{"gene":"CDC20","run_date":"2026-04-28T17:28:52","timeline":{"discoveries":[{"year":1998,"finding":"hMAD2 inhibits APC activation by forming a hMAD2-CDC20-APC ternary complex; only the tetrameric form of hMAD2 inhibits APC activation, while both tetramer and monomer bind CDC20. Three distinct mitotic APC forms exist: inactive hMAD2-CDC20-APC (metaphase), active CDC20-APC (anaphase), and CDH1-APC (late mitosis/G1).","method":"In vitro reconstitution, Xenopus embryo injection, recombinant protein binding assays","journal":"Genes & development","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — reconstitution in vitro and in vivo injection with multiple orthogonal methods; foundational paper","pmids":["9637688"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":1998,"finding":"Budding yeast Cdc20 is the direct target of the spindle checkpoint: Mad1, Mad2, and Mad3 interact with Cdc20 (two-hybrid and co-precipitation). Mad2 binding to Cdc20 depends on Mad1; Mad3 binding depends on Mad1 and Mad2. Cdc20 mutants resistant to checkpoint no longer bind Mad proteins.","method":"Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, overexpression and mutant analysis","journal":"Science","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — reciprocal interactions confirmed by multiple methods; foundational paper with >400 citations","pmids":["9461437"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":1998,"finding":"hCDC20 and hCDH1 directly bind to APC and activate its cyclin ubiquitination activity. hCDC20 confers strict destruction-box (D-box) dependence; its protein levels and APC binding peak in mitosis. hCDC20 is the mitotic activator of APC directing D-box-dependent substrate degradation.","method":"Direct binding assays, in vitro ubiquitination assay, cell cycle synchronization and Western blot","journal":"Molecular cell","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — in vitro reconstitution of APC activation; replicated across labs","pmids":["9734353"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":1997,"finding":"p55Cdc (human CDC20) is expressed from G1/S through M phase, is degraded via the 26S proteasome at M/G1 transition, and shows dynamic changes in subcellular localization during mitosis. Immune complexes of p55Cdc show dramatic differences in associated proteins at G2-to-M transition.","method":"Cell cycle synchronization, co-immunoprecipitation, immunolocalization, proteasome inhibition","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — direct localization and co-IP experiments; single lab but multiple methods","pmids":["9353311"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":1998,"finding":"Cdc20 (p55Cdc) is itself a substrate of the APC; its instability during S phase and mitosis depends on APC components Cdc23 and Cdc27 but not on its own destruction box during these phases, revealing a D-box-independent APC-dependent degradation mechanism.","method":"Genetic analysis of yeast cdc23 and cdc27 mutants, protein stability assays, destruction box mutant analysis","journal":"Current biology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — genetic epistasis with multiple mutants; clear mechanistic dissection","pmids":["9651679"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2000,"finding":"CDC20 can only bind to and activate the mitotically phosphorylated form of APC in vitro. APC phosphorylation (by mitotic kinases) is required for APC(CDC20) activation, while phosphorylation of CDC20 itself is neither sufficient nor required. CDH1 phosphorylation prevents APC activation by CDH1.","method":"In vitro binding and ubiquitination assays with phosphorylated/dephosphorylated APC and CDC20, phosphomutant analysis","journal":"Molecular biology of the cell","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — in vitro reconstitution with phosphomutants; mechanistically rigorous","pmids":["10793135"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2000,"finding":"Solution structure of human Mad2 determined; Mad2 has a novel three-layered alpha/beta fold. The minimal Mad2-binding region of human Cdc20 is a 40-residue segment N-terminal to the WD40 repeats. Mad2 and Cdc20 form a tight 1:1 heterodimeric complex in which the C-terminal flexible region of Mad2 folds upon Cdc20 binding.","method":"NMR structure determination, deletion mutagenesis, NMR titration experiments","journal":"Nature structural biology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — NMR structure with mutagenesis validation","pmids":["10700282"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2001,"finding":"Cdc20 and Cdh1 directly bind APC substrates via their N-termini independent of APC. N-terminal chimeras between Cdc20 and Cdh1 confer substrate specificity matching their N-terminus, demonstrating that Cdc20 acts as both substrate recognition and APC-activating module.","method":"In vitro binding assays without APC, chimeric protein construction and functional testing","journal":"Genes & development","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — direct substrate binding reconstituted in vitro with chimera validation","pmids":["11562349"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2001,"finding":"Mad2 binding to Mad1 is required for kinetochore localization of Mad2, where Mad2 interacts with Cdc20. Mad2 forms incompatible (mutually exclusive) complexes with Mad1 and Cdc20; Mad2 oligomerization is not required for spindle checkpoint activity.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation, kinetochore localization imaging, monomeric point mutant functional analysis","journal":"The EMBO journal","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — multiple orthogonal methods; establishes mechanistic model of kinetochore as Mad2-Cdc20 assembly site","pmids":["11707408"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2001,"finding":"Yeast anaphase inhibitor Pds1 (securin) directly interacts with Cdc20 in a destruction-box-dependent manner; Pds1 does not interact with Cdh1, establishing that the D-box mediates direct Cdc20-substrate interaction.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation, two-hybrid, in vitro binding with D-box mutants","journal":"Current biology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — multiple interaction assays with D-box mutants; mechanistic substrate recognition demonstrated","pmids":["11553328"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2001,"finding":"Bub3 associates with Cdc20, Mad2, and Mad3 in a complex; this association is upregulated by checkpoint activation. Bub3 WD40 motifs are required for its interaction with Mad2, Mad3, and Cdc20, and for proper checkpoint response. Bub3 may serve as a scaffold for checkpoint protein interactions.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation, co-fractionation, WD40 point mutant analysis","journal":"The EMBO journal","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — reciprocal co-IP with mutant analysis; single lab","pmids":["11726501"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2003,"finding":"Xenopus Cdc20 is phosphorylated at Ser50, Thr64, Thr68, and Thr79 during mitosis; MAPK contributes to phosphorylation at Thr64/Thr68. Phosphorylation-deficient Cdc20 mutants are unable to respond to the spindle checkpoint due to reduced affinity for spindle checkpoint proteins (BubR1, Bub3, Mad2).","method":"In vitro kinase assays, phosphomutant analysis in Xenopus egg extracts, spindle checkpoint response assays","journal":"Nature cell biology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — in vitro phosphorylation with mutagenesis and functional validation","pmids":["12855955"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":1999,"finding":"Cyclosome (APC) activation by FZY/Cdc20 requires prior phosphorylation by Cdk1/cyclin B; non-phosphorylated interphase cyclosome is not stimulated by FZY. Phosphatase treatment of mitotic cyclosome prevents FZY stimulation, reversible by Cdk1/cyclin B.","method":"Cell-free system from clam embryos, kinase/phosphatase treatment, cyclin ubiquitination assay","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — in vitro reconstitution with biochemical manipulation of phosphorylation state","pmids":["10381365"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2004,"finding":"RASSF1A interacts with Cdc20, inhibiting APC/C-Cdc20 activity and stabilizing mitotic cyclins. RASSF1A localizes to microtubules in interphase and centrosomes/spindle in mitosis. RNAi depletion of RASSF1A accelerates mitotic cyclin degradation and mitotic progression via premature APC activation; RASSF1A inhibits APC-Cdc20 independently of Mad2 and Emi1.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation, RNAi knockdown, in vitro APC activity assay, immunofluorescence","journal":"Nature cell biology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — multiple orthogonal methods including direct interaction, APC activity assay, and RNAi phenotype","pmids":["14743218"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2002,"finding":"In Drosophila, Fzy/Cdc20 is concentrated at kinetochores and centrosomes early in mitosis and is responsible for the first phase of cyclin B destruction on the mitotic spindle. Cyclin B containing a D-box mutation cannot be degraded by Fzy/Cdc20 on spindles, establishing D-box dependence for spindle-associated destruction.","method":"In vivo localization, D-box mutant cyclin B (GFP fusion), Drosophila syncytial embryo analysis","journal":"The Journal of cell biology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — direct localization linked to function; D-box mutant defines mechanism","pmids":["12082076"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2003,"finding":"Cks1 is required for transcriptional activation of CDC20 in budding yeast by promoting periodic dissociation of Cdc28/CDK from the CDC20 promoter and recruitment of the proteasome to the CDC20 promoter.","method":"Chromatin immunoprecipitation, genetic analysis of cks1 mutants, promoter analysis","journal":"Nature","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — ChIP demonstrates proteasome recruitment to CDC20 promoter; mechanistic epistasis with CDK","pmids":["12827207"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2007,"finding":"Mad3 KEN boxes (KEN30 and KEN296, conserved to human BubR1) are required for spindle checkpoint function. KEN30 mutation abolishes MCC formation and stabilizes Cdc20 in mitosis. Mad3 KEN30 mediates interactions regulating proteolytic turnover of both Cdc20 and Mad3.","method":"Yeast genetic mutant analysis, protein stability assays, MCC complex analysis by co-immunoprecipitation","journal":"PloS one","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — genetic and biochemical dissection of KEN box function with clear mechanistic outcome","pmids":["17406666"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2009,"finding":"Cdc20-APC plays an essential role in dendrite morphogenesis in postmitotic neurons. Cdc20 is enriched at the centrosome in neurons and centrosomal localization is critical for Cdc20-dependent dendrite development. HDAC6 promotes polyubiquitination of Cdc20 and stimulates centrosomal Cdc20-APC activity to drive dendrite differentiation.","method":"Knockdown in cerebellar slices and in vivo (postnatal rats), centrosome fractionation, localization imaging, ubiquitination assay","journal":"Cell","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — in vivo KD with specific morphological phenotype plus centrosomal localization linked to function","pmids":["19167333"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2009,"finding":"Cdc20-APC regulates presynaptic differentiation in postmitotic neurons by triggering degradation of the transcription factor NeuroD2, which suppresses Complexin II expression. This defines a Cdc20-APC ubiquitin signaling pathway governing presynaptic development.","method":"Knockdown in primary neurons and rat cerebellar cortex, ubiquitination assay, epistasis with NeuroD2 and Complexin II","journal":"Science","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — in vivo pathway defined with substrate identification and functional epistasis","pmids":["19900895"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2010,"finding":"Mps1 kinase regulates CDC20's association with both Mad2 and BubR1 during interphase (before kinetochore appearance). Mps1 inhibition prevents Cdc20 association with Mad2 or BubR1 during interphase and sharply accelerates anaphase onset. Mps1 has two complementary roles: initial cytoplasmic activation of Cdc20 inhibitors and kinetochore-based sustained inhibition.","method":"Chemical genetics (analog-sensitive Mps1), MPS1-null cell reconstitution, co-immunoprecipitation","journal":"The Journal of cell biology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — chemical genetic approach with null rescue; mechanistic dissection of Mps1-Cdc20 axis","pmids":["20624902"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2007,"finding":"Loss of Cdc20 causes metaphase arrest at the two-cell stage in mouse embryos with high cyclin B1, demonstrating essential non-redundant mitotic function. The metaphase arrest is securin-dependent: Cdc20/securin double mutant embryos cannot maintain metaphase arrest, placing securin downstream of Cdc20 in the pathway.","method":"Gene trap mouse knockout, genetic epistasis (Cdc20/securin double mutant), embryo phenotyping","journal":"Molecular and cellular biology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — genetic epistasis in mammalian in vivo model with defined cellular phenotype","pmids":["17325031"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2012,"finding":"APC15 (human APC/C subunit related to yeast Mnd2) is required for APC/C(MCC)-dependent CDC20 autoubiquitylation and degradation, and for timely anaphase initiation. APC15 is dispensable for substrate ubiquitylation by APC/C(CDC20) or APC/C(CDH1), but is specifically required for MCC disassembly via CDC20 autoubiquitylation.","method":"APC15 knockdown, recombinant human APC/C reconstitution, ubiquitylation assays, live-cell imaging","journal":"Nature structural & molecular biology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — reconstituted APC/C system with specific subunit removal; mechanistically rigorous","pmids":["23007861"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2012,"finding":"Crystal structure of human Cdc20 determined alone and bound to a BubR1 KEN box. Cdc20 has a disordered N-terminal region and a C-terminal WD40 β-propeller with a preformed KEN-box-binding site at its top face. A second conserved surface at the side of the β-propeller is identified as a D-box-binding site. Securin D-box, but not KEN box, is critical for securin ubiquitination by APC/C(Cdc20).","method":"X-ray crystallography, mutagenesis, in vitro ubiquitination assays","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — crystal structure combined with mutagenesis and functional ubiquitination assays","pmids":["23091007"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2012,"finding":"CDC20 binds to different sites on APC/C depending on spindle checkpoint status: requires APC3 and APC8 when SAC is satisfied, but only APC8 when SAC is active. APC10 is crucial for cyclin B1 and securin destruction but not cyclin A. SAC-dependent change in Cdc20 binding site on APC/C alters APC/C substrate specificity.