosphorylated derivatives that activate or inhibit mammalian adenosine kinase provide insights into the role of pentavalent ions in AK catalysis. The protein journal 13 15106882
1990 Functional consequences of overexpressed Ia antigens in AK alpha/AK beta transgenic mice. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 13 1969873
1984 Idiotypic analysis of anti-I-Ak monoclonal antibodies. I. Production and characterization of syngeneic anti-idiotypic mAb against an anti-I-Ak mAb. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 13 6434633
2021 Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Tomato ADK Gene Family during Development and Stress. International journal of molecular sciences 12 34299327
2019 The SIRT2 inhibitor AK-7 decreases cochlear cell apoptosis and attenuates noise-induced hearing loss. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 12 30616888
2017 Neutralization of Lipopolysaccharide by Heat Shock Protein in Pediococcus pentosaceus AK-23. Journal of food science 12 28585686
2011 Identification of functional motions in the adenylate kinase (ADK) protein family by computational hybrid approaches. Proteins 12 21365689
1995 Differential requirement of protein tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C in the generation of IL-2-induced LAK cell and alpha CD3-induced CD3-AK cell responses. Cellular immunology 12 7536636
1982 The Escherichia coli dnaW mutation is an allele of the adk gene. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 12 6290847
2015 Lmax and imiquimod 3.75%: the new standard in AK management. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 11 25470719

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