{"gene":"STX1A","run_date":"2026-04-28T21:42:57","timeline":{"discoveries":[],"current_model":"Parse failed"},"narrative":{"teleology":[],"mechanism_profile":null,"mechanistic_narrative":"Parse failed"},"prefetch_data":{"uniprot":{"accession":"Q16623","full_name":"Syntaxin-1A","aliases":["Neuron-specific antigen HPC-1"],"length_aa":288,"mass_kda":33.0,"function":"Plays an essential role in hormone and neurotransmitter calcium-dependent exocytosis and endocytosis (PubMed:26635000). Part of the SNARE (Soluble NSF Attachment Receptor) complex composed of SNAP25, STX1A and VAMP2 which mediates the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. STX1A and SNAP25 are localized on the plasma membrane while VAMP2 resides in synaptic vesicles. The pairing of the three SNAREs from the N-terminal SNARE motifs to the C-terminal anchors leads to the formation of the SNARE complex, which brings membranes into close proximity and results in final fusion. Participates in the calcium-dependent regulation of acrosomal exocytosis in sperm (PubMed:23091057). Also plays an important role in the exocytosis of hormones such as insulin or glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (By similarity)","subcellular_location":"Secreted","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q16623/entry"},"depmap":{"release":"DepMap","has_data":true,"is_common_essential":false,"resolved_as":"","url":"https://depmap.org/portal/gene/STX1A","classification":"Not Classified","n_dependent_lines":0,"n_total_lines":1208,"dependency_fraction":0.0},"opencell":{"profiled":false,"resolved_as":"","ensg_id":"","cell_line_id":"","localizations":[],"interactors":[],"url":"https://opencell.sf.czbiohub.org/search/STX1A","total_profiled":1310},"omim":[{"mim_id":"621441","title":"SPERMATOGENESIS-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 32; SPATA32","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/621441"},{"mim_id":"619659","title":"SYNAPTOSOME-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 47; SNAP47","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/619659"},{"mim_id":"616584","title":"SPERMATOGENESIS-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 31, SUBFAMILY A, MEMBER 7; SPATA31A7","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/616584"},{"mim_id":"611438","title":"TAXILIN, BETA; TXLNB","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/611438"},{"mim_id":"609586","title":"COMPLEXIN 4; CPLX4","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/609586"}],"hpa":{"profiled":true,"resolved_as":"","reliability":"Approved","locations":[{"location":"Vesicles","reliability":"Approved"},{"location":"Nuclear membrane","reliability":"Additional"}],"tissue_specificity":"Group enriched","tissue_distribution":"Detected in many","driving_tissues":[{"tissue":"brain","ntpm":169.5},{"tissue":"pituitary gland","ntpm":94.1}],"url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/search/STX1A"},"hgnc":{"alias_symbol":["HPC-1","p35-1"],"prev_symbol":["STX1"]},"alphafold":{"accession":"Q16623","domains":[{"cath_id":"1.20.58.70","chopping":"29-222","consensus_level":"high","plddt":90.3669,"start":29,"end":222}],"viewer_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q16623","model_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/files/AF-Q16623-F1-model_v6.cif","pae_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/files/AF-Q16623-F1-predicted_aligned_error_v6.png","plddt_mean":84.75},"mouse_models":{"mgi_url":"https://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/summary?nomen=STX1A","jax_strain_url":"https://www.jax.org/strain/search?query=STX1A"},"sequence":{"accession":"Q16623","fasta_url":"https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q16623.fasta","uniprot_url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q16623/entry","alphafold_viewer_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q16623"}},"corpus_meta":[{"pmid":"7901002","id":"PMC_7901002","title":"Botulinum neurotoxin C1 blocks neurotransmitter release by means of cleaving HPC-1/syntaxin.","date":"1993","source":"The EMBO journal","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7901002","citation_count":463,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"1334074","id":"PMC_1334074","title":"HPC-1 is associated with synaptotagmin and omega-conotoxin receptor.","date":"1992","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1334074","citation_count":254,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"1587842","id":"PMC_1587842","title":"Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for a neuronal cell membrane antigen, HPC-1.","date":"1992","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1587842","citation_count":250,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"10233866","id":"PMC_10233866","title":"Characterization of the baboon responses to Shiga-like toxin: descriptive study of a new primate model of toxic responses to Stx-1.","date":"1999","source":"The American journal of pathology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10233866","citation_count":118,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"16723534","id":"PMC_16723534","title":"Analysis of knock-out mice to determine the role of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A in expressing synaptic plasticity.","date":"2006","source":"The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16723534","citation_count":107,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"8557645","id":"PMC_8557645","title":"Expression and functional role of syntaxin 1/HPC-1 in pancreatic beta cells. Syntaxin 1A, but not 1B, plays a negative role in regulatory insulin release pathway.","date":"1996","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8557645","citation_count":104,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"7966562","id":"PMC_7966562","title":"Suppression of apoptosis in insect cells stably transfected with baculovirus p35: dominant interference by N-terminal sequences p35(1-76).","date":"1994","source":"Journal of virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7966562","citation_count":85,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"7608144","id":"PMC_7608144","title":"Syntaxin 1 (HPC-1) is associated with chromaffin granules.","date":"1995","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7608144","citation_count":80,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"10874638","id":"PMC_10874638","title":"Detection