{"gene":"GNG13","run_date":"2026-06-10T01:55:21","timeline":{"discoveries":[{"year":2001,"finding":"Gγ13 associates with all five Gβ subunits (Gβ1–5) upon co-translation in vitro, but under stringent co-immunoprecipitation conditions only Gβ1/Gγ13, Gβ3/Gγ13, and Gβ4/Gγ13 form stable dimers. Multiple Gβ/Gγ13 pairings are functional in modulating Kir3.1/3.4 (GIRK1/4) potassium channels, N-type (α1B) calcium channels, PLCβ2 activation, and inhibition of Gαq-stimulated PLCβ1 activity in cellular assays, demonstrating that Gγ13 can participate in signal transduction beyond taste reception.","method":"In vitro co-translation, co-immunoprecipitation under high-detergent conditions, Xenopus oocyte electrophysiology (channel modulation), cellular PLC activity assays","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1–2 / Strong — multiple orthogonal methods (in vitro co-translation, reciprocal co-IP, channel electrophysiology, PLC assays) in a single rigorous study establishing both binding selectivity and functional effector coupling","pmids":["11675383"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2003,"finding":"Gγ13 is selectively expressed in rod bipolar cells and ON cone bipolar cells of the retina, where it is co-localized in dendrites with Gαo. Single-cell RT-PCR showed that Gβ3, Gβ4, and Gγ13 are co-expressed in ON bipolar cells but not in OFF bipolar cells, implicating Gγ13 as a selective component of ON bipolar cell signal transduction.","method":"Immunohistochemistry in transgenic GFP-reporter mice, single-cell RT-PCR with cDNA probes, patch-clamp recordings to confirm ON physiology","journal":"The Journal of comparative neurology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Strong — reciprocal localization by immunohistochemistry and single-cell PCR with electrophysiological confirmation of cell type identity; multiple orthogonal methods in one rigorous study","pmids":["12454992"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2008,"finding":"Ric-8B, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), physically interacts with Gγ13 and co-localizes with Gγ13, Gαolf, and Gβ1 in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons, implicating Gγ13 as a component of odorant signal transduction machinery in the olfactory cilia.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation (Ric-8B with Gγ13), immunofluorescence localization in olfactory sensory neuron cilia","journal":"Molecular and cellular neurosciences","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2–3 / Moderate — co-IP interaction plus co-localization by immunofluorescence, single lab, two complementary methods but no in vitro reconstitution or mutagenesis","pmids":["18462949"],"is_preprint":false}],"current_model":"GNG13 (Gγ13) is a divergent G protein gamma subunit that forms functional Gβγ heterodimers preferentially with Gβ1, Gβ3, and Gβ4; these complexes modulate GIRK and N-type calcium channels and PLCβ activity; Gγ13 is selectively expressed in retinal ON bipolar cell dendrites (co-localizing with Gαo, Gβ3, and Gβ4) and in olfactory sensory neuron cilia (where it interacts with the GEF Ric-8B and co-localizes with Gαolf), placing it at the effector interface of both retinal ON-pathway and olfactory signal transduction."},"narrative":{"mechanistic_narrative":"GNG13 (Gγ13) is a G protein gamma subunit that forms functional Gβγ heterodimers and operates at the effector interface of sensory signal transduction in retinal and olfactory neurons [PMID:11675383, PMID:12454992]. It associates selectively with Gβ1, Gβ3, and Gβ4 to form stable dimers, and these complexes modulate GIRK1/4 (Kir3.1/3.4) potassium channels, N-type (α1B) calcium channels, and PLCβ activity, demonstrating effector coupling beyond taste reception [PMID:11675383]. In the retina, Gγ13 is selectively expressed in rod and ON cone bipolar cells, co-localizing in dendrites with Gαo and co-expressed with Gβ3 and Gβ4, marking it as a component of the ON bipolar cell signaling pathway [PMID:12454992]. In olfactory sensory neuron cilia, Gγ13 physically interacts with the GEF Ric-8B and co-localizes with Gαolf and Gβ1, placing it within the odorant signal transduction machinery [PMID:18462949].","teleology":[{"year":2001,"claim":"Establishing which Gβ partners Gγ13 binds and whether the resulting dimers couple to effectors defined Gγ13 as a broadly competent signaling subunit rather than a taste-restricted one.","evidence":"In vitro co-translation and stringent co-IP to map Gβ selectivity, plus Xenopus oocyte electrophysiology and cellular PLC assays for effector coupling","pmids":["11675383"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Endogenous Gβ partner usage in native tissues not resolved","No structural model of the Gβγ13 interface","Receptor coupling specificity not defined"]},{"year":2003,"claim":"Localizing Gγ13 to ON bipolar cell dendrites with Gαo and co-expressed Gβ3/Gβ4 tied the subunit to a specific retinal signal transduction cell type.","evidence":"Immunohistochemistry in GFP-reporter mice, single-cell RT-PCR, and patch-clamp confirmation of ON physiology","pmids":["12454992"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Functional requirement of Gγ13 for ON bipolar responses not tested by loss-of-function","Receptor and downstream effector in this pathway not identified"]},{"year":2008,"claim":"Identifying a physical interaction with the GEF Ric-8B and co-localization with Gαolf placed Gγ13 within the olfactory cilia signaling apparatus.","evidence":"Co-immunoprecipitation of Ric-8B with Gγ13 and immunofluorescence localization in olfactory sensory neuron cilia","pmids":["18462949"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Co-IP without reciprocal validation or in vitro reconstitution","Functional consequence of the Ric-8B interaction for odorant signaling not demonstrated","No mutagenesis mapping the interaction interface"]},{"year":null,"claim":"Whether Gγ13 is functionally required in vivo for retinal ON-pathway or olfactory signaling, and how its Gβ partner choice is determined in native cells, remains unresolved.","evidence":"","pmids":[],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["No loss-of-function or knockout phenotype