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation with APC/C subunit mutants, live-cell imaging, substrate degradation assays","journal":"Nature cell biology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — mechanistic dissection of Cdc20-APC/C binding sites with functional consequence","pmids":["21336306"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2012,"finding":"Mad2 competes with the APC/C for the same binding site on Cdc20; Mad2 inhibits Cdc20 by binding directly to a site required for APC/C binding. Cdc20 mutant that does not stably bind Mad2 abrogates the SAC in vivo, revealing a second mechanism of SAC inhibition beyond pseudosubstrate inhibition.","method":"In vitro competition binding assays, Cdc20 mutant characterization, in vivo checkpoint assay","journal":"The Journal of cell biology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1–2 — in vitro competition combined with in vivo mutant validation","pmids":["23007648"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2012,"finding":"Cdc20 is dephosphorylated at conserved threonine residues (T64/T68/T79) by PP2A (active in mitosis); phosphorylation of these residues by CDK inhibits Cdc20 binding to and activation of APC/C. The activation domain of Cdc20 associates with Apc6 and Apc8 subunits. Dephosphorylation of Cdc20 is required for its C-box-dependent APC/C loading.","method":"Xenopus egg extract reconstitution, phosphomutant analysis, phosphatase inhibition, co-immunoprecipitation","journal":"The EMBO journal","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — reconstituted in vitro system with phosphomutants and phosphatase manipulation","pmids":["22713866"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2011,"finding":"Cdc20 is degraded by APC through an intramolecular (in cis) autoubiquitination mechanism while bound to its activator-binding site on the APC core, independently of the C-box required for trans-ubiquitination of Cdc20 substrates. High substrate levels reduce Cdc20 autoubiquitination in vitro, linking substrate depletion to Cdc20 turnover.","method":"In vitro ubiquitination assay, C-box mutant analysis, substrate competition experiments","journal":"Current biology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — in vitro mechanistic reconstitution distinguishing cis vs. trans ubiquitination","pmids":["22079111"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2014,"finding":"APC/C(Cdc20) targets the proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim for ubiquitination and destruction; Cdc20 depletion sensitizes cells to apoptotic stimuli through Bim accumulation. Identified via siRNA screen showing Cdc20 and APC-core components sensitize cancer cells to chemoradiation in a Bim-dependent manner.","method":"siRNA screen, ubiquitination assay, co-immunoprecipitation, Bim genetic rescue, cell death assays","journal":"Developmental cell","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — substrate identified by multiple methods with epistasis rescue; replicated in multiple cell types","pmids":["24871945"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2014,"finding":"APC/C-Cdc20 activity destabilizes axonemal microtubules in the primary cilium. Cdc20 is specifically recruited to the basal body of primary cilia. Inhibition of APC-Cdc20 increases ciliary length; overexpression suppresses cilium formation. APC-Cdc20 promotes ciliary resorption after serum stimulation and targets the ciliary kinase Nek1 for proteolysis.","method":"Immunofluorescence localization, overexpression and inhibition of Cdc20, APC activity assays, Nek1 ubiquitination","journal":"eLife","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — direct localization linked to function with substrate identification; novel non-mitotic role","pmids":["25139956"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2016,"finding":"Human checkpoint kinase Bub1 directly phosphorylates Cdc20 and scaffolds Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Cdc20; this Bub1-Plk1-dependent Cdc20 phosphorylation inhibits APC/C(Cdc20) in vitro and is required for spindle checkpoint signaling in human cells. This mechanism is parallel and non-redundant with MCC formation.","method":"In vitro kinase assay, phosphomutant analysis, APC/C ubiquitination assay, mitotic arrest assay with Mad2/BubR1 depletion","journal":"Nature communications","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1–2 — in vitro kinase reconstitution, phosphomutants, epistasis with MCC components","pmids":["26912231"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":1999,"finding":"Cdc20 associates with the aurora2/Aik kinase in HeLa cells; Cdc20-associated kinase activity peaks in early M phase (embryonic) or G2 (somatic). Aurora2/Aik localizes at mitotic spindle poles similarly to Cdc20.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation, kinase activity assay","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 3 — single co-IP/kinase assay; functional consequence of aurora2 association not fully characterized","pmids":["10377410"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2000,"finding":"p55CDC (human Cdc20) interacts with BubR1; this interaction is confirmed by yeast two-hybrid, GST pulldown, and co-immunoprecipitation. Spindle checkpoint activation by nocodazole enhances the p55CDC-BubR1 association. BUBR1 phosphorylates p55CDC in vitro, suggesting BUBR1 may regulate APC via p55CDC.","method":"Yeast two-hybrid, GST pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assay","journal":"Oncogene","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — multiple interaction methods plus in vitro phosphorylation; functional consequence partially established","pmids":["11030144"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2004,"finding":"Speriolin is a novel spermatogenic cell-specific Cdc20-binding protein that co-localizes with Cdc20 at centrosomes of spermatocytes/spermatids. The seven WD40 repeats of Cdc20 are required for speriolin binding and for localization of Cdc20 to centrosomes and nucleus in meiotic cells.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation, WD40 deletion mutant analysis, immunolocalization","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 3 — binding interaction with localization data; functional consequence in meiosis partially inferred","pmids":["15280373"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2010,"finding":"Cdc20 is critical for meiosis I in female mice: hypomorphic Cdc20 mice show chromosome lagging and misalignment during meiosis I, inefficient degradation of cyclin B1, cyclin A2, and securin in metaphase I, and markedly delayed anaphase I onset.","method":"Hypomorphic mouse model, oocyte cytology, protein level analysis by Western blot","journal":"PLoS genetics","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — in vivo hypomorphic model with defined substrate and phenotypic analysis","pmids":["20941357"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2009,"finding":"p53 downregulates Cdc20 transcriptionally by directly binding to a consensus p53-binding site in the Cdc20 promoter and inducing chromatin remodeling (histone deacetylation). DNA damage-induced endogenous p53 also uses the CDE/CHR element to suppress Cdc20 in a p21-independent manner.","method":"Chromatin immunoprecipitation, promoter reporter assays, p53 binding site mutagenesis","journal":"Nucleic acids research","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — ChIP and promoter mutagenesis directly demonstrate mechanism of p53-dependent Cdc20 repression","pmids":["19273532"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2012,"finding":"Conductin/axin2 is degraded by APC/C-CDC20 during mitosis. CDC20 knockdown blocks Wnt/β-catenin signaling through conductin stabilization. CDC20-resistant conductin inhibits Wnt signaling and attenuates colony formation, placing CDC20-mediated conductin degradation as a mechanism for cell cycle-coupled regulation of Wnt signaling.","method":"CDC20 knockdown, CDC20-resistant conductin mutant, Wnt/β-catenin reporter assay, cell cycle synchronization","journal":"EMBO reports","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — knockdown and degradation-resistant mutant with signaling readout; single lab","pmids":["22322943"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2015,"finding":"Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase interacts with CDC20 and CDH1 to mediate degradation of mitotic regulators independently of APC/C. Parkin is phosphorylated and activated by Plk1 during mitosis. Parkin deficiency leads to mitotic defects and genomic instability through accumulation of CDC20/CDH1-dependent substrates.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro ubiquitination assay, Parkin KO phenotype, Plk1 phosphorylation assay","journal":"Molecular cell","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — multiple biochemical methods plus KO phenotype with mechanistic pathway placement","pmids":["26387737"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2016,"finding":"SPOP (Cullin3 adaptor protein) directly interacts with Cdc20 via its degron and promotes Cdc20 poly-ubiquitination and degradation. Prostate cancer-derived SPOP mutants fail to interact with Cdc20 and cannot promote its degradation, leading to Cdc20 overexpression. Cullin3 (not Cullin1) specifically interacts with and regulates Cdc20 stability.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, half-life analysis with cycloheximide, SPOP mutant characterization","journal":"Cancer letters","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — substrate-E3 interaction with ubiquitination assay and cancer mutant validation; multiple methods","pmids":["27780719"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2010,"finding":"APC/C(Cdc20) targets E2F1 for degradation in prometaphase. Cdc20 knockdown increases E2F1 levels and stabilizes E2F1 in prometaphase. Co-expression of DP1 with E2F1 blocks APC/C-induced E2F1 degradation.","method":"Cdc20 RNAi/siRNA, ectopic expression of APC/C activators, cell synchronization and Western blot","journal":"Cell cycle","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — genetic knockdown plus overexpression establishing CDC20 as regulator of E2F1; single lab","pmids":["20948288"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2010,"finding":"Cdc20 contributes to post-anaphase (KEN-box-dependent) degradation of CENP-F, which is CDC20-dependent but Cdh1-independent (Cdh1-null cells still degrade CENP-F normally). This challenges the model that APC/C switches entirely to Cdh1 after anaphase onset.","method":"RNAi against APC/C subunits and Cdc20, Cdh1 null cells, KEN-box mutant analysis","journal":"Journal of cell science","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — Cdh1 null cells plus Cdc20 RNAi with substrate mutant; mechanistic challenge to existing model","pmids":["20053638"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2017,"finding":"Kinetochore-localized PP1 phosphatase dephosphorylates Cdc20, directing it toward APC/C activation; flux of Cdc20 through the same kinetochore binding site can also promote checkpoint inhibition. Microtubule attachment status controls the balance between these opposing Cdc20 fates.","method":"Kinetochore PP1 tethering, Cdc20 phosphomutant analysis, live-cell imaging of Cdc20 dynamics","journal":"Genes & development","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — phosphatase tethering and phosphomutant with live imaging; mechanistically rigorous","pmids":["28698300"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2016,"finding":"Cyclin A2-Cdk2 binds and phosphorylates Cdc20 in interphase, inhibiting APC/C-Cdc20 activity. Preventing Cdc20 phosphorylation causes premature activation of APC/C-Cdc20, destabilizing cyclin B1 and A2, lengthening G2 and slowing mitotic entry. This defines a positive feedback loop: cyclin A2-Cdk2 inhibits APC/C-Cdc20 to allow further cyclin A2 accumulation.","method":"In vitro kinase assay, phosphomutant Cdc20 cells, APC/C activity assays, cell cycle analysis","journal":"Nature communications","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1–2 — in vitro kinase assay with phosphomutant cells and APC activity measurement","pmids":["26960431"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2019,"finding":"PP2A-B56 binds to Apc1-loop500 and promotes Cdc20 dephosphorylation and loading to the APC/C in mitosis. PP2A-B56 preferentially dephosphorylates Cdc20 over the Apc1 inhibitory domain. Mutations in Apc1-loop500 that abolish B56 binding decrease Cdc20 loading and APC/C-dependent ubiquitylation; a non-phosphorylatable Cdc20 mutant bypasses this requirement.","method":"Xenopus egg extract reconstitution, Apc1 loop mutant analysis, phosphomutant Cdc20, ubiquitylation assay","journal":"EMBO reports","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — reconstituted system with mutants and phosphatase manipulation; mechanistically rigorous","pmids":["31825153"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2020,"finding":"PP1 promotes cyclin B destruction at anaphase onset by removing specific inhibitory phosphorylation in the N-terminus