of an atypical 7q11.23 deletion in Williams syndrome patients which does not include the STX1A and FZD3 genes.","date":"1999","source":"Journal of medical genetics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10874638","citation_count":76,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"8301329","id":"PMC_8301329","title":"Immunoelectron microscopic localization of the HPC-1 antigen in rat cerebellum.","date":"1993","source":"Journal of neurocytology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8301329","citation_count":69,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"9929007","id":"PMC_9929007","title":"Induction of cytokines in a human colon epithelial cell line by Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and Stx2 but not by non-toxic mutant Stx1 which lacks N-glycosidase activity.","date":"1999","source":"FEBS letters","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9929007","citation_count":69,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"14532101","id":"PMC_14532101","title":"Multiplex real-time PCR method to identify Shiga toxin genes stx1 and stx2 and Escherichia coli O157:H7/H- serotype.","date":"2003","source":"Applied and environmental microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14532101","citation_count":67,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"18593506","id":"PMC_18593506","title":"Genetic and expression analyses reveal elevated expression of syntaxin 1A ( STX1A) in high functioning autism.","date":"2008","source":"The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18593506","citation_count":65,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"25774383","id":"PMC_25774383","title":"Rare autism-associated variants implicate syntaxin 1 (STX1 R26Q) phosphorylation and the dopamine transporter (hDAT R51W) in dopamine neurotransmission and behaviors.","date":"2015","source":"EBioMedicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25774383","citation_count":59,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"11980959","id":"PMC_11980959","title":"Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection and antibodies against Stx2 and Stx1 in household contacts of children with enteropathic hemolytic-uremic syndrome.","date":"2002","source":"Journal of clinical microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11980959","citation_count":58,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"17277204","id":"PMC_17277204","title":"Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli stx1, stx2, eaeA, and rfbE genes and survival of E. coli O157:H7 in manure from organic and low-input conventional dairy farms.","date":"2007","source":"Applied and environmental microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17277204","citation_count":55,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"11179385","id":"PMC_11179385","title":"Neutralization of Shiga toxins Stx1, Stx2c, and Stx2e by recombinant bacteria expressing mimics of globotriose and globotetraose.","date":"2001","source":"Infection and immunity","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11179385","citation_count":52,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"15750063","id":"PMC_15750063","title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Shiga toxin gene (Stx1)-positive Escherichia coli O26:H11: a new concern.","date":"2005","source":"Journal of clinical microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15750063","citation_count":48,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"1530610","id":"PMC_1530610","title":"Neuron-specific antigen HPC-1 from bovine brain reveals strong homology to epimorphin, an essential factor involved in epithelial morphogenesis: identification of a novel protein family.","date":"1992","source":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1530610","citation_count":45,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"20219084","id":"PMC_20219084","title":"Human isolates of Aeromonas possess Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) highly similar to the most virulent gene variants of Escherichia coli.","date":"2010","source":"Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20219084","citation_count":41,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"8361334","id":"PMC_8361334","title":"Neuron specific expression of a membrane protein, HPC-1: tissue distribution, and cellular and subcellular localization of immunoreactivity and mRNA.","date":"1993","source":"Brain research. Molecular brain research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8361334","citation_count":39,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"24666284","id":"PMC_24666284","title":"HPC-1/syntaxin 1A and syntaxin 1B play distinct roles in neuronal survival.","date":"2014","source":"Journal of neurochemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24666284","citation_count":35,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"11180403","id":"PMC_11180403","title":"Activation of the caspase cascade during Stx1-induced apoptosis in Burkitt's lymphoma cells.","date":"2001","source":"Journal of cellular biochemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11180403","citation_count":34,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"9763659","id":"PMC_9763659","title":"Hemizygous deletion of the HPC-1/syntaxin 1A gene (STX1A) in patients with Williams syndrome.","date":"1998","source":"Cytogenetics and cell genetics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9763659","citation_count":32,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"8973813","id":"PMC_8973813","title":"Enhancement of neurite-sprouting by suppression of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A activity in cultured vertebrate nerve cells.","date":"1996","source":"Brain research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8973813","citation_count":31,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"29554593","id":"PMC_29554593","title":"MiR-34a-5p mediates sevoflurane preconditioning induced inhibition of hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through STX1A in cardiomyocytes.","date":"2018","source":"Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29554593","citation_count":30,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"12813092","id":"PMC_12813092","title":"Genome analysis of a