in the corpus","Native receptor–Gαβγ13–effector chains not reconstituted"]}],"mechanism_profile":{"molecular_activity":[{"term_id":"GO:0060089","term_label":"molecular transducer activity","supporting_discovery_ids":[0]},{"term_id":"GO:0098772","term_label":"molecular function regulator activity","supporting_discovery_ids":[0]}],"localization":[{"term_id":"GO:0005929","term_label":"cilium","supporting_discovery_ids":[2]},{"term_id":"GO:0005886","term_label":"plasma membrane","supporting_discovery_ids":[0,1]}],"pathway":[{"term_id":"R-HSA-162582","term_label":"Signal Transduction","supporting_discovery_ids":[0,1,2]},{"term_id":"R-HSA-9709957","term_label":"Sensory Perception","supporting_discovery_ids":[1,2]}],"complexes":["G protein heterotrimer (Gβγ dimer)"],"partners":["GNB1","GNB3","GNB4","RIC8B","GNAO1","GNAL"],"other_free_text":[]}},"prefetch_data":{"uniprot":{"accession":"Q9P2W3","full_name":"Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13","aliases":[],"length_aa":67,"mass_kda":7.9,"function":"Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction","subcellular_location":"Cell membrane","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9P2W3/entry"},"depmap":{"release":"DepMap","has_data":true,"is_common_essential":false,"resolved_as":"","url":"https://depmap.org/portal/gene/GNG13","classification":"Not Classified","n_dependent_lines":21,"n_total_lines":1208,"dependency_fraction":0.0173841059602649},"opencell":{"profiled":false,"resolved_as":"","ensg_id":"","cell_line_id":"","localizations":[],"interactors":[],"url":"https://opencell.sf.czbiohub.org/search/GNG13","total_profiled":1310},"omim":[{"mim_id":"610863","title":"GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING PROTEIN, BETA-4; GNB4","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/610863"},{"mim_id":"610142","title":"CENTROSOMAL PROTEIN, 290-KD; CEP290","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/610142"},{"mim_id":"607298","title":"GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING PROTEIN, GAMMA-13; GNG13","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/607298"},{"mim_id":"602887","title":"DISCS LARGE MAGUK SCAFFOLD PROTEIN 4; DLG4","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/602887"},{"mim_id":"139380","title":"GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING PROTEIN, BETA-1; GNB1","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/139380"}],"hpa":{"profiled":true,"resolved_as":"","reliability":"","locations":[],"tissue_specificity":"Group enriched","tissue_distribution":"Detected in some","driving_tissues":[{"tissue":"brain","ntpm":58.3},{"tissue":"retina","ntpm":51.9}],"url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/search/GNG13"},"hgnc":{"alias_symbol":["h2-35","G(gamma)13"],"prev_symbol":[]},"alphafold":{"accession":"Q9P2W3","domains":[{"cath_id":"-","chopping":"27-54","consensus_level":"medium","plddt":92.4511,"start":27,"end":54}],"viewer_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q9P2W3","model_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/files/AF-Q9P2W3-F1-model_v6.cif","pae_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/files/AF-Q9P2W3-F1-predicted_aligned_error_v6.png","plddt_mean":88.94},"mouse_models":{"mgi_url":"https://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/summary?nomen=GNG13","jax_strain_url":"https://www.jax.org/strain/search?query=GNG13"},"sequence":{"accession":"Q9P2W3","fasta_url":"https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9P2W3.fasta","uniprot_url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9P2W3/entry","alphafold_viewer_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q9P2W3"}},"corpus_meta":[{"pmid":"8097323","id":"PMC_8097323","title":"Interleukin 13 induces interleukin 4-independent IgG4 and IgE synthesis and CD23 expression by human B cells.","date":"1993","source":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8097323","citation_count":988,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7559569","id":"PMC_7559569","title":"G alpha 12 and G alpha 13 stimulate Rho-dependent stress fiber formation and focal adhesion assembly.","date":"1995","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7559569","citation_count":409,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"10330435","id":"PMC_10330435","title":"Simultaneous disruption of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 defines individual roles in T helper cell type 2-mediated responses.","date":"1999","source":"The Journal of experimental medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10330435","citation_count":283,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"17438063","id":"PMC_17438063","title":"Breast cancer instructs dendritic cells to prime interleukin 13-secreting CD4+ T cells that facilitate tumor development.","date":"2007","source":"The Journal of experimental medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17438063","citation_count":247,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"11753820","id":"PMC_11753820","title":"Inherited interleukin-12 deficiency: IL12B genotype and clinical phenotype of 13 patients from six kindreds.","date":"2001","source":"American journal of human genetics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11753820","citation_count":217,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"12680858","id":"PMC_12680858","title":"Maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy reduces interleukin-13 levels in cord blood of infants at high risk of atopy.","date":"2003","source":"Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12680858","citation_count":145,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7507958","id":"PMC_7507958","title":"IL-13 induces proliferation, Ig isotype switching, and Ig synthesis by immature human fetal B cells.","date":"1994","source":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7507958","citation_count":116,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"12454992","id":"PMC_12454992","title":"G protein subunit G gamma 13 is coexpressed with G alpha o, G beta 3, and G beta 4 in retinal ON bipolar cells.","date":"2003","source":"The Journal of comparative