of CDC20. PP1 depletion or inhibition stabilizes cyclin B and delays metaphase-to-anaphase transition; this requirement is lost with CDK1-phosphorylation-defective CDC20-6A mutants.","method":"PP1 depletion/inhibition, CDC20-6A phosphomutant cells, live-cell imaging, Western blot","journal":"Molecular biology of the cell","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — phosphomutant validation with kinase inhibitor and depletion; mechanistically coherent","pmids":["32755477"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2021,"finding":"Kinetochore-catalyzed Mad2-Cdc20 assembly operates through a tripartite mechanism: localized delivery of Mad2 and Cdc20 substrates plus two phosphorylation-dependent interactions that geometrically constrain their positions and prime Cdc20 for interaction with Mad2.","method":"Kinetochore-specific live-cell probe monitoring Mad2-Cdc20 assembly, phosphorylation site mutants, live-cell imaging","journal":"Science","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — novel live-cell probe with phosphorylation mutant analysis; mechanistically detailed","pmids":["33384372"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2022,"finding":"Mps1-phosphorylated Mad1 creates a phosphorylation-specific interaction with Cdc20, and together with Mps1-phosphorylation-dependent Bub1-Mad1 association, generates a tripartite Bub1-Cdc20-Mad1CTD assembly. This positions the Cdc20 MIM (Mad2-interacting motif) near open-Mad2, catalyzing formation of C-Mad2:Cdc20.","method":"Structural analysis (NMR/biochemical), phosphorylation assays, crosslinking mass spectrometry, mutagenesis","journal":"Nature communications","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 — structural and biochemical characterization with mutagenesis of phosphorylation-dependent interactions","pmids":["36289199"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2021,"finding":"CDC20 targets GSDME for ubiquitination and degradation in a degron-dependent manner; CDC20 knockdown increases GSDME abundance, switching cell death from apoptosis to pyroptosis. CDC20 inhibition enhances anti-tumor immunity in syngeneic prostate cancer models by promoting CD8+ T cell infiltration in a GSDME-dependent manner.","method":"Immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, cycloheximide assay, syngeneic murine tumor models, flow cytometry","journal":"Experimental hematology & oncology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — substrate-E3 interaction with ubiquitination assay and in vivo GSDME-dependent phenotype","pmids":["37528490"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2021,"finding":"CDC20 interacts with and promotes ubiquitination and APC11-dependent degradation of NF-κB p65 via its WD40 domain binding the p65 DNA-binding domain. Cdc20 conditional knockout mice show decreased bone formation; p65 knockdown rescues bone loss in Cdc20 CKO mice, establishing a cell-cycle-independent CDC20-APC11-p65 axis in osteogenesis.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, Cdc20 conditional KO mice, p65 knockdown rescue, WD40 domain binding assay","journal":"EMBO reports","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — substrate identification with ubiquitination assay and in vivo genetic rescue","pmids":["34382737"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2020,"finding":"CDC20 binds to the D-box motif in PHD3 to promote its polyubiquitination and degradation, stabilizing HIF-1α and promoting VEGF secretion in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PHD3 depletion in CDC20-knockdown cells rescues HIF-1α levels, establishing the CDC20-PHD3-HIF-1α axis.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, genetic epistasis (PHD3 knockdown rescue), D-box mutant","journal":"Cancer letters","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — D-box-dependent ubiquitination with genetic rescue; single lab","pmids":["33039559"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2018,"finding":"CDC20 ubiquitinates MEIS1 and p21, targeting them for degradation; PPM1K phosphatase promotes BCAA catabolism which reduces CDC20-mediated ubiquitination of MEIS1 and p21, maintaining HSC quiescence.","method":"Ubiquitination assay, co-immunoprecipitation, Ppm1k knockout mice, hematopoietic reconstitution","journal":"Cell reports","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — substrate ubiquitination with genetic knockout; functional epistasis in HSCs","pmids":["29719258"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2012,"finding":"RAP80 is ubiquitinated and degraded by APC/C(Cdc20) during mitosis in a destruction-box-dependent manner; Cdc20 knockdown blocks RAP80 degradation during mitosis. Overexpression of a RAP80 D-box deletion mutant attenuates mitotic progression.","method":"siRNA knockdown, ubiquitination assay, D-box mutant analysis, cell cycle assay","journal":"Molecular cancer research","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — substrate D-box-dependent ubiquitination with functional consequence; single lab","pmids":["22426463"],"is_preprint":false},{"year":2017,"finding":"In fission yeast, APC/C-Cdc20 removes PP2A from centromeres by targeting shugoshin Sgo1 and kinase Mps1 for degradation during meiosis II, allowing Rec8 deprotection and cohesin cleavage at centromeres for sister chromatid disjunction.","method":"Genetic epistasis in fission yeast, protein stability assays, centromere cohesin analysis","journal":"Cell cycle","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 — genetic epistasis defining pathway in meiosis; single lab in model organism","pmids":["28514186"],"is_preprint":false}],"current_model":"CDC20 is the mitotic co-activator of the APC/C E3 ubiquitin ligase that directly binds APC/C (requiring mitotically phosphorylated APC/C and PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of its own N-terminal inhibitory phosphorylation) via a C-terminal WD40 β-propeller domain that recognizes substrate D-box and KEN-box degrons; the spindle assembly checkpoint inhibits APC/C(CDC20) through a tripartite mechanism involving Mad2 competing for the APC/C binding site on Cdc20, MCC (Mad2-BubR1-Bub3-Cdc20) pseudosubstrate inhibition, and Bub1-Plk1/Mps1-dependent phosphorylation of Cdc20; beyond mitosis, Cdc20-APC regulates apoptosis (Bim degradation), dendrite and presynaptic morphogenesis, ciliary resorption, Wnt signaling (conductin degradation), and osteogenesis (p65 degradation), while its own stability is regulated by APC-mediated autoubiquitylation (via APC15), SPOP-Cullin3, and p53-dependent transcriptional repression."},"narrative":{"teleology":[{"year":1997,"claim":"Establishing CDC20 as a cell-cycle-regulated mitotic protein: before its enzymatic role was known, the observation that CDC20 protein levels fluctuate across the cell cycle and that it is degraded via the proteasome at M/G1 set the stage for understanding its mitosis-specific function.","evidence":"Cell cycle synchronization, co-IP, immunolocalization, and proteasome inhibition in HeLa cells","pmids":["9353311"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Functional consequence of cell-cycle-dependent associated proteins not identified","Mechanism of proteasomal degradation not defined"]},{"year":1998,"claim":"Identifying CDC20 as the direct mitotic activator of APC/C and the direct target of spindle checkpoint proteins resolved two fundamental questions: what activates APC/C in mitosis and how does the checkpoint inhibit it. CDC20 confers D-box-dependent substrate recognition and its activity is inhibited by MAD2 binding in a ternary MAD2-CDC20-APC complex.","evidence":"In vitro reconstitution of APC activation (Xenopus, human), yeast two-hybrid and co-IP of Mad1/Mad2/Mad3-Cdc20 interactions, checkpoint-resistant Cdc20 mutants in yeast","pmids":["9734353","9461437","9637688"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Structural basis of CDC20–APC/C interaction unknown","Mechanism by which Mad2 inhibits CDC20 (competitive vs. conformational) unresolved"]},{"year":1998,"claim":"Demonstrating that CDC20 is itself an APC substrate established the autoregulatory feedback that terminates CDC20 activity, although the degradation mechanism proved D-box-independent.","evidence":"Genetic analysis of yeast cdc23/cdc27 mutants with D-box mutant Cdc20","pmids":["9651679"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Degron mediating D-box-independent APC-dependent CDC20 degradation unidentified","Distinction between cis- and trans-ubiquitination not yet made"]},{"year":1999,"claim":"Establishing that APC/C must be phosphorylated by Cdk1/cyclin B before CDC20 can bind and activate it explained the cell-cycle timing of APC/C(CDC20) activation and why interphase APC/C is refractory to CDC20.","evidence":"Cell-free clam embryo system with kinase/phosphatase treatment and ubiquitination assay; confirmed independently with human APC/C in vitro","pmids":["10381365","10793135"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Specific APC/C phosphorylation sites required for CDC20 binding not mapped","Whether CDC20 phosphorylation has additional regulatory roles unclear"]},{"year":2000,"claim":"Structural determination of the Mad2–CDC20 complex revealed that a 40-residue segment N-terminal to CDC20's WD40 domain is the minimal Mad2-binding region, and that Mad2's C-terminal region folds upon CDC20 binding, providing the first structural framework for checkpoint inhibition.","evidence":"NMR structure of Mad2, deletion mutagenesis, NMR titration of Mad2–Cdc20 interaction","pmids":["10700282"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Full-length CDC20 structure unavailable","How Mad2 conformational change translates to APC/C inhibition not resolved"]},{"year":2001,"claim":"Demonstrating that CDC20 directly binds substrates via its N-terminus independently of APC/C, and that substrate specificity is dictated by the N-terminal region (shown by chimera swaps), established CDC20 as both the substrate receptor and allosteric activator of APC/C.","evidence":"In vitro binding assays without APC, Cdc20/Cdh1 chimeric protein construction and functional testing; D-box-dependent Pds1–Cdc20 binding in yeast","pmids":["11562349","11553328"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["D-box vs. KEN-box recognition surfaces on CDC20 not structurally resolved","Relative contributions of APC/C-bound vs. free CDC20 in substrate recruitment unknown"]},{"year":2001,"claim":"Establishing that Mad2 forms mutually exclusive complexes with Mad1 and CDC20, with Mad1 required for kinetochore recruitment of Mad2, provided the template model for kinetochore-catalyzed checkpoint complex assembly.","evidence":"Co-IP, kinetochore imaging, monomeric Mad2 point mutant functional analysis","pmids":["11707408","11726501"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Catalytic mechanism of Mad2 conversion (open to closed) at kinetochores not defined","Role of Bub3 WD40 repeats in scaffold function partially characterized"]},{"year":2003,"claim":"Mapping CDC20 phosphorylation sites (Ser50, Thr64, Thr68, Thr79) and showing that phosphorylation-deficient CDC20 cannot respond to the spindle checkpoint due to reduced affinity for BubR1/Bub3/Mad2 revealed that CDC20 phosphorylation is required for checkpoint complex formation.","evidence":"In vitro kinase assays and phosphomutant analysis in Xenopus egg extracts","pmids":["12855955"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Kinase(s) responsible for each site not fully assigned","Whether phosphorylation regulates CDC20 conformation or merely electrostatic affinity unclear"]},{"year":2007,"claim":"Genetic ablation of Cdc20 in mice caused two-cell-stage metaphase arrest with high cyclin B1, and this arrest was securin-dependent, proving CDC20 is non-redundant for mammalian mitosis and placing securin as a key downstream substrate.","evidence":"Gene trap mouse knockout and Cdc20/securin double mutant embryo phenotyping","pmids":["17325031"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Contribution of individual substrates (cyclin B vs. securin) to arrest not fully dissected","Whether CDC20 has essential roles beyond substrate degradation in mammals unknown"]},{"year":2009,"claim":"Discovery that APC/C(CDC20) operates in postmitotic neurons—driving dendrite morphogenesis from the centrosome and presynaptic differentiation via NeuroD2 degradation—fundamentally expanded CDC20 function beyond cell division.","evidence":"Knockdown in cerebellar slices and in vivo postnatal rats; centrosomal localization; NeuroD2-Complexin II epistasis pathway","pmids":["19167333","19900895"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Mechanism activating APC/C(CDC20) in postmitotic neurons without mitotic kinases unresolved","Full complement of neuronal CDC20 substrates unknown"]},{"year":2011,"claim":"Reconstitution of CDC20 autoubiquitination revealed an intramolecular (cis) mechanism occurring while CDC20 is bound to APC/C, independent of the C-box required for trans-substrate ubiquitination, and showed that high substrate levels suppress autoubiquitination—explaining how substrate depletion triggers CDC20 turnover.","evidence":"In vitro ubiquitination assay with C-box mutants and substrate competition experiments","pmids":["22079111"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Structural basis of cis-ubiquitination geometry not resolved","In vivo relevance of substrate-competition model not directly tested"]},{"year":2012,"claim":"A cluster of breakthroughs in 2012 resolved the structural basis of CDC20 function and its regulation: the crystal structure revealed preformed D-box and KEN-box binding surfaces on the WD40 β-propeller; Mad2 was shown to compete with APC/C for the same CDC20 binding site; PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of CDC20's N-terminus was found essential for APC/C loading; and APC15 was identified as the specific subunit enabling MCC-dependent CDC20 autoubiquitylation and checkpoint silencing.","evidence":"X-ray crystallography with mutagenesis (PMID:23091007); in vitro competition binding and in vivo checkpoint mutant (PMID:23007648); Xenopus extract PP2A/phosphomutant reconstitution (PMID:22713866); APC15 knockdown and reconstituted APC/C ubiquitylation (PMID:23007861); APC subunit