novel Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1)-converting phage which is closely related to Stx2-converting phages but not to other Stx1-converting phages.","date":"2003","source":"Journal of bacteriology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12813092","citation_count":30,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"20422020","id":"PMC_20422020","title":"Intelligence in Williams Syndrome is related to STX1A, which encodes a component of the presynaptic SNARE complex.","date":"2010","source":"PloS one","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20422020","citation_count":30,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"24914553","id":"PMC_24914553","title":"New high-affinity monoclonal antibodies against Shiga toxin 1 facilitate the detection of hybrid Stx1/Stx2 in vivo.","date":"2014","source":"PloS one","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24914553","citation_count":30,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"17030576","id":"PMC_17030576","title":"The 13C4 monoclonal antibody that neutralizes Shiga toxin Type 1 (Stx1) recognizes three regions on the Stx1 B subunit and prevents Stx1 from binding to its eukaryotic receptor globotriaosylceramide.","date":"2006","source":"Infection and immunity","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17030576","citation_count":28,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"17912268","id":"PMC_17912268","title":"Search for genetic variants of the SYNTAXIN 1A (STX1A) gene: the -352 A>T variant in the STX1A promoter associates with impaired glucose metabolism in an Italian obese population.","date":"2007","source":"International journal of obesity (2005)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17912268","citation_count":27,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"21118708","id":"PMC_21118708","title":"Replication study of Japanese cohorts supports the role of STX1A in autism susceptibility.","date":"2010","source":"Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21118708","citation_count":27,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"22219298","id":"PMC_22219298","title":"Impairment of catecholamine systems during induction of long-term potentiation at hippocampal CA1 synapses in HPC-1/syntaxin 1A knock-out mice.","date":"2012","source":"The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22219298","citation_count":26,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"16271448","id":"PMC_16271448","title":"Detection of Shiga toxin genes stx1, stx2, and the +93 uidA mutation of E. coli O157:H7/H-using SYBR Green I in a real-time multiplex PCR.","date":"2005","source":"Molecular and cellular probes","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16271448","citation_count":25,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"26317538","id":"PMC_26317538","title":"A Four-Plex Real-Time PCR Assay, Based on rfbE, stx1, stx2, and eae Genes, for the Detection and Quantification of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 in Cattle Feces.","date":"2015","source":"Foodborne pathogens and disease","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26317538","citation_count":25,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"9061612","id":"PMC_9061612","title":"Characterization of HPC-1 antigen, an isoform of syntaxin-1, with the isoform-specific monoclonal antibody, 14D8.","date":"1997","source":"Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9061612","citation_count":24,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"21900493","id":"PMC_21900493","title":"Dual roles of Munc18-1 rely on distinct binding modes of the central cavity with Stx1A and SNARE complex.","date":"2011","source":"Molecular biology of the cell","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900493","citation_count":23,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"20576034","id":"PMC_20576034","title":"HPC-1/syntaxin 1A gene knockout mice show abnormal behavior possibly related to a disruption in 5-HTergic systems.","date":"2010","source":"The European journal of neuroscience","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20576034","citation_count":23,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"19327201","id":"PMC_19327201","title":"Risk factors for the occurrence of Escherichia coli virulence genes eae, stx1 and stx2 in wild bird populations.","date":"2009","source":"Epidemiology and infection","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19327201","citation_count":21,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"10644452","id":"PMC_10644452","title":"Expression analysis and protein localization of the human HPC-1/syntaxin 1A, a gene deleted in Williams syndrome.","date":"1999","source":"Genomics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10644452","citation_count":21,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"27059771","id":"PMC_27059771","title":"Unusual social behavior in HPC-1/syntaxin1A knockout mice is caused by disruption of the oxytocinergic neural system.","date":"2016","source":"Journal of neurochemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27059771","citation_count":20,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"12761168","id":"PMC_12761168","title":"Identification of the carboxyl-terminal membrane-anchoring region of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A with the substituted-cysteine-accessibility method and monoclonal antibodies.","date":"2003","source":"Journal of biochemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12761168","citation_count":19,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"24548729","id":"PMC_24548729","title":"STX1A and Asperger syndrome: a replication study.","date":"2014","source":"Molecular autism","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24548729","citation_count":19,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"9987079","id":"PMC_9987079","title":"Recruitment of renal tubular epithelial cells expressing verotoxin-1 (Stx1) receptors in HIV-1 transgenic mice with renal disease.","date":"1999","source":"Kidney international","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9987079","citation_count":18,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"11420120","id":"PMC_11420120","title":"Suppression of transmitter release by Tat HPC-1/syntaxin 1A fusion