{"gene":"EMB","run_date":"2026-06-09T23:54:43","timeline":{"discoveries":[{"year":2005,"finding":"Embigin (gp70/EMB) is the ancillary protein for monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2), distinct from CD147 (basigin) which chaperones MCT1 and MCT4. MCT2 co-immunoprecipitates with gp70, and this interaction was confirmed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CFP- and YFP-tagged MCT2 and gp70. Unlike MCT1/CD147, the MCT2/gp70 complex is insensitive to organomercurial inhibition by pCMBS, and rat erythrocytes (where MCT1 interacts with gp70 rather than CD147) are also pCMBS-insensitive, demonstrating that ancillary protein identity determines MCT catalytic sensitivity.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation, FRET between fluorescent protein-tagged constructs, site-directed mutagenesis of CD147, organomercurial inhibition assays in cells and erythrocytes","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1–2 / Strong — reciprocal Co-IP, FRET confirmation, mutagenesis, and functional transport assays across multiple cell systems in one rigorous study","pmids":["15917240"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2018,"finding":"Embigin (GP70/EMB) directly binds carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) via its extracellular Ig1 domain, and this interaction is required for CAIV-mediated facilitation of MCT transport activity. In rat GP70, the binding site was identified as Arg-130 in the Ig1 domain, which forms a hydrogen bond with His-88 of CAIV (the same residue involved in CAIV's intramolecular proton shuttle). Mutation of these residues abolishes the functional facilitation of MCT-mediated lactate/pyruvate transport.","method":"Pulldown experiments, site-directed mutagenesis of GP70 and CAIV, physiological transport measurements in HEK-293 cells and Xenopus oocytes","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1–2 / Strong — direct binding confirmed by pulldown, mutagenesis identifying specific residues, and functional transport assays in two independent expression systems","pmids":["30446621"],"is_preprint":false}],"current_model":"EMBIGIN (EMB/GP70) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as an obligate ancillary protein for monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2), chaperoning it to the plasma membrane and maintaining its catalytic activity, and also directly binds carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) via Arg-130 in its extracellular Ig1 domain to facilitate proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport."},"narrative":{"mechanistic_narrative":"EMBIGIN (EMB/GP70) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that acts as the dedicated ancillary protein for monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2), forming a complex distinct from the CD147/basigin partnership that supports MCT1 and MCT4 [PMID:15917240]. The identity of this ancillary protein determines the catalytic properties of the transporter it serves: the MCT2/EMB complex is insensitive to organomercurial inhibition by pCMBS, and rat erythrocytes in which MCT1 associates with EMB rather than CD147 are likewise pCMBS-insensitive, establishing that EMB dictates MCT functional behavior [PMID:15917240]. EMB further supports proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport by directly binding carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) through Arg-130 in its extracellular Ig1 domain, which hydrogen-bonds to His-88 of CAIV—the residue central to CAIV's intramolecular proton shuttle—and this interaction is required for CAIV-mediated facilitation of MCT lactate/pyruvate transport [PMID:30446621]. Beyond its role in chaperoning MCT2 and bridging CAIV to enable proton-coupled transport, no further mechanistic detail has been characterized in the available corpus.","teleology":[{"year":2005,"claim":"It was unknown which ancillary protein supports MCT2; this work established EMB/GP70 as the dedicated partner distinct from CD147 and showed that ancillary-protein identity, not the transporter alone, sets MCT catalytic sensitivity.","evidence":"Co-immunoprecipitation and FRET between fluorescent-tagged MCT2 and GP70, with organomercurial (pCMBS) inhibition assays across cell lines and rat erythrocytes","pmids":["15917240"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Structural basis of the MCT2/EMB interface not resolved","Stoichiometry and trafficking mechanism of complex assembly not defined","Whether EMB performs functions independent of MCT chaperoning not addressed"]},{"year":2018,"claim":"How EMB contributes to proton-coupled transport was unclear; this work showed EMB directly recruits carbonic anhydrase IV via a specific Ig1-domain residue, linking the proton-handling enzyme to the transporter.","evidence":"Pulldown assays, site-directed mutagenesis of GP70 (Arg-130) and CAIV (His-88), and transport measurements in HEK-293 cells and Xenopus oocytes","pmids":["30446621"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Interaction mapped in rat GP70; conservation of Arg-130 contact in human EMB not established","No high-resolution structure of the EMB–CAIV interface","Quantitative contribution of CAIV recruitment versus chaperone function to net transport not separated"]},{"year":null,"claim":"Whether EMB has roles beyond MCT chaperoning and CAIV recruitment, including any developmental or signaling function, remains unaddressed in the available corpus.","evidence":"","pmids":[],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["No data on EMB function outside the MCT/CAIV context","Tissue-specific roles not