mutant co-IP with live imaging (PMID:21336306)","pmids":["23091007","23007648","22713866","23007861","21336306"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Complete cryo-EM structure of APC/C–MCC–CDC20 ternary complex not yet available at this point","How APC15 specifically enables autoubiquitylation mechanistically not fully explained"]},{"year":2014,"claim":"Identification of Bim as an APC/C(CDC20) substrate linked CDC20 to apoptosis regulation, while localization of CDC20 to the basal body and its targeting of Nek1 established a role in primary cilium resorption—further diversifying CDC20's non-mitotic functions.","evidence":"siRNA screen with Bim epistasis and cell death assays; immunofluorescence at basal body with cilium length assays and Nek1 ubiquitination","pmids":["24871945","25139956"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Mechanism of CDC20 recruitment to basal body unknown","Whether APC/C regulation at cilia uses the same phosphorylation switches as mitosis untested"]},{"year":2016,"claim":"Two parallel regulatory inputs on CDC20 were clarified: Bub1 directly phosphorylates CDC20 and scaffolds Plk1-mediated phosphorylation to inhibit APC/C independently of MCC, while cyclin A2–Cdk2 phosphorylates CDC20 in interphase to prevent premature APC/C activation—establishing a positive feedback loop for cyclin accumulation.","evidence":"In vitro kinase assays, phosphomutant analysis, APC/C ubiquitination assay, Mad2/BubR1 depletion epistasis; phosphomutant Cdc20 cell cycle analysis","pmids":["26912231","26960431"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Relative quantitative contributions of Bub1-Plk1 vs. MCC inhibition not measured","How interphase Cdk2-mediated inhibition is relieved at mitotic entry not fully defined"]},{"year":2016,"claim":"Identification of SPOP-Cullin3 as an APC-independent E3 ligase system that ubiquitinates and degrades CDC20 revealed that CDC20 stability is controlled by multiple ubiquitin ligase pathways, and that prostate cancer SPOP mutations stabilize CDC20.","evidence":"Co-IP, ubiquitination assay, half-life analysis, SPOP mutant characterization","pmids":["27780719"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Cell cycle phase specificity of SPOP-CDC20 regulation not defined","Whether SPOP-dependent CDC20 regulation operates in normal physiology or is primarily tumor-relevant unclear"]},{"year":2019,"claim":"PP2A-B56 was shown to bind APC/C via the Apc1-loop500 and preferentially dephosphorylate CDC20 (rather than Apc1) to promote CDC20 loading, resolving how APC/C-intrinsic phosphatase activity enables CDC20 activation in the presence of high CDK activity.","evidence":"Xenopus egg extract reconstitution, Apc1 loop mutants, phosphomutant CDC20 bypass experiment","pmids":["31825153"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Whether PP2A-B56 acts on CDC20 before or after its initial APC/C encounter not resolved","Structural model of PP2A-B56 docked on APC/C lacking"]},{"year":2021,"claim":"Non-mitotic substrate diversity of APC/C(CDC20) was greatly expanded: CDC20 targets p65/NF-κB for degradation to promote osteogenesis (validated by conditional KO rescue), and GSDME degradation by CDC20 controls the switch between apoptosis and pyroptosis with consequences for anti-tumor immunity.","evidence":"Cdc20 conditional KO mice with p65 knockdown rescue for osteogenesis; GSDME ubiquitination assay and syngeneic tumor models with GSDME-dependent immune infiltration","pmids":["34382737","37528490"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["How CDC20 is activated for p65 degradation in osteoblasts without mitotic signals unclear","Whether GSDME degradation by CDC20 is cell-cycle-dependent or constitutive not determined"]},{"year":2022,"claim":"The complete kinetochore-catalyzed mechanism for Mad2–CDC20 assembly was structurally resolved: Mps1-phosphorylated Mad1 creates a phospho-specific interaction with CDC20, and together with Bub1, forms a tripartite Bub1–CDC20–Mad1 assembly that positions CDC20's Mad2-interacting motif near open-Mad2 for catalytic conversion.","evidence":"NMR/biochemical structural analysis, crosslinking mass spectrometry, phosphorylation assays, mutagenesis","pmids":["36289199","33384372"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Full reconstitution of kinetochore-catalyzed MCC assembly with all components not achieved","Kinetic parameters of the catalytic conversion in cells not measured"]},{"year":null,"claim":"Several mechanistic questions remain open: how APC/C(CDC20) is activated in postmitotic or non-dividing cell contexts (neurons, osteoblasts, ciliated cells) without canonical mitotic kinase signaling; the full complement of CDC20 substrates beyond mitosis; and the structural basis for how APC15 specifically enables MCC-dependent autoubiquitylation.","evidence":"","pmids":[],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Activation mechanism of APC/C(CDC20) in postmitotic cells uncharacterized","Systematic identification of non-mitotic CDC20 substrates lacking","Complete structural model of APC/C–MCC with APC15 explaining autoubiquitylation mechanism not available"]}],"mechanism_profile":{"molecular_activity":[{"term_id":"GO:0140096","term_label":"catalytic activity, acting on a protein","supporting_discovery_ids":[2,22,27,46,47]},{"term_id":"GO:0098772","term_label":"molecular function regulator activity","supporting_discovery_ids":[0,2,5,25]}],"localization":[{"term_id":"GO:0005815","term_label":"microtubule organizing center","supporting_discovery_ids":[14,17,32]},{"term_id":"GO:0005694","term_label":"chromosome","supporting_discovery_ids":[14,8]},{"term_id":"GO:0005929","term_label":"cilium","supporting_discovery_ids":[28]},{"term_id":"GO:0005634","term_label":"nucleus","supporting_discovery_ids":[3]}],"pathway":[{"term_id":"R-HSA-1640170","term_label":"Cell Cycle","supporting_discovery_ids":[0,2,5,20,21,23,29,41]},{"term_id":"R-HSA-392499","term_label":"Metabolism of proteins","supporting_discovery_ids":[2,22,26,27,46,47]},{"term_id":"R-HSA-5357801","term_label":"Programmed Cell Death","supporting_discovery_ids":[27,46]},{"term_id":"R-HSA-1266738","term_label":"Developmental Biology","supporting_discovery_ids":[17,18]},{"term_id":"R-HSA-162582","term_label":"Signal Transduction","supporting_discovery_ids":[35,47]},{"term_id":"R-HSA-1852241","term_label":"Organelle biogenesis and maintenance","supporting_discovery_ids":[28]}],"complexes":["APC/C","MCC (Mad2-BubR1-Bub3-Cdc20)"],"partners":["ANAPC3","MAD2L1","BUB1B","BUB3","BUB1","MAD1L1","ANAPC15","RASSF1"],"other_free_text":[]},"mechanistic_narrative":"CDC20 is the essential mitotic co-activator of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) E3 ubiquitin ligase, coupling spindle checkpoint signaling to cell cycle progression and extending ubiquitin-dependent regulation to neuronal development, ciliary dynamics, Wnt signaling, and osteogenesis. CDC20 directly binds mitotically phosphorylated APC/C via its C-box and activates D-box- and KEN-box-dependent substrate ubiquitination through a C-terminal WD40 β-propeller that harbors preformed degron-recognition surfaces, targeting cyclin B1, securin, and numerous other substrates for proteasomal destruction [PMID:9734353, PMID:23091007, PMID:11562349]. The spindle assembly checkpoint inhibits APC/C(CDC20) through a tripartite mechanism: Mad2 competes with APC/C for the same CDC20 binding site, the MCC (BubR1-Bub3-Mad2-CDC20) provides pseudosubstrate inhibition, and Bub1–Plk1/Mps1-dependent phosphorylation of CDC20 directly blocks APC/C activation—while PP2A-B56 and PP1 counteract inhibitory CDK phosphorylation of CDC20's N-terminus to promote APC/C loading [PMID:23007648, PMID:26912231, PMID:22713866, PMID:36289199]. Beyond mitosis, APC/C(CDC20) degrades NeuroD2 to drive presynaptic differentiation, operates at the basal body to promote ciliary resorption via Nek1 degradation, targets conductin to modulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling, ubiquitinates p65/NF-κB to promote osteogenesis, and degrades the pro-apoptotic factor Bim and the pyroptosis effector GSDME [PMID:19900895, PMID:25139956, PMID:22322943, PMID:34382737, PMID:24871945, PMID:37528490]."},"prefetch_data":{"uniprot":{"accession":"Q12834","full_name":"Cell division cycle protein 20 homolog","aliases":["p55CDC"],"length_aa":499,"mass_kda":54.7,"function":"Substrate-specific adapter of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) complex that confers substrate specificity by binding to substrates and targeting them to the APC/C complex for ubiquitination and degradation (PubMed:9734353, PubMed:27030811, PubMed:29343641). Recognizes and binds the destruction box (D box) on protein substrates (PubMed:29343641). Involved in the metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle (PubMed:32666501). Is regulated by MAD2L1: in metaphase the MAD2L1-CDC20-APC/C ternary complex is inactive and in anaphase the CDC20-APC/C binary complex is active in degrading substrates (PubMed:9811605, PubMed:9637688). The CDC20-APC/C complex positively regulates the formation of synaptic vesicle clustering at active zone to the presynaptic membrane in postmitotic neurons (By similarity). CDC20-APC/C-induced degradation of NEUROD2 induces presynaptic differentiation (By similarity). The CDC20-APC/C complex promotes proper dilation formation and radial migration by degrading CCDC41 (By similarity)","subcellular_location":"Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosome; Chromosome, centromere, kinetochore; Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, spindle pole","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q12834/entry"},"depmap":{"release":"DepMap","has_data":true,"is_common_essential":true,"resolved_as":"","url":"https://depmap.org/portal/gene/CDC20","classification":"Common Essential","n_dependent_lines":1208,"n_total_lines":1208,"dependency_fraction":1.0},"opencell":{"profiled":true,"resolved_as":"","ensg_id":"ENSG00000117399","cell_line_id":"CID000228","localizations":[{"compartment":"nucleoplasm","grade":3},{"compartment":"cytoplasmic","grade":1},{"compartment":"nuclear_punctae","grade":1}],"interactors":[{"gene":"ANAPC16","stoichiometry":4.0},{"gene":"BUB1B","stoichiometry":4.0},{"gene":"CDC23","stoichiometry":4.0},{"gene":"ANAPC2","stoichiometry":0.2},{"gene":"ANAPC4","stoichiometry":0.2},{"gene":"CDC16","stoichiometry":0.2},{"gene":"PRDX1","stoichiometry":0.2},{"gene":"CDC26","stoichiometry":0.2},{"gene":"CDC27","stoichiometry":0.2}],"url":"https://opencell.sf.czbiohub.org/target/CID000228","total_profiled":1310},"omim":[{"mim_id":"620276","title":"OOCYTE/ZYGOTE/EMBRYO MATURATION ARREST 14; OZEMA14","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/620276"},{"mim_id":"618136","title":"MAD2L1-BINDING PROTEIN; MAD2L1BP","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/618136"},{"mim_id":"617621","title":"PAX3- AND PAX7-BINDING PROTEIN 1; PAXBP1","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/617621"},{"mim_id":"617611","title":"PICALM-INTERACTING MITOTIC REGULATOR; PIMREG","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/617611"},{"mim_id":"615774","title":"OOCYTE/ZYGOTE/EMBRYO MATURATION ARREST 1; OZEMA1","url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/615774"}],"hpa":{"profiled":true,"resolved_as":"","reliability":"Approved","locations":[{"location":"Nucleoplasm","reliability":"Approved"},{"location":"Cytosol","reliability":"Approved"}],"tissue_specificity":"Tissue enhanced","tissue_distribution":"Detected in many","driving_tissues":[{"tissue":"bone marrow","ntpm":50.8},{"tissue":"lymphoid tissue","ntpm":49.0},{"tissue":"testis","ntpm":46.8}],"url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/search/CDC20"},"hgnc":{"alias_symbol":["p55CDC","CDC20A"],"prev_symbol":[]},"alphafold":{"accession":"Q12834","domains":[{"cath_id":"2.130.10.10","chopping":"186-306","consensus_level":"medium","plddt":98.4012,"start":186,"end":306},{"cath_id":"2.130.10.10","chopping":"314-473","consensus_level":"medium","plddt":97.8797,"start":314,"end":473}],"viewer_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q12834","model_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/files/AF-Q12834-F1-model_v6.cif","pae_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/files/AF-Q12834-F1-predicted_aligned_error_v6.png","plddt_mean":84.12},"mouse_models":{"mgi_url":"https://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/summary?nomen=CDC20","jax_strain_url":"https://www.jax.org/strain/search?query=CDC20"},"sequence":{"accession":"Q12834","fasta_url":"https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q12834.fasta","uniprot_url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q12834/entry","alphafold_viewer_url":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q12834"}},"corpus_meta":[{"pmid":"9637688","id":"PMC_9637688","title":"The 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Three distinct mitotic APC forms exist: inactive hMAD2-CDC20-APC (metaphase), active CDC20-APC (anaphase), and CDH1-APC (late mitosis/G1).\",\n      \"method\": \"In vitro reconstitution, Xenopus embryo injection, recombinant protein binding assays\",\n      \"journal\": \"Genes & development\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — reconstitution in vitro and in vivo injection with multiple orthogonal methods; foundational paper\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"9637688\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1998,\n      \"finding\": \"Budding yeast Cdc20 is the direct target of the spindle checkpoint: Mad1, Mad2, and Mad3 interact with Cdc20 (two-hybrid and co-precipitation). Mad2 binding to Cdc20 depends on Mad1; Mad3 binding depends on Mad1 and Mad2. Cdc20 mutants resistant to checkpoint no longer bind Mad proteins.\",\n      \"method\": \"Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, overexpression and mutant analysis\",\n      \"journal\": \"Science\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — reciprocal interactions confirmed by multiple methods; foundational paper with >400 citations\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"9461437\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1998,\n      \"finding\": \"hCDC20 and hCDH1 directly bind to APC and activate its cyclin ubiquitination activity. hCDC20 confers strict destruction-box (D-box) dependence; its protein levels and APC binding peak in mitosis. hCDC20 is the mitotic activator of APC directing D-box-dependent substrate degradation.