protein.","date":"2001","source":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11420120","citation_count":18,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"7589235","id":"PMC_7589235","title":"Rat HPC-1/syntaxin 1A and syntaxin 1B interrupt intracellular membrane transport and inhibit secretion of the extracellular matrix in embryonic cells of an amphibian.","date":"1995","source":"Experimental cell research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7589235","citation_count":17,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"18822082","id":"PMC_18822082","title":"Production and characterization of rabbit polyclonal sera against Shiga toxins Stx1 and Stx2 for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.","date":"2008","source":"Microbiology and immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18822082","citation_count":16,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"21113101","id":"PMC_21113101","title":"Detection of Escherichia coli O157 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 by the immunomagnetic separation technique and stx1 and stx2 genes by multiplex PCR in slaughtered cattle in Samsun Province, Turkey.","date":"2010","source":"Journal of veterinary science","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21113101","citation_count":16,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"33071616","id":"PMC_33071616","title":"Analysis of Genetic Variants in SCN1A, SCN2A, KCNK18, TRPA1 and STX1A as a Possible Marker of Migraine.","date":"2020","source":"Current genomics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33071616","citation_count":15,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"27190164","id":"PMC_27190164","title":"Stx1 prophage excision in Escherichia coli strain PA20 confers strong curli and biofilm formation by restoring native mlrA.","date":"2016","source":"FEMS microbiology letters","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27190164","citation_count":15,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"18512733","id":"PMC_18512733","title":"No association between tagging SNPs of SNARE complex genes (STX1A, VAMP2 and SNAP25) and schizophrenia in a Japanese population.","date":"2008","source":"American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18512733","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"9177791","id":"PMC_9177791","title":"Mapping of the human HPC-1/syntaxin 1A gene (STX1A) to chromosome 7 band q11.2.","date":"1997","source":"Genomics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9177791","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"28235601","id":"PMC_28235601","title":"A part of patients with autism spectrum disorder has haploidy of HPC-1/syntaxin1A gene that possibly causes behavioral disturbance as in experimentally gene ablated mice.","date":"2017","source":"Neuroscience letters","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28235601","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"22250207","id":"PMC_22250207","title":"Association analysis of STX1A gene variants in common forms of migraine.","date":"2012","source":"Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250207","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"17953616","id":"PMC_17953616","title":"Enhancement of synaptic transmission and nociceptive behaviour in HPC-1/syntaxin 1A knockout mice following peripheral nerve injury.","date":"2007","source":"The European journal of neuroscience","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17953616","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"36564538","id":"PMC_36564538","title":"Heterozygous and homozygous variants in STX1A cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with or without epilepsy.","date":"2022","source":"European journal of human genetics : EJHG","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36564538","citation_count":12,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"18768338","id":"PMC_18768338","title":"Subtype analysis of stx1, stx2 and eae genes in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and typical and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) from lambs in India.","date":"2008","source":"Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18768338","citation_count":12,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"10101280","id":"PMC_10101280","title":"HPC-1/syntaxin 1A suppresses exocytosis of PC12 cells.","date":"1999","source":"Journal of biochemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10101280","citation_count":12,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"15037634","id":"PMC_15037634","title":"Activation of syntaxin 1C, an alternative splice variant of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A, by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) suppresses glucose transport into astroglioma cells via the glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1).","date":"2004","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15037634","citation_count":12,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"31073146","id":"PMC_31073146","title":"The selective disruption of presynaptic JNK2/STX1a interaction reduces NMDA receptor-dependent glutamate release.","date":"2019","source":"Scientific reports","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31073146","citation_count":11,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"9070277","id":"PMC_9070277","title":"Interaction of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A with the cytoskeletal protein, tubulin.","date":"1997","source":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9070277","citation_count":11,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"25801683","id":"PMC_25801683","title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Shiga toxin gene (stx1)-positive Escherichia coli O91:H14 carrying blaCTX-M-15 on an IncI1-ST31 plasmid isolated from a human patient in Germany.","date":"2015","source":"International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25801683","citation_count":11,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"26031547","id":"PMC_26031547","title":"A simple method for expression and purification of Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) with biological activities by using a single-promoter vector and native signal peptide.","date":"2015","source":"Biotechnology and applied biochemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26031547","citation_count":11,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"9427341","id":"PMC_9427341","title":"Enhancement of synaptic transmission by HPC-1 antibody in the cultured hippocampal neuron.","date":"1997","source":"Neuroreport","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9427341","citation_count":11,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"12183029","id":"PMC_12183029","title":"Reduction of neurotransmitter release by the exogenous H3 domain peptide of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A in cultured rat hippocampal neurons.","date":"2002","source":"Neuroscience letters","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12183029","citation_count":11,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"19216645","id":"PMC_19216645","title":"Antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors stx1, stx2, and eae in generic Escherichia coli isolates from calves in western Canadian cow-calf herds.","date":"2009","source":"Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19216645","citation_count":10,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"32724629","id":"PMC_32724629","title":"Differentiation of stx1A gene for detection of Escherichia coli serotype O157: H7 and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in food samples using high resolution melting curve analysis.","date":"2020","source":"Food science & nutrition","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32724629","citation_count":10,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"12645196","id":"PMC_12645196","title":"Identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by multiplex PCR with primers specific to the hlyA, eaeA, stx1, stx2, fliC and rfb genes.","date":"2002","source":"Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12645196","citation_count":10,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"18680949","id":"PMC_18680949","title":"Transcription analysis of stx1, marA, and eaeA genes in Escherichia coli O157:H7 treated with sodium benzoate.","date":"2008","source":"Journal of food protection","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18680949","citation_count":9,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"30976917","id":"PMC_30976917","title":"STX1A gene variations contribute to the susceptibility of children attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a case-control association study.","date":"2019","source":"European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30976917","citation_count":9,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"9078410","id":"PMC_9078410","title":"Localization of HPC-1/syntaxin 1 in developing rat cerebellar cortex.","date":"1996","source":"Cell structure and function","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9078410","citation_count":8,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"9685720","id":"PMC_9685720","title":"Important roles of the C-terminal portion of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A in membrane anchoring and intracellular localization.","date":"1998","source":"Journal of biochemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9685720","citation_count":8,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"25445656","id":"PMC_25445656","title":"A novel transducible chimeric phage from Escherichia coli O157:H7 Sakai strain encoding Stx1 production.","date":"2014","source":"Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25445656","citation_count":8,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"21822613","id":"PMC_21822613","title":"Unusual retinal layer organization in HPC-1/syntaxin 1A knockout mice.","date":"2011","source":"Journal of molecular histology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21822613","citation_count":7,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"10483717","id":"PMC_10483717","title":"Reconstitution of active recombinant Shiga toxin (Stx)1 from recombinant Stx1-A and Stx1-B subunits independently produced by E. coli clones.","date":"1999","source":"FEMS microbiology letters","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10483717","citation_count":7,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"8247329","id":"PMC_8247329","title":"Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuron specific antigen, HPC-1 in the enteric nervous system of the guinea-pig distal colon.","date":"1993","source":"Neuroscience letters","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8247329","citation_count":7,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"11977160","id":"PMC_11977160","title":"Refinement of the genomic structure of STX1A and mutation analysis in nondeletion Williams syndrome patients.","date":"2002","source":"American journal of medical genetics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11977160","citation_count":6,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"15796982","id":"PMC_15796982","title":"Construction and use of an stx1 transcriptional fusion to gfp.","date":"2005","source":"FEMS microbiology letters","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15796982","citation_count":6,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"23261692","id":"PMC_23261692","title":"PCR-less DNA co-polymerization detection of Shiga like toxin 1 (stx1) in Escherichia coli O157:H7.","date":"2012","source":"Biosensors & bioelectronics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23261692","citation_count":6,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"9070225","id":"PMC_9070225","title":"Overexpressed syntaxin 1A/HPC-1 inhibits insulin secretion via a regulated pathway, but does not influence glucose metabolism and intracellular Ca2+ in insulinoma cell line beta TC3 cells.","date":"1997","source":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9070225","citation_count":6,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"40056239","id":"PMC_40056239","title":"STX1A regulates ferroptosis and chemoresistance in gastric cancer through mitochondrial function modulation.","date":"2025","source":"Human cell","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40056239","citation_count":5,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"15216893","id":"PMC_15216893","title":"Inhibition of microtubule assembly by HPC-1/syntaxin 1A, an exocytosis relating