characterized","No structural model of full-length EMB"]}],"mechanism_profile":{"molecular_activity":[{"term_id":"GO:0098772","term_label":"molecular function regulator activity","supporting_discovery_ids":[0,1]},{"term_id":"GO:0060090","term_label":"molecular adaptor activity","supporting_discovery_ids":[0,1]}],"localization":[{"term_id":"GO:0005886","term_label":"plasma membrane","supporting_discovery_ids":[0]}],"pathway":[{"term_id":"R-HSA-382551","term_label":"Transport of small molecules","supporting_discovery_ids":[0,1]}],"complexes":["MCT2/embigin complex"],"partners":["SLC16A7","SLC16A1","CA4"],"other_free_text":[]}},"prefetch_data":{"uniprot":{"accession":"Q6PCB8","full_name":"Embigin","aliases":[],"length_aa":327,"mass_kda":36.9,"function":"Plays a role in the outgrowth of motoneurons and in the formation of neuromuscular junctions. Following muscle denervation, promotes nerve terminal sprouting and the formation of additional acetylcholine receptor clusters at synaptic sites without affecting terminal Schwann cell number or morphology. Delays the retraction of terminal sprouts following re-innervation of denervated endplates. May play a role in targeting the monocarboxylate transporters SLC16A1, SLC16A6 and SLC16A7 to the cell membrane (By similarity)","subcellular_location":"Cell membrane; Synapse","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6PCB8/entry"},"depmap":{"release":"DepMap","has_data":true,"is_common_essential":false,"resolved_as":"","url":"https://depmap.org/portal/gene/EMB","classification":"Not Classified","n_dependent_lines":2,"n_total_lines":1208,"dependency_fraction":0.0016556291390728477},"opencell":{"profiled":false,"resolved_as":"","ensg_id":"","cell_line_id":"","localizations":[],"interactors":[{"gene":"SLC16A1","stoichiometry":0.2}],"url":"https://opencell.sf.czbiohub.org/search/EMB","total_profiled":1310},"omim":[{"mim_id":"618043","title":"POU DOMAIN, CLASS 6, TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1; POU6F1","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/618043"},{"mim_id":"615669","title":"EMBIGIN; EMB","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/615669"},{"mim_id":"613381","title":"CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE; CBS","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/613381"},{"mim_id":"607093","title":"5,10-@METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; MTHFR","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/607093"},{"mim_id":"603880","title":"SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 16 (MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID TRANSPORTER), MEMBER 6; SLC16A6","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/603880"}],"hpa":{"profiled":true,"resolved_as":"","reliability":"","locations":[],"tissue_specificity":"Tissue enhanced","tissue_distribution":"Detected in all","driving_tissues":[{"tissue":"bone marrow","ntpm":161.1}],"url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/search/EMB"},"hgnc":{"alias_symbol":["MGC71745","GP70"],"prev_symbol":[]},"alphafold":{"accession":"Q6PCB8","domains":[{"cath_id":"2.60.40.10","chopping":"58-158","consensus_level":"high","plddt":93.4386,"start":58,"end":158},{"cath_id":"2.60.40.10","chopping":"162-257","consensus_level":"high","plddt":89.8366,"start":162,"end":257}],"viewer_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q6PCB8","model_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/files/AF-Q6PCB8-F1-model_v6.cif","pae_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/files/AF-Q6PCB8-F1-predicted_aligned_error_v6.png","plddt_mean":77.5},"mouse_models":{"mgi_url":"https://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/summary?nomen=EMB","jax_strain_url":"https://www.jax.org/strain/search?query=EMB"},"sequence":{"accession":"Q6PCB8","fasta_url":"https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6PCB8.fasta","uniprot_url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6PCB8/entry","alphafold_viewer_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q6PCB8"}},"corpus_meta":[{"pmid":"9142129","id":"PMC_9142129","title":"The emb operon, a gene cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis involved in resistance to ethambutol.","date":"1997","source":"Nature medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9142129","citation_count":335,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7685404","id":"PMC_7685404","title":"Humoral immune response to hypervariable region 1 of the putative envelope glycoprotein (gp70) of hepatitis C virus.","date":"1993","source":"Journal of virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7685404","citation_count":332,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"193039","id":"PMC_193039","title":"Polymorphism of the major envelope glycoprotein (gp70) of murine C-type viruses: virion associated and differentiation antigens encoded by a multi-gene family.","date":"1977","source":"Nature","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/193039","citation_count":275,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"15917240","id":"PMC_15917240","title":"Basigin (CD147) is the target for organomercurial inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter isoforms 1 and 4: the ancillary protein for the insensitive MCT2 is EMBIGIN (gp70).","date":"2005","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15917240","citation_count":255,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"221610","id":"PMC_221610","title":"Association of circulating retroviral gp70-anti-gp70 immune complexes with murine systemic lupus erythematosus.","date":"1979","source":"The