neurology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12454992","citation_count":105,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"10940898","id":"PMC_10940898","title":"Gastrointestinal nematode expulsion in IL-4 knockout mice is IL-13 dependent.","date":"2000","source":"European journal of immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10940898","citation_count":103,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"15919378","id":"PMC_15919378","title":"IL-21 effects on human IgE production in response to IL-4 or IL-13.","date":"2005","source":"Cellular immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15919378","citation_count":102,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"17307869","id":"PMC_17307869","title":"Transcription factor T-bet regulates skin sclerosis through its function in innate immunity and via IL-13.","date":"2007","source":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17307869","citation_count":91,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"11590141","id":"PMC_11590141","title":"Constitutive activation of NF-kappa B and secretion of interleukin-8 induced by the G protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus involve G alpha(13) and RhoA.","date":"2001","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11590141","citation_count":90,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"15153525","id":"PMC_15153525","title":"Distinct transcriptional programs activated by interleukin-10 with or without lipopolysaccharide in dendritic cells: induction of the B cell-activating chemokine, CXC chemokine ligand 13.","date":"2004","source":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15153525","citation_count":83,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"3046613","id":"PMC_3046613","title":"12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate activates phosphatidylethanol and phosphatidylglycerol synthesis by phospholipase D in cell lysates.","date":"1988","source":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3046613","citation_count":79,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"10358077","id":"PMC_10358077","title":"Cytokine-induced apoptosis in epithelial HT-29 cells is independent of nitric oxide formation. Evidence for an interleukin-13-driven phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent survival mechanism.","date":"1999","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10358077","citation_count":78,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"9139718","id":"PMC_9139718","title":"Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by interleukin-13. An inhibitory signal for inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression in epithelial cell line HT-29.","date":"1997","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9139718","citation_count":70,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"12928529","id":"PMC_12928529","title":"Serum Levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 and IFN-gamma in Behçet's disease.","date":"2003","source":"The Journal of dermatology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12928529","citation_count":69,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"21573182","id":"PMC_21573182","title":"Interleukin-13 promotes susceptibility to chlamydial infection of the respiratory and genital tracts.","date":"2011","source":"PLoS pathogens","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21573182","citation_count":65,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"11781510","id":"PMC_11781510","title":"Reduced alloreactive T-cell activation after alcohol intake is due to impaired monocyte accessory cell function and correlates with elevated IL-10, IL-13, and decreased IFNgamma levels.","date":"2001","source":"Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11781510","citation_count":65,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"16388592","id":"PMC_16388592","title":"A new approach to producing functional G alpha subunits yields the activated and deactivated structures of G alpha(12/13) proteins.","date":"2006","source":"Biochemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16388592","citation_count":63,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"15064938","id":"PMC_15064938","title":"Atopy, serum IgE, and interleukin-13 in steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome.","date":"2004","source":"Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15064938","citation_count":57,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"11422162","id":"PMC_11422162","title":"Novel B and T cell epitopes of chicken ovomucoid (Gal d 1) induce T cell secretion of IL-6, IL-13, and IFN-gamma.","date":"2001","source":"Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11422162","citation_count":53,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"8758930","id":"PMC_8758930","title":"Inhibition of proliferation and clonal growth of human breast cancer cells by interleukin 13.","date":"1996","source":"Cancer research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8758930","citation_count":52,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6150726","id":"PMC_6150726","title":"Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of microtubule protein: evidence for a second colchicine site involved in the inhibition of microtubule assembly.","date":"1984","source":"Biochemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6150726","citation_count":51,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"17868461","id":"PMC_17868461","title":"Inverse association of plasma IL-13 and inflammatory chemokines with lung function impairment in stable COPD: a cross-sectional cohort study.","date":"2007","source":"Respiratory research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17868461","citation_count":50,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"12452862","id":"PMC_12452862","title":"Increased frequency of intracellular interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-10, but not IL-4, expressing CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral T cells of patients with atopic dermatitis.","date":"2002","source":"The British journal of