\",\n      \"method\": \"Direct binding assays, in vitro ubiquitination assay, cell cycle synchronization and Western blot\",\n      \"journal\": \"Molecular cell\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — in vitro reconstitution of APC activation; replicated across labs\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"9734353\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1997,\n      \"finding\": \"p55Cdc (human CDC20) is expressed from G1/S through M phase, is degraded via the 26S proteasome at M/G1 transition, and shows dynamic changes in subcellular localization during mitosis. Immune complexes of p55Cdc show dramatic differences in associated proteins at G2-to-M transition.\",\n      \"method\": \"Cell cycle synchronization, co-immunoprecipitation, immunolocalization, proteasome inhibition\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of biological chemistry\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — direct localization and co-IP experiments; single lab but multiple methods\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"9353311\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1998,\n      \"finding\": \"Cdc20 (p55Cdc) is itself a substrate of the APC; its instability during S phase and mitosis depends on APC components Cdc23 and Cdc27 but not on its own destruction box during these phases, revealing a D-box-independent APC-dependent degradation mechanism.\",\n      \"method\": \"Genetic analysis of yeast cdc23 and cdc27 mutants, protein stability assays, destruction box mutant analysis\",\n      \"journal\": \"Current biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — genetic epistasis with multiple mutants; clear mechanistic dissection\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"9651679\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2000,\n      \"finding\": \"CDC20 can only bind to and activate the mitotically phosphorylated form of APC in vitro. APC phosphorylation (by mitotic kinases) is required for APC(CDC20) activation, while phosphorylation of CDC20 itself is neither sufficient nor required. CDH1 phosphorylation prevents APC activation by CDH1.\",\n      \"method\": \"In vitro binding and ubiquitination assays with phosphorylated/dephosphorylated APC and CDC20, phosphomutant analysis\",\n      \"journal\": \"Molecular biology of the cell\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — in vitro reconstitution with phosphomutants; mechanistically rigorous\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"10793135\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2000,\n      \"finding\": \"Solution structure of human Mad2 determined; Mad2 has a novel three-layered alpha/beta fold. The minimal Mad2-binding region of human Cdc20 is a 40-residue segment N-terminal to the WD40 repeats. Mad2 and Cdc20 form a tight 1:1 heterodimeric complex in which the C-terminal flexible region of Mad2 folds upon Cdc20 binding.\",\n      \"method\": \"NMR structure determination, deletion mutagenesis, NMR titration experiments\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nature structural biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — NMR structure with mutagenesis validation\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"10700282\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2001,\n      \"finding\": \"Cdc20 and Cdh1 directly bind APC substrates via their N-termini independent of APC. N-terminal chimeras between Cdc20 and Cdh1 confer substrate specificity matching their N-terminus, demonstrating that Cdc20 acts as both substrate recognition and APC-activating module.\",\n      \"method\": \"In vitro binding assays without APC, chimeric protein construction and functional testing\",\n      \"journal\": \"Genes & development\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — direct substrate binding reconstituted in vitro with chimera validation\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"11562349\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2001,\n      \"finding\": \"Mad2 binding to Mad1 is required for kinetochore localization of Mad2, where Mad2 interacts with Cdc20. Mad2 forms incompatible (mutually exclusive) complexes with Mad1 and Cdc20; Mad2 oligomerization is not required for spindle checkpoint activity.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation, kinetochore localization imaging, monomeric point mutant functional analysis\",\n      \"journal\": \"The EMBO journal\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — multiple orthogonal methods; establishes mechanistic model of kinetochore as Mad2-Cdc20 assembly site\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"11707408\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2001,\n      \"finding\": \"Yeast anaphase inhibitor Pds1 (securin) directly interacts with Cdc20 in a destruction-box-dependent manner; Pds1 does not interact with Cdh1, establishing that the D-box mediates direct Cdc20-substrate interaction.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation, two-hybrid, in vitro binding with D-box mutants\",\n      \"journal\": \"Current biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — multiple interaction assays with D-box mutants; mechanistic substrate recognition demonstrated\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"11553328\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2001,\n      \"finding\": \"Bub3 associates with Cdc20, Mad2, and Mad3 in a complex; this association is upregulated by checkpoint activation. Bub3 WD40 motifs are required for its interaction with Mad2, Mad3, and Cdc20, and for proper checkpoint response. Bub3 may serve as a scaffold for checkpoint protein interactions.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation, co-fractionation, WD40 point mutant analysis\",\n      \"journal\": \"The EMBO journal\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — reciprocal co-IP with mutant analysis; single lab\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"11726501\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2003,\n      \"finding\": \"Xenopus Cdc20 is phosphorylated at Ser50, Thr64, Thr68, and Thr79 during mitosis; MAPK contributes to phosphorylation at Thr64/Thr68. Phosphorylation-deficient Cdc20 mutants are unable to respond to the spindle checkpoint due to reduced affinity for spindle checkpoint proteins (BubR1, Bub3, Mad2).\",\n      \"method\": \"In vitro kinase assays, phosphomutant analysis in Xenopus egg extracts, spindle checkpoint response assays\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nature cell biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — in vitro phosphorylation with mutagenesis and functional validation\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"12855955\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1999,\n      \"finding\": \"Cyclosome (APC) activation by FZY/Cdc20 requires prior phosphorylation by Cdk1/cyclin B; non-phosphorylated interphase cyclosome is not stimulated by FZY. Phosphatase treatment of mitotic cyclosome prevents FZY stimulation, reversible by Cdk1/cyclin B.\",\n      \"method\": \"Cell-free system from clam embryos, kinase/phosphatase treatment, cyclin ubiquitination assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"Biochemical and biophysical research communications\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — in vitro reconstitution with biochemical manipulation of phosphorylation state\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"10381365\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2004,\n      \"finding\": \"RASSF1A interacts with Cdc20, inhibiting APC/C-Cdc20 activity and stabilizing mitotic cyclins. RASSF1A localizes to microtubules in interphase and centrosomes/spindle in mitosis. RNAi depletion of RASSF1A accelerates mitotic cyclin degradation and mitotic progression via premature APC activation; RASSF1A inhibits APC-Cdc20 independently of Mad2 and Emi1.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation, RNAi knockdown, in vitro APC activity assay, immunofluorescence\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nature cell biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — multiple orthogonal methods including direct interaction, APC activity assay, and RNAi phenotype\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"14743218\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2002,\n      \"finding\": \"In Drosophila, Fzy/Cdc20 is concentrated at kinetochores and centrosomes early in mitosis and is responsible for the first phase of cyclin B destruction on the mitotic spindle. Cyclin B containing a D-box mutation cannot be degraded by Fzy/Cdc20 on spindles, establishing D-box dependence for spindle-associated destruction.\",\n      \"method\": \"In vivo localization, D-box mutant cyclin B (GFP fusion), Drosophila syncytial embryo analysis\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of cell biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — direct localization linked to function; D-box mutant defines mechanism\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"12082076\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2003,\n      \"finding\": \"Cks1 is required for transcriptional activation of CDC20 in budding yeast by promoting periodic dissociation of Cdc28/CDK from the CDC20 promoter and recruitment of the proteasome to the CDC20 promoter.\",\n      \"method\": \"Chromatin immunoprecipitation, genetic analysis of cks1 mutants, promoter analysis\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nature\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — ChIP demonstrates proteasome recruitment to CDC20 promoter; mechanistic epistasis with CDK\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"12827207\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2007,\n      \"finding\": \"Mad3 KEN boxes (KEN30 and KEN296, conserved to human BubR1) are required for spindle checkpoint function. KEN30 mutation abolishes MCC formation and stabilizes Cdc20 in mitosis. Mad3 KEN30 mediates interactions regulating proteolytic turnover of both Cdc20 and Mad3.\",\n      \"method\": \"Yeast genetic mutant analysis, protein stability assays, MCC complex analysis by co-immunoprecipitation\",\n      \"journal\": \"PloS one\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — genetic and biochemical dissection of KEN box function with clear mechanistic outcome\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"17406666\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2009,\n      \"finding\": \"Cdc20-APC plays an essential role in dendrite morphogenesis in postmitotic neurons. Cdc20 is enriched at the centrosome in neurons and centrosomal localization is critical for Cdc20-dependent dendrite development. HDAC6 promotes polyubiquitination of Cdc20 and stimulates centrosomal Cdc20-APC activity to drive dendrite differentiation.\",\n      \"method\": \"Knockdown in cerebellar slices and in vivo (postnatal rats), centrosome fractionation, localization imaging, ubiquitination assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"Cell\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — in vivo KD with specific morphological phenotype plus centrosomal localization linked to function\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"19167333\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2009,\n      \"finding\": \"Cdc20-APC regulates presynaptic differentiation in postmitotic neurons by triggering degradation of the transcription factor NeuroD2, which suppresses Complexin II expression. This defines a Cdc20-APC ubiquitin signaling pathway governing presynaptic development.\",\n      \"method\": \"Knockdown in primary neurons and rat cerebellar cortex, ubiquitination assay, epistasis with NeuroD2 and Complexin II\",\n      \"journal\": \"Science\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — in vivo pathway defined with substrate identification and functional epistasis\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"19900895\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2010,\n      \"finding\": \"Mps1 kinase regulates CDC20's association with both Mad2 and BubR1 during interphase (before kinetochore appearance). Mps1 inhibition prevents Cdc20 association with Mad2 or BubR1 during interphase and sharply accelerates anaphase onset. Mps1 has two complementary roles: initial cytoplasmic activation of Cdc20 inhibitors and kinetochore-based sustained inhibition.\",\n      \"method\": \"Chemical genetics (analog-sensitive Mps1), MPS1-null cell reconstitution, co-immunoprecipitation\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of cell biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — chemical genetic approach with null rescue; mechanistic dissection of Mps1-Cdc20 axis\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"20624902\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2007,\n      \"finding\": \"Loss of Cdc20 causes metaphase arrest at the two-cell stage in mouse embryos with high cyclin B1, demonstrating essential non-redundant mitotic function. The metaphase arrest is securin-dependent: Cdc20/securin double mutant embryos cannot maintain metaphase arrest, placing securin downstream of Cdc20 in the pathway.\",\n      \"method\": \"Gene trap mouse knockout, genetic epistasis (Cdc20/securin double mutant), embryo phenotyping\",\n      \"journal\": \"Molecular and cellular biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — genetic epistasis in mammalian in vivo model with defined cellular phenotype\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"17325031\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2012,\n      \"finding\": \"APC15 (human APC/C subunit related to yeast Mnd2) is required for APC/C(MCC)-dependent CDC20 autoubiquitylation and degradation, and for timely anaphase initiation. APC15 is dispensable for substrate ubiquitylation by APC/C(CDC20) or APC/C(CDH1), but is specifically required for MCC disassembly via CDC20 autoubiquitylation.