Journal of experimental medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/221610","citation_count":209,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"90166","id":"PMC_90166","title":"Characterization of a protein found in cells infected with the spleen focus-forming virus that shares immunological cross-reactivity with the gp70 found in mink cell focus-inducing virus particles.","date":"1979","source":"Journal of virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/90166","citation_count":134,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"3755142","id":"PMC_3755142","title":"Monoclonal antibody to macrophages (EMB/11) labels macrophages and microglial cells in human brain.","date":"1986","source":"Journal of clinical pathology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3755142","citation_count":128,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"8476425","id":"PMC_8476425","title":"Structure and expression of novel protein-tyrosine kinases, Emb and Emt, in hematopoietic cells.","date":"1993","source":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8476425","citation_count":122,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"14507364","id":"PMC_14507364","title":"The Emb proteins of mycobacteria direct arabinosylation of lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan via an N-terminal recognition region and a C-terminal synthetic region.","date":"2003","source":"Molecular microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14507364","citation_count":117,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"16040600","id":"PMC_16040600","title":"Deletion of Cg-emb in corynebacterianeae leads to a novel truncated cell wall arabinogalactan, whereas inactivation of Cg-ubiA results in an arabinan-deficient mutant with a cell wall galactan core.","date":"2005","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16040600","citation_count":114,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"10749938","id":"PMC_10749938","title":"EMB-30: an APC4 homologue required for metaphase-to-anaphase transitions during meiosis and mitosis in Caenorhabditis elegans.","date":"2000","source":"Molecular biology of the cell","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10749938","citation_count":113,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"1744218","id":"PMC_1744218","title":"Production of monoclonal antibodies reactive with a denatured form of the Friend murine leukemia virus gp70 envelope protein: use in a focal infectivity assay, immunohistochemical studies, electron microscopy and western blotting.","date":"1991","source":"Journal of virological 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IV. Contribution of NZB and NZW genes to the spontaneous occurrence of retroviral gp70 immune complexes in (NZB X NZW)F1 hybrid and the correlation to renal disease.","date":"1983","source":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6217253","citation_count":102,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"24116065","id":"PMC_24116065","title":"Differences in cell morphometry, cell wall topography and gp70 expression correlate with the virulence of Sporothrix brasiliensis clinical isolates.","date":"2013","source":"PloS one","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24116065","citation_count":99,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6308646","id":"PMC_6308646","title":"Envelope gene of the Friend spleen focus-forming virus: deletion and insertions in 3' gp70/p15E-encoding region have resulted in unique features in the primary structure of its protein product.","date":"1983","source":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6308646","citation_count":99,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"9032341","id":"PMC_9032341","title":"Functional dissection of the Moloney murine leukemia virus envelope protein gp70.","date":"1997","source":"Journal of virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9032341","citation_count":98,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6934525","id":"PMC_6934525","title":"Malignancies of metastatic murine lymphosarcoma cell lines and clones correlate with decreased cell surface display of RNA tumor virus envelope glycoprotein gp70.","date":"1980","source":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6934525","citation_count":95,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7264564","id":"PMC_7264564","title":"Retroviral gp70 immune complexes in NZB x NZW F2 mice with murine lupus nephritis.","date":"1981","source":"The Journal of experimental medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7264564","citation_count":86,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6969775","id":"PMC_6969775","title":"Selective suppression of retroviral gp70-anti-gp70 immune complex formation by prostaglandin E1 in murine systemic lupus erythematosus.","date":"1980","source":"The Journal of experimental medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6969775","citation_count":81,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7539508","id":"PMC_7539508","title":"Occurrence of antibodies reactive with more than one variant of the putative envelope glycoprotein (gp70) hypervariable region 1 in viremic hepatitis C virus-infected patients.","date":"1995","source":"Journal of virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7539508","citation_count":71,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"2582053","id":"PMC_2582053","title":"Distinct proliferative T cell clonotypes are generated in response to a murine retrovirus-induced syngeneic T cell leukemia: viral gp70 antigen-specific MT4+ clones and Lyt-2+ cytolytic clones which recognize a tumor-specific cell surface antigen.","date":"1985","source":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2582053","citation_count":69,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"14573675","id":"PMC_14573675","title":"Characterization of gp70 and anti-gp70 monoclonal antibodies in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis pathogenesis.","date":"2003","source":"Infection and immunity","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14573675","citation_count":66,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6192586","id":"PMC_6192586","title":"Cellular expression of murine leukemia virus gp70-related antigen on thymocytes of uninfected mice correlates with Fv-4 gene-controlled resistance to Friend leukemia virus infection.","date":"1983","source":"Virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6192586","citation_count":66,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"2950197","id":"PMC_2950197","title":"Parallel sets of autoantibodies in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. 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T cell proliferative responses against gp70 are associated with the production of a lymphokine inducing 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in splenic lymphocytes.","date":"1981","source":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6795277","citation_count":41,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6933501","id":"PMC_6933501","title":"Molecular dissection of Rauscher virus gp70 by using monoclonal antibodies: localization of acquired sequences of related envelope gene recombinants.","date":"1980","source":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6933501","citation_count":41,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"8391108","id":"PMC_8391108","title":"emb-5, a gene required for the correct timing of gut precursor cell division during gastrulation in Caenorhabditis elegans, encodes a protein similar to the yeast nuclear protein SPT6.","date":"1993","source":"Molecular & general 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chaperones CD147 and GP70.","date":"2018","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30446621","citation_count":32,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6154154","id":"PMC_6154154","title":"Effect of chemical modification and fragmentation on antigenic determinants of internal protein p30 and surface glycoprotein gp70 of type C retroviruses.","date":"1980","source":"Journal of virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6154154","citation_count":32,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6178839","id":"PMC_6178839","title":"MCF-specific murine monoclonal antibodies made against AKR-247 MCF virus recognize a unique determinant associated with the gp70-p-15(E) complex.","date":"1982","source":"Journal of virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6178839","citation_count":32,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6195293","id":"PMC_6195293","title":"Antibody directed to determinants of a Moloney virus derived MCF GP70 recognizes a thymic differentiation antigen.","date":"1983","source":"The Journal of experimental medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6195293","citation_count":32,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"56420","id":"PMC_56420","title":"X-gp70: a third molecular species of the envelope protein gp70 of murine leukemia virus, expressed on mouse lymphoid cells.","date":"1976","source":"The Journal of experimental medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/56420","citation_count":31,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"3008421","id":"PMC_3008421","title":"Relationship between the cellular resistance to Friend murine leukemia virus infection and the expression of murine leukemia virus-gp70-related glycoprotein on cell surface of BALB/c-Fv-4wr mice.","date":"1986","source":"Virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3008421","citation_count":31,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"19010731","id":"PMC_19010731","title":"emb nucleotide polymorphisms and the role of embB306 mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to ethambutol.","date":"2008","source":"International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19010731","citation_count":30,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6328520","id":"PMC_6328520","title":"Appearance of cytotoxic antibody to viral gp70 on feline lymphoma cells (FL-74) in cats during ex vivo immunoadsorption therapy: quantitation, characterization, and association with remission of disease and disappearance of viremia.","date":"1984","source":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6328520","citation_count":28,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"7027259","id":"PMC_7027259","title":"Induction of high serum levels of retroviral env gene products (gp70) in mice by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.","date":"1981","source":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7027259","citation_count":28,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"2318253","id":"PMC_2318253","title":"Identification and immunogenic properties of an 80-kDa surface antigen on a drug-treated tumor variant: relationship to MuLV gp70.","date":"1990","source":"European journal of immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2318253","citation_count":28,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"206647","id":"PMC_206647","title":"Relationships