{"gene":"SLC9C1","run_date":"2026-04-28T20:42:08","timeline":{"discoveries":[{"year":2021,"finding":"SLC9C1 (sNHE), a sperm-specific Na+/H+ exchanger, is essential for human sperm motility. A homozygous splicing mutation (c.2748+2T>C) causing in-frame exon skipping and deletion within the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain of SLC9C1 was identified in an infertile man with asthenozoospermia. RT-PCR, immunodetection, and immunofluorescence on patient semen confirmed truncated/absent protein, establishing SLC9C1 as required for sperm motility, consistent with its mouse ortholog role in pH homeostasis and interaction with soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in sperm signaling pathways.","method":"Whole-exome sequencing, RT-PCR, immunodetection, and immunofluorescence on patient semen samples; loss-of-function with defined phenotypic readout (asthenozoospermia/infertility)","journal":"Clinical genetics","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — clean loss-of-function with defined cellular phenotype (absent motility), but single patient/single lab","pmids":["33462806"],"is_preprint":false}],"current_model":"SLC9C1 (sNHE) is a sperm-specific Na+/H+ exchanger whose cyclic nucleotide-binding domain is required for sperm motility and male fertility, likely by regulating intracellular pH homeostasis and interacting with soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) to support capacitation signaling in sperm flagella."},"narrative":{"teleology":[{"year":2021,"claim":"Establishing that SLC9C1 is required for human sperm motility resolved whether the gene's function, previously characterized only in mice, is conserved and clinically relevant in humans.","evidence":"Whole-exome sequencing identified a homozygous splicing mutation in an infertile man with asthenozoospermia; RT-PCR, immunodetection, and immunofluorescence confirmed loss of SLC9C1 protein in patient sperm","pmids":["33462806"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Single patient in a single study; independent replication in additional families or cohorts is lacking","Direct ion transport activity of human SLC9C1 has not been measured in reconstituted or heterologous expression systems","The precise mechanism by which loss of the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain abolishes motility is undefined"]},{"year":null,"claim":"The biochemical transport properties of human SLC9C1, the structural basis for cyclic nucleotide regulation of its exchanger activity, and the full spectrum of its interactors in the sperm flagellar signaling complex remain uncharacterized.","evidence":"","pmids":[],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["No electrophysiological or reconstitution data for human SLC9C1 Na+/H+ exchange activity","No structural model of the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain or its regulatory mechanism","Physical interaction with soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) has not been validated in human sperm"]}],"mechanism_profile":{"molecular_activity":[{"term_id":"GO:0005215","term_label":"transporter activity","supporting_discovery_ids":[0]}],"localization":[],"pathway":[{"term_id":"R-HSA-382551","term_label":"Transport of small molecules","supporting_discovery_ids":[0]},{"term_id":"R-HSA-1474165","term_label":"Reproduction","supporting_discovery_ids":[0]}],"complexes":[],"partners":["ADCY10"],"other_free_text":[]},"mechanistic_narrative":"SLC9C1 encodes a sperm-specific Na+/H+ exchanger (sNHE) that is essential for human sperm motility and male fertility. A homozygous splicing mutation disrupting the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain of SLC9C1 causes asthenozoospermia and male infertility, with loss of protein expression confirmed in patient spermatozoa [PMID:33462806]. SLC9C1 functions in intracellular pH homeostasis in sperm flagella and interacts with soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) to support capacitation signaling [PMID:33462806]."},"prefetch_data":{"uniprot":{"accession":"Q4G0N8","full_name":"Solute carrier family 9 member C1","aliases":["Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 10","NHE-10","Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 10","Solute carrier family 9 member 10","Sperm-specific Na(+)/H(+) exchanger","sNHE"],"length_aa":1177,"mass_kda":135.2,"function":"Sperm-specific solute carrier involved in intracellular pH regulation of spermatozoa. Required for sperm motility and fertility. Involved in sperm cell hyperactivation, a step needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Required for the expression and bicarbonate regulation of the soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) (By similarity)","subcellular_location":"Cell projection, cilium, flagellum membrane","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q4G0N8/entry"},"depmap":{"release":"DepMap","has_data":true,"is_common_essential":false,"resolved_as":"","url":"https://depmap.org/portal/gene/SLC9C1","classification":"Not