\",\n      \"method\": \"APC15 knockdown, recombinant human APC/C reconstitution, ubiquitylation assays, live-cell imaging\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nature structural & molecular biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — reconstituted APC/C system with specific subunit removal; mechanistically rigorous\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"23007861\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2012,\n      \"finding\": \"Crystal structure of human Cdc20 determined alone and bound to a BubR1 KEN box. Cdc20 has a disordered N-terminal region and a C-terminal WD40 β-propeller with a preformed KEN-box-binding site at its top face. A second conserved surface at the side of the β-propeller is identified as a D-box-binding site. Securin D-box, but not KEN box, is critical for securin ubiquitination by APC/C(Cdc20).\",\n      \"method\": \"X-ray crystallography, mutagenesis, in vitro ubiquitination assays\",\n      \"journal\": \"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — crystal structure combined with mutagenesis and functional ubiquitination assays\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"23091007\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2012,\n      \"finding\": \"CDC20 binds to different sites on APC/C depending on spindle checkpoint status: requires APC3 and APC8 when SAC is satisfied, but only APC8 when SAC is active. APC10 is crucial for cyclin B1 and securin destruction but not cyclin A. SAC-dependent change in Cdc20 binding site on APC/C alters APC/C substrate specificity.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation with APC/C subunit mutants, live-cell imaging, substrate degradation assays\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nature cell biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — mechanistic dissection of Cdc20-APC/C binding sites with functional consequence\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"21336306\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2012,\n      \"finding\": \"Mad2 competes with the APC/C for the same binding site on Cdc20; Mad2 inhibits Cdc20 by binding directly to a site required for APC/C binding. Cdc20 mutant that does not stably bind Mad2 abrogates the SAC in vivo, revealing a second mechanism of SAC inhibition beyond pseudosubstrate inhibition.\",\n      \"method\": \"In vitro competition binding assays, Cdc20 mutant characterization, in vivo checkpoint assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of cell biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1–2 — in vitro competition combined with in vivo mutant validation\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"23007648\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2012,\n      \"finding\": \"Cdc20 is dephosphorylated at conserved threonine residues (T64/T68/T79) by PP2A (active in mitosis); phosphorylation of these residues by CDK inhibits Cdc20 binding to and activation of APC/C. The activation domain of Cdc20 associates with Apc6 and Apc8 subunits. Dephosphorylation of Cdc20 is required for its C-box-dependent APC/C loading.\",\n      \"method\": \"Xenopus egg extract reconstitution, phosphomutant analysis, phosphatase inhibition, co-immunoprecipitation\",\n      \"journal\": \"The EMBO journal\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — reconstituted in vitro system with phosphomutants and phosphatase manipulation\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"22713866\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2011,\n      \"finding\": \"Cdc20 is degraded by APC through an intramolecular (in cis) autoubiquitination mechanism while bound to its activator-binding site on the APC core, independently of the C-box required for trans-ubiquitination of Cdc20 substrates. High substrate levels reduce Cdc20 autoubiquitination in vitro, linking substrate depletion to Cdc20 turnover.\",\n      \"method\": \"In vitro ubiquitination assay, C-box mutant analysis, substrate competition experiments\",\n      \"journal\": \"Current biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — in vitro mechanistic reconstitution distinguishing cis vs. trans ubiquitination\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"22079111\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2014,\n      \"finding\": \"APC/C(Cdc20) targets the proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim for ubiquitination and destruction; Cdc20 depletion sensitizes cells to apoptotic stimuli through Bim accumulation. Identified via siRNA screen showing Cdc20 and APC-core components sensitize cancer cells to chemoradiation in a Bim-dependent manner.\",\n      \"method\": \"siRNA screen, ubiquitination assay, co-immunoprecipitation, Bim genetic rescue, cell death assays\",\n      \"journal\": \"Developmental cell\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — substrate identified by multiple methods with epistasis rescue; replicated in multiple cell types\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"24871945\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2014,\n      \"finding\": \"APC/C-Cdc20 activity destabilizes axonemal microtubules in the primary cilium. Cdc20 is specifically recruited to the basal body of primary cilia. Inhibition of APC-Cdc20 increases ciliary length; overexpression suppresses cilium formation. APC-Cdc20 promotes ciliary resorption after serum stimulation and targets the ciliary kinase Nek1 for proteolysis.\",\n      \"method\": \"Immunofluorescence localization, overexpression and inhibition of Cdc20, APC activity assays, Nek1 ubiquitination\",\n      \"journal\": \"eLife\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — direct localization linked to function with substrate identification; novel non-mitotic role\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"25139956\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"finding\": \"Human checkpoint kinase Bub1 directly phosphorylates Cdc20 and scaffolds Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Cdc20; this Bub1-Plk1-dependent Cdc20 phosphorylation inhibits APC/C(Cdc20) in vitro and is required for spindle checkpoint signaling in human cells. This mechanism is parallel and non-redundant with MCC formation.\",\n      \"method\": \"In vitro kinase assay, phosphomutant analysis, APC/C ubiquitination assay, mitotic arrest assay with Mad2/BubR1 depletion\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nature communications\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1–2 — in vitro kinase reconstitution, phosphomutants, epistasis with MCC components\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"26912231\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1999,\n      \"finding\": \"Cdc20 associates with the aurora2/Aik kinase in HeLa cells; Cdc20-associated kinase activity peaks in early M phase (embryonic) or G2 (somatic). Aurora2/Aik localizes at mitotic spindle poles similarly to Cdc20.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation, kinase activity assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 3 — single co-IP/kinase assay; functional consequence of aurora2 association not fully characterized\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"10377410\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2000,\n      \"finding\": \"p55CDC (human Cdc20) interacts with BubR1; this interaction is confirmed by yeast two-hybrid, GST pulldown, and co-immunoprecipitation. Spindle checkpoint activation by nocodazole enhances the p55CDC-BubR1 association. BUBR1 phosphorylates p55CDC in vitro, suggesting BUBR1 may regulate APC via p55CDC.\",\n      \"method\": \"Yeast two-hybrid, GST pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"Oncogene\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — multiple interaction methods plus in vitro phosphorylation; functional consequence partially established\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"11030144\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2004,\n      \"finding\": \"Speriolin is a novel spermatogenic cell-specific Cdc20-binding protein that co-localizes with Cdc20 at centrosomes of spermatocytes/spermatids. The seven WD40 repeats of Cdc20 are required for speriolin binding and for localization of Cdc20 to centrosomes and nucleus in meiotic cells.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation, WD40 deletion mutant analysis, immunolocalization\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of biological chemistry\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 3 — binding interaction with localization data; functional consequence in meiosis partially inferred\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"15280373\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2010,\n      \"finding\": \"Cdc20 is critical for meiosis I in female mice: hypomorphic Cdc20 mice show chromosome lagging and misalignment during meiosis I, inefficient degradation of cyclin B1, cyclin A2, and securin in metaphase I, and markedly delayed anaphase I onset.\",\n      \"method\": \"Hypomorphic mouse model, oocyte cytology, protein level analysis by Western blot\",\n      \"journal\": \"PLoS genetics\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — in vivo hypomorphic model with defined substrate and phenotypic analysis\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"20941357\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2009,\n      \"finding\": \"p53 downregulates Cdc20 transcriptionally by directly binding to a consensus p53-binding site in the Cdc20 promoter and inducing chromatin remodeling (histone deacetylation). DNA damage-induced endogenous p53 also uses the CDE/CHR element to suppress Cdc20 in a p21-independent manner.\",\n      \"method\": \"Chromatin immunoprecipitation, promoter reporter assays, p53 binding site mutagenesis\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nucleic acids research\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — ChIP and promoter mutagenesis directly demonstrate mechanism of p53-dependent Cdc20 repression\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"19273532\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2012,\n      \"finding\": \"Conductin/axin2 is degraded by APC/C-CDC20 during mitosis. CDC20 knockdown blocks Wnt/β-catenin signaling through conductin stabilization. CDC20-resistant conductin inhibits Wnt signaling and attenuates colony formation, placing CDC20-mediated conductin degradation as a mechanism for cell cycle-coupled regulation of Wnt signaling.\",\n      \"method\": \"CDC20 knockdown, CDC20-resistant conductin mutant, Wnt/β-catenin reporter assay, cell cycle synchronization\",\n      \"journal\": \"EMBO reports\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — knockdown and degradation-resistant mutant with signaling readout; single lab\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"22322943\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2015,\n      \"finding\": \"Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase interacts with CDC20 and CDH1 to mediate degradation of mitotic regulators independently of APC/C. Parkin is phosphorylated and activated by Plk1 during mitosis. Parkin deficiency leads to mitotic defects and genomic instability through accumulation of CDC20/CDH1-dependent substrates.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro ubiquitination assay, Parkin KO phenotype, Plk1 phosphorylation assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"Molecular cell\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — multiple biochemical methods plus KO phenotype with mechanistic pathway placement\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"26387737\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"finding\": \"SPOP (Cullin3 adaptor protein) directly interacts with Cdc20 via its degron and promotes Cdc20 poly-ubiquitination and degradation. Prostate cancer-derived SPOP mutants fail to interact with Cdc20 and cannot promote its degradation, leading to Cdc20 overexpression. Cullin3 (not Cullin1) specifically interacts with and regulates Cdc20 stability.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, half-life analysis with cycloheximide, SPOP mutant characterization\",\n      \"journal\": \"Cancer letters\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — substrate-E3 interaction with ubiquitination assay and cancer mutant validation; multiple methods\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"27780719\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2010,\n      \"finding\": \"APC/C(Cdc20) targets E2F1 for degradation in prometaphase. Cdc20 knockdown increases E2F1 levels and stabilizes E2F1 in prometaphase. Co-expression of DP1 with E2F1 blocks APC/C-induced E2F1 degradation.\",\n      \"method\": \"Cdc20 RNAi/siRNA, ectopic expression of APC/C activators, cell synchronization and Western blot\",\n      \"journal\": \"Cell cycle\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — genetic knockdown plus overexpression establishing CDC20 as regulator of E2F1; single lab\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"20948288\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2010,\n      \"finding\": \"Cdc20 contributes to post-anaphase (KEN-box-dependent) degradation of CENP-F, which is CDC20-dependent but Cdh1-independent (Cdh1-null cells still degrade CENP-F normally). This challenges the model that APC/C switches entirely to Cdh1 after anaphase onset.\",\n      \"method\": \"RNAi against APC/C subunits and Cdc20, Cdh1 null cells, KEN-box mutant analysis\",\n      \"journal\": \"Journal of cell science\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — Cdh1 null cells plus Cdc20 RNAi with substrate mutant; mechanistic challenge to existing model\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"20053638\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2017,\n      \"finding\": \"Kinetochore-localized PP1 phosphatase dephosphorylates Cdc20, directing it toward APC/C activation; flux of Cdc20 through the same kinetochore binding site can also promote checkpoint inhibition. Microtubule attachment status controls the balance between these opposing Cdc20 fates.