| 2000 |
EMR2 (ADGRE2) is a member of the EGF-TM7 family of class B GPCRs, containing N-terminal EGF-like domains coupled to a seven-span transmembrane domain via a mucin-like spacer. Expression is restricted to monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes, and unlike CD97 it does not interact with CD55, indicating distinct ligand specificity. |
Genomic mapping, alternative splicing analysis, monoclonal antibody binding assays, flow cytometry on primary leukocytes |
Genomics |
High |
10903844
|
| 2002 |
EMR2 is expressed as a heterodimeric receptor consisting of an extracellular alpha subunit and a seven-transmembrane/cytoplasmic beta subunit, with myeloid-restricted expression (highest on CD16+ monocytes, macrophages, and BDCA-3+ myeloid DCs). |
Monoclonal antibody generation (2A1), immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry on primary blood leukocytes and hematopoietic cell lines, in situ analysis |
Journal of leukocyte biology |
High |
11994511
|
| 2003 |
The EGF-like domains of EMR2 mediate cell attachment through chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans; the fourth EGF-like module constitutes the major ligand-binding site, and the interaction is Ca2+- and sulphation-dependent. |
Multivalent protein probes, antibody-blocking studies, mutant CHO cell lines defective in GAG biosynthesis, enzymatic removal of cell surface GAGs, dose-dependent competition with exogenous CS |
Blood |
High |
12829604
|
| 2003 |
Proteolytic cleavage of EMR2 occurs at Leu517-Ser518 within the GPS motif, is independent of transmembrane domains, requires the entire extracellular stalk (not GPS alone), and the non-covalent alpha-beta subunit association requires a minimum of eight amino acids in the beta-subunit. An alternatively spliced isoform with truncated stalk fails to undergo cleavage. |
Site-directed mutagenesis, cell-free cleavage assays, analysis of alternatively spliced isoforms, biochemical fractionation |
FEBS letters |
High |
12860403
|
| 2004 |
GPS autoproteolysis of EMR2 is an autocatalytic intramolecular reaction at His-Leu↓Ser518; requires Ser, Thr, or Cys at P(+1) and His at P(-2) for efficient cleavage; occurs in the ER; produces two subunits that associate noncovalently. The mechanism resembles N-terminal nucleophile hydrolases performing cis-proteolysis. |
Site-directed mutagenesis of GPS residues, cell-free system spontaneous hydrolysis assay, biochemical characterization of ER localization of cleavage |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
15150276
|
| 2004 |
The fourth EGF domain of EMR2 (present on activated lymphocytes and myeloid cells) binds chondroitin sulfate specifically on B cells within peripheral blood, suggesting a role in T cell/DC/macrophage interactions with B cells. |
Fluorescent beads coated with recombinant CD97 and EMR2, isoform-specific monoclonal antibodies, flow cytometry on peripheral blood leukocytes |
Journal of leukocyte biology |
Medium |
15498814
|
| 2005 |
In rheumatoid synovial tissue, dermatan sulfate is the endogenous ligand for the largest isoforms of EMR2 and CD97. EMR2 is expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells expressing costimulatory molecules and TNFα in synovium. |
Immunohistochemistry, double immunofluorescence, EMR2/CD97-specific multivalent fluorescent probe binding assays on synovial tissue sections |
Arthritis and rheumatism |
Medium |
15693006
|
| 2006 |
EMR2 expression is up-regulated during macrophage differentiation/maturation and down-regulated during dendritic cell maturation; LPS and IL-10 (via an IL-10-mediated pathway) specifically up-regulate EMR2 in monocytes and macrophages. Alternative splicing and glycosylation of EMR2 are regulated during myeloid differentiation. |
Flow cytometry, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, specific mAb-based detection of isoforms, siRNA/inhibitor dissection of LPS/IL-10 pathways |
Biochemical and biophysical research communications |
Medium |
17174274
|
| 2007 |
Ligation of EMR2 on neutrophils increases adhesion, migration, superoxide production, and proteolytic enzyme degranulation by potentiating proinflammatory mediator effects; upon activation EMR2 translocates to membrane ruffles and the leading edge; the transmembrane region is critical for these signaling functions. |
Anti-EMR2 antibody ligation, superoxide assay, degranulation assay, live-cell imaging showing translocation to membrane ruffles, dominant-negative transmembrane domain constructs |
FASEB journal |
High |
17928360
|
| 2012 |
GPS autoproteolysis produces two distinct EMR2 receptor complexes: a noncovalent alpha-beta heterodimer and two completely independent subunits that distribute differentially in lipid raft microdomains. Receptor ligation induces subunit translocation and colocalization within lipid rafts, leading to signaling and inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages. |