Classified","n_dependent_lines":0,"n_total_lines":1208,"dependency_fraction":0.0},"opencell":{"profiled":false,"resolved_as":"","ensg_id":"","cell_line_id":"","localizations":[],"interactors":[],"url":"https://opencell.sf.czbiohub.org/search/SLC9C1","total_profiled":1310},"omim":[{"mim_id":"621459","title":"TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN 217; TMEM217","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/621459"},{"mim_id":"612738","title":"SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 9, MEMBER C1; SLC9C1","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/612738"}],"hpa":{"profiled":true,"resolved_as":"","reliability":"","locations":[],"tissue_specificity":"Group enriched","tissue_distribution":"Detected in some","driving_tissues":[{"tissue":"skin 1","ntpm":2.0},{"tissue":"testis","ntpm":7.5}],"url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/search/SLC9C1"},"hgnc":{"alias_symbol":["NHE"],"prev_symbol":["SLC9A10"]},"alphafold":{"accession":"Q4G0N8","domains":[{"cath_id":"-","chopping":"2-72","consensus_level":"medium","plddt":71.5934,"start":2,"end":72},{"cath_id":"1.20.1530.20","chopping":"77-427","consensus_level":"high","plddt":80.8327,"start":77,"end":427},{"cath_id":"1.20.120.350","chopping":"600-729","consensus_level":"medium","plddt":78.0872,"start":600,"end":729},{"cath_id":"2.60.120.10","chopping":"863-923_941-990","consensus_level":"high","plddt":85.665,"start":863,"end":990},{"cath_id":"2.60.120.10","chopping":"1014-1099","consensus_level":"high","plddt":78.2001,"start":1014,"end":1099},{"cath_id":"1.20.58","chopping":"801-855","consensus_level":"medium","plddt":82.2256,"start":801,"end":855}],"viewer_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q4G0N8","model_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/files/AF-Q4G0N8-F1-model_v6.cif","pae_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/files/AF-Q4G0N8-F1-predicted_aligned_error_v6.png","plddt_mean":74.62},"mouse_models":{"mgi_url":"https://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/summary?nomen=SLC9C1","jax_strain_url":"https://www.jax.org/strain/search?query=SLC9C1"},"sequence":{"accession":"Q4G0N8","fasta_url":"https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q4G0N8.fasta","uniprot_url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q4G0N8/entry","alphafold_viewer_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q4G0N8"}},"corpus_meta":[{"pmid":"1374392","id":"PMC_1374392","title":"Cloning 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reports","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32242030","citation_count":45,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"11135072","id":"PMC_11135072","title":"Characterization of acute inhibition of Na/H exchanger NHE-3 by dopamine in opossum kidney cells.","date":"2001","source":"Kidney international","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11135072","citation_count":44,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"11719534","id":"PMC_11719534","title":"Characterization of the Drosophila melanogaster alkali-metal/proton exchanger (NHE) gene family.","date":"2001","source":"The Journal of experimental biology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11719534","citation_count":43,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"17612638","id":"PMC_17612638","title":"Normalization of the calcineurin pathway underlies the regression of hypertensive hypertrophy induced by Na+/H+ exchanger-1 (NHE-1) inhibition.","date":"2007","source":"Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17612638","citation_count":43,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7603840","id":"PMC_7603840","title":"Expression of the human sodium/proton exchanger NHE-1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes enhances sodium/proton exchange activity and establishes sodium/lithium countertransport.","date":"1995","source":"Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7603840","citation_count":42,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"8995260","id":"PMC_8995260","title":"Muscarinic agonists induce phosphorylation-independent activation of the NHE-1 isoform of the Na+/H+ antiporter in salivary acinar cells.","date":"1997","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8995260","citation_count":41,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"29751546","id":"PMC_29751546","title":"Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Arabidopsis Sodium Proton Antiporter (NHX) and Human Sodium Proton Exchanger (NHE) Homologs in Sorghum bicolor.","date":"2018","source":"Genes","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29751546","citation_count":40,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7840138","id":"PMC_7840138","title":"G alpha q and G alpha 13 regulate NHE-1 and intracellular calcium in epithelial cells.","date":"1995","source":"The American journal of physiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7840138","citation_count":40,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"8202503","id":"PMC_8202503","title":"The cytoplasmic domain of the Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) dictates the nature of the hormonal response: behavior of a chimeric human NHE1/trout beta NHE antiporter.","date":"1994","source":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8202503","citation_count":40,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"33462806","id":"PMC_33462806","title":"The sodium/proton exchanger SLC9C1 (sNHE) is essential for human sperm motility and fertility.","date":"2021","source":"Clinical genetics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33462806","citation_count":39,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"8833201","id":"PMC_8833201","title":"Cellular distribution and regulation of NHE-1 isoform of the NA-H exchanger in the avian osteoclast.","date":"1996","source":"Bone","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8833201","citation_count":39,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"12595915","id":"PMC_12595915","title":"Zoniporide: a potent and selective inhibitor of the human sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 (NHE-1).","date":"2003","source":"Cardiovascular drug reviews","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12595915","citation_count":36,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"23075671","id":"PMC_23075671","title":"An inhibitor of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE), ethyl-isopropyl amiloride (EIPA), diminishes proliferation of MKN28 human gastric cancer cells by decreasing the cytosolic Cl(-) concentration via DIDS-sensitive pathways.","date":"2012","source":"Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23075671","citation_count":36,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"9580638","id":"PMC_9580638","title":"Colitis-induced changes in the expression of the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform NHE-1.","date":"1998","source":"The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9580638","citation_count":35,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"19111554","id":"PMC_19111554","title":"Estrogen exerts concentration-dependent pro-and anti-hypertrophic effects on adult cultured ventricular myocytes. Role of NHE-1 in estrogen-induced hypertrophy.","date":"2008","source":"Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19111554","citation_count":35,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"11356638","id":"PMC_11356638","title":"NHE and ICAM-1 expression in hypoxic/reoxygenated coronary microvascular endothelial cells.","date":"2001","source":"American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11356638","citation_count":34,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"25240639","id":"PMC_25240639","title":"Physiological cardiac hypertrophy: critical role of AKT in the prevention of NHE-1 hyperactivity.","date":"2014","source":"Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25240639","citation_count":34,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"8286417","id":"PMC_8286417","title":"Proximal regulatory elements and nuclear activities required for transcription of the human Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-1) gene.","date":"1994","source":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8286417","citation_count":33,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"8769835","id":"PMC_8769835","title":"Glucocorticoids regulate NHE-3 transcription in OKP cells.","date":"1996","source":"The American journal of physiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8769835","citation_count":33,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"8476023","id":"PMC_8476023","title":"Cytosolic pH sensitivity of an expressed human NHE-1 Na(+)-H+ exchanger.","date":"1993","source":"The American journal of physiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8476023","citation_count":33,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"16737744","id":"PMC_16737744","title":"Cytotoxic mechanisms of Zn2+ and Cd2+ involve Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) activation by ROS.","date":"2006","source":"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16737744","citation_count":33,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"18508719","id":"PMC_18508719","title":"Early signals after stretch leading to cardiac hypertrophy. Key role of NHE-1.","date":"2008","source":"Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18508719","citation_count":33,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"18177483","id":"PMC_18177483","title":"Chronic noradrenaline increases renal expression of NHE-3, NBC-1, BSC-1 and aquaporin-2.","date":"2007","source":"Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18177483","citation_count":32,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"10362780","id":"PMC_10362780","title":"HCO-3 reabsorption in renal collecting duct of