\",\n      \"method\": \"Kinetochore PP1 tethering, Cdc20 phosphomutant analysis, live-cell imaging of Cdc20 dynamics\",\n      \"journal\": \"Genes & development\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — phosphatase tethering and phosphomutant with live imaging; mechanistically rigorous\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"28698300\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"finding\": \"Cyclin A2-Cdk2 binds and phosphorylates Cdc20 in interphase, inhibiting APC/C-Cdc20 activity. Preventing Cdc20 phosphorylation causes premature activation of APC/C-Cdc20, destabilizing cyclin B1 and A2, lengthening G2 and slowing mitotic entry. This defines a positive feedback loop: cyclin A2-Cdk2 inhibits APC/C-Cdc20 to allow further cyclin A2 accumulation.\",\n      \"method\": \"In vitro kinase assay, phosphomutant Cdc20 cells, APC/C activity assays, cell cycle analysis\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nature communications\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1–2 — in vitro kinase assay with phosphomutant cells and APC activity measurement\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"26960431\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2019,\n      \"finding\": \"PP2A-B56 binds to Apc1-loop500 and promotes Cdc20 dephosphorylation and loading to the APC/C in mitosis. PP2A-B56 preferentially dephosphorylates Cdc20 over the Apc1 inhibitory domain. Mutations in Apc1-loop500 that abolish B56 binding decrease Cdc20 loading and APC/C-dependent ubiquitylation; a non-phosphorylatable Cdc20 mutant bypasses this requirement.\",\n      \"method\": \"Xenopus egg extract reconstitution, Apc1 loop mutant analysis, phosphomutant Cdc20, ubiquitylation assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"EMBO reports\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — reconstituted system with mutants and phosphatase manipulation; mechanistically rigorous\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"31825153\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2020,\n      \"finding\": \"PP1 promotes cyclin B destruction at anaphase onset by removing specific inhibitory phosphorylation in the N-terminus of CDC20. PP1 depletion or inhibition stabilizes cyclin B and delays metaphase-to-anaphase transition; this requirement is lost with CDK1-phosphorylation-defective CDC20-6A mutants.\",\n      \"method\": \"PP1 depletion/inhibition, CDC20-6A phosphomutant cells, live-cell imaging, Western blot\",\n      \"journal\": \"Molecular biology of the cell\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — phosphomutant validation with kinase inhibitor and depletion; mechanistically coherent\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"32755477\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2021,\n      \"finding\": \"Kinetochore-catalyzed Mad2-Cdc20 assembly operates through a tripartite mechanism: localized delivery of Mad2 and Cdc20 substrates plus two phosphorylation-dependent interactions that geometrically constrain their positions and prime Cdc20 for interaction with Mad2.\",\n      \"method\": \"Kinetochore-specific live-cell probe monitoring Mad2-Cdc20 assembly, phosphorylation site mutants, live-cell imaging\",\n      \"journal\": \"Science\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — novel live-cell probe with phosphorylation mutant analysis; mechanistically detailed\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"33384372\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2022,\n      \"finding\": \"Mps1-phosphorylated Mad1 creates a phosphorylation-specific interaction with Cdc20, and together with Mps1-phosphorylation-dependent Bub1-Mad1 association, generates a tripartite Bub1-Cdc20-Mad1CTD assembly. This positions the Cdc20 MIM (Mad2-interacting motif) near open-Mad2, catalyzing formation of C-Mad2:Cdc20.\",\n      \"method\": \"Structural analysis (NMR/biochemical), phosphorylation assays, crosslinking mass spectrometry, mutagenesis\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nature communications\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 — structural and biochemical characterization with mutagenesis of phosphorylation-dependent interactions\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"36289199\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2021,\n      \"finding\": \"CDC20 targets GSDME for ubiquitination and degradation in a degron-dependent manner; CDC20 knockdown increases GSDME abundance, switching cell death from apoptosis to pyroptosis. CDC20 inhibition enhances anti-tumor immunity in syngeneic prostate cancer models by promoting CD8+ T cell infiltration in a GSDME-dependent manner.\",\n      \"method\": \"Immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, cycloheximide assay, syngeneic murine tumor models, flow cytometry\",\n      \"journal\": \"Experimental hematology & oncology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — substrate-E3 interaction with ubiquitination assay and in vivo GSDME-dependent phenotype\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"37528490\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2021,\n      \"finding\": \"CDC20 interacts with and promotes ubiquitination and APC11-dependent degradation of NF-κB p65 via its WD40 domain binding the p65 DNA-binding domain. Cdc20 conditional knockout mice show decreased bone formation; p65 knockdown rescues bone loss in Cdc20 CKO mice, establishing a cell-cycle-independent CDC20-APC11-p65 axis in osteogenesis.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, Cdc20 conditional KO mice, p65 knockdown rescue, WD40 domain binding assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"EMBO reports\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — substrate identification with ubiquitination assay and in vivo genetic rescue\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"34382737\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2020,\n      \"finding\": \"CDC20 binds to the D-box motif in PHD3 to promote its polyubiquitination and degradation, stabilizing HIF-1α and promoting VEGF secretion in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PHD3 depletion in CDC20-knockdown cells rescues HIF-1α levels, establishing the CDC20-PHD3-HIF-1α axis.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, genetic epistasis (PHD3 knockdown rescue), D-box mutant\",\n      \"journal\": \"Cancer letters\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — D-box-dependent ubiquitination with genetic rescue; single lab\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"33039559\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2018,\n      \"finding\": \"CDC20 ubiquitinates MEIS1 and p21, targeting them for degradation; PPM1K phosphatase promotes BCAA catabolism which reduces CDC20-mediated ubiquitination of MEIS1 and p21, maintaining HSC quiescence.\",\n      \"method\": \"Ubiquitination assay, co-immunoprecipitation, Ppm1k knockout mice, hematopoietic reconstitution\",\n      \"journal\": \"Cell reports\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — substrate ubiquitination with genetic knockout; functional epistasis in HSCs\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"29719258\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2012,\n      \"finding\": \"RAP80 is ubiquitinated and degraded by APC/C(Cdc20) during mitosis in a destruction-box-dependent manner; Cdc20 knockdown blocks RAP80 degradation during mitosis. Overexpression of a RAP80 D-box deletion mutant attenuates mitotic progression.\",\n      \"method\": \"siRNA knockdown, ubiquitination assay, D-box mutant analysis, cell cycle assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"Molecular cancer research\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — substrate D-box-dependent ubiquitination with functional consequence; single lab\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"22426463\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2017,\n      \"finding\": \"In fission yeast, APC/C-Cdc20 removes PP2A from centromeres by targeting shugoshin Sgo1 and kinase Mps1 for degradation during meiosis II, allowing Rec8 deprotection and cohesin cleavage at centromeres for sister chromatid disjunction.\",\n      \"method\": \"Genetic epistasis in fission yeast, protein stability assays, centromere cohesin analysis\",\n      \"journal\": \"Cell cycle\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 — genetic epistasis defining pathway in meiosis; single lab in model organism\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"28514186\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false\n    }\n  ],\n  \"current_model\": \"CDC20 is the mitotic co-activator of the APC/C E3 ubiquitin ligase that directly binds APC/C (requiring mitotically phosphorylated APC/C and PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of its own N-terminal inhibitory phosphorylation) via a C-terminal WD40 β-propeller domain that recognizes substrate D-box and KEN-box degrons; the spindle assembly checkpoint inhibits APC/C(CDC20) through a tripartite mechanism involving Mad2 competing for the APC/C binding site on Cdc20, MCC (Mad2-BubR1-Bub3-Cdc20) pseudosubstrate inhibition, and Bub1-Plk1/Mps1-dependent phosphorylation of Cdc20; beyond mitosis, Cdc20-APC regulates apoptosis (Bim degradation), dendrite and presynaptic morphogenesis, ciliary resorption, Wnt signaling (conductin degradation), and osteogenesis (p65 degradation), while its own stability is regulated by APC-mediated autoubiquitylation (via APC15), SPOP-Cullin3, and p53-dependent transcriptional repression.\"\n}\n```","stage2_raw":"```json\n{\n  \"mechanistic_narrative\": \"CDC20 is the essential mitotic co-activator of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) E3 ubiquitin ligase, coupling spindle checkpoint signaling to cell cycle progression and extending ubiquitin-dependent regulation to neuronal development, ciliary dynamics, Wnt signaling, and osteogenesis. CDC20 directly binds mitotically phosphorylated APC/C via its C-box and activates D-box- and KEN-box-dependent substrate ubiquitination through a C-terminal WD40 β-propeller that harbors preformed degron-recognition surfaces, targeting cyclin B1, securin, and numerous other substrates for proteasomal destruction [PMID:9734353, PMID:23091007, PMID:11562349]. The spindle assembly checkpoint inhibits APC/C(CDC20) through a tripartite mechanism: Mad2 competes with APC/C for the same CDC20 binding site, the MCC (BubR1-Bub3-Mad2-CDC20) provides pseudosubstrate inhibition, and Bub1–Plk1/Mps1-dependent phosphorylation of CDC20 directly blocks APC/C activation—while PP2A-B56 and PP1 counteract inhibitory CDK phosphorylation of CDC20's N-terminus to promote APC/C loading [PMID:23007648, PMID:26912231, PMID:22713866, PMID:36289199]. Beyond mitosis, APC/C(CDC20) degrades NeuroD2 to drive presynaptic differentiation, operates at the basal body to promote ciliary resorption via Nek1 degradation, targets conductin to modulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling, ubiquitinates p65/NF-κB to promote osteogenesis, and degrades the pro-apoptotic factor Bim and the pyroptosis effector GSDME [PMID:19900895, PMID:25139956, PMID:22322943, PMID:34382737, PMID:24871945, PMID:37528490].\",\n  \"teleology\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 1997,\n      \"claim\": \"Establishing CDC20 as a cell-cycle-regulated mitotic protein: before its enzymatic role was known, the observation that CDC20 protein levels fluctuate across the cell cycle and that it is degraded via the proteasome at M/G1 set the stage for understanding its mitosis-specific function.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Cell cycle synchronization, co-IP, immunolocalization, and proteasome inhibition in HeLa cells\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"9353311\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Functional consequence of cell-cycle-dependent associated proteins not identified\", \"Mechanism of proteasomal degradation not defined\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1998,\n      \"claim\": \"Identifying CDC20 as the direct mitotic activator of APC/C and the direct target of spindle checkpoint proteins resolved two fundamental questions: what activates APC/C in mitosis and how does the checkpoint inhibit it. CDC20 confers D-box-dependent substrate recognition and its activity is inhibited by MAD2 binding in a ternary MAD2-CDC20-APC complex.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"In vitro reconstitution of APC activation (Xenopus, human), yeast two-hybrid and co-IP of Mad1/Mad2/Mad3-Cdc20 interactions, checkpoint-resistant Cdc20 mutants in yeast\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"9734353\", \"9461437\", \"9637688\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Structural basis of CDC20–APC/C interaction unknown\", \"Mechanism by which Mad2 inhibits CDC20 (competitive vs. conformational) unresolved\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1998,\n      \"claim\": \"Demonstrating that CDC20 is itself an APC substrate established the autoregulatory feedback that terminates CDC20 activity, although the degradation mechanism proved D-box-independent.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Genetic analysis of yeast cdc23/cdc27 mutants with D-box mutant Cdc20\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"9651679\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Degron mediating D-box-independent APC-dependent CDC20 degradation unidentified\", \"Distinction between cis- and trans-ubiquitination not yet made\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 1999,\n      \"claim\": \"Establishing that APC/C must be phosphorylated by Cdk1/cyclin B before CDC20 can bind and activate it explained the cell-cycle timing of APC/C(CDC20) activation and why interphase APC/C is refractory to CDC20.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Cell-free clam embryo system with kinase/phosphatase treatment and ubiquitination assay; confirmed independently with human APC/C in vitro\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"10381365\", \"10793135\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Specific APC/C phosphorylation sites required for CDC20 binding not mapped\", \"Whether CDC20 phosphorylation has additional regulatory roles unclear\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2000,\n      \"claim\": \"Structural determination of the Mad2–CDC20 complex revealed that a 40-residue segment N-terminal to CDC20's WD40 domain is the minimal Mad2-binding region, and that Mad2's C-terminal region folds upon CDC20 binding, providing the first structural framework for checkpoint inhibition.