protein.","date":"1999","source":"Cell structure and function","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15216893","citation_count":5,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"11345516","id":"PMC_11345516","title":"Altered immunoreactivity of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A in proliferated nerve fibers in the human aganglionic colon of Hirschsprung's disease.","date":"2001","source":"Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11345516","citation_count":5,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"9237272","id":"PMC_9237272","title":"Transient decrease of HPC-1/syntaxin-1A mRNA in the rat hippocampus by kainic acid.","date":"1997","source":"Neuroscience research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9237272","citation_count":5,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"12586365","id":"PMC_12586365","title":"Expression of syntaxin 1C, an alternative splice variant of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A, is enhanced by phorbol-ester stimulation in astroglioma: participation of the PKC signaling pathway.","date":"2003","source":"FEBS letters","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12586365","citation_count":5,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"9403817","id":"PMC_9403817","title":"HPC-1/syntaxin-1A activity in the enteric nervous system of developing rat gastrointestinal tract.","date":"1997","source":"Journal of smooth muscle research = Nihon Heikatsukin Gakkai kikanshi","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9403817","citation_count":5,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"37057886","id":"PMC_37057886","title":"SNAP23 decreases insulin secretion by competitively inhibiting the interaction between SNAP25 and STX1A.","date":"2023","source":"Bioscience reports","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37057886","citation_count":4,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"29880035","id":"PMC_29880035","title":"Multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of the Enterobacterial gene wecA, the Shiga Toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) and the Intimin gene (eae).","date":"2018","source":"BMC research notes","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29880035","citation_count":3,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"37485504","id":"PMC_37485504","title":"Influence of temperature and pH on induction of Shiga toxin Stx1a in Escherichia coli.","date":"2023","source":"Frontiers in microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37485504","citation_count":2,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"26443836","id":"PMC_26443836","title":"Different roles of the C-terminal end of Stx1A and Stx2A for AB5 complex integrity and retrograde transport of Stx in HeLa cells.","date":"2015","source":"Pathogens and disease","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26443836","citation_count":2,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"31544861","id":"PMC_31544861","title":"Structural Changes in Stx1 Engineering Monoclonal Antibody Improves Its Functionality as Diagnostic Tool for a Rapid Latex Agglutination Test.","date":"2018","source":"Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31544861","citation_count":2,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"18846778","id":"PMC_18846778","title":"[Molecular detection of shiga toxin-producing (stx1) Escherichia coli and rotavirus in stools of children with diarrhea].","date":"2008","source":"Investigacion clinica","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18846778","citation_count":2,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"39337553","id":"PMC_39337553","title":"Development and Validation of the MAST ISOPLEX®VTEC Kit for Simultaneous Detection of Shiga Toxin/Verotoxin 1 and 2 (stx1/vt1 and stx2/vt2) with Inhibition Control (IC) in a Rapid Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Multiplex Assay.","date":"2024","source":"International journal of molecular sciences","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39337553","citation_count":2,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"35167674","id":"PMC_35167674","title":"Validation of the 3M™ Molecular Detection Assay 2 - STEC Gene Screen (stx) for the Detection of Shiga Toxin Gene (stx1 and/or stx2) in Additional Matrixes: AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 071903.","date":"2022","source":"Journal of AOAC International","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35167674","citation_count":2,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"30549994","id":"PMC_30549994","title":"Detection and Evaluation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shiga-toxin Genes stx1, stx2 in Cattle Meat Samples.","date":"2018","source":"Clinical laboratory","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30549994","citation_count":1,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"35167682","id":"PMC_35167682","title":"Validation of the 3M™ Molecular Detection Assay 2 - STEC Gene Screen (stx and eae) for the Detection of Shiga Toxin Gene (stx1 and/or stx2) and Intimin Gene (eae): AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 071902.","date":"2022","source":"Journal of AOAC International","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35167682","citation_count":1,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"34223727","id":"PMC_34223727","title":"Frequency of k99, stx1, and stx2 Virulence Factors in Escherichia coli isolated from Diarrheic and Clinically Healthy Suckling Calves in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Iran.","date":"2021","source":"Archives of Razi Institute","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34223727","citation_count":1,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"37632548","id":"PMC_37632548","title":"Thermal Adaptation Alters Response to Thermal Stress and Expression of Virulent Genes (eae, stx1, stx2, and hlyA) in Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Pork.","date":"2023","source":"Current microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37632548","citation_count":1,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"41123944","id":"PMC_41123944","title":"STX1A localizes to the lysosome and controls its exocytosis.","date":"2025","source":"Molecular biology of the