NHE-3-deficient mouse: a compensatory response.","date":"1999","source":"The American journal of physiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10362780","citation_count":32,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"23646182","id":"PMC_23646182","title":"Complex formation between NheB and NheC is necessary to induce cytotoxic activity by the three-component Bacillus cereus Nhe enterotoxin.","date":"2013","source":"PloS one","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23646182","citation_count":32,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7511337","id":"PMC_7511337","title":"Enhanced Na(+)-H+ exchanger activity and NHE-1 mRNA levels in human lymphocytes during metabolic acidosis.","date":"1994","source":"The American journal of physiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7511337","citation_count":31,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7559463","id":"PMC_7559463","title":"Parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide activate the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE-1 isoform in osteoblastic cells (UMR-106) via a cAMP-dependent pathway.","date":"1995","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7559463","citation_count":29,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"33344518","id":"PMC_33344518","title":"Empagliflozin Decreases Lactate Generation in an NHE-1 Dependent Fashion and Increases α-Ketoglutarate Synthesis From Palmitate in Type II Diabetic Mouse Hearts.","date":"2020","source":"Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33344518","citation_count":29,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7918570","id":"PMC_7918570","title":"Localization of the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform NHE-3 in rabbit and canine kidney.","date":"1994","source":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7918570","citation_count":29,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"9659815","id":"PMC_9659815","title":"The myocardial sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) and its role in mediating ischemic and reperfusion injury.","date":"1998","source":"The Keio journal of medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9659815","citation_count":28,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"21896839","id":"PMC_21896839","title":"Bicarbonate, NBCe1, NHE, and carbonic anhydrase activity enhance lactate-H+ transport in bovine corneal endothelium.","date":"2011","source":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21896839","citation_count":28,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7875760","id":"PMC_7875760","title":"Enhanced Na(+)-H+ exchanger activity and NHE-1 mRNA expression in lymphocytes from patients with essential hypertension.","date":"1995","source":"Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7875760","citation_count":28,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"31595734","id":"PMC_31595734","title":"Cardioprotective role of IGF-1 in the hypertrophied myocardium of the spontaneously hypertensive rats: A key effect on NHE-1 activity.","date":"2018","source":"Acta physiologica (Oxford, England)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31595734","citation_count":28,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"18511042","id":"PMC_18511042","title":"Late expression of Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) and neuroprotective effects of NHE inhibitor in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region induced by transient ischemia.","date":"2008","source":"Experimental neurology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18511042","citation_count":27,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"15300204","id":"PMC_15300204","title":"Endotoxin differentially modulates the basolateral and apical sodium/proton exchangers (NHE) in enterocytes.","date":"2004","source":"Surgery","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15300204","citation_count":27,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"9724283","id":"PMC_9724283","title":"Mechanisms of pH preservation during global ischemia in preconditioned rat heart: roles for PKC and NHE.","date":"1998","source":"The American journal of physiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9724283","citation_count":27,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"21870055","id":"PMC_21870055","title":"In vivo key role of reactive oxygen species and NHE-1 activation in determining excessive cardiac hypertrophy.","date":"2011","source":"Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21870055","citation_count":27,"is_preprint":false}],"cost":{"stage1":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","input_tokens":57425,"output_tokens":573,"usd":0.090435},"stage2":{"model":"claude-opus-4-6","input_tokens":3588,"output_tokens":741,"usd":0.054698},"total_usd":0.145133,"stage1_batch_id":"msgbatch_011rkcQdVV1RaFq9XhcG6df6","stage2_batch_id":"msgbatch_01RzgrJafdF4EWHhj5mNi6dh","note":"batch pricing = 50% of standard"},"stage1_raw":"Looking through the corpus, I need to identify papers specifically about SLC9C1 (also known as sNHE, the sperm-specific Na+/H+ exchanger). The vast majority of papers are about NHE-1 (SLC9A1), NHE-2 (SLC9A2), NHE-3 (SLC9A3), or bacterial Nhe toxins — none of which are SLC9C1.