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"NMR structure of Mad2, deletion mutagenesis, NMR titration of Mad2–Cdc20 interaction\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"10700282\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Full-length CDC20 structure unavailable\", \"How Mad2 conformational change translates to APC/C inhibition not resolved\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2001,\n      \"claim\": \"Demonstrating that CDC20 directly binds substrates via its N-terminus independently of APC/C, and that substrate specificity is dictated by the N-terminal region (shown by chimera swaps), established CDC20 as both the substrate receptor and allosteric activator of APC/C.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"In vitro binding assays without APC, Cdc20/Cdh1 chimeric protein construction and functional testing; D-box-dependent Pds1–Cdc20 binding in yeast\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"11562349\", \"11553328\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"D-box vs. KEN-box recognition surfaces on CDC20 not structurally resolved\", \"Relative contributions of APC/C-bound vs. free CDC20 in substrate recruitment unknown\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2001,\n      \"claim\": \"Establishing that Mad2 forms mutually exclusive complexes with Mad1 and CDC20, with Mad1 required for kinetochore recruitment of Mad2, provided the template model for kinetochore-catalyzed checkpoint complex assembly.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Co-IP, kinetochore imaging, monomeric Mad2 point mutant functional analysis\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"11707408\", \"11726501\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Catalytic mechanism of Mad2 conversion (open to closed) at kinetochores not defined\", \"Role of Bub3 WD40 repeats in scaffold function partially characterized\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2003,\n      \"claim\": \"Mapping CDC20 phosphorylation sites (Ser50, Thr64, Thr68, Thr79) and showing that phosphorylation-deficient CDC20 cannot respond to the spindle checkpoint due to reduced affinity for BubR1/Bub3/Mad2 revealed that CDC20 phosphorylation is required for checkpoint complex formation.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"In vitro kinase assays and phosphomutant analysis in Xenopus egg extracts\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"12855955\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Kinase(s) responsible for each site not fully assigned\", \"Whether phosphorylation regulates CDC20 conformation or merely electrostatic affinity unclear\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2007,\n      \"claim\": \"Genetic ablation of Cdc20 in mice caused two-cell-stage metaphase arrest with high cyclin B1, and this arrest was securin-dependent, proving CDC20 is non-redundant for mammalian mitosis and placing securin as a key downstream substrate.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Gene trap mouse knockout and Cdc20/securin double mutant embryo phenotyping\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"17325031\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Contribution of individual substrates (cyclin B vs. securin) to arrest not fully dissected\", \"Whether CDC20 has essential roles beyond substrate degradation in mammals unknown\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2009,\n      \"claim\": \"Discovery that APC/C(CDC20) operates in postmitotic neurons—driving dendrite morphogenesis from the centrosome and presynaptic differentiation via NeuroD2 degradation—fundamentally expanded CDC20 function beyond cell division.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Knockdown in cerebellar slices and in vivo postnatal rats; centrosomal localization; NeuroD2-Complexin II epistasis pathway\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"19167333\", \"19900895\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Mechanism activating APC/C(CDC20) in postmitotic neurons without mitotic kinases unresolved\", \"Full complement of neuronal CDC20 substrates unknown\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2011,\n      \"claim\": \"Reconstitution of CDC20 autoubiquitination revealed an intramolecular (cis) mechanism occurring while CDC20 is bound to APC/C, independent of the C-box required for trans-substrate ubiquitination, and showed that high substrate levels suppress autoubiquitination—explaining how substrate depletion triggers CDC20 turnover.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"In vitro ubiquitination assay with C-box mutants and substrate competition experiments\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"22079111\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Structural basis of cis-ubiquitination geometry not resolved\", \"In vivo relevance of substrate-competition model not directly tested\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2012,\n      \"claim\": \"A cluster of breakthroughs in 2012 resolved the structural basis of CDC20 function and its regulation: the crystal structure revealed preformed D-box and KEN-box binding surfaces on the WD40 β-propeller; Mad2 was shown to compete with APC/C for the same CDC20 binding site; PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of CDC20's N-terminus was found essential for APC/C loading; and APC15 was identified as the specific subunit enabling MCC-dependent CDC20 autoubiquitylation and checkpoint silencing.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"X-ray crystallography with mutagenesis (PMID:23091007); in vitro competition binding and in vivo checkpoint mutant (PMID:23007648); Xenopus extract PP2A/phosphomutant reconstitution (PMID:22713866); APC15 knockdown and reconstituted APC/C ubiquitylation (PMID:23007861); APC subunit mutant co-IP with live imaging (PMID:21336306)\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"23091007\", \"23007648\", \"22713866\", \"23007861\", \"21336306\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Complete cryo-EM structure of APC/C–MCC–CDC20 ternary complex not yet available at this point\", \"How APC15 specifically enables autoubiquitylation mechanistically not fully explained\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2014,\n      \"claim\": \"Identification of Bim as an APC/C(CDC20) substrate linked CDC20 to apoptosis regulation, while localization of CDC20 to the basal body and its targeting of Nek1 established a role in primary cilium resorption—further diversifying CDC20's non-mitotic functions.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"siRNA screen with Bim epistasis and cell death assays; immunofluorescence at basal body with cilium length assays and Nek1 ubiquitination\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"24871945\", \"25139956\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Mechanism of CDC20 recruitment to basal body unknown\", \"Whether APC/C regulation at cilia uses the same phosphorylation switches as mitosis untested\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"claim\": \"Two parallel regulatory inputs on CDC20 were clarified: Bub1 directly phosphorylates CDC20 and scaffolds Plk1-mediated phosphorylation to inhibit APC/C independently of MCC, while cyclin A2–Cdk2 phosphorylates CDC20 in interphase to prevent premature APC/C activation—establishing a positive feedback loop for cyclin accumulation.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"In vitro kinase assays, phosphomutant analysis, APC/C ubiquitination assay, Mad2/BubR1 depletion epistasis; phosphomutant Cdc20 cell cycle analysis\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"26912231\", \"26960431\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Relative quantitative contributions of Bub1-Plk1 vs. MCC inhibition not measured\", \"How interphase Cdk2-mediated inhibition is relieved at mitotic entry not fully defined\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"claim\": \"Identification of SPOP-Cullin3 as an APC-independent E3 ligase system that ubiquitinates and degrades CDC20 revealed that CDC20 stability is controlled by multiple ubiquitin ligase pathways, and that prostate cancer SPOP mutations stabilize CDC20.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Co-IP, ubiquitination assay, half-life analysis, SPOP mutant characterization\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"27780719\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Cell cycle phase specificity of SPOP-CDC20 regulation not defined\", \"Whether SPOP-dependent CDC20 regulation operates in normal physiology or is primarily tumor-relevant unclear\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2019,\n      \"claim\": \"PP2A-B56 was shown to bind APC/C via the Apc1-loop500 and preferentially dephosphorylate CDC20 (rather than Apc1) to promote CDC20 loading, resolving how APC/C-intrinsic phosphatase activity enables CDC20 activation in the presence of high CDK activity.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Xenopus egg extract reconstitution, Apc1 loop mutants, phosphomutant CDC20 bypass experiment\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"31825153\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Whether PP2A-B56 acts on CDC20 before or after its initial APC/C encounter not resolved\", \"Structural model of PP2A-B56 docked on APC/C lacking\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2021,\n      \"claim\": \"Non-mitotic substrate diversity of APC/C(CDC20) was greatly expanded: CDC20 targets p65/NF-κB for degradation to promote osteogenesis (validated by conditional KO rescue), and GSDME degradation by CDC20 controls the switch between apoptosis and pyroptosis with consequences for anti-tumor immunity.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Cdc20 conditional KO mice with p65 knockdown rescue for osteogenesis; GSDME ubiquitination assay and syngeneic tumor models with GSDME-dependent immune infiltration\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"34382737\", \"37528490\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"How CDC20 is activated for p65 degradation in osteoblasts without mitotic signals unclear\", \"Whether GSDME degradation by CDC20 is cell-cycle-dependent or constitutive not determined\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2022,\n      \"claim\": \"The complete kinetochore-catalyzed mechanism for Mad2–CDC20 assembly was structurally resolved: Mps1-phosphorylated Mad1 creates a phospho-specific interaction with CDC20, and together with Bub1, forms a tripartite Bub1–CDC20–Mad1 assembly that positions CDC20's Mad2-interacting motif near open-Mad2 for catalytic conversion.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"NMR/biochemical structural analysis, crosslinking mass spectrometry, phosphorylation assays, mutagenesis\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"36289199\", \"33384372\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Full reconstitution of kinetochore-catalyzed MCC assembly with all components not achieved\", \"Kinetic parameters of the catalytic conversion in cells not measured\"]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": null,\n      \"claim\": \"Several mechanistic questions remain open: how APC/C(CDC20) is activated in postmitotic or non-dividing cell contexts (neurons, osteoblasts, ciliated cells) without canonical mitotic kinase signaling; the full complement of CDC20 substrates beyond mitosis; and the structural basis for how APC15 specifically enables MCC-dependent autoubiquitylation.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"\",\n      \"pmids\": [],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Activation mechanism of APC/C(CDC20) in postmitotic cells uncharacterized\", \"Systematic identification of non-mitotic CDC20 substrates lacking\", \"Complete structural model of APC/C–MCC with APC15 explaining autoubiquitylation mechanism not available\"]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"mechanism_profile\": {\n    \"molecular_activity\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0140096\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [2, 22, 27, 46, 47]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0098772\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0, 2, 5, 25]}\n    ],\n    \"localization\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005815\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [14, 17, 32]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005694\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [14, 8]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005929\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [28]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005634\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [3]}\n    ],\n    \"pathway\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"R-HSA-1640170\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0, 2, 5, 20, 21, 23, 29, 41]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"R-HSA-392499\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [2, 22, 26, 27, 46, 47]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"R-HSA-5357801\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [27, 46]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"R-HSA-1266738\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [17, 18]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"R-HSA-162582\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [35, 47]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"R-HSA-1852241\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [28]}\n    ],\n    \"complexes\": [\n      \"APC/C\",\n      \"MCC (Mad2-BubR1-Bub3-Cdc20)\"\n    ],\n    \"partners\": [\n      \"ANAPC3\",\n      \"MAD2L1\",\n      \"BUB1B\",\n      \"BUB3\",\n      \"BUB1\",\n      \"MAD1L1\",\n      \"ANAPC15\",\n      \"RASSF1\"\n    ],\n    \"other_free_text\": []\n  }\n}\n```"}