dermatology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12452862","citation_count":49,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"18462949","id":"PMC_18462949","title":"Ric-8B interacts with G alpha olf and G gamma 13 and co-localizes with G alpha olf, G beta 1 and G gamma 13 in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons.","date":"2008","source":"Molecular and cellular neurosciences","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18462949","citation_count":49,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"22999921","id":"PMC_22999921","title":"Neurotransmissions of antidepressant-like effects of kisspeptin-13.","date":"2012","source":"Regulatory peptides","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22999921","citation_count":48,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7594575","id":"PMC_7594575","title":"Peptide-induced anergy in allergen-specific human Th2 cells results in lack of cytokine production and B cell help for IgE synthesis. Reversal by IL-2, not by IL-4 or IL-13.","date":"1995","source":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7594575","citation_count":48,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"15155729","id":"PMC_15155729","title":"The CXC chemokine receptor encoded by herpesvirus saimiri, ECRF3, shows ligand-regulated signaling through Gi, Gq, and G12/13 proteins but constitutive signaling only through Gi and G12/13 proteins.","date":"2004","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15155729","citation_count":44,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"26684629","id":"PMC_26684629","title":"CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells, Th1 (CCR5, IL-2, IFN-γ) and Th2 (CCR4, IL-4, Il-13) type chemokine receptors and intracellular cytokines in children with common variable immunodeficiency.","date":"2015","source":"International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26684629","citation_count":42,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"11714828","id":"PMC_11714828","title":"IL-13 fusion cytotoxin ameliorates chronic fungal-induced allergic airway disease in mice.","date":"2001","source":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11714828","citation_count":41,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"21228337","id":"PMC_21228337","title":"Phagocyte-like NADPH oxidase generates ROS in INS 832/13 cells and rat islets: role of protein prenylation.","date":"2011","source":"American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21228337","citation_count":41,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"8627525","id":"PMC_8627525","title":"Characterization of the cloned HEL cell thromboxane A2 receptor: evidence that the affinity state can be altered by G alpha 13 and G alpha q.","date":"1996","source":"The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8627525","citation_count":39,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"10488151","id":"PMC_10488151","title":"Cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of thromboxane A(2) receptor-associated Galpha(13).","date":"1999","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10488151","citation_count":38,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"12218103","id":"PMC_12218103","title":"Th2 activities induced during virgin T cell priming in the absence of IL-4, IL-13, and B cells.","date":"2002","source":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12218103","citation_count":36,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"12203364","id":"PMC_12203364","title":"Involvement of both extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-jun N-terminal kinase pathways in the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced upregulation of p21(Cip1) in colon cancer cells.","date":"2002","source":"Molecular carcinogenesis","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12203364","citation_count":36,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"23348107","id":"PMC_23348107","title":"The action of kisspeptin-13 on passive avoidance learning in mice. Involvement of transmitters.","date":"2013","source":"Behavioural brain research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23348107","citation_count":35,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"30954534","id":"PMC_30954534","title":"The effect of apelin-13 on pancreatic islet beta cell mass and myocardial fatty acid and glucose metabolism of experimental type 2 diabetic rats.","date":"2019","source":"Peptides","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30954534","citation_count":33,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"30446620","id":"PMC_30446620","title":"Gβγ signaling to the chemotactic effector P-REX1 and mammalian cell migration is directly regulated by Gαq and Gα13 proteins.","date":"2018","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30446620","citation_count":31,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"10447735","id":"PMC_10447735","title":"Regulatory effects of Th1-type (IFN-gamma, IL-12) and Th2-type cytokines (IL-10, IL-13) on parasite-specific cellular responsiveness in Onchocerca volvulus-infected humans and exposed endemic controls.","date":"1999","source":"Immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10447735","citation_count":31,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"11675383","id":"PMC_11675383","title":"G beta association and effector interaction selectivities of the divergent G gamma subunit G gamma(13).","date":"2001","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11675383","citation_count":30,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"29796244","id":"PMC_29796244","title":"9- and 13-HODE regulate fatty acid binding protein-4 in human macrophages, but does not involve HODE/GPR132 axis in PPAR-γ regulation of FABP4.","date":"2018","source":"Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29796244","citation_count":30,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6203758","id":"PMC_6203758","title":"Immune response against the T-independent antigen alpha (1----3) dextran. II. Occurrence of B gamma memory cells in the course of immunization with the native