of gp70 of MuLV envelopes to gp70 components of mouse lymphocyte plasma membranes.","date":"1978","source":"The Journal of experimental medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/206647","citation_count":27,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"3954806","id":"PMC_3954806","title":"Naturally occurring antibody response to DNA is associated with the response to retroviral gp70 in autoimmune New Zealand mice.","date":"1986","source":"Arthritis and rheumatism","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3954806","citation_count":26,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"28787592","id":"PMC_28787592","title":"The Conserved Intron Binding Protein EMB-4 Plays Differential Roles in Germline Small RNA Pathways of C. elegans.","date":"2017","source":"Developmental cell","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28787592","citation_count":25,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"4060568","id":"PMC_4060568","title":"The fate of the surface protein gp70 during entry of retrovirus into mouse fibroblasts.","date":"1985","source":"Virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4060568","citation_count":25,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"30854893","id":"PMC_30854893","title":"Analysis of some immunogenic properties of the recombinant Sporothrix schenckii Gp70 expressed in Escherichia coli.","date":"2019","source":"Future microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30854893","citation_count":24,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"2835418","id":"PMC_2835418","title":"The endogenous mink cell focus-forming (MCF) gp70 linked to the Rmcf gene restricts MCF virus replication in vivo and provides partial resistance to erythroleukemia induced by Friend murine leukemia virus.","date":"1988","source":"The Journal of experimental medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2835418","citation_count":23,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"14500689","id":"PMC_14500689","title":"The Sgp3 locus on mouse chromosome 13 regulates nephritogenic gp70 autoantigen expression and predisposes to autoimmunity.","date":"2003","source":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14500689","citation_count":22,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"3856626","id":"PMC_3856626","title":"Recognition of a leukemia-related antigen by an antiidiotypic antiserum to an anti-gp70 monoclonal antibody.","date":"1985","source":"The Journal of experimental medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3856626","citation_count":22,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"432756","id":"PMC_432756","title":"Identification of a mouse gene required for binding of Rauscher MuLV envelope gp70.","date":"1979","source":"Somatic cell genetics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/432756","citation_count":21,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"28316596","id":"PMC_28316596","title":"The Efficacy of Humanized Antibody against the Sporothrix Antigen, gp70, in Promoting Phagocytosis and Reducing Disease Burden.","date":"2017","source":"Frontiers in microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28316596","citation_count":21,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6154937","id":"PMC_6154937","title":"Nucleotide sequences associated with differences in electrophoretic mobility of envelope glycoprotein gp70 and with GIX antigen phenotype of certain murine leukemia viruses.","date":"1980","source":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6154937","citation_count":21,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"2427646","id":"PMC_2427646","title":"Immunoprevention of Friend leukaemia virus-induced erythroleukaemia by vaccination with aggregated gp70.","date":"1986","source":"The Journal of general virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2427646","citation_count":20,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"3612088","id":"PMC_3612088","title":"Cleavage fragments of the retrovirus surface protein gp70 during virus entry.","date":"1987","source":"The Journal of general virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3612088","citation_count":20,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"10756024","id":"PMC_10756024","title":"Establishment of monoclonal anti-retroviral gp70 autoantibodies from MRL/lpr lupus mice and induction of glomerular gp70 deposition and pathology by transfer into non-autoimmune mice.","date":"2000","source":"Journal of virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10756024","citation_count":19,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"18684976","id":"PMC_18684976","title":"Dissection of genetic mechanisms governing the expression of serum retroviral gp70 implicated in murine lupus nephritis.","date":"2008","source":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684976","citation_count":19,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6318434","id":"PMC_6318434","title":"The feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) is related to, but distinguishable from, FeLV-C gp70.","date":"1983","source":"Virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6318434","citation_count":19,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"3282081","id":"PMC_3282081","title":"Simian retrovirus-D serotype 1 (SRV-1) envelope glycoproteins gp70 and gp20: expression in yeast cells and identification of specific antibodies in sera from monkeys that recovered from SRV-1 infection.","date":"1988","source":"Journal of virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3282081","citation_count":18,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"17028322","id":"PMC_17028322","title":"emb-4 is a conserved gene required for efficient germline-specific chromatin remodeling during Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis.","date":"2006","source":"Genetics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17028322","citation_count":17,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6733971","id":"PMC_6733971","title":"Association of elevated serum glycoprotein gp70 with increased gp70 immune complex formation and accelerated lupus nephritis in autoimmune male BXSB mice.","date":"1984","source":"Clinical and experimental immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6733971","citation_count":17,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6319752","id":"PMC_6319752","title":"Envelope gene sequence of two in vitro-generated mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia viruses which contain the entire gp70 sequence of the endogenous nonecotropic parent.","date":"1984","source":"Journal of virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6319752","citation_count":17,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"22768239","id":"PMC_22768239","title":"Minichromosome maintenance 2 bound with retroviral Gp70 is localized to cytoplasm and enhances DNA-damage-induced apoptosis.","date":"2012","source":"PloS one","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22768239","citation_count":16,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"2926325","id":"PMC_2926325","title":"A population of murine hematopoietic progenitors expresses an endogenous retroviral gp70 linked to the Rmcf gene and associated with resistance to erythroleukemia.","date":"1989","source":"The Journal of experimental medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2926325","citation_count":16,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"3005407","id":"PMC_3005407","title":"The specificity of H-2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed to AKR/Gross leukemia virus-induced tumors. III. Coordinate alterations in viral gp70 antigen expression and restoration of CTL-susceptibility to insusceptible variant tumors.","date":"1986","source":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3005407","citation_count":16,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"20619604","id":"PMC_20619604","title":"TLR-mediated up-regulation of serum retroviral gp70 is controlled by the Sgp loci of lupus-prone mice.","date":"2010","source":"Journal of autoimmunity","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20619604","citation_count":16,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6196207","id":"PMC_6196207","title":"The specificity of H-2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed to AKR/Gross leukemia virus-induced tumors. II. Altered gp70 display and production of noninfectious virus particles by an insusceptible variant tumor.","date":"1983","source":"European journal of immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6196207","citation_count":15,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"8468556","id":"PMC_8468556","title":"Mutational analysis of Moloney murine leukaemia virus surface protein gp70.","date":"1993","source":"The Journal of general virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8468556","citation_count":15,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"3349648","id":"PMC_3349648","title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of retroviral gp70 and gp70-anti-gp70 immune complexes in sera from SLE mice.","date":"1988","source":"Clinical and experimental immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3349648","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"27725812","id":"PMC_27725812","title":"Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Revealed Multifaceted Effects of Phage Protein Gp70.1 on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","date":"2016","source":"Frontiers in microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27725812","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"892937","id":"PMC_892937","title":"Solubilized TSTA and the major viral structural proteins, gp70 and p30, in the immune response to murine leukemias induced by Friend and Rauscher virus.","date":"1977","source":"International journal of cancer","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/892937","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"1374841","id":"PMC_1374841","title":"Expression and structure of serum gp70 as an acute phase protein in NZB mice.","date":"1992","source":"Molecular immunology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1374841","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6629441","id":"PMC_6629441","title":"Serum gp70 production regulated by a gene on murine chromosome 7.","date":"1983","source":"Immunogenetics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6629441","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6267093","id":"PMC_6267093","title":"ELISA for the detection and quantification of C-type viral glycoprotein (gp70) using antibodies that recognize the protein moieties of the glycoproteins.","date":"1981","source":"Journal of virological methods","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6267093","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"3027416","id":"PMC_3027416","title":"Macrophage-resistant murine simian virus 40 tumors express a retroviral type-specific gp70.","date":"1987","source":"Journal of