\n\nOnly one paper (PMID 33462806) directly addresses SLC9C1/sNHE.\n\n```json\n{\n  \"discoveries\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2021,\n      \"finding\": \"SLC9C1 (sNHE), a sperm-specific Na+/H+ exchanger, is essential for human sperm motility. A homozygous splicing mutation (c.2748+2T>C) causing in-frame exon skipping and deletion within the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain of SLC9C1 was identified in an infertile man with asthenozoospermia. RT-PCR, immunodetection, and immunofluorescence on patient semen confirmed truncated/absent protein, establishing SLC9C1 as required for sperm motility, consistent with its mouse ortholog role in pH homeostasis and interaction with soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in sperm signaling pathways.\",\n      \"method\": \"Whole-exome sequencing, RT-PCR, immunodetection, and immunofluorescence on patient semen samples; loss-of-function with defined phenotypic readout (asthenozoospermia/infertility)\",\n      \"journal\": \"Clinical genetics\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — clean loss-of-function with defined cellular phenotype (absent motility), but single patient/single lab\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"33462806\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    }\n  ],\n  \"current_model\": \"SLC9C1 (sNHE) is a sperm-specific Na+/H+ exchanger whose cyclic nucleotide-binding domain is required for sperm motility and male fertility, likely by regulating intracellular pH homeostasis and interacting with soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) to support capacitation signaling in sperm flagella.\"\n}\n```","stage2_raw":"```json\n{\n  \"mechanistic_narrative\": \"SLC9C1 encodes a sperm-specific Na+/H+ exchanger (sNHE) that is essential for human sperm motility and male fertility. A homozygous splicing mutation disrupting the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain of SLC9C1 causes asthenozoospermia and male infertility, with loss of protein expression confirmed in patient spermatozoa [PMID:33462806]. SLC9C1 functions in intracellular pH homeostasis in sperm flagella and interacts with soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) to support capacitation signaling [PMID:33462806].\",\n  \"teleology\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2021,\n      \"claim\": \"Establishing that SLC9C1 is required for human sperm motility resolved whether the gene's function, previously characterized only in mice, is conserved and clinically relevant in humans.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Whole-exome sequencing identified a homozygous splicing mutation in an infertile man with asthenozoospermia; RT-PCR, immunodetection, and immunofluorescence confirmed loss of SLC9C1 protein in patient sperm\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"33462806\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Single patient in a single study; independent replication in additional families or cohorts is lacking\",\n        \"Direct ion transport activity of human SLC9C1 has not been measured in reconstituted or heterologous expression systems\",\n        \"The precise mechanism by which loss of the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain abolishes motility is undefined\"\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": null,\n      \"claim\": \"The biochemical transport properties of human SLC9C1, the structural basis for cyclic nucleotide regulation of its exchanger activity, and the full spectrum of its interactors in the sperm flagellar signaling complex remain uncharacterized.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"\",\n      \"pmids\": [],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"No electrophysiological or reconstitution data for human SLC9C1 Na+/H+ exchange activity\",\n        \"No structural model of the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain or its regulatory mechanism\",\n        \"Physical interaction with soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) has not been validated in human sperm\"\n      ]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"mechanism_profile\": {\n    \"molecular_activity\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005215\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0]}\n    ],\n    \"localization\": [],\n    \"pathway\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"R-HSA-382551\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"R-HSA-1474165\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0]}\n    ],\n    \"complexes\": [],\n    \"partners\": [\"ADCY10\"],\n    \"other_free_text\": []\n  }\n}\n```"}