polysaccharide is T cell dependent.","date":"1984","source":"European journal of immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6203758","citation_count":29,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"26365358","id":"PMC_26365358","title":"Interleukin-13 affects the epithelial sodium channel in the intestine by coordinated modulation of STAT6 and p38 MAPK activity.","date":"2015","source":"The Journal of physiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26365358","citation_count":28,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"25586578","id":"PMC_25586578","title":"Characterization of an omega-6 linoleate lipoxygenase from Burkholderia thailandensis and its application in the production of 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid.","date":"2015","source":"Applied microbiology and biotechnology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25586578","citation_count":26,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"10999756","id":"PMC_10999756","title":"Topical delivery of 13-cis-retinoic acid by inhalation up-regulates expression of rodent lung but not liver retinoic acid receptors.","date":"2000","source":"Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10999756","citation_count":26,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"30568036","id":"PMC_30568036","title":"The Gα12/13-coupled receptor LPA4 limits proper adipose tissue expansion and remodeling in diet-induced obesity.","date":"2018","source":"JCI insight","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568036","citation_count":25,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7509129","id":"PMC_7509129","title":"Brequinar sodium, mycophenolic acid, and cyclosporin A inhibit different stages of IL-4- or IL-13-induced human IgG4 and IgE production in vitro.","date":"1993","source":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7509129","citation_count":23,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"16083802","id":"PMC_16083802","title":"Infant home endotoxin is associated with reduced allergen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and IL-13 production in childhood.","date":"2005","source":"The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16083802","citation_count":22,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"24006487","id":"PMC_24006487","title":"Drosophila Ric-8 interacts with the Gα12/13 subunit, Concertina, during activation of the Folded gastrulation pathway.","date":"2013","source":"Molecular biology of the cell","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24006487","citation_count":20,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"21347999","id":"PMC_21347999","title":"Downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 by the root extract of Cyathula officinalis Kuan and its constituents in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes.","date":"2011","source":"Planta medica","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21347999","citation_count":19,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"34665640","id":"PMC_34665640","title":"The GABAB receptor mediates neuroprotection by coupling to G13.","date":"2021","source":"Science signaling","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34665640","citation_count":18,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"9671570","id":"PMC_9671570","title":"Subchronic (13-week) oral toxicity study of gamma-cyclodextrin in dogs.","date":"1998","source":"Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9671570","citation_count":17,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"12562387","id":"PMC_12562387","title":"Benzylpenicillin differentially conjugates to IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-4 and IL-13 but selectively reduces IFN-gamma activity.","date":"2003","source":"Clinical and experimental immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12562387","citation_count":17,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"34666785","id":"PMC_34666785","title":"Inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1-3 deteriorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing oxidative stress.","date":"2021","source":"Journal of neuroinflammation","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34666785","citation_count":17,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"31296924","id":"PMC_31296924","title":"Fibrogenesis in Chronic DSS Colitis is Not Influenced by Neutralisation of Regulatory T Cells, of Major T Helper Cytokines or Absence of IL-13.","date":"2019","source":"Scientific reports","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31296924","citation_count":17,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"20696056","id":"PMC_20696056","title":"Immunoglobulin GM 3 23 5,13,14 phenotype is strongly associated with IgG1 antibody responses to Plasmodium vivax vaccine candidate antigens PvMSP1-19 and PvAMA-1.","date":"2010","source":"Malaria journal","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20696056","citation_count":17,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"2499943","id":"PMC_2499943","title":"Differential effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate on GTP gamma S-induced diacylglycerol formation and arachidonic acid liberation in saponin-permeabilized rabbit platelets.","date":"1989","source":"Thrombosis research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2499943","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"30774627","id":"PMC_30774627","title":"13C-Metabolic Flux Analysis Reveals the Metabolic Flux Redistribution for Enhanced Production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid in dlt Over-Expressed Bacillus licheniformis.","date":"2019","source":"Frontiers in microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30774627","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"20017196","id":"PMC_20017196","title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1419 encodes a secreted 13 kDa lectin with immunological reactivity during human tuberculosis.","date":"2010","source":"European journal of immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20017196","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"28443674","id":"PMC_28443674","title":"Perinatal Bacterial Exposure Contributes to IL-13 Aeroallergen Response.","date":"2017","source":"American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28443674","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"29569714","id":"PMC_29569714","title":"Unexpected involvement of IL-13 signalling via a STAT6 independent mechanism during murine IgG2a development following viral vaccination.","date":"2018","source":"European journal of immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29569714","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"1715761","id":"PMC_1715761","title":"Negative regulation of interleukin-2 production in primary lymphocytes by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.","date":"1991","source":"Lymphokine and cytokine research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1715761","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"17598088","id":"PMC_17598088","title":"In vitro pharmacological characterisation of a novel cyclic nociceptin/orphanin FQ analogue c[Cys(7,10)]N/OFQ(1-13)NH (2).","date":"2007","source":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17598088","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"18155002","id":"PMC_18155002","title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced oxygen free radical generation in smooth muscle cell migration requires Galpha12/13 protein-mediated phospholipase C activation.","date":"2007","source":"Journal of vascular surgery","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18155002","citation_count":12,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"15668183","id":"PMC_15668183","title":"Synthesis of (13)C-labeled gamma-hydroxybutyrates for EPR studies with 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase.","date":"2005","source":"Bioorganic chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15668183","citation_count":12,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"23160341","id":"PMC_23160341","title":"1-Oxoeudesm-11(13)-eno-12,8a-lactone induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis of human glioblastoma cells in vitro.","date":"2012","source":"Acta pharmacologica Sinica","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23160341","citation_count":11,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"12541065","id":"PMC_12541065","title":"Cyclosporin A-mediated killing of Leishmania major by macrophages is independent of reactive nitrogen and endogenous TNF-alpha and is not inhibited by IL-10 and 13.","date":"2002","source":"Parasitology research","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12541065","citation_count":11,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"35944459","id":"PMC_35944459","title":"Concerted regulation of OPG/RANKL/ NF‑κB/MMP-13 trajectories contribute to ameliorative capability of prodigiosin and/or low dose γ-radiation against adjuvant- induced arthritis in rats.","date":"2022","source":"International immunopharmacology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35944459","citation_count":10,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"21346419","id":"PMC_21346419","title":"Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase facilitates glucose-induced Rac1 activation, ROS generation and insulin secretion in INS 832/13 β-cells.","date":"2011","source":"Islets","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21346419","citation_count":10,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"24136026","id":"PMC_24136026","title":"Long-term survival (>13 years) in a child with recurrent diffuse pontine gliosarcoma: a case report.","date":"2014","source":"Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24136026","citation_count":10,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"19275928","id":"PMC_19275928","title":"Subchronic (13-week) oral toxicity study of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) oil in rats.","date":"2009","source":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19275928","citation_count":10,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"19037801","id":"PMC_19037801","title":"Studies of the toxicological potential of capsinoids: VII. A 13-week toxicity study of dihydrocapsiate in rats.","date":"2008","source":"International journal of toxicology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19037801","citation_count":10,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"26692783","id":"PMC_26692783","title":"Probiotic and cultural characteristic of strain Lactobacillus gasseri 4/13 of human origin.","date":"2014","source":"Biotechnology, biotechnological equipment","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26692783","citation_count":7,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"36216558","id":"PMC_36216558","title":"Immunogenicity and protection against Glaesserella parasuis serotype 13 infection after vaccination with recombinant protein LolA in mice.","date":"2022","source":"The Journal of veterinary medical science","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36216558","citation_count":4,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"29532980","id":"PMC_29532980","title":"The effect of splenectomy on the levels of PCV-13-induced memory B- and T cells.","date":"2018","source":"International journal of clinical practice","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29532980","citation_count":4,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"21035360","id":"PMC_21035360","title":"Molecular identification of the novel Gγ-β hybrid hemoglobin: Hb Gγ-β Ulsan (Gγ through 13; β from 19).","date":"2010","source":"Blood cells, molecules & diseases","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21035360","citation_count":4,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"38862963","id":"PMC_38862963","title":"Clinical features and ALDH5A1 gene findings in 13 Chinese cases with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.","date":"2024","source":"BMC medical genomics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38862963","citation_count":3,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"41002435","id":"PMC_41002435","title":"Frog