virology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3027416","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"19825426","id":"PMC_19825426","title":"The Paracoccidioides brasiliensis gp70 antigen is encoded by a putative member of the flavoproteins monooxygenase family.","date":"2009","source":"Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19825426","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"3289803","id":"PMC_3289803","title":"Nephritogenicity and immunocytochemical localization of the 70-kilodalton glycoprotein subunit (gp70) of Heymann antigen.","date":"1988","source":"Clinical immunology and immunopathology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3289803","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"21775471","id":"PMC_21775471","title":"emb-1 encodes the APC16 subunit of the Caenorhabditis elegans anaphase-promoting complex.","date":"2011","source":"Genetics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21775471","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"1663799","id":"PMC_1663799","title":"Relationship of the aldosterone-induced protein, GP70, to the conductive Na+ channel.","date":"1991","source":"Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1663799","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6601614","id":"PMC_6601614","title":"H-2-linked regulation of serum gp70 production in mice.","date":"1983","source":"Immunogenetics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6601614","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"2478273","id":"PMC_2478273","title":"A retroviral gp70-related protein is expressed at specific stages during mouse oocyte maturation and in preimplantation embryos.","date":"1989","source":"Cell differentiation and development : the official journal of the International Society of Developmental Biologists","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2478273","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"6202815","id":"PMC_6202815","title":"Identification of a unique erythroleukemia-associated retroviral gp70 expressed during early stages of normal erythroid differentiation.","date":"1984","source":"The Journal of experimental medicine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6202815","citation_count":13,"is_preprint":false}],"cost":{"stage1":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","input_tokens":47020,"output_tokens":1151,"usd":0.079162,"stage1_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"stage2":{"model":"claude-opus-4-8","input_tokens":7200,"output_tokens":1514,"usd":0.036925,"stage2_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"total_usd":0.116087,"stage1_batch_id":"msgbatch_01AsR7g8dGTEiEw9U83bJeWn","stage2_batch_id":"msgbatch_01YV5ZyxtFNUZEjxRcpd9jzb","note":"batch pricing = 50% of standard"},"stage1_raw":"Looking at the corpus, I need to identify papers about the human/mammalian gene EMB (also known as MGC71745, GP70). Based on the HGNC aliases provided (GP70), this refers to EMBIGIN (EMB), a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as an ancillary protein for monocarboxylate transporters.\n\nThe majority of papers in this corpus describe:\n1. Mycobacterial emb genes (arabinosyltransferases) — symbol collision\n2. Murine retroviral gp70 envelope glycoprotein — different protein\n3. C. elegans emb genes (emb-1, emb-4, emb-5, emb-30) — different genes\n4. Fungal gp70 (Sporothrix, Paracoccidioides) — symbol collision\n5. HCV gp70 — different protein\n6. Phage gp70 — symbol collision\n7. Toad aldosterone-induced GP70 — potentially relevant but different species/context\n\nThe papers directly relevant to human EMBIGIN (GP70/EMB) as an ancillary protein for monocarboxylate transporters are:\n- PMID 15917240 (Wilson et al., 2005) — establishes EMB/gp70 as ancillary protein for MCT2\n- PMID 30446621 (Forero-Quintero et al., 2018) — establishes CAIV interaction with EMB/GP70\n\n```json\n{\n  \"discoveries\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2005,\n      \"finding\": \"Embigin (gp70/EMB) is the ancillary protein for monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2), distinct from CD147 (basigin) which chaperones MCT1 and MCT4. MCT2 co-immunoprecipitates with gp70, and this interaction was confirmed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CFP- and YFP-tagged MCT2 and gp70. Unlike MCT1/CD147, the MCT2/gp70 complex is insensitive to organomercurial inhibition by pCMBS, and rat erythrocytes (where MCT1 interacts with gp70 rather than CD147) are also pCMBS-insensitive, demonstrating that ancillary protein identity determines MCT catalytic sensitivity.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation, FRET between fluorescent protein-tagged constructs, site-directed mutagenesis of CD147, organomercurial inhibition assays in cells and erythrocytes\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of biological chemistry\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1–2 / Strong — reciprocal Co-IP, FRET confirmation, mutagenesis, and functional transport assays across multiple cell systems in one rigorous study\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"15917240\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2018,\n      \"finding\": \"Embigin (GP70/EMB) directly binds carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) via its extracellular Ig1 domain, and this interaction is required for CAIV-mediated facilitation of MCT transport activity. In rat GP70, the binding site was identified as Arg-130 in the Ig1 domain, which forms a hydrogen bond with His-88 of CAIV (the same residue involved in CAIV's intramolecular proton shuttle). Mutation of these residues abolishes the functional facilitation of MCT-mediated lactate/pyruvate transport.