cell","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41123944","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"40431252","id":"PMC_40431252","title":"Occurrence of Multiple stx1 Genes and Rare Genomic Variation in stx1 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli.","date":"2025","source":"Microorganisms","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40431252","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"pubmed_title"},{"pmid":"16169070","id":"PMC_16169070","title":"A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome.","date":"2005","source":"Cell","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16169070","citation_count":1704,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"12477932","id":"PMC_12477932","title":"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.","date":"2002","source":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","citation_count":1479,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"20798282","id":"PMC_20798282","title":"Alpha-synuclein promotes SNARE-complex assembly in vivo and in vitro.","date":"2010","source":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20798282","citation_count":1445,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"26186194","id":"PMC_26186194","title":"The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome.","date":"2015","source":"Cell","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26186194","citation_count":1118,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"1321498","id":"PMC_1321498","title":"Syntaxin: a synaptic protein implicated in docking of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic active zones.","date":"1992","source":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1321498","citation_count":1115,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"28514442","id":"PMC_28514442","title":"Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks.","date":"2017","source":"Nature","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28514442","citation_count":1085,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"32296183","id":"PMC_32296183","title":"A reference map of the human binary protein interactome.","date":"2020","source":"Nature","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32296183","citation_count":849,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"33961781","id":"PMC_33961781","title":"Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome.","date":"2021","source":"Cell","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33961781","citation_count":705,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"21873635","id":"PMC_21873635","title":"Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium.","date":"2011","source":"Briefings in bioinformatics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21873635","citation_count":656,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"10746715","id":"PMC_10746715","title":"Three-dimensional structure of the neuronal-Sec1-syntaxin 1a complex.","date":"2000","source":"Nature","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10746715","citation_count":624,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"10449403","id":"PMC_10449403","title":"A conformational switch in syntaxin during exocytosis: role of munc18.","date":"1999","source":"The EMBO journal","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10449403","citation_count":553,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"7791877","id":"PMC_7791877","title":"Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent activities of neural and non-neural synaptotagmins.","date":"1995","source":"Nature","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7791877","citation_count":552,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"15489334","id":"PMC_15489334","title":"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).","date":"2004","source":"Genome research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","citation_count":438,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"16344560","id":"PMC_16344560","title":"Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes.","date":"2005","source":"Genome research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344560","citation_count":409,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"7553862","id":"PMC_7553862","title":"Complexins: cytosolic proteins that regulate SNAP receptor function.","date":"1995","source":"Cell","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7553862","citation_count":399,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"8108429","id":"PMC_8108429","title":"n-Sec1: a neural-specific syntaxin-binding protein.","date":"1994","source":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8108429","citation_count":366,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"11832227","id":"PMC_11832227","title":"Three-dimensional structure of the complexin/SNARE complex.","date":"2002","source":"Neuron","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11832227","citation_count":355,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"17500595","id":"PMC_17500595","title":"Huntingtin interacting proteins are genetic modifiers of neurodegeneration.","date":"2007","source":"PLoS genetics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17500595","citation_count":325,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"10321247","id":"PMC_10321247","title":"The septin CDCrel-1 binds syntaxin and inhibits exocytosis.","date":"1999","source":"Nature neuroscience","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10321247","citation_count":316,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"9697855","id":"PMC_9697855","title":"The AMPA receptor GluR2 C terminus can mediate a reversible, ATP-dependent interaction with NSF and alpha- and beta-SNAPs.","date":"1998","source":"Neuron","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9697855","citation_count":306,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"8663154","id":"PMC_8663154","title":"Identification of a novel syntaxin- and synaptobrevin/VAMP-binding protein, SNAP-23, expressed in non-neuronal tissues.","date":"1996","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8663154","citation_count":294,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"9395480","id":"PMC_9395480","title":"Mints, Munc18-interacting proteins in synaptic vesicle