Skin Antimicrobial Peptide 3-13 and Its Analogs Alleviate Atherosclerosis Cholesterol Accumulation in Foam Cells via PPARγ Signaling Pathway.","date":"2025","source":"Cells","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41002435","citation_count":3,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7980550","id":"PMC_7980550","title":"Rapid isolation of G alpha 13 from bovine brain membranes: supportive effect of ethylene glycol.","date":"1994","source":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7980550","citation_count":3,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"36166739","id":"PMC_36166739","title":"Distribution of 22 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in 13 Cytokine Genes in Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia.","date":"2022","source":"Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36166739","citation_count":1,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"23111684","id":"PMC_23111684","title":"Theoretical investigation of a novel high density cage compound 4,8,11,14,15-pentanitro-2,6,9,13-tetraoxa-4,8,11,14,15-pentaazaheptacyclo[5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane.","date":"2012","source":"Journal of molecular modeling","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23111684","citation_count":1,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"88898","id":"PMC_88898","title":"Diagnostic dilemma of a 13-month-old boy with 'late-onset' combined immunodeficiency.","date":"1979","source":"American journal of diseases of children (1960)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/88898","citation_count":1,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"21607865","id":"PMC_21607865","title":"Determining the activation of rho as an index of receptor coupling to G₁₂/₁₃ proteins.","date":"2011","source":"Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21607865","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"36632325","id":"PMC_36632325","title":"Impact of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in glycogen storage disease type Ib: A single-subject research design using 13C-glucose breath test.","date":"2023","source":"Molecular genetics and metabolism reports","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36632325","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"12508677","id":"PMC_12508677","title":"[Effect of interferon inductors on infection induced by hepatitis C virus and activity of mRNA cytokines in cell cultures SW-13 and MT-4].","date":"2002","source":"Voprosy virusologii","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12508677","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false}],"cost":{"stage1":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","input_tokens":51182,"output_tokens":1440,"usd":0.087573,"stage1_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"stage2":{"model":"claude-opus-4-8","input_tokens":7644,"output_tokens":1673,"usd":0.040023,"stage2_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"total_usd":0.127596,"stage1_batch_id":"msgbatch_01DUPACZi7AAWwuZiUjseQF4","stage2_batch_id":"msgbatch_018yt7chE3f48PEFtDwtj6AE","note":"batch pricing = 50% of standard"},"stage1_raw":"Looking through the 87 papers, I need to identify which ones are about GNG13 (G protein gamma subunit 13, also known as Gγ13, G(gamma)13, h2-35).\n\nMost papers are clearly about other topics: IL-13 (the cytokine), carbon-13 NMR, various \"13\" numbered compounds, kisspeptin-13, etc. These are symbol/number collisions and should be excluded.\n\nThe relevant papers for GNG13 (the Gγ13 G protein subunit) are:\n- PMID:12454992 (Huang et al., 2003) — Ggamma13 in retinal bipolar cells\n- PMID:18462949 (Kerr et al., 2008) — Ric-8B interacts with Ggamma13\n- PMID:11675383 (Blake et al., 2001) — Gβ association and effector interactions of Gγ13\n\nLet me also check for any others:\n- PMID:7980550 (Harhammer et al., 1994) — This is about Gα13, not Gγ13\n- Papers about Gα12/13 signaling (PMID:7559569, 11590141, 16388592, etc.) are about Gα13, not Gγ13\n\n```json\n{\n  \"discoveries\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2001,\n      \"finding\": \"Gγ13 associates with all five Gβ subunits (Gβ1–5) upon co-translation in vitro, but under stringent co-immunoprecipitation conditions only Gβ1/Gγ13, Gβ3/Gγ13, and Gβ4/Gγ13 form stable dimers. Multiple Gβ/Gγ13 pairings are functional in modulating Kir3.1/3.4 (GIRK1/4) potassium channels, N-type (α1B) calcium channels, PLCβ2 activation, and inhibition of Gαq-stimulated PLCβ1 activity in cellular assays, demonstrating that Gγ13 can participate in signal transduction beyond taste reception.\",\n      \"method\": \"In vitro co-translation, co-immunoprecipitation under high-detergent conditions, Xenopus oocyte electrophysiology (channel modulation), cellular PLC activity assays\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of biological chemistry\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1–2 / Strong — multiple orthogonal methods (in vitro co-translation, reciprocal co-IP, channel electrophysiology, PLC assays) in a single rigorous study establishing both binding selectivity and functional effector coupling\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"11675383\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2003,\n      \"finding\": \"Gγ13 is selectively expressed in rod bipolar cells and ON cone bipolar cells of the retina, where it is co-localized in dendrites with Gαo. Single-cell RT-PCR showed that Gβ3, Gβ4, and Gγ13 are co-expressed in ON bipolar cells but not in OFF bipolar cells, implicating Gγ13 as a selective component of ON bipolar cell signal transduction.\",\n      \"method\": \"Immunohistochemistry in transgenic GFP-reporter mice, single-cell RT-PCR with cDNA probes, patch-clamp recordings to confirm ON physiology\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of comparative neurology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Strong — reciprocal localization by immunohistochemistry and single-cell PCR with electrophysiological confirmation of cell type identity; multiple orthogonal methods in one rigorous study\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"12454992\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2008,\n      \"finding\": \"Ric-8B, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), physically interacts with Gγ13 and co-localizes with Gγ13, Gαolf, and Gβ1 in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons, implicating Gγ13 as a component of odorant signal transduction machinery in the olfactory cilia.