\",\n      \"method\": \"Pulldown experiments, site-directed mutagenesis of GP70 and CAIV, physiological transport measurements in HEK-293 cells and Xenopus oocytes\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of biological chemistry\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1–2 / Strong — direct binding confirmed by pulldown, mutagenesis identifying specific residues, and functional transport assays in two independent expression systems\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"30446621\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    }\n  ],\n  \"current_model\": \"EMBIGIN (EMB/GP70) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as an obligate ancillary protein for monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2), chaperoning it to the plasma membrane and maintaining its catalytic activity, and also directly binds carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) via Arg-130 in its extracellular Ig1 domain to facilitate proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport.\"\n}\n```","stage2_raw":"{\n  \"mechanistic_narrative\": \"EMBIGIN (EMB/GP70) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that acts as the dedicated ancillary protein for monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2), forming a complex distinct from the CD147/basigin partnership that supports MCT1 and MCT4 [#0]. The identity of this ancillary protein determines the catalytic properties of the transporter it serves: the MCT2/EMB complex is insensitive to organomercurial inhibition by pCMBS, and rat erythrocytes in which MCT1 associates with EMB rather than CD147 are likewise pCMBS-insensitive, establishing that EMB dictates MCT functional behavior [#0]. EMB further supports proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport by directly binding carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) through Arg-130 in its extracellular Ig1 domain, which hydrogen-bonds to His-88 of CAIV—the residue central to CAIV's intramolecular proton shuttle—and this interaction is required for CAIV-mediated facilitation of MCT lactate/pyruvate transport [#1]. Beyond its role in chaperoning MCT2 and bridging CAIV to enable proton-coupled transport, no further mechanistic detail has been characterized in the available corpus.\",\n  \"teleology\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2005,\n      \"claim\": \"It was unknown which ancillary protein supports MCT2; this work established EMB/GP70 as the dedicated partner distinct from CD147 and showed that ancillary-protein identity, not the transporter alone, sets MCT catalytic sensitivity.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation and FRET between fluorescent-tagged MCT2 and GP70, with organomercurial (pCMBS) inhibition assays across cell lines and rat erythrocytes\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"15917240\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Structural basis of the MCT2/EMB interface not resolved\",\n        \"Stoichiometry and trafficking mechanism of complex assembly not defined\",\n        \"Whether EMB performs functions independent of MCT chaperoning not addressed\"\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2018,\n      \"claim\": \"How EMB contributes to proton-coupled transport was unclear; this work showed EMB directly recruits carbonic anhydrase IV via a specific Ig1-domain residue, linking the proton-handling enzyme to the transporter.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Pulldown assays, site-directed mutagenesis of GP70 (Arg-130) and CAIV (His-88), and transport measurements in HEK-293 cells and Xenopus oocytes\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"30446621\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Interaction mapped in rat GP70; conservation of Arg-130 contact in human EMB not established\",\n        \"No high-resolution structure of the EMB–CAIV interface\",\n        \"Quantitative contribution of CAIV recruitment versus chaperone function to net transport not separated\"\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": null,\n      \"claim\": \"Whether EMB has roles beyond MCT chaperoning and CAIV recruitment, including any developmental or signaling function, remains unaddressed in the available corpus.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"\",\n      \"pmids\": [],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"No data on EMB function outside the MCT/CAIV context\",\n        \"Tissue-specific roles not characterized\",\n        \"No structural model of full-length EMB\"\n      ]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"mechanism_profile\": {\n    \"molecular_activity\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0098772\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0, 1]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0060090\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0, 1]}\n    ],\n    \"localization\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005886\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0]}\n    ],\n    \"pathway\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"R-HSA-382551\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0, 1]}\n    ],\n    \"complexes\": [\n      \"MCT2/embigin complex\"\n    ],\n    \"partners\": [\n      \"SLC16A7\",\n      \"SLC16A1\",\n      \"CA4\"\n    ],\n    \"other_free_text\": []\n  }\n}","audit_flag":null,"evaluation":{"pairwise":"win","faith_supported":3,"faith_total":3,"faith_pct":100.0}}