exocytosis.","date":"1997","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9395480","citation_count":275,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"7961655","id":"PMC_7961655","title":"SNAP-25, a t-SNARE which binds to both syntaxin and synaptobrevin via domains that may form coiled coils.","date":"1994","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7961655","citation_count":260,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"9620695","id":"PMC_9620695","title":"Tomosyn: a syntaxin-1-binding protein that forms a novel complex in the neurotransmitter release process.","date":"1998","source":"Neuron","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9620695","citation_count":239,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"1315316","id":"PMC_1315316","title":"A multisubunit particle implicated in membrane fusion.","date":"1992","source":"The Journal of cell biology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1315316","citation_count":239,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"8999968","id":"PMC_8999968","title":"Direct interaction of the rat unc-13 homologue Munc13-1 with the N terminus of syntaxin.","date":"1997","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8999968","citation_count":237,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"11101518","id":"PMC_11101518","title":"A SNARE complex mediating fusion of late endosomes defines conserved properties of SNARE structure and function.","date":"2000","source":"The EMBO journal","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11101518","citation_count":229,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"9010211","id":"PMC_9010211","title":"Synaptotagmin-syntaxin interaction: the C2 domain as a Ca2+-dependent electrostatic switch.","date":"1997","source":"Neuron","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9010211","citation_count":208,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"10195194","id":"PMC_10195194","title":"Snapin: a SNARE-associated protein implicated in synaptic transmission.","date":"1999","source":"Nature neuroscience","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10195194","citation_count":207,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"},{"pmid":"8611567","id":"PMC_8611567","title":"Botulinum neurotoxin C1 cleaves both syntaxin and SNAP-25 in intact and permeabilized chromaffin cells: correlation with its blockade of catecholamine release.","date":"1996","source":"Biochemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8611567","citation_count":200,"is_preprint":false,"source_track":"gene2pubmed"}],"cost":{"stage1":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","input_tokens":47571,"output_tokens":896,"usd":0.078076},"stage2":{"model":"","input_tokens":0,"output_tokens":0,"usd":0.0},"total_usd":0.167959,"stage1_batch_id":"msgbatch_01RPbVc9PDH9zQmYK5Hs6srm","stage2_batch_id":"msgbatch_01JVbVLzeKN2yVrsGp3zC8aM","note":"batch pricing = 50% of standard","round2_stage1":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","input_tokens":59917,"output_tokens":1,"usd":0.089883},"round2_rules_fired":"R1"},"stage1_raw":"```json\n{\n  \"discoveries\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 1993,\n      \"finding\": \"Botulinum neurotoxin type C1 blocks neurotransmitter release by cleaving HPC-1/syntaxin 1A via its light chain acting as a zinc-dependent metallo-endoprotease; cleavage requires membrane association of syntaxin 1A (either native membrane or reconstituted proteoliposomes), and the transmembrane domain is essential for toxin susceptibility.\",\n      \"method\": \"In vitro cleavage assay, cell-free translation with microsomes, reconstitution into proteoliposomes, transmembrane domain deletion mutants\",\n      \"journal\": \"The EMBO journal\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — reconstituted in vitro with mutagenesis and multiple orthogonal methods; highly cited foundational paper\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"7901002\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1992,\n      \"finding\": \"HPC-1/syntaxin 1A forms a ternary complex with synaptotagmin and the omega-conotoxin-sensitive N-type calcium channel (omega-CgTX receptor) in rat brain, as demonstrated by reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation from solubilized rat brain, reciprocal pulldown with anti-p35 and anti-synaptotagmin antibodies\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of biological chemistry\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — reciprocal Co-IP from native tissue; highly cited\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"1334074\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1993,\n      \"finding\": \"HPC-1/syntaxin 1A is a C-terminally anchored neuronal membrane protein whose epitopes face the cytoplasmic surface of both plasma membranes and synaptic vesicle membranes, as determined by immunoelectron microscopy of intact vs. ruptured synaptosomes.\",\n      \"method\": \"Cryoimmunogold immunoelectron microscopy, pre-embedding protein A-gold technique on intact and ruptured synaptosomes\",\n      \"journal\": \"Journal of neurocytology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — direct subcellular localization with functional topology determination; highly cited\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"8301329\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1995,\n      \"finding\": \"Syntaxin 1A is associated with chromaffin granules in the adrenal medulla in addition to the plasma membrane, indicating it can function as a vesicle-SNARE receptor component as well as a target-SNARE receptor.\",\n      \"method\": \"Biochemical fractionation and morphological analysis (immunoelectron microscopy)\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of biological chemistry\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — direct localization by fractionation and morphology with functional inference\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"7608144\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1996,\n      \"finding\": \"Syntaxin 1A (but not 1B) negatively regulates glucose-stimulated and secretagogue-induced insulin release in pancreatic beta cells; overexpressed syntaxin 1A binds insulin secretory gran\n\n--- ROUND 2 (R2/R3, augmented corpus) ---\n\n","stage2_raw":"\n\n--- ROUND 2 (refusal — no on-target evidence) ---\n"}