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation (Ric-8B with Gγ13), immunofluorescence localization in olfactory sensory neuron cilia\",\n      \"journal\": \"Molecular and cellular neurosciences\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2–3 / Moderate — co-IP interaction plus co-localization by immunofluorescence, single lab, two complementary methods but no in vitro reconstitution or mutagenesis\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"18462949\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    }\n  ],\n  \"current_model\": \"GNG13 (Gγ13) is a divergent G protein gamma subunit that forms functional Gβγ heterodimers preferentially with Gβ1, Gβ3, and Gβ4; these complexes modulate GIRK and N-type calcium channels and PLCβ activity; Gγ13 is selectively expressed in retinal ON bipolar cell dendrites (co-localizing with Gαo, Gβ3, and Gβ4) and in olfactory sensory neuron cilia (where it interacts with the GEF Ric-8B and co-localizes with Gαolf), placing it at the effector interface of both retinal ON-pathway and olfactory signal transduction.\"\n}\n```","stage2_raw":"{\n  \"mechanistic_narrative\": \"GNG13 (Gγ13) is a G protein gamma subunit that forms functional Gβγ heterodimers and operates at the effector interface of sensory signal transduction in retinal and olfactory neurons [#0, #1]. It associates selectively with Gβ1, Gβ3, and Gβ4 to form stable dimers, and these complexes modulate GIRK1/4 (Kir3.1/3.4) potassium channels, N-type (α1B) calcium channels, and PLCβ activity, demonstrating effector coupling beyond taste reception [#0]. In the retina, Gγ13 is selectively expressed in rod and ON cone bipolar cells, co-localizing in dendrites with Gαo and co-expressed with Gβ3 and Gβ4, marking it as a component of the ON bipolar cell signaling pathway [#1]. In olfactory sensory neuron cilia, Gγ13 physically interacts with the GEF Ric-8B and co-localizes with Gαolf and Gβ1, placing it within the odorant signal transduction machinery [#2].\",\n  \"teleology\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2001,\n      \"claim\": \"Establishing which Gβ partners Gγ13 binds and whether the resulting dimers couple to effectors defined Gγ13 as a broadly competent signaling subunit rather than a taste-restricted one.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"In vitro co-translation and stringent co-IP to map Gβ selectivity, plus Xenopus oocyte electrophysiology and cellular PLC assays for effector coupling\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"11675383\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Endogenous Gβ partner usage in native tissues not resolved\",\n        \"No structural model of the Gβγ13 interface\",\n        \"Receptor coupling specificity not defined\"\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2003,\n      \"claim\": \"Localizing Gγ13 to ON bipolar cell dendrites with Gαo and co-expressed Gβ3/Gβ4 tied the subunit to a specific retinal signal transduction cell type.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Immunohistochemistry in GFP-reporter mice, single-cell RT-PCR, and patch-clamp confirmation of ON physiology\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"12454992\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Functional requirement of Gγ13 for ON bipolar responses not tested by loss-of-function\",\n        \"Receptor and downstream effector in this pathway not identified\"\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2008,\n      \"claim\": \"Identifying a physical interaction with the GEF Ric-8B and co-localization with Gαolf placed Gγ13 within the olfactory cilia signaling apparatus.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation of Ric-8B with Gγ13 and immunofluorescence localization in olfactory sensory neuron cilia\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"18462949\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Co-IP without reciprocal validation or in vitro reconstitution\",\n        \"Functional consequence of the Ric-8B interaction for odorant signaling not demonstrated\",\n        \"No mutagenesis mapping the interaction interface\"\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": null,\n      \"claim\": \"Whether Gγ13 is functionally required in vivo for retinal ON-pathway or olfactory signaling, and how its Gβ partner choice is determined in native cells, remains unresolved.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"\",\n      \"pmids\": [],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"No loss-of-function or knockout phenotype in the corpus\",\n        \"Native receptor–Gαβγ13–effector chains not reconstituted\"\n      ]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"mechanism_profile\": {\n    \"molecular_activity\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0060089\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0098772\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0]}\n    ],\n    \"localization\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005929\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [2]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005886\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0, 1]}\n    ],\n    \"pathway\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"R-HSA-162582\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0, 1, 2]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"R-HSA-9709957\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [1, 2]}\n    ],\n    \"complexes\": [\"G protein heterotrimer (Gβγ dimer)\"],\n    \"partners\": [\"GNB1\", \"GNB3\", \"GNB4\", \"RIC8B\", \"GNAO1\", \"GNAL\"],\n    \"other_free_text\": []\n  }\n}","audit_flag":null,"evaluation":{"pairwise":"win","faith_supported":3,"faith_total":4,"faith_pct":75.0}}