Biochemical fractionation of lipid rafts, co-immunoprecipitation, antibody-mediated ligation, cytokine ELISA, GPS mutant constructs |
Molecular and cellular biology |
High |
22310662
|
| 2016 |
A missense variant p.C492Y in ADGRE2 causes familial vibratory urticaria by destabilizing the autoinhibitory noncovalent subunit interaction between the extracellular and transmembrane subunits, sensitizing mast cells to IgE-independent vibration-induced degranulation. |
Human genetics (variant co-segregation in two kindreds), biochemical subunit interaction assays, mast cell degranulation assays with vibration stimulation |
The New England journal of medicine |
High |
26841242
|
| 2017 |
Activation of EMR2 via agonistic antibody promotes THP-1 monocyte differentiation and induces IL-8, TNF-α, and MMP-9 expression through a Gα16-initiated signaling cascade activating Akt, ERK, JNK, and NF-κB. |
Anti-EMR2 antibody ligation, specific signaling inhibitors, siRNA knockdowns of pathway components, ELISA for cytokines, flow cytometry for differentiation markers |
Frontiers in immunology |
High |
28421075
|
| 2018 |
The membrane-associated NTF (N-terminal fragment) of EMR2 is regulated by site-specific N-glycosylation in the GAIN domain occurring in post-ER compartments; a unique amphipathic alpha-helix in the GAIN domain serves as a putative membrane anchor of the NTF, independent of the CTF. |
Glycosylation site mutagenesis, subcellular fractionation, glycosidase treatment, confocal imaging of compartment-specific localization |
Scientific reports |
Medium |
29540735
|
| 2020 |
ADGRE2/EMR2 couples broadly to G proteins (Gα16, Gα12, Gα13, Gα14, Gαz, Gα16/Gαz chimera) as shown by activated truncated receptor forms; EMR2 signals via Gα16 to stimulate IP1 accumulation and induces pertussis-toxin-insensitive inhibition of cAMP, suggesting Gαz coupling. An anti-EMR2 polyclonal antibody activates G protein signaling in vitro. |
Yeast-based G protein coupling assay with chimeric G proteins, mammalian cAMP assay with pertussis toxin, IP1 accumulation assay, NFAT reporter assay |
Scientific reports |
High |
31969668
|
| 2020 |
Mechanical activation (vibration) of mast cells expressing p.C492Y-ADGRE2 attached to dermatan sulfate activates phospholipase C, causing transient cytosolic Ca2+ increase and downstream activation of PI3K and ERK1/2 via Gβγ, Gαq/11, and Gαi/o-independent mechanisms; degranulation requires PLC/Ca2+/PKC/PI3K pathways plus pertussis toxin-sensitive signals; prostaglandin D2 synthesis requires ERK1/2, Ca2+, PKC, and PI3K. |
Vibration stimulation of primary human mast cells, Ca2+ imaging, pharmacological inhibitors of PLC/PI3K/PKC/ERK, pertussis toxin treatment, degranulation assay, prostaglandin D2 ELISA |
The Journal of investigative dermatology |
High |
32222457
|
| 2021 |
EMR2 activation by agonistic antibody triggers the NLRP3 inflammasome activation (2nd) signal in THP-1 monocytes and primary monocytes via Gα16-dependent PLC-β activation, leading to Akt, MAPK, NF-κB activity, Ca2+ mobilization, and K+ efflux. |
Anti-EMR2 mAb ligation, siRNA knockdown of Gα16 and PLC-β, K+ efflux measurement, NLRP3 inflammasome activation assays, pharmacological inhibitors |
Frontiers in immunology |
High |
33488598
|
| 2024 |
ADGRE2 activates a PLCβ/PKC/MEK/ERK signaling cascade that drives AP1 transcriptional activity, which in turn transcriptionally upregulates DUSP1; DUSP1 dephosphorylates Ser16 of the co-chaperone DNAJB1 to facilitate DNAJB1-HSP70 interaction and maintain proteostasis in AML leukemic stem cells. |
ADGRE2 silencing in AML cell lines and patient-derived cells, xenograft mouse models, ChIP-seq/RNA-seq for AP1 targets, DUSP1 phosphorylation assays, co-immunoprecipitation of DNAJB1-HSP70, combined MEK/AP1/DUSP1 inhibitor treatment |
Cancer research |
High |
39082681
|
| 2024 |
CD312/ADGRE2 interacts with GNA15 (Gα15) at the transmembrane intracellular segment, and this interaction promotes leukaemia cell proliferation via phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 in a co-culture system; GNA15 knockdown abrogates this proliferative effect. |
Co-immunoprecipitation (GNA15-CD312 interaction), BrdU proliferation assay, GNA15 siRNA knockdown, phospho-Western blotting for ERK/JNK/p38 |
Journal of cellular and molecular medicine |
Medium |
39656442
|
| 2019 |
EMR2 contains an SGD sequence (corresponding to RGD in CD97) that prevents integrin α5β1 binding and angiogenesis induction; substituting SGD→RGD in EMR2 enables it to upregulate MMP-9 and induce angiogenesis via N-cadherin-regulated MMP-9 expression, similar to CD97. |
Site-directed mutagenesis of RGD/SGD motif, in vitro endothelial tube formation assay, in ovo chick CAM assay, MMP-9 expression analysis, N-cadherin modulation experiments